2000-AL

PHY A Candidate Number

Centre Number
PAPER 1
(SECTION A) Seat Number

HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY

HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 2000

PHYSICS A-LEVEL PAPER 1

Question-Answer Book A

8.30 am – 11.30 am (3 hours)

This paper must be answered in English Marker’s Examiner’s
Use Only Use Only
Marker No. Examiner No.

INSTRUCTIONS Question
Marks Marks
No.
1. This paper consists of TWO sections, A and B.
Answer ALL questions in BOTH sections. 1
2. Questions for sections A and B are printed in
two separate Question-Answer Books A and B 2
respectively.
3
3. Sections A and B each carries 60 marks. You
should spend about 1 hour 30 minutes
answering each section. 4

4. Write your candidate Number, Centre Number

and Seat Number in the spaces provided on the 5
covers of Question-Answer Books A and B.
Total
5. Question-Answer Books A and B must be
handed in separately at the end of the
examination.

6. Supplementary answer sheets will be supplied

on request. Write your Candidate Number on
each sheet and fasten them with string inside
this book.

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2000-AL-PHY 1A–1
SECTION A

i Answer ALL questions in this section.

ii Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question-answer book. In calculations you should show
all the main steps in your working.
iii Assume : velocity of light in air = 3 x 108 m s-1
acceleration due to gravity = 10 m s-2

Question No. 1 2 3 4 5

Marks 11 13 12 11 13

1. In December 1998, a serious car accident happened on the Lantau Link. The car sped up the concrete ramp
and took off from the ramp. It then hit the top of a road sign of height 5 m above the road and 30 m away
from the ramp as shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1
road sign

5m ramp

30 m

(a) Sketch in Figure 1.1 the possible trajectories of the car in the air for a certain take-off speed.
(2 marks)

(b) Assume that the car hit the road sign at the highest point in its trajectory. Estimate
(i) the take-off speed of the car;
(ii) the projection angle of the car; and
(iii) the time of flight before the car hit the road sign.
(You may neglect the air resistance and the size of the car.) (5 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 1A–2 — 1 —
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 (c) Braking marks of 39 m long was found on the road in front of the ramp. Forensic measurements
on the marks by the police indicated that the braking force was about 8000 N on the car of mass
1000 kg. Estimate the speed of the car just before applying the brakes. (2 marks)

(d) A report on this accident appeared in a local newspaper in which the take-off speed of the car, u, is
stated as

2 × 10 × 5
u> 5m
sin 2 9.5 o 9.5o
30 m

Referring to the relation, the angle of elevation of the road sign from the ramp is taken as the angle
of projection. Comment on the appropriateness of such an assumption. (2 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 1A–3 — 2 — Go on to the next page

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2. Two identical pans, each of mass 150 g, are connected by a light string which passes over a light pulley
suspended from the ceiling. The pulley can rotate smoothly about a horizontal axis through its centre.
Two identical weights m1 and m2, each of mass 10 g, are placed on the pans as shown in Figure 2.1.
(Neglect air resistance.)

m1
Figure 2.1

pan
m2

(a) In the space provided below, sketch and label all the forces acting on both m1 and the pan
supporting it. Identify an action and reaction pair. (3 marks)

pan m1

(b) Write down all the possible state(s) of motion that the system can take. (1 mark)

Initially the separation between the pans is 0.72 m. Now m2 is removed from the lower pan and the system
accelerates from rest.

Figure 2.2
m1

O 0.72 m
x

2000-AL-PHY 1A–4 — 3 —
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 mg
(c) Show that the acceleration of m1 is given by a = where m and M are the masses of the
m + 2M
weight and the pan respectively. Calculate the tension in the string. (3 marks)

(d) Find the speed of the pans when they are at the same level. (2 marks)

(e) A light spring of force constant 4 N m-1 is fixed vertically below the descending pan as shown in
Figure 2.2. A light plate is attached to the upper end of the spring. The descending pan comes
into contact with the plate when the two pans are at the same level. The motion of the system
becomes simple harmonic until it comes to rest momentarily. With the contact point taken as the
origin, find the equilibrium position and the angular frequency of the motion. (Assume that the
pan moves together with the plate once they are in contact and the string does not slack
throughout.) (4 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 1A–5 — 4 — Go on to the next page

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3. Figure 3.1 shows a circuit used for measuring the capacitance of a capacitor C.

Y A

Figure 3.1 X
Lead Z C
100 kΩ

Lead Z is first connected to X, which is the positive terminal of the battery. After about one minute, lead Z
is disconnected from the battery and is then connected to Y. The stop watch is started when the current
through the microammeter drops to 50 µA. The variation of the current I with time t is recorded.

t/s I / ×10-6 A
0 50
2 40
5 30
9 20
17 10
22 6
26 4
34 2

(a) Explain why it is better to take readings of time for pre-selected current values (e.g. 50, 40, 30,…)
rather than trying to read current values at pre-selected times (e.g. 0, 5, 10,…) ? (1 mark)

(b) State TWO uncertainties associated with the experiment. (2 marks)

(c) The experiment is repeated to measure the variation of current with time. Explain the advantage
of doing so. (1 mark)

(d) Deduce whether the e.m.f. of the battery used is 3 V, 4.5 V or 6 V. (2 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 1A–6 — 5 —
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 (e) A graph of ln I against t is plotted. The slope of the graph is –9.4 × 10-2 s-1.

0 10 20 30 40 time/s
ln I -9.0

-10.0

-11.0

-12.0

-13.0

-14.0

(i) Write down the relation between I and t. Hence find the capacitance of C. (3 marks)

(ii) Explain why the capacitor is practically fully charged when lead Z has been connected to
the positive terminal of the battery for one minute. (2 marks)

(iii) If another 100 kΩ resistor is connected in parallel with the one in the circuit, state one
possible change on the graph. (No mathematical derivation is required.) (1 mark)

2000-AL-PHY 1A–7 — 6 — Go on to the next page

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4. A metal cylinder of volume 0.5 m3 contains some compressed gas at an initial pressure of 16 × 105 Pa. The
gas is used to inflate identical non-elastic balloons, each to a volume of 1.2 m3 at atmospheric pressure of
105 Pa. Assume that the balloons are inflated slowly so that the temperature of the gas does not change and
the pressure in the balloons is always equal to the atmospheric pressure. (You may assume the equation of
state for an ideal gas in the calculation.)

(a) The density of the gas in the cylinder is 1.57 kg m-3 at room temperature. Estimate the r.m.s.
speed of the gas molecules. (2 marks)

(b) Find the work done against atmospheric pressure in inflating one balloon. (2 marks)

(c) (i) Calculate the decrease in gas pressure in the cylinder after inflating one balloon. (3 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 1A–8 — 7 —
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 (ii) Find the number of balloons that can be inflated before the gas pressure in the cylinder
drops below 10 × 105 Pa. (2 marks)

(d) Briefly explain whether there is heat transfer between the cylinder and the surroundings when the
balloons are being inflated in the way described in this question. (2 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 1A–9 — 8 — Go on to the next page

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5. Figure 5.1 shows an ionization chamber that can be used to estimate the activity of a sample of uranium-238.
The sample is placed inside a metal can held at a negative potential. Electrons produced inside the metal
can migrate to the sample while positive ions migrate to the wall of the can. The sample is connected to the
ground via a 109 Ω resistor. The potential difference across the 109 Ω resistor is measured by an op-amp
circuit.
ionization chamber
(metal can)
U-238 sample

Figure 5.1 −
−
+ insulator
+
power supply

V
109Ω
+
0V

(a) Name the op-amp circuit used in Figure 5.1. (1 mark)

(b) Figure 5.2 shows the variation of the voltmeter reading with the potential difference across
the metal can and the sample.

voltmeter 100
reading/mV
80

60
Figure 5.2
40

20
p.d. across the metal can
and the sample/V
0
5 10 15 20 25 30

Explain the variation of the voltmeter reading. (3 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 1A–10 — 9 —
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 (c) In the sample, uranium-238 decays into thorium-234 by emitting an α-particle. This
nuclear reaction can be represented as :
238 234 4
U→ Th + He
92 90 2
Given : Mass of one nuclide of U-238 = 238.0508 u
Mass of one nuclide of Th-234 = 234.0436 u
Mass of one nuclide of He-4 = 4.0026 u
1 u (atomic mass unit) = 1.660 × 10-27 kg, which corresponds to 934 MeV

(i) Calculate the energy, in MeV, released in this nuclear reaction. (2 marks)

(ii) From the information provided in Figure 5.2, calculate the number of air particles
being ionized per second inside the metal can. Assume that each ionized air
particle carries one electronic charge. (electronic charge = 1.6 × 10-19 C) (2 marks)

(iii) If the energy required to produce an ion-electron pair is 30 eV, estimate the
activity, in disintegrations per second, of the U-238 sample. State the
assumption(s) in your calculation. (3 marks)

(iv) Is this experimental method suitable for estimating the activity of a sample
emitting β-particles ? Give TWO reasons to support your answer. (2 marks)

END OF SECTION A
2000-AL-PHY 1A–11 — 10 —
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 NUMERICAL ANSWERS

1. (b) (i) 31.6 m s-1

(ii) 18.4o

(iii) 1 s

(c) 40.3 m s-1

2. (c) 1.55 N

(d) 0.48 m s-1

(e) 0.025 m below O

3.6 rad s-1

3. (d) 6V

(e) (i) 1.1 x 10-4 F

4. (a) 1750 m s-1

(b) 1.2 x 105 J

(c) (i) 2.4 x 105 Pa

(ii) 2

5. (c) (i) 4.30 MeV

(ii) 4.38 x 108

(iii) 3050

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2000-AL
PHY B Candidate Number

Centre Number
PAPER 1
(SECTION B) Seat Number

HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY

HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 2000

PHYSICS A-LEVEL PAPER 1

Question-Answer Book B

8.30 am – 11.30 am (3 hours)

This paper must be answered in English Marker’s Examiner’s
Use Only Use Only
Marker No. Examiner No.

Question
Marks Marks
INSTRUCTIONS No.

1. Write your Candidate Number, Centre Number 6

and Seat Number in the spaces provided.
7
2. Question-Answer Books A and B must be
handed in separately at the end of the
examination. 8

3. Supplementary answer sheets will be supplied on 9

request. Write your Candidate Number on each
sheet and fasten them with string inside this
book. 10

Total

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Total
2000-AL-PHY 1B–1
SECTION B

i Answer ALL questions in this section.

ii Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question-answer book. In calculations you should show
all the main steps in your working.
iii Assume : velocity of light in air = 3 x 108 m s-1
acceleration due to gravity = 10 m s-2

Question No. 6 7 8 9 10

Marks 9 12 13 14 12

6. (a) Two conductors, a metal rod and a hollow cylindrical conductor, are arranged coaxially.
Figure 6.1 shows their cross-section. The inner and outer conductors are charged with +Q and –Q
respectively, which is distributed uniformly on their surfaces. Draw the resulting electric field
lines. (1 mark)

-Q

+Q
Figure 6.1

(b) Figure 6.2 shows a coaxial cable. The cable consists of an inner conductor, an insulating layer, an
outer conductor and a protective layer.

protective
layer
Figure 6.2 outer
inner conductor
conductor insulating
layer

(i) The cable can be represented as conductors AB and A′B′ in a circuit diagram. The cable
can be treated as a capacitor when the inner and outer conductors are taken as the positive
and negative plates. To measure its capacitance per unit length C0, the cable is connected
in series with an a.c. source and a 10 kΩ resistor as shown in Figure 6.3. The frequency
of the source is 100 kHz. The r.m.s. voltage across the resistor is found to be 1.80 V
when that of the source is 2.00 V.

A B
A′ B′

Figure 6.3 a.c. source

100 kHz ~ 10 kΩ

2000-AL-PHY 1B–2 — 1 —
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 (I) Find the r.m.s. voltage across the inner and outer conductors of the cable, that is
the voltage across AA′. (2 marks)

(II) If the cable is 3.0 m long, find its capacitance per unit length, C0. (3 marks)

(ii) The cable can also be treated as an inductor (single loop) when the inner and outer
conductors are connected (i.e. B is connected to B′).

(I) The separation between the inner and outer conductors is so small that it is
negligible when compared with the distance from the cable to a point outside it.
What is the magnetic field outside the cable when it is treated as an inductor
carrying a current ? (1 mark)

(II) It is known that the inductance per unit length of the cable, L0, is of the order
10-7 H m-1. With the 10 kΩ resistor replaced by a 2 Ω one, the circuit in
Figure 6.3 can now be used to measure L0. There are two frequencies, 100 kHz
and 1 MHz, that can be chosen for the measurement. Which one is a better
choice ? Explain briefly. (2 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 1B–3 — 2 — Go on to the next page

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7. (a) You are a member of a project group. Your group has planned a project to investigate the magnetic
field pattern around two parallel wires carrying currents in opposite directions. The project would
include measuring and comparing the field strength at different points around the two wires.

Conducting wire

Electric current
Figure 7.1

(i) A steady d.c. current is passed through the wires. Sketch in the space below the magnetic
field pattern around the two wires. (2 marks)

(ii) With reference to Figure 7.2, if the current flowing through both wires is 5 A and the
separation between them is 0.05 m, predict the magnitude of the magnetic field strength
due to these two wires at point X, which is 0.02 m from wire Q. (The diameters of the
wires are negligible.) Given : permeability of free space = 4π × 10-7 H m-1 (2 marks)

5A 5A

X
Figure 7.2
0.02 m

P Q
0.05 m

2000-AL-PHY 1B–4 — 3 —
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 (iii) Name the apparatus that you would use to measure the magnetic field in this experiment.
(1 mark)

(b) Your group then submits the plan to the teacher. However, the teacher disagrees with the use of d.c.
in this experiment and he points out that the measuring apparatus available in the school laboratory
is not sensitive enough to measure even the earth’s magnetic field, which is about 50 µT. He
further suggests that since the plan is to compare the magnetic field strength at different positions,
absolute measurement of field strength is not necessary.

(i) Suggest TWO reasons why the teacher disagrees with the use of d.c. in this experiment.
(2 marks)

(ii) Your group then decides to investigate the magnetic field pattern around two parallel
current-carrying wires by using a modified experiment. The set-up is shown in Figure 7.3.
With the time base of the CRO switched off, a vertical trace is observed on the screen of
the CRO.
signal generator
long parallel wires

Figure 7.3 a.c. ammeter search coil

CRO

(I) Explain what is represented by the length of the trace observed on the CRO and
state TWO advantages of this modified experiment. (3 marks)

(II) State TWO necessary precautions for carrying out the experiment. (2 marks)

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8. (a)
× × × × × × × × ×
X uniform magnetic
× × × × × × × × × field (into paper)
× × × × × × × × ×
Figure 8.1 × × × × × × × × ×
× × l
× × × × ν
× × ×
× × × × +Q × × × ×
× × × × × × × × ×
× × × × × × × × ×
Y
× × × × × × × × ×

Figure 8.1 illustrates a thought experiment. A metal bar XY of length l is pulled through a uniform
magnetic field B with a velocity ν. The direction of the velocity is perpendicular to the bar and
they are both perpendicular to the magnetic field.

(i) Draw on Figure 8.1 all the forces acting on the positive charge +Q in the bar. Label the
forces. (1 mark)

(ii) Describe the movement of the charges in the bar and show that the e.m.f. induced across
the ends XY is given by ε = Blv. (3 marks)

(b) In 1996 astronauts on the space shuttle Columbia performed an experiment to test an idea for
generating electricity in the upper ionosphere. In the ionosphere, the ultraviolet radiation from the
Sun or other radiations causes the air particles to undergo ionization, and they tend to remain ionized
as the chance of recombination is small. Once in orbit, Columbia released a satellite attached to it
by a 20 km long conducting cable. With the satellite vertically above the shuttle, the two moved
together around the earth above the equator.

Figure 8.2

2000-AL-PHY 1B–6 — 5 —
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 Given : Magnetic field strength in the orbital region = 30 × 10-6 T
Orbital position of the shuttle = 6.8 × 106 m from the centre of the earth
Mean radius of the earth = 6.4 × 106 m

(i) Calculate the orbital speed of the shuttle at the orbital position. (3 marks)

(ii) Estimate the e.m.f. induced across the cable. State the assumption(s) that you have made
in the calculation. (3 marks)

(iii) The experiment was in fact successful and a steady current was detected in the cable.
Indicate the direction of the current in the cable and explain why a current can be
sustained. (3 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 1B–7 — 6 — Go on to the next page

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9. A diffraction grating is used to study the hydrogen spectrum from a discharge tube. The first-order
diffraction angles of some of the various discrete lines are tabulated below.

First-order diffraction angle θ /o 23.19 16.96 15.09 14.25 12.64

Wavelength λ/nm 656.3 486.1 434.0 410.2 364.6

(a) Plot a suitable graph to find the grating spacing, in lines per mm, of the diffraction grating.
(5 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 1B–8 — 7 —
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 (b) (i) Which line corresponds to blue light ? (1 mark)

(ii) One of the lines cannot be seen by naked eyes. Name the region in the electromagnetic
spectrum to which this line belongs. (1 mark)

(c) What activity within an atom gives rise to these emission lines ? What is the physical significance
of the spectrum consisting of discrete lines ? (2 marks)

(d) In fact, the wavelengths of the emission lines satisfy the formula of the Balmer series:
n2
λ = (364.6 nm) , where n = 3, 4, 5, ...
n2 − 4
11
(i) Show that the formula can be transformed into hν = K ( − ) , where ν represents the
2
n 4
frequencies of the emission lines, h is the Planck constant and K is a constant. (1 mark)

(ii) Find K in units of eV. State the physical significance of the sign and the magnitude of the
K
term 2 in the formula of hν.
n
(Planck constant = 6.626 × 10-34 J s; electronic charge = 1.6 × 10-19 C) (4 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 1B–9 — 8 — Go on to the next page

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10. Figure 10.1 shows an operational amplifier circuit.

Rf=100 kΩ

Vin 10 kΩ + 15 V
Figure 10.1
− Vout
+

− 15 V

0V

(a) (i) What is meant by negative feedback in an operational amplifier circuit ? State TWO
effects of using negative feedback. (3 marks)

(ii) What will be the effect on the above circuit if Rf increases ? (1 mark)

(iii) Find Vout when Vin equals (I) 10 mV;

(II) 2 V.
(2 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 1B–10 — 9 —
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 (iv) The graph below represents the variation of the input voltage Vin with time. Sketch the
corresponding variation of the output voltage Vout. (2 marks)

Vin/V
2

0 time

-1

-2

(b) (i) The circuit in Figure 10.1 can be used to amplify the signals of the order of 10 mV from an
electronic stethoscope monitoring heart beats. An earphone requiring a peak voltage of at
least 0.5 V to operate is connected to the output of the circuit. What should be the
minimum resistance value of the feedback resistor Rf ? (2 marks)

(ii) Although a step-up transformer can give a larger output voltage from a small input voltage,
it cannot serve the same purpose as the amplifier circuit in Figure 10.1. Explain briefly.
(2 marks)

END OF PAPER
2000-AL-PHY 1B–11 — 10 —
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 NUMERICAL ANSWERS

6. (b) (i) (I) 0.87 V

(II) 1.1 x 10-10 F m-1

(ii) (I) 0

7. (a) (ii) 3.6 x 10-5 T

8. (b) (i) 7800 m s-1

(ii) 4700 V

9. (a) 600

(b) (i) 434.0 nm

(d) − 13.6 eV

10. (a) (iii) (I) − 100 mV

(II) − 15 V

(b) (i) 500 kΩ

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2000-AL
PHY HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY
PAPER 2
HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 2000

PHYSICS A-LEVEL PAPER 2

1.30 pm – 4.30 pm (3 hours)

Q.P. Code 8262
This paper must be answered in English

SECTION A  Multiple-choice Questions  Answer ALL Questions

SECTION B  Answer Any THREE Questions

INSTRUCTIONS FOR SECTION A

1. Read carefully the instructions on the Answer Sheet and insert the information
required (including the Q.P. Code) in the spaces provided.

2. All the answers should be marked on the Answer Sheet.

3. Note that you may only mark ONE answer to each question. Two or more
answers will score NO MARKS.

4. All questions carry equal marks. No marks will be deducted for wrong
answers.

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2000-AL-PHY 2–1
Section A

There are 45 questions in this section. Answer ALL questions. Each question is
followed by five suggested answers. Select the best answer in each case. Where
necessary, take g to be 10 m s-2 and take c to be 3 x 108 m s-1.

1.
F
A

Two books A and B are placed on a horizontal table surface as shown. A

horizontal force F is applied to A but the system remains stationary. Which
of the following statements is/are correct ?

(1) The frictional force acting on B by the table surface is greater than F.
(2) The frictional force acting on A by B is towards the left.
(3) The system would remain stationary if F is applied to B instead.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

2. In which of the following situations is the magnitude of the normal reaction

of the supporting surface always equal to the weight of the body ?

(1) A ball bouncing vertically on a horizontal ground is in contact with

the ground.
(2) An astronaut in a spacecraft which performs circular motion around
the earth.
(3) A boy standing in a lift which is moving vertically upward with a
uniform velocity.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

2000-AL-PHY 2–2 –1–

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3.

Q
P
W

A light rigid rod PQ is hinged smoothly to the wall at one end while the
other end is connected by an inextensible string to a point R directly above P.
A weight W is suspended from a point on the rod. If the rod remains
horizontal, which of the following change(s) would increase the tension in
the string ?

(1) Shifting the weight towards Q

(2) Replacing the string with a shorter one and connecting it to the mid-
points of PQ and PR
(3) Replacing the string with a longer one and connecting it to a point
higher than R

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

4. A student holds one end of a string to which a block of mass 8 kg is tied at

the other end. He raises the block with an acceleration by pulling the string
in an upward direction. If the maximum tension that the string can
withstand is 120 N, find the maximum acceleration of the block before the
string breaks.

A. 5.0 m s-2
B. 7.5 m s-2
C. 10.0 m s-2
D. 12.5 m s-2
E. 15.0 m s-2

2000-AL-PHY 2–3 –2– Go on to the next page

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5. A trolley of mass 0.5 kg moves with a certain acceleration down a runway
which is inclined to the horizontal at 15O. If the angle of inclination is
increased to 20O, the acceleration of the trolley would be doubled. Find the
average frictional force, assuming the same in both cases, acting on the
trolley.

A. 0.72 N
B. 0.80 N
C. 0.88 N
D. 0.96 N
E. 1.04 N

6. Two objects A and B of masses m and 2m respectively are initially at rest on

a smooth, horizontal surface. If each of them is acted upon by the same
force for the same period of time, the ratio of the gain in kinetic energy of A
to that of B is
A. 2:1
B. 1:2
C. 1:1
D. 1:4
E. 4:1

7. A light spring is fixed to the bottom of a

vertical tube. A ball is released from rest at
a height h above the upper end of the spring h
as shown. After rebounding several times
the ball eventually comes to rest and stays
on top of the spring. Assume all contact
surfaces are smooth and the spring obeys
Hooke’s law throughout. Which of the
following statements is/are correct ?
(1) The compression of the spring is proportional to the mass of the
ball.
(2) The compression of the spring is independent of the height h.
(3) The gravitational potential energy lost by the ball is equal to the
strain energy stored in the spring.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

2000-AL-PHY 2–4 –3–

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8.
N

θ
mg
A car of mass m is moving with speed v on a banked road along a circular
path of horizontal radius r. The angle of inclination of the road is θ. If
the centripetal force arises entirely from a component of the normal reaction
N from the road, which of the following relations is correct ?

A. N cos θ = mg
B. N = mg cos θ
C.

gr
D. v2 =
tanθ
N mv 2
E. =
sinθ r

9. X and Y are two planets. Each of them has a low-altitude satellite revolving
in a circular orbit close to the planet. If the two satellites are observed to
have the same period, then X and Y must have nearly the same

A. mass.
B. average density.
C. radius.
D. acceleration due to gravity at the planet’s surface.
E. gravitational potential at the planet’s surface.

10. A small block of mass 0.1 kg is suspended from the ceiling by a light spring
of force constant 12 N m-1. If the block is projected vertically downwards
with a speed of 0.5 m s-1 from its equilibrium position, what is the maximum
acceleration of the block in its subsequent motion?

A. 5.0 m s-2
B. 5.5 m s-2
C. 6.0 m s-2
D. 6.5 m s-2
E. 7.0 m s-2

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11.
L
glass

ε
θ
tube
rubber
bung

A student performing a centripetal force experiment whirls a rubber bung

attached to one end of a string which passes through a glass tube with
smooth openings, and has a weight W hanging at its other end. The weight
of the rubber bung is much smaller than W. The rubber bung is set into a
horizontal uniform circular motion with angular speed ω while the length of
the string beyond the upper opening of the glass tube is L and this portion of
the string makes an angle θ with the vertical as shown. Which of the
following statements is/are correct?

(1) If L is kept constant, θ will decrease with ω.

(2) If θ is kept constant, L will increase with ω.
(3) When W increases, θ will increase.

A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (3) only
D. (1) and (2) only
E. (2) and (3) only

12. A student used a simple pendulum to measure acceleration due to gravity at

the earth’s surface. The experimental value was found higher than the
standard value. Which of the following is a possible reason for this?

A. The effect due to air resistance is not negligible.

B. The stop watch used for the experiment runs too slowly.
C. The length of the string has been taken as the effective
length of the pendulum.
D. The experiment has been performed at a place above sea-
level.
E. The experiment has been performed at a place below sea-
level.

2000-AL-PHY 2–6 –5–

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13. A

∩∩∩
∪ ∪

On a smooth horizontal surface, a block connected to the wall with a light

spring performs simple harmonic motion of amplitude A as shown. If the
amplitude is reduced to A/2, which of the following quantities would be
halved ?

(1) the maximum velocity of the block

(2) the maximum elastic potential energy stored in the spring
(3) the period of oscillation of the block

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

14. With his arms and legs outstretched, a diver leaves a high-diving board with
some initial angular velocity. Before he enters the water, which of the
following statements is INCORRECT ? (Neglect air resistance.)

A. His angular momentum about the centre of gravity

remains constant.
B. No external force acts on him.
C. His loss in potential energy becomes his kinetic energy.
D. He can decrease his moment of inertia by pulling his arms
and legs to his chest.
E. He can make more turns before reaching the water surface
by coiling up his body.

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15.

string
paper cone A
pendulums
(loaded with B heavy bob
metal rings)
C

The figure shows a variation of Barton’s pendulums. A, B and C are three

paper cone pendulums of different lengths suspended from the string. The
heavy bob is pulled well aside and released so that it oscillates on a plane
perpendicular to the paper. The paper cone pendulums are forced into
oscillations. When the motion settles down after a short time, which of the
following statements is/are correct ?

(1) B has the largest amplitude among the three paper cone pendulums.
(2) All the paper cone pendulums are oscillating with the same
frequency.
(3) A and C are approximately in antiphase.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)
16.

Two transverse pulses travel towards each other along a stretched string as
shown. They are identical and symmetric in shape but one is inverted. At
the moment the pulses pass each other the string becomes straight. At this
moment the wave energy
A. becomes wholly elastic potential in the string.
B. becomes wholly kinetic due to transverse motion of the
string.
C. becomes partly elastic potential and partly kinetic in the
string.
D. converts into internal energy and is dissipated as heat
energy in the string.
E. becomes momentarily zero.

2000-AL-PHY 2–8 –7–

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17.
Displacement
of air particles
+ P
position
−

The above figure shows an instantaneous wave profile representing a sound

wave travelling to the right in air. Which of the following about the part of
the wave at P at this instant is/are correct ? (Take the displacement
towards right as positive.)

(1) P is a centre of compression.

(2) The air particle at P has the greatest kinetic energy.
(3) The air particle at P is moving towards right.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

18.

1 cm

A dot vibrator is moving across the surface of water in a ripple tank with a
steady speed as shown. The figure represents the water surface showing
the pattern of the water waves against a background of centimetre squares.
The speed of the water waves is 20 cm s-1. What is the speed of the dot
vibrator ?

A. 10 cm s-1
B. 8 cm s-1
C. 5 cm s-1
D. 4 cm s-1
E. 2 cm s-1

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19. air

glass

thin film
A glass lens is made non-reflecting for yellow light by coating it with a thin
film of transparent material of a refractive index less than that of glass.
Which of the following statements is/are correct ?

(1) The surface of the glass lens appears yellow in white light.
(2) The minimum thickness of the film is 1/4 of the wavelength of
yellow light in the film.
(3) As a result of the destructive interference between the light rays
reflected from the two interfaces, energy which would have been
wasted as reflected light increases the amount of transmitted light.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)
L
20.
P Q

X Y
O
S
In the above figure, XY is the principal axis of a lens L. PQ and OS are two
refracted rays from L which originate from a point object placed on the left
side of L. Which of the following deductions is/are correct ?

(1) The lens L must be a concave lens.

(2) The point object must lie along the line OS.
(3) The image of the point object must be virtual.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

2000-AL-PHY 2–10 –9–

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21.
+Q +q + 2q

d d
In the above arrangement, two small test charges +q and +2q are brought
from infinity to the positions shown. The two charges are collinear with
another charge +Q and their mutual separation is d. Which of the
following statements is/are correct ?

(1) Charge +q is at a higher potential than charge +2q.

(2) The work done in bringing the charges +q and +2q from infinity to
their respective positions is the same.
(3) The potential energy of the system would increase if d decreases.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

22.

P Q R

The figure shows a pattern of electric field lines in which P, Q and R are
points marked on one of the field lines with PQ = QR. If the potential at P
is 0 V, which of the following can give the possible potentials at Q and at R ?

Potential at Q Potential at R
A. - 200 V - 450 V
B. - 200 V - 400 V
C. - 200 V - 350 V
D. + 200 V + 350 V
E. + 200 V + 450 V

2000-AL-PHY 2–11 – 10 – Go on to the next page

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23.
0.2 A 5 Ω

3Ω
0.3 A
1Ω R

The figure shows some of the resistors in a network of resistors. The

magnitudes and directions of some of the currents are marked as shown.
Find the magnitude and direction of the current passing through the resistor
R.

A. 0.2 A from right to left

B. 0.2 A from left to right
C. 0.4 A from right to left
D. 0.4 A from left to right
E. It cannot be determined as the value of R is not given.

24. internal resistance 4 Ω

In the above circuit, the internal resistance of the battery is 4 Ω. R is a

variable resistor. Which of the following statements about the circuit is/are
correct ?
(1) If the resistance of R is very small, the terminal potential
difference of the battery is very small but the power dissipated in
the battery is large.
(2) If the resistance of R is very large, the current in the circuit is very
small but most of the power supplied by the battery is dissipated
by R.
(3) If the resistance of R is 4 Ω, the power supplied to R by the battery
is at a maximum.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

2000-AL-PHY 2–12 – 11 –
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25. Four parallel long straight conductors
carrying currents of equal magnitude pass S R
vertically through the four corners of a
square PQRS. The current is directed into
paper in one conductor and is directed out of O
paper in the other three conductors. Which
of the following arrangement can produce a
resultant magnetic induction at the centre O P Q
of the square in the direction shown ?

Current into paper Current out of paper

A. P Q, R, S
B. Q P, R, S
C. R P, Q, S
D. S P, Q, R
E. It is impossible to produce a resultant magnetic induction at
O in the direction shown.

26. Two parallel plates are connected to an E.H.T. of 4.5 kV. Electric
breakdown occurs when the separation of the plates is reduced to 1.5 mm.
Estimate the maximum acceleration of an electron between the plates.
(Given : charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10-19 C;
mass of an electron = 9.1 x 10-31 kg)

A. 4.0 x 107 m s-2

B. 1.0 x 109 m s-2
C. 1.2 x 1012 m s-2
D. 1.6 x 1015 m s-2
E. 5.3 x 1017 m s-2

27. A beam of charged particles passes undeflected through a region of crossed

uniform electric and magnetic fields. Which of the following must be
common to the particles making up this beam ?

A. charge to mass ratio

B. velocity
C. mass
D. sign of charge
E. magnitude of charge

2000-AL-PHY 2–13 – 12 – Go on to the next page

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28. When a simple motor rotating at a steady speed is suddenly jammed and
comes to a stop, which of the following statements is/are correct ?

(1) The rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil of the motor
will be very large.
(2) A large e.m.f. will be induced in the coil of the motor.
(3) A large current will flow through the coil of the motor.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

29.

D
R
~

The figure shows a bridge rectifier circuit in which all the diodes are
assumed ideal. The source is a sinusoidal a.c. supply. Which of the
following traces (I, II or III) would be displayed on a CRO connected across
the load resistor R if

(1) the diode D were reversed in the circuit,

(2) the diode D were removed leaving a break in the circuit ?

I II III

(1) (2)
A. I II
B. II II
C. II III
D. III II
E. III III

2000-AL-PHY 2–14 – 13 –
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30.
X Y

6.0 V

In the above circuit, the battery has an e.m.f. of 6.0 V and all the capacitors
are identical. Initially none of the capacitors are charged. The switch is
first connected to X and then to Y. What is the final potential difference
between Z and Y ?

A. 1.0 V
B. 1.5 V
C. 2.0 V
D. 2.4 V
E. 3.6 V

31.
I

0 t
A constant p.d. is applied to a solenoid. The variation of current I with
time t is as shown. Which of the following can be deduced from the shape
of the graph ?

A. The solenoid has resistance as well as inductance.

B. The inductance of the solenoid decreases as time
increases.
C. The inductance of the solenoid increases as time
increases.
D. The e.m.f. induced in the solenoid is proportional to the
current.
E. The e.m.f. induced in the solenoid is proportional to the
rate of change of current.

2000-AL-PHY 2–15 – 14 – Go on to the next page

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32.
L B

In the above circuit, A and B are identical light bulbs and L is a pure iron-
cored inductor. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?

(1) When switch S is closed, bulb A will light up first.

(2) After switch S is closed for some time, A and B are equally bright.
(3) When switch S is open, bulb A will go out first.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

33.
∼
C R

A capacitor C and a resistor R are connected in series to an a.c. source of

constant output voltage. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?

(1) The current leads the applied voltage.

(2) The impedance of the circuit decreases when the frequency
increases.
(3) The power factor of the circuit decreases when the frequency
increases.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

2000-AL-PHY 2–16 – 15 –
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34. The figure shows an LC oscillatory circuit in
which C is a capacitor and L is an air-cored C
inductor. At a certain instant the magnetic
flux inside L is pointing upward as shown.
Which of the following descriptions of the
capacitor is/are possible at this instant? L

(1) The capacitor is charging with the upper plate positively charged.
(2) The capacitor is charging with the lower plate positively charged.
(3) The capacitor is discharging with the upper plate positively
charged.
(4) The capacitor is discharging with the lower plate positively
charged.

A. (1) only
B. (1) or (3) only
C. (1) or (4) only
D. (2) or (3) only
E. (2) or (4) only

35. The following diagrams show the currents of sinusoidal waveform and
square waveform passing in turn through a resistor. The average power
dissipated is the same in both cases.
I/A I/A
1 Io
0 time 0 time
T 2T T 2T

Given that the peak value of the sinusoidal current is 1 A. What is the
value of IO of the square waveform current ?
1
A. A
2
1
B. A
2
C. 1A
D. 2A
E. 2 2A

2000-AL-PHY 2–17 – 16 – Go on to the next page

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36. The average stress in the legs of a man standing upright is S. If the
dimensions of the man are doubled while the average density of the body
remains the same, the average stress in the legs would be

A. S/2.
B. S.
C. 2S.
D. 4S.
E. 8S.

37. Let r be the separation of two molecules in a solid and U be the

intermolecular potential energy of these two molecules. When r = rO, the
attractive force between the two molecules is equal to their repulsive force.
Let U = 0 when r = rO. Which of the following statements is
INCORRECT ?

A. U is non-negative for all values of r.

B. When r < rO, U increases as r decreases.
C. When r > rO, U increases as r increases.
D. When r is very large, U is close to zero.
E. When U is very large, the force between the two
molecules is repulsive.

38. p/kPa Q

S
R
P
0 T/K

A fixed mass of an ideal gas goes through the three processes from P to S
indicated in the above p-T diagram: (1) : P → Q, (2) : Q → R, (3) : R → S.
During which of the above processes is work done by the gas on the
surroundings ?

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (1) and (3) only
E. (2) and (3) only

2000-AL-PHY 2–18 – 17 –
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39. Which of the following statements concerning a real gas is/are correct ?

(1) Collisions between molecules and the wall of a container are not
perfectly elastic.
(2) The volume of the molecules cannot be neglected.
(3) Intermolecular forces cannot be neglected.

A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (3) only
D. (1) and (2) only
E. (2) and (3) only

40.
Energy

-4E
-6E

The energy levels of a certain atom are as shown. Which of the following
may undergo an inelastic collision with the atom ?

(1) an electron with kinetic energy 3E

(2) a photon with energy 2E
(3) a photon with energy 3E

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

2000-AL-PHY 2–19 – 18 – Go on to the next page

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41. In a series of photoelectric emission experiments on a certain metal surface,
relationships between the following physical quantities were investigated.
y
f = frequency of incident light
I = intensity of incident light
i = photoelectric current
K = maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons 0 x

Two of these quantities, when plotted on a graph of y against x, would give a

straight line through the origin. Which of the following correctly identifies
x and y ? (Assume the frequencies used are greater than the threshold
frequency.)

x y
A. K i
B. f K
C. f i
D. I K
E. I i

42. +15 V
Vin + Vout
−
−15 V Q

In the operational amplifier circuit shown the feedback is provided by a

potentiometer PQ. The gain of the amplifier circuit is

(1) zero when the sliding contact is at P.

(2) one when the sliding contact is at Q.
(3) independent of the resistance value of the potentiometer PQ.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

2000-AL-PHY 2–20 – 19 –
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43. The diagram shows the path of an α-particle N
as it approaches a massive nucleus at N. At P
point P the α-particle is nearest to the
nucleus. Which of the following statements
is correct ?

A. At P the electric potential energy of the α-particle is at a

minimum.
B. At P the total energy of the α-particle is at a minimum.
C. At P the angular momentum of the α-particle about N is
at a minimum.
D. If the initial kinetic energy of the α-particle was greater,
the distance between P and N would be larger.
E. If the atomic number of the nucleus was greater, the
distance between P and N would be larger.

44. A GM counter is placed close to and in front of a radioactive source which

emits both α and γ radiation. The count rate recorded is 500 counts per
minute while the background count rate is 50 counts per minute. Three
different materials are placed in turn between the source and the counter.
The following results are obtained.

Material Recorded count rate / counts per minute

(Nil) 500
Cardboard x
1 mm of aluminium y
5 mm of lead z

Which of the following is a suitable set of values for x, y and z ?

x y z
A. 350 350 150
B. 350 150 50
C. 350 150 0
D. 150 150 50
E. 150 50 50

2000-AL-PHY 2–21 – 20 – Go on to the next page

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45. The following equations represent some typical nuclear reactions : -
9 1 6 4
(I) Be + H → Li + He
4 1 3 2
2 3 4 1
(II) H + H → He + n
1 1 2 0

235 1 148 85 1
(III) U + n → La + Br + 3 n
92 0 57 35 0

Which of the following descriptions of these reactions is/are correct?

(1) Reaction (I) represents a spontaneous α-decay.

(2) Reaction (II) represents a nuclear fusion.
(3) Reaction (III) represents a chain reaction.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only
E. (1), (2) and (3)

END OF SECTION A

2000-AL-PHY 2–22 – 21 –
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Section B

Answer any THREE questions from this section. Write your answers in the
ANSWER BOOK provided.

1. (a) Explain briefly whether the linear momentum of each of the

following underlined objects is conserved :

(i) A billiard ball strikes the smooth cushion of a billiard

table at an angle and rebounds with the same speed.

(ii) A rocket rises vertically upward during launching in the

atmosphere near the earth’s surface.

(iii) A radioactive nucleus emits an α-particle.

(3 marks)

(b) A ball of mass m1 moving with velocity u1 undergoes head-on

collision with another ball of mass m2 which is initially at rest on a
smooth horizontal surface. The collision is perfectly elastic.
u1
m1 m2

(i) What is meant by a perfectly elastic collision ? Show

that the velocity of the ball of mass m1 after collision is
given by
 m1 − m2 
 u1
 m1 + m2 

(ii) Use the result in (i) to describe examples of collision

where

(I) m1 is much greater than m2;

(II) m1 equals m2; and
(III) m1 is much smaller than m2.

Hence explain the implication for the choice of materials

used as moderators for neutrons in a nuclear reactor.
(7 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 2–23 – 22 – Go on to the next page

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 (c) The diagram shows a set-up used to measure the speed of a bullet
in the laboratory.

θ
L

m ν
M

The bullet (of mass m, in the form of a small metal ball) is ‘fired’
horizontally towards a block of wood (of mass M, in which a hole
has been drilled) suspended from two vertical inextensible strings
(each of length L). On striking the block, the bullet is embedded
and the block rises by swinging through an angle θ as shown.

(i) Suggest a simple method to ‘fire’ the bullet in laboratory.

How can we ensure that the bullet will be embedded in the
block without rebound ?

(ii) Show that the speed of the bullet is given by the relation
m+M 
v=  2 gL(1 − cos θ) where g is the acceleration
 m 
due to gravity. Indicate clearly the conservation laws
applied in deriving the relation. Discuss and account for
the discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical
values of v. (Neglect the effects of air resistance.)
(6 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 2–24 – 23 –
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2. (a) (i) What is Huygens’ principle in describing wave
propagation ?

(ii) Use Huygens’ construction method to explain the

refraction of plane waves incident at an angle from air to
an optically denser medium. Also derive a relation
between the refractive index of the medium and the speed
of light in each of the two media.
(5 marks)

(b) Young’s double slit experiment shows that light propagates as a

wave motion.

(i) Briefly discuss the precautions of the experiment and the

requirements on the set-up in order that best results are
obtained when a filament lamp is used. (No need to
describe the procedures of the experiment.)

(ii) Explain why the two slits cannot be replaced by two light
bulbs.
(6 marks)

(c) The wave theory of light is inadequate for giving a complete

explanation of the photoelectric effect, which shows that
electromagnetic radiation possesses particle-like properties.

(i) What is the photoelectric effect ?

(ii) Identify and explain TWO experimental results in

photoelectric experiments which demonstrate the
inadequacy of the wave theory of light.
(5 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 2–25 – 24 – Go on to the next page

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3. (a) (i) Give TWO necessary conditions under which the relation
Vs : VP ≈ Ns : NP holds for a transformer.

(ii) State and explain TWO designs for a transformer to

achieve high efficiency.

(iii) The figure below shows a practical transformer with a

light bulb connected across the secondary coil.

If an identical light bulb is connected in parallel with the

first one, describe what would happen to the secondary
current, the secondary voltage, the back e.m.f. in the
primary coil and the primary current.
(6 marks)

(b) Using a simple current balance, describe an experiment to

investigate how the magnetic force depends on the length of the
current-carrying conductor in the magnetic field. State the
precautions for this experiment. (5 marks)

(c) (i) Consider a moving-coil meter with a certain current

flowing in it. Explain

(I) why the magnitude of the deflecting torque due to

the current remains the same when the coil
rotates, and
(II) how equilibrium is achieved at the steady state.

(ii) Do you agree that a moving-coil meter would be more

accurate when it works in a vacuum ? Explain briefly.

(iii) Describe and explain what would happen when a d.c.

moving-coil meter is used to measure the a.c. mains.
(5 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 2–26 – 25 –
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4. (a) (i) Explain the meaning of the marking ‘50 V 470 µF’ on a
capacitor.

(ii) Explain qualitatively the meaning of self induction by

referring to a coil with a decreasing current.
(3 marks)

(b) A charged ideal capacitor is connected across an ideal inductor.

d 2Q −1
The charges Q oscillating in the circuit satisfies 2
= Q.
dt LC

(i) Sketch a graph to show the time variation of the energies

in the capacitor and the inductor within a period.

(ii) Through energy considerations, make an analogy between

this capacitor-inductor circuit and the mass-spring system.
State the quantities in the mass-spring system that
‘correspond’ to the charge, the current, the capacitance and
the inductance. (Assume no energy loss in both cases.)

(iii) Explain why it would be difficult to sustain such an

electromagnetic oscillation in practice. With the aid of a
graph, describe how the current in the circuit actually
varies with time.
(10 marks)

(c) When each of the components, a resistor, a capacitor and an

inductor, is connected to a sinusoidal a.c. supply of variable
frequencies, describe how its impedance varies with the applied
frequency. Hence explain, with the aid of a circuit diagram, how
two of them can be employed to obtain the low frequency
component(s) from a multi-frequency a.c. signal. (3 marks)

2000-AL-PHY 2–27 – 26 – Go on to the next page

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5. (a) (i) Explain qualitatively, with an example, whether the
following laws are consistent with the law of conservation
of energy.

(I) the first law of thermodynamics

(II) Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction

(ii) A student suggests that any allowed physical processes

which satisfy the principle of conservation of energy will
occur spontaneously. Use an example to show that this is
wrong.
(5 marks)

(b) Energy is released in radioactive decay and nuclear fission. Both

processes involve the activities of an atomic nucleus.

(i) State THREE differences between these two processes.

(ii) Sketch a graph of the binding energy per nucleon against

nucleon number and explain why energy can be released
in a nuclear fission. Indicate the approximate portion of
the graph within which fission may occur.
(6 marks)

(c) (i) What is meant by a chain reaction ? Discuss whether a

chain reaction can be sustained in a nuclear reactor if
natural uranium is used.

(ii) Explain the function of the control rods and the moderator
in the steady generation of power inside a nuclear reactor.
(5 marks)

END OF PAPER

2000-AL-PHY 2–28 – 27 –
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 Useful Formulae in Advanced Level Physics

υ2
A1. a= = ω 2r centripetal acceleration
r

A2. a = −ω 2 x simple harmonic motion

A3. L = Iω angular momentum of a rigid body

dL
A4. T= torque on a rotating body
dt

1
A5. E= Iω 2 energy stored in a rotating body
2

T velocity of transverse wave motion in a

B1. υ= stretched string
m

E velocity of longitudinal wave motion in a

B2. υ=
ρ solid

B3. n = tan θ p refractive index and polarising angle

λD fringe width in double-slit interference

B4. d=
a

B5. d sin θ = nλ diffraction grating equation

υ − u0
B6. f′= f( ) Doppler frequency
υ − us

I2
B7. 10 log 10 ( ) definition of the decibel
I1

2000-AL-PHY 2–29
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 Useful Formulae in Advanced Level Physics

Gm1 m2 Newton’s law of gravitation

C1. F= 2
r
GM gravitational potential
C2. V =−
r

C3. r 3 / T 2 = constant Kepler’s third law

Q
C4. E= electric field due to a point charge
4πε 0 r 2

Q electric potential due to a point charge

C5. V=
4πε 0 r

V electric field between parallel plates

C6. E=
d (numerically)

Q ε0A capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor

C7. C= =
V d

C8. Q = Q0 e − t / RC decay of charge with time when a capacitor

discharges

C9. Q = Q0 (1 − e − t / RC ) rise of charge with time when charging a

capacitor
1
C10. E = CV 2 energy stored in a capacitor
2

C11. I = nAυQ general current flow equation

ρl resistance and resistivity

C12. R =
A

C13. F = BQυ sin θ force on a moving charge in a magnetic field

C14. F = BIl sin θ force on a moving conductor in a magnetic

field
BI
C15. V = Hall voltage
nQt

2000-AL-PHY 2–30
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 Useful Formulae in Advanced Level Physics

µ0I magnetic field due to a long straight wire

C16. B =
2πr
µ 0 NI magnetic field inside long solenoid
C17. B =
l
µ 0 NI force per unit length between long parallel
C18. B =
l straight current carrying conductors

C19. T = BANI sin φ torque on a rectangular current carrying coil

in a uniform magnetic field
C20. E = BANω sin ωt simple generator e.m.f.

Vs N ratio of secondary voltage to primary voltage

C21. ≈ s
Vp Np in a transformer

C22. E = − LdI / dt e.m.f. induced in an inductor

1 2 energy stored in an inductor

C23. E = LI
2
C24. X L = ωL reactance of an inductor
1 reactance of a capacitor
C25. X C =
ωC
C26. P = IV cos θ power in an a.c. circuit
RL voltage gain of transistor amplifier in the
C27. ∆Vout / ∆Vin = −β
RB common emitter configuration

C28. V0 = A0 (V + − V − ) output voltage of op amp (open-loop)

Rf gain of inverting amplifier

C29. A = −
Ri

Rf
C30. A = 1 + gain of non-inverting amplifier
Ri

2000-AL-PHY 2–31
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 Useful Formulae in Advanced Level Physics

D1. pV = nRT = NkT equation of state for an ideal gas

1 kinetic theory equation

D2. pV = Nmc 2
3

3RT 3 molecular kinetic energy

D3. Ek = = kT
2N A 2

F x macroscopic definition of Young modulus

D4. E=
A L

1 energy stored in stretching

D5. E= Fx
2

dU relationship between force and potential

D6. F=− energy
dr

D7. E = k /r microscopic interpretation of Young modulus

1
D8. P+ ρυ 2 + ρgh Bernoulli’s equation
2
= constant

D9. ∆U = Q + W first law of thermodynamics

13.6 energy level equation for hydrogen atom

D10. E n = − 2
eV
n

D11. N = N 0 e − kt law of radioactive decay

ln 2
D12. t 1 = half-life and decay constant
2 k

1
D13. mυ 2m = hv − Φ Einstein’s photoelectric equation
2

D14. E = mc 2 mass-energy relationship

2000-AL-PHY 2–32
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 2000 AL Physics Paper 2 Section A

Question No. Key Question No. Key

1. D 31. A
2. B 32. C
3. C 33. C
4. A 34. D
5. C 35. C

6. A 36. C
7. C 37. D
8. A 38. E
9. B 39. E
10. B 40. C

11. C 41. E
12. B 42. D
13. A 43. E
14. B 44. A
15. E 45. D

16. B
17. E
18. A
19. D
20. D

21. E
22. A
23. A
24. E
25. D

26. E
27. B
28. B
29. D
30. C

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