Scribd
Upload
20 views

Control Chart

Control charts are statistical tools used to monitor industrial processes, detect unusual variations, and determine whether the process is in or out of statistical control. They were developed in the 1920s by Walter Shewhart at Bell Labs and involve graphically plotting sample data over time and comparing it to established control limits. Different types of control charts exist for variables and attributes to monitor both continuous and discrete quality characteristics.

Uploaded by

SURYAPRAKASH G
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
20 views

Control Chart

Control charts are statistical tools used to monitor industrial processes, detect unusual variations, and determine whether the process is in or out of statistical control. They were developed in the 1920s by Walter Shewhart at Bell Labs and involve graphically plotting sample data over time and comparing it to established control limits. Different types of control charts exist for variables and attributes to monitor both continuous and discrete quality characteristics.

Uploaded by

SURYAPRAKASH G
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Control Charts

Dr. J. Glorypersial
Assistant Professor
Department of Statistics
St. Joseph’s College
Tiruchirappalli – 620 002
History
• SQC was introduced by Walter A. Shewart at
Bell laboratories in the year 1920s.
• Shewart developed the Control Chart in 1924
and the concept of a state of statistical control.
• The originator of the control chart,
Dr. Walter A. Shewhart.
Control Charts

It is kind of a graphical chart used for


presenting a sequence of suitable sample
characteristics.
It is used to detect any unusual variations
occurring in the process of production that
put the process out of control.
General Theory Of Control Charts
 Control charts are also known as “Shewhart Charts”.

 It detects the variation in processing and warns if


there is any departure from the specified tolerance
limits.

 In other words, control chart is a device which


specifies
 the state of statistical control,
 second a device for attaining statistics control,
 and third, a device to judge whether statistical control has been
attained.
The control limits on the charts are placed as to disclose
the presence or absence of the assignable causes of
quality variation.
Basic Conceptions
• The control chart is a graph used to study how
a process changes over time. Data are plotted
in time order.
• A control chart always has a central line for
the average, an upper line for the upper
control limit and a lower line for the lower
control limit.
• Lines are determined from historical data. By
comparing current data to these lines, you can
draw conclusions about whether the process
variation is consistent (in control) or is
unpredictable (out of control, affected by
special causes of variation).
Control Chart
Out of control

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sample number
Advantages of Control chart
 Helps in effective planning.

 Helps in better co-ordination.

 Achieves co-operation in enterprises.

 Effective control.

 Simpler to produce.
Basic Principles
General model for a control chart
 UCL = μ + kσ
μ ±3σ = 0.997
 CL = μ
 LCL = μ – kσ

where μ is the mean of the variable, and σ is the


standard deviation of the variable.
UCL=upper control limit; LCL = lower control limit;
CL = center line.
where k is the distance of the control limits from the
center line, expressed in terms of standard
deviation units.
When k is set to 3, we speak of 3-sigma control
charts. Historically, k =has become an accepted
standard in industry.
Control Charts
• UCL = Process Average + 3 Standard Deviations
• LCL = Process Average - 3 Standard Deviations
X
UCL

+ 3
Process Average

- 3
LCL

TIME
Control Charts
Graph of sample data plotted over time
Assignable
Cause Variation

X
60
UCL
40 Mean
Process
Average 
20
LCL
Random 0
Variation
1 3 5 7 9 11
Time
Control Charts
X X X

Common Cause Variation: no Special Cause Variation: two Downward Pattern: no


points outside control limit points outside control limit points outside control limit;
however, eight or more
points in trend
In Control and Out of control

If all data points are within the control limits,


variations in the values may be due to a
common cause and process is said to be „In
Control‟.

If one or more data points fall outside the


control limits, variations may be due to a
special cause and the process is said to be „Out
of Control‟.
A Process Is in Control If …

1. … no sample points outside limits


2. … most points near process average
3. … about equal number of points above and
below centerline
4. … points appear randomly distributed
Process ‘Out of Control’
 If one or more data points fall outside the
control limits, variations may be due to a
special cause and the process is said to be
„Out of Control‟.
Out of control signals
 When ever, the runs of 7 consequctive points on one side
of the control points

 When ever in 11 successive points on the control charts


atleast 10 are on the same side of the control line

 When ever in 17 successive points on the control charts


atleast 14 are on the same side of the control line

 When ever 20 successive points on the control charts


atleast 16 are on the same side of the line
Example : Process in “out of control”
A single point outside the
control limits. In figure 1,
Point sixteen is above the
Upper Control Limit (UCL).

Two out of three successive


points are on the same side of
the centerline and farther
than 2-sigma from it. In
figure1 Point 4 sends that
signal.

Four out of five successive


points are on the same side of
the centerline and farther
than 1-sigma from it. In
figure1 Point 11 sends that
signal.
Purpose and Advantages
 A control chart is indicates whether a process in
control or out of control.
 It determines processes variability and detects
unusual variations taking place in a process.
 It ensures product quality level.
 It warns in time and if the process us rectifies in
time scrap percentage can be reduced.
 It provides information about the selection
process and setting of tolerance limits.
 Control charts build up the reputation of the
organization through customer’s satisfaction.
Types of Control Charts
• Variables charts
• Attribute charts
Variables control charts
• Variables control charts are used to evaluate
variation in a process where the measurement
is a variable. The variable can be measured on
a continuous scale.
Example:
• Height, Weight, Length, Volume etc…
Variables Control Charts

𝑿 - Chart
R – Chart
𝝈 − Chart
Attributes Control Charts
 Attribute control charts are used to evaluate
variation in a process where the measurement
is an attribute. i.e. discrete or count data
 Examples:
pass or fail
yes or no
Good or bad
Number of defective or non-defective
Types of Attribute Control Chart

P chart
np chart
C chart
Attributes Control Charts
P chart: A chart of the percent defective in
each sample set.
np chart: Control chart for number of
defectives.
C chart: A chart of the number of defects
per unit in each sample set.

You might also like