TTL1-Unit 3.A.2&3
TTL1-Unit 3.A.2&3
Unit 3 – Theories and Principles in the Use and Design of Technology Driven
Learning Lessons
1. Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience
2. TPACK
3. ASSURE
People remember:
10% of what they read.
20% of what they only hear.
30% of what they only see.
50% of what they see and hear.
70% of what they say and write down.
90% of what they DO
Activity
1. What are the advantages of applying TPACK model in the teaching and learning
process?
2. Is TPACK model beneficial to teachers only or to students as well? Explain your
answer by giving examples.
Technology for Technology and Learning 1 Module
The peculiar feature of this model is that it is focused on “planning and conducting Instruction
that incorporates media” (Heinich, Molenda & Russel, 1993). Its main perspective is on how to
Technology for Technology and Learning 1 Module
integrate media (any kind of media) into instruction in a method capable of producing the
desired learning outcomes. Developed by Robert Heinich and Michael Molenda decades ago, the
ASSURE model gained popularity because of its use in a popular textbook for educators.
It is a well-known instructional design guide that uses the constructivist perspective, which
integrates multimedia and technology to enhance the learning environment (Lefebvre 2006).
The ASSURE model was modified to be used by teachers in the classroom by Smaldino,
Lowther & Russell, 2008.
Teachers prefer the ASSURE model because it is designed to be used for a few hours of
instruction and for each individual student. This model does not require high complexity
of delivered media, deep ID knowledge, or high revision of designs (Gustafson & Branch, 2002).
The main difference between an inexperienced teacher and an expert teacher is that an expert
teacher can easily decide on content, appropriate teaching strategies, and delivery
medium. The ASSURE model gives new (inexperienced) teachers a general roadmap to follow
to help them think more like expert teachers.
The ASSURE Model has six steps, each represented by a letter in the acronym title, with each
step describing a set of task central to the informed selection and use of educational
technology. The ASSURE acronym stands for these important components:
Analyze Learners;
State Objectives;
Select Methods, Media and Materials;
Utilize Methods, Media and Materials;
Require Learner Participation; and
Evaluate and Revise.
The first step in the ASSURE model is to Analyze Learners. To Analyze the Learners you must
examine the learner in detail. Like most things, without taking the time in the beginning to
examine the learner, nothing you have prepared will be effective. Once you have an
understanding and reasonable grasp for the learners’ competence at the beginning of the
instruction, the teacher can modify to assist the learner in their learning endeavors (Callison
2002).
As part of analyzing your leaners you must identify your audience. Your audience can be
students, teachers, group members, an organization, a youth group, among many others. You
must know the audience if you are to select the best medium to meet the objectives you have
set. The audience can be analyzed in terms of their general characteristics (grade level, age,
sex, mental, emotional, physical or social problems, socio-economic status etc.) with specific
entry competencies (prior knowledge, skills, and attitudes about the topic), and learning styles
(visual, musical, verbal, logical, etc.).
State Objectives
The stated objectives are statements describing what the learner will do as a result of
instruction. In other words, objectives are the learning outcomes, that is, what will the student
will learn from the lesson? In order to develop proper objectives you must frame them in terms
of desired behavior. What the learner will be able to accomplish after completing the
instruction. The objectives you use should be as specific as possible so the learner
understands what they are to accomplish. If objectives are clearly and specifically stated, both
the learning and teaching will become objective oriented.
Technology for Technology and Learning 1 Module
Activity
Create a lesson plan following the six steps in a ASSURE model.