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Lect. 5

This document provides guidelines for writing the results, discussion, and conclusion sections of a scientific research paper. [1] The results section should describe the key outcomes of the study in a neutral manner according to the methods. [2] Tables and figures should be numbered, captioned, and referenced in the text. [3] The discussion section interprets the results in the context of previous literature and considers alternative explanations.

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26 views

Lect. 5

This document provides guidelines for writing the results, discussion, and conclusion sections of a scientific research paper. [1] The results section should describe the key outcomes of the study in a neutral manner according to the methods. [2] Tables and figures should be numbered, captioned, and referenced in the text. [3] The discussion section interprets the results in the context of previous literature and considers alternative explanations.

Uploaded by

Vegas Sam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Scientific Writing

Dr. Almahy Mohammed Hassan


Results
- In the results section or chapter you describe
the main outcomes of your study obtained
according to the methods section in a neutral
(i.e. without interpretations that may be
subject to discussion) and accessible
manner.
- Limit yourself to only those results that are
relevant to answer your research question.
- It is recommended to structure the description
of the results, for example to describe the
primary features first, and then the secondary
and tertiary features.
Results
- You may also order the description of your results
geographically (e.g. from north to south) or chronologically (e.g.
from old to young).
- Present the relevant results in the form figures, tables,
photographs, and maps.

Tables and Figures


- All tables, figures, photographs, and maps should be numbered
consecutively in the order as they appear and referred to in your
report or paper.
- In papers and short reports, number them sequentially.
- In longer reports, include the chapter number in the table/figure
number (e.g. Table 4-1, Table 4-2, Table 6-1; Figure 1.1, Figure
1.2, Figure 3.1, etc.).
- note the following for the tables and figures:
1- Provide a caption to your table or
figure. This caption should be sufficiently
informative to understand the table or
figure without reading the main text.

2- Place the table caption above the table


and the figure caption below the figure.

3- Each table and figure should be


referred to in the text. Refer explicitly to
the table/figure number.
- note the following for the tables and figures:
4- Explain the symbols used in the table/figure
caption or figure legend.
5- Give units to the symbols (in the caption, in
the row and column headers of tables, in the
figure legend, or in the axis titles of graphs)
6- In tables, use the symbol „ − ‟ or “n/a” (not
applicable) when a parameter was not
determined
7- If a table or figure is borrowed from the
literature, provide appropriate refer- ences. For
official publications, you may need permission
from the publisher of the original table or figure.
Discussion
- In the discussion section or chapter, you give
interpretations of your results by relating and
comparing them to each other (e.g. Do they
support or contradict each other?)
- put them in a broader context of the literature
(e.g. what did others find that relate to your
subject?.
- Alternative interpretations may also be given
(e.g. “The results suggest …, but could also
imply ….”).
Discussion
- You should also discuss the consequences of your
findings for the aim/research question/hypothesis
(e.g. do the outcome support or oppose the
hypothesis? should you revise your assumptions?
what information is still missing to definitely answer
your research question?
- Furthermore, you identify and discuss the
implications for science (e.g. what new questions
arose from your work and society (e.g. how can the
new findings be used to solve societal issues or to
develop new technology?
Conclusion
- In the conclusion section you summarize the main
findings and provide answers to your research
question.
- The conclusion should logically follow from your
results and discussion.
- Do not present new facts or results that have not
been discussed in a previous section.
- Finally, draw wider conclusions regarding the
implications for new questions that arose from your
study.

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