Interactive multimedia:

Interactive multimedia allows the user to control, combine, and Lossy compression is a type of data encoding and The term compression ratio refers to a fraction, percentage or
manipulate a variety of media types, such as text, computer compression that intentionally discards some data during the ratio that expresses the difference between the size of a file
graphics, audio and video materials, as well as animation. compression process. The lossy compression method filters and before it was compressed and after the compression process is
Interactive multimedia integrates computer, storage, data, phone, discards unnecessary and redundant data to lower the quantity complete. This ratio depends on multiple different factors –
TV, and other information technologies. compressed and then executed on a computer. mostly, the state of the initial file and the algorithm used to
Non interactive multimedia: Lossy compression reduces the size of a file to a large extent. compress the file. The higher the compression ratio is, the more
Non-interactive media, on the other hand, refers to services and Lossless compression entails compressing that data so that resources are needed in order to compress the data in
systems that individuals do not directly connect to. For example, when the compression is reversed, the original dataset is fully question… or to decompress it. For example, if an 8 bit image is
when we watch television, we can simply see it and not engage recreated. This differs from "lossy" compression, in which some compressed and each pixel is then represented by 1 bit per pixel,
with it. Just as when we are working on a computer, we can only data is lost during the reversing process. Lossless audio the compression ratio = 8/1 = 8.
command it and it will only follow our instructions compression is another name for lossless compression.
Lossless compression reduces the size but less as compared to Multimedia authoring is a process of assembling different
Linear multimedia : lossy compression. types of media contents like text, audio, image, animations and
In linear multi-media, information is read or viewed in a video as a single stream of information with the help of various
continuous sequence. Usually, these presentations begin at a hardwares required for multimedia applications. software tools available in the market. Multimedia authoring tools
predetermined starting point and end at a predetermined end 1ProcessorThe heart of any multimedia computer is its give an integrated environment for joining together the different
point. In this type of media, We do not have to interact with the processor. Today Core 15 or higher processor is recommended elements of a multimedia production. It gives the framework for
Media file in playing mode. for a multimedia computer. organizing and editing the components of a multimedia project. It
Non linear multimedia: CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. enables the developer to create interactive presentation by
Non-linear media is a form of audiovisual media that can be CPU performs all types of data processing operations. combining text, audio, video, graphics and animation.
interacted with by the viewer, such as by selecting television 2 Memory and Storage Devices - You need memory for Features of Authoring Tools:
shows to watch through a video on demand type service, by storing various files used during production, original audio and 1 Editing Features- Most authoring environment and packages
playing a video game, by clicking through a website, or by video clips, edited pieces and final mined pieces. You also need exhibit capabilities to create edit and transform different kinds of
interacting through social media. memory for backup of your project files. media that they support. For example, Macromedia Flash comes
3 Input Devices - bundled with its own sound editor. This eliminates the need for
Generally, information entropy is the average amount of Keyboard- Most common and very popular input device is buying dedicated software to edit sound data. So authoring
information conveyed by an event, when considering all possible keyboard. The keyboard helps in inputting the data to the systems include editing tools to create, edit and convert
outcomes.Information entropy is a measure of how much computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional multimedia components such as animation and video clips.
information there is in some specific data. It isn't the length of the typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for 2 Organizing Features- The process of organization, design and
data, but the actual amount of information it contains. For performing some additional functions production of multimedia involve navigation diagrams or
example, one text file could contain “Apples are red.” and Mouse - Mouse is most popular Pointing device. It is a very storyboarding and flowcharting. Some of the authoring tools
another text file could contain “Apples are red. Apples are red. famous cursor-control device. It is a small palm size box with a provide a system of visual flowcharting or overview facility to
round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and showcase your project's structure at a macro level.
Animation is defined as a series of images rapidly changing to sends corresponding signals to CPU on pressing the buttons. 3 Visual programming with icons or objects- It is simplest and
create an illusion of movement. We replace the previous image 4 Output Devices - easiest authoring process. For example, if you want to play a
with a new image which is a little bit shifted. Animation Industry Monitors - Monitor commonly called as Visual Display Unit sound then just clicks on its icon.
is having a huge market nowadays. To make an efficacious (VDU) is the main output device of a computer. It forms images 4 Document Development tools- Some authoring tools offers
animation there are some principles to be followed. from tiny dots, called pixels, that are arranged in a rectangular direct importing of pre-formatted text, to index facilities, to use
1 Squash and stretch 2 Anticipation 3 Staging form. complex text search mechanism and to use hypertext link-ing
4 Straight-ahead action and pose-to-pose Printers - Printer is the most important output device, which is tools.
5 Follow through and overlapping action 6 Slow in and slow out used to print information on paper. 5 Simple branching- Offers the ability to go to another section of
7 Arc 8 Secondary action 9 Timing 10 Exaggeration the multimedia production.
11 Solid drawing 12 Appeal MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 6 Conditional branching- Supports a go to base on the result of
Animators are digital artists with competencies that include For the creation of multimedia on the PC there are hundreds of IF-THEN decision or events.
conceptual design, drawing, creative development, and curiosity. software packages that are available from manufacturers all over
They also use animation tools and software. The following list the world. A multimedia project is a classic software project which is
offers a glimpse of the tools animators use: These software packages can cost anything from being developed using multimedia technology with the specific aim of
1 3ds Max (Autodesk). This commercial animation software tool absolutely free (normally this software is called freeware or distributing information in an entertaining and compelling
allows digital artists to produce 3D animations, including shareware) to anything upwards of £500. manner. Multimedia projects require creativity, artistic as well as
developing models and rendering them into 2D or 3D images. 1 Adobe CS4 -Adobe CS4 is a collection of graphic design, video programming skills
2 After Effects (Adobe). Digital artists can use this commercial editing, and web development applications made by Adobe Following are the basic stages of multimedia project
tool to add visual effects and motion graphics elements to film, Systems many of which are the industry standard that includes development.
TV, video, online content, presentations, and more. 2 Google Sketchup -SketchUp is a 3D modeling program 1 Project conceptualization:
3 Animate (Adobe). Users can create animations across multiple designed for architects, civil engineers, filmmakers, game Every project begins with a concept. A multimedia project
media, from cartoons and banner ads to interactive content for developers, and related professions. concept is actually the definition of the project. To define the
games, TV shows, academic content, and infographics. 3 Microsoft Powerpoint -Powerpoint Presentations are generally project, it is required for the development team and the clients to
4 Blender (The Blender Foundation). This free open source 3D made up of slides may contain text, graphics, movies, and other do the various meetings and discussions to identify the actual
graphics creation suite offers a comprehensive feature set to objects, which may be arranged freely on the slide. problem. It may be the upgradation of the existing one or the
create animations, digital art, visual effects, 2D and 3D models, 4 Adobe Fireworks- A graphics package that allows users to entirely new one. It must satisfy the existing requirements of the
and more. create bitmap and vector graphics editor with features such as: customer.
5 Cartoon Animator 4 (Reallusion). Digital artists across TV, film, slices, the ability to add hotspots etc.) for rapidly creating 2 Planning and Costing:
web, and game development using this versatile animation tool website prototypes and application interfaces. In this stage, the analysis of the idea is done which is to be
can create 2D animation with 3D motion. translated into a multimedia project. This idea can be further
refined by outlining its messages and objectives. Before starting
to develop the multimedia project, it is necessary to plan what
Multimedia tools using a combination of multimedia Run-length encoding (RLE) is a lossless compression writing skills, graphic art, music, video, and other multimedia
technologies or content forms such as text, audio, picture, video method where sequences that display redundant data are stored skills will be required.
or animation. Multimedia tools are Applications. A Multimedia as a single data value representing the repeated block and how 3 Design and Production:
Application is an application which uses a multiple media many times it appears in the image. Later, during decompression, Once the project is taken up for development, the laborious
sources e.g. text, graphics, images, sound/audio, animation the image can be reconstructed exactly from this information. project development cycle starts. Under this stage, the various
and/or video. This type of compression works best with simple images and sub-stages are to be carried out.
animations that have a lot of redundant pixels. It's useful for ● Data gathering
we can define Shannon Fano Algorithm as a data black and white images in particular. For complex images and ● Navigation map structure design
compression "method of obtaining codes using probability." animations, if there aren't many redundant sections, RLE can ● Media content design
The Shannon-Fano code was discovered almost simultaneously make the file size bigger rather than smaller. Thus it's important ● Interface designing
by Shannon and Fano around 1948. Also, the code created by the to understand the content and whether this algorithm will help or ● Storyboarding
Shannon-Fano code is an instantaneous code . However, unlike hinder. ● Integration (multimedia authoring)
the Huffman code , it is not necessarily a compact code. 4 Testing:
Aliasing is the visual stair-stepping of edges that occurs in an In every project, the Testing stage ensures that the product to be
free from bugs. Apart from bug elimination, another aspect of
CEL ANIMATION - Cel animation is a process that involves the image when the resolution is too low. Anti-aliasing is the testing is to ensure that the multimedia application meets the
use of cel animation software. It is a way to create films, smoothing of jagged edges in digital images by averaging the
objectives of the project. It is also necessary to test whether the
television shows and video games.This type of animation is often colors of the pixels at a boundary. The letter on the left is aliased. multimedia project works properly on the planned delivery
used in commercials and other forms of advertising, as well as in platforms and meets the needs of the clients.
feature films.Cel animation is a type of computer-generated Applications of Multimedia 5 Delivery:
imagery (CGI) that uses hand-drawn images instead of live Engineering - Multimedia is frequently used by software The final stage of the multimedia application development is to
actors. engineers in computer simulations for military or industrial pack the project and deliver the complete project to the end-user.
training. It’s also used for software interfaces created by creative This stage has several steps such as:
Morphing:Morphing is the Process of converting of an Image experts and software engineers in partnership. Only multimedia ● Implementation,
to another Image. The Term “Morphing” comes from the word is used to perform all the minute calculations. ● Maintenance,
“Metamorphosis”. The Meaning of Metamorphosis is basically a Fine Arts ● Shipping and marketing
Great Change. Using Motion pictures and adding some Multimedia artists work in the fine arts, combining approaches
animations to already existed image, we can create a new Image. employing many media and incorporating viewer involvement in
Generally Morphing is used to illustrate one person to another some form. For example, a variety of digital mediums can be
person. used to combine movies and operas.
Wrapping: Wrapping function is similar to morphing function. It Business
distorts only the initial images so that it matches with final Marketing, advertising, product demos, presentation, training,
images and no fade occurs in this function. networked communication, etc. are applications of multimedia
that are helpful in many businesses. The audience can quickly
KINEMATICS:The term “kinematics” refers to the study of the understand an idea when multimedia presentations are used.
translational and rotational motion of objects without reference
to mass, force or torque. Kinematics equations are used to Components of Multimedia
describe three-dimensional motion of a multi-body system in Multimedia consists of the following 5 components:
terms of translational and rotational motions, and optionally, 1.Text- Characters are used to form words, phrases, and
linear and angular velocities. Kinematics analysis becomes paragraphs in the text. Text appears in all multimedia creations of
important in the animation of articulated models and skeletal some kind. The text can be in a variety of fonts and sizes to
structures containing serial chains of joints and links. match the multimedia software’s professional presentation.
INVERSE KINEMATICS: IK is a popular tool in Unity and 2.Graphics- Non-text information, such as a sketch, chart, or
computer graphics, but if this is the first time you’ve tried to photograph, is represented digitally. Graphics add to the appeal
create or use an Inverse Kinematics system then you might want of the multimedia application. In many circumstances, people
more details. I’m going to explain what IK is, define the dislike reading big amounts of material on computers. As a
vocabulary, and review the uses. result, pictures are more frequently used than words to clarify
concepts, offer background information, and so on. Graphics are
2d & 3d ANIMATION: In traditional 2D animation, everything at the heart of any multimedia presentation. The use of visuals in
was hand-drawn, frame by frame. In 3D animation, you animate multimedia
concept.
enhances the effectiveness and presentation of the
your characters and objects in a 3D environment using 3D 3.Animations- A sequence of still photographs is being flipped
animation software to manipulate these characters and objects. through. It’s a set of visuals that give the impression of
While drawing is an added benefit, it is not a necessity in 3D movement. Animation is the process of making a still image
animation. In 2D animation, animators use characters, Visual FX appear to move. A presentation can also be made lighter and
(VFX), and backgrounds to create an illusion of movement within more appealing by using animation.
a two-dimensional space by sequencing individual drawings 4.Video- Photographic images that appear to be in full motion
together over a set period. and are played back at speeds of 15 to 30 frames per second. The
JPEG is intended for compressing images that will be looked at term video refers to a moving image that is accompanied by
sound, such as a television picture. Of course, text can be
by humans. MPEG is short for Moving Picture Experts Group, included in videos, either as captioning for spoken words or as
and pronounced m-peg. MPEG achieves high compression rate text embedded in an image, as in a slide presentation.
by storing only the changes from one frame to another, instead of 5.Audio- Any sound, whether it’s music, conversation, or
each entire frame. something else. Sound is the most serious aspect of multimedia,
delivering the joy of music, special effects, and other forms of
Video and audio software is used to process audio and video entertainment. Decibels are a unit of measurement for volume
signals. Products include video and audio recorders, video and and sound pressure level. Audio files are used as part of the
audio editors, video and audio encoders and decoders, and video application context as well as to enhance interaction.
and audio conversion and playback software. Video and audio
software for motion analysis is also available.
Video – WondershareFilmora ,imovie , Adobe Premiere Pro
Audio – Adobe Audition , Garage Band , Logic Pro X
Huffman Encoding can be used for finding a solution to the
given problem statement.
Developed by David Huffman in 1951, this technique is the basis
for all data compression and encoding schemes
It is a famous algorithm used for lossless data encoding
It follows a Greedy approach since it deals with generating
minimum-length prefix-free binary codes
It uses a variable-length encoding scheme for assigning binary
codes to characters depending on how frequently they occur in
the given text. The character that occurs most frequently is
assigned the smallest code and the one that occurs least
frequently gets the largest code
Differences between Huffman and Shannon Fano algorithm are
as follows:
Results produced by Huffman encoding are always optimal.
Unlike Huffman coding, Shannon Fano sometimes does not
achieve the lowest possible expected code word length.
The Huffman coding uses prefix code conditions while Shannon
fano coding uses cumulative distribution function.However
Shannon Fano algorithm also produces prefix codes

Shannon Fano coding

Advantages :
Shannon-Fano codes are easy to implement using recursion.
Higher the probability of occurrence, the shorter the code length
in Shannon Fano Coding.
For Shannon Fano coding we do not need to build the entire
codeblock again and again. Instead, we simply obtain the code
for the tag corresponding to a given sequence.
Disadvantages :
Shannon-Fano codes are not compact codes.
In Shannon-Fano coding, we cannot be sure about the codes
generated. There may be two different codes for the same symbol
depending on the way we build our tree.
Shannon Fanon coding is not a unique code. So in case of errors
or loss during data transmission, we have to start from the
beginning.
Advantages of Huffman Encoding-
This encoding scheme results in saving lot of storage space,
since the binary codes generated are variable in length
It generates shorter binary codes for encoding
symbols/characters that appear more frequently in the input
string.
The binary codes generated are prefix-free
Disadvantages of Huffman Encoding-
Huffman encoding is suitable only for encoding text and program
files and is unsuitable for encoding digital images.
Huffman encoding is a relatively slower process since it uses two
passes- one for building the statistical model and another for
encoding.
Since the length of all the binary codes is different, it becomes
difficult for the decoding software to detect whether the encoded
data is corrupt. This can result in incorrect decoding and
subsequently, a wrong output.