EET 463 ILLUMINATION
TECHNOLOGY
Module 1
ATHEENA A
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
EEE DEPT
SBCE PATTOOR
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INTRODUCTION OF LIGHT
• Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Light rays can however, be reflected, transmitted or absorbed when they strike an object
Light can be of different colours depending on the wavelength of radiation causing it.
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• Light from natural sources such as the sun is known as white light
and is made up from the different frequency components of the
visible spectrum.
• Artificial light from sources such as candles, tungsten filaments and
gas discharge lamps, etc., has a different mix of frequency
components which produce a different colour light
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Types of illumination/ artificial
lighting
• General or ambient lighting
General or ambient lighting is intended to light up a room in its entirety. It provides a uniform level of
illumination throughout the space independently of other lighting source. Moreover, its purpose is to ensure safe
and easy traffic, as well as to create an overview of the room. The ambient light ‘bounces’ off the walls to
illuminate as much space as possible. Ambient Outdoor lighting is usually installed in order to ensure visibility
and increase security around a building. It is also recommended to light up the exterior of the building, entrances
and stairs to reduce and perhaps eliminate the risk of injury that can occur when entering and leaving the building.
• Task lighting
Task lighting illuminates the tasks a person carries out in a given space such as reading, cooking, computer work.
A brighter light is required in a smaller focal point of the room for these sorts of tasks. For a more pleasant
illumination, it is often best to avoid harsh lights or lighting that casts troublesome shadows. It is also practical to
install a single switch for focal lighting, independent from the room’s overall lighting switch.
• Accent lighting
Accent lighting is used mainly to focus on a specific point of interest or to achieve a desired effect. This type of
lighting gives the impression of a larger room. It is more frequently used to highlight an architectural feature, a
plant (in outdoor layout), a sculpture, or a collection of objects. As a general rule, effective accent lighting
requires the installation of three times more light on the focal point than ambient lighting generally provides to
attract the viewers. This type of lighting imparts drama and character and allow certain features regarded of
interest to be highlighted. The idea is to draw viewers attention to the item that is lit.
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Day lighting
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• ´Daylight varies with latitude, season, coastal or in land location, climate and air quality.
• Daylight (both sunlight and skylight) is usually admitted into a building by the means of windows and
skylights.
The quantity of daylight obtained within a room will be dependent upon:
• The orientation, geometry and space planning of the spaces to be lit.
• The dimensions and orientation of the openings through which daylight will pass.
• The location and surface properties of any internal partitions which may reflect and distribute the daylight.
• The location, form and dimensions of any shading devices which will provide protection from too much
light and glare
There are 3 reasons to provide daylight:
• 1. Healthier and more satisfactory indoor environment;
• 2. Economic advantage in energy savings;
• 3. Conserves earth’s resources
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• Until the 1950’s, buildings were designed to allow natural light
reach virtually all parts of the building interior
• With fluorescent lamp development and cheap energy, taller deeper
plan buildings grew in popularity particularly in city centres where
land was extremely expensive
• In addition, air and noise pollution made it necessary to keep
windows closed and provide air conditioning.
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Daylight factor- Interior daylight is measured using
a parameter known as the Daylight Factor (DF).
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The Daylight Factor is a combination of 3 separate components:
• The sky component (SC) – the light received directly from the sky.
• The externally reflected component (ERC) - the light received directly by reflection from buildings
and obstructions outside the room.
• The internally reflected component (IRC) - the light received from surfaces inside the room.
DF = SC + ERC + IRC
• Utilization of day light in buildings has a number of advantages. It can make a significant contribution
to energy efficiency. It has a variability and subtlety which is more pleasing than the relatively
monotonous environment produced by artificial lighting. It helps to create optimum working conditions
by bringing out the natural contrast and colour of objects. Windows and sky light give occupants contact
with the outside world. The presence of natural light can bring a sense of well being and awareness of
the wider environment. It is also claimed that exposure to natural light can have a beneficial effect on
human health. However due to its uncertainity and variability day lighting cannot provide adequate
illumination of the internal environment all of the time. Therefore artificial lighting systems must be
incorporated into buildings in order to supplement day lighting when it is required.
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Artificial lighting
• Artificial lighting enables extended activity period employing in a planned optimized manner, minimizing the resources
• Artificial lighting should be functional and pleasant both physiologically and psychologically
• Artificial lights are available in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, colors of light emitted, and levels of brightness.
• Some of these sources are incandescent bulbs, halogen lamps, metal halide, fluorescent tube, compact florescent light,
and LEDs.
The incorporation of daylight into interior lighting design is desirable for the following reasons:
• Energy costs are reduced if good control of artificial lighting is provided.
• A room which does not provide a view of the outside , will be considered unsatisfactory to most building occupants.
• Colour rendering will be improved in most interiors with good daylight penetration.
• The natural variation of daylight provides information about the weather and time of day which occupants will deem
desirable.
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Artificial lighting: physical processes
Fluorescence in which case the excitation lasts only for the excited period. Phosphorescence in which case
the excitation persists even after the exciting source is removed.
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Types of Artificial Light Sources
•INDOOR LIGHTING
• Incandescent lamps
• Halogen lamps
• Fluorescent Lamps
• LPSV and HPSV lamps
• Mercury vapour lamps
• Metal halide lamps
• LED lamps
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INCANDASCENT LAMP
• Incandescent Lamps were first invented by Edison in 1879
• Normally Filament is mounted in a glass bulb and maintained in vacuum (type‘B’) gets heated upon
Passage of current.
• In 1911 Coolidge developed Tungsten in ductile form which could result in a Continuous uniform
Filament. It was Rugged and had very high efficiency. Langmuir introduced use of inert gases and
improved the radiation efficiency – (1913). They ware called type ‘C’.
• Inert Gases are introduced in the Glass envelope to decrease the vaporizations of Tungsten. The gases
Nitrogen and Argon are most suitable
• darkening of Glass bulbs occurs due to vaporization of Tungsten. Hence the lamps are called either Type B –
Vacuum < 40 W rating or Type C – Gas > 40 W using Inert gases.
• When an electric current is passed through a fine metallic wire it raises the temperature of the wire and heat
energy will be radiated at low temperatures. At high temperature heat as well as light energy will be
radiated. The higher the temperature of the wire, higher is the amount of light energy radiated.
• Tungsten is the most common material used as filament due to high melting point, low vapour pressure,
very strong and can be made ductile.
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It 0produces light when a thin wire called a tungsten filament is heated by
electricity running through it making it so hot that it starts to glow brightly. This
releases a lot of heat and the bulbs get hot to the touch, meaning this bulb is very
inefficient
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FLUORESCENT LAMPS
Fluorescent lamp is the most widely used discharge lamp. It is an energy efficient lamp available in low and
medium wattage range making it suitable for domestic and commercial lighting purposes.
Construction
It consists of a glass tube of around 36 mm diameter and a length of 1200 mm. The inner surface of the
tube is coated with a fluorescent powder - usually phosphor coating. Tungsten wire electrodes with bi-
pin cap are provided at both ends. There is an electrode shield around each electrode to reduce the
blackening of the tubes due to deposition of evaporated tungsten. The tube is filled with an inert gas
such as argon to a pressure of 1.5 to 5 mm of mercury. A small drop-let of mercury is also introduced into the
tube. During normal operation this mercury vaporizes and helps to maintain the discharge.
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Operation
Fluorescent lamps are designed for switch start operation. The starter consists of two bimetallic contacts, housed in a
small glass bulb filled with a noble gas at low pressure. The contacts are positioned with a narrow separation
between them. When the normal voltage is applied, it creates a glow discharge between the bimetallic contacts and
due to heating they bend towards each other. The contacts touch each other for one or two seconds and the current path
is completed through the inductive ballast and the filament electrodes. This current results in preheating the
electrodes. As the bimetallic contacts touch, the glow discharge stops and now the contacts cool down and leave apart
to open the circuit. The sudden break of current will induce a high voltage (600-1500V) in the ballast and is applied
across -the tube, which in turn trigger the discharge through the tube. The capacitor, which is connected across the
starter contact, is provided to reduce the radio interference due to switching operations. The starter has no function
once the lamp is started.
Like other discharge lamps, fluorescent lamps are also having a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. This
means the resistance of the tube decreases when temperature is increased, resulting in increase of current. Therefore
the ballast is essential during normal operation also to regulate the lamp current. When the ballast is connected in series
with the circuit, it regulates the lamp current. The capacitor across the supply line is for power factor improvement.
When there is a discharge through the lamp, it produces radiations mainly in the ultraviolet region. This radiation
is converted to visible radiation by the phosphor coating on the inner side of the glass tube.
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Sodium vapor lamp
• A gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium (Na) in an exciting condition to
generate light at a 589 nm of characteristic wavelength is known as a
sodium vapor lamp. The sodium vapour lamp working principle is,
that it mainly works through vaporized sodium metal by creating an
electric arc. Other gases & materials will help in activating the lamp
and also controlling its color. These lamps are mostly used in street
lights and industrial purposes.
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Sodium Vapour Lamp Circuit
• The sodium vapor lamp circuit diagram is shown below. The construction of this lamp is similar to
a mercury vapour lamp. In this lamp, two electrodes like E1 & E2 are mounted within a G1 glass
tube including sodium with a small quantity of argon or neon gases. This G1 glass tube is placed
in a G2 evacuated external tube. In the above circuit, capacitor (C), choke (L) & a small step-down
transformer ‘T’ is connected in series with the lamp. The choke (L) is an inductor that is connected
in series with a low-power sodium vapor lamp. It functions like overload protection for stabilizing
the discharge. The transformer used in the above circuit is a leaking transformer for reducing the
voltage supply & stabilizing the arc. All these capacitors, choke & transformer is connected in
series with vapour lamp for heating the cathode electrode ‘E1’.
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• Lamp Working
When the supply is switched on, the lamp would not start as the supply
voltage is too low to start the discharge. The leak transformer
connected across the mains produces a starting voltage of about 400 V.
the neon gas starts the discharge and afterwards the sodium vapourises
and the discharge continues. The power factor is very low hence a
capacitor is used to raise it. The efficiency is about 75 lumens per watt
and the lamp has an average life of 6000 hrs.
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HPSVL
• The first developed sodium lamp is an LPS lamp or low-pressure sodium lamp. This lamp is
identified through its signature color that is monochromatic yellow.
• The HPSV lamp is the most frequently used in street lighting. An improvement of the LPS
lamp is the HPS lamp. The HPS lamp includes a narrow arc tube that is supported through a
frame within a bulb.
• The arc tube includes high pressure for higher efficiency. In this tube, xenon, sodium, and
mercury are usually used.
• The most common method to activate the lamp is through a pulse start. There is an ignitor
within the ballast which transmits a high voltage signal throughout the arc tube. This signal
will activate an arc with the xenon gas. So the lamp will turn sky blue like xenon lights.
• After that, the arc heats the mercury (Hg) then its vapor provides a bluish color to the lamp.
The lamp gets heat & the sodium is the final material to evaporate. The vapor of sodium hits
an arc above 240 C.
The sodium (Na) is mixed with different impurities to form white light. The mercury helps in
adding blue light to the clean yellow color of the sodium.
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Mercury-vapor lamp
• A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas-discharge lamp that uses an electric arc
through vaporized mercury to produce light.The arc discharge is
generally confined to a small fused quartz arc tube mounted within a
borosilicate glass bulb. Inner discharge tube and outer evacuated tube.
The inner tube is provided with two main electrodes and an auxiliary
electrode. It contains a small amount of argon and a little mercury.
• Mercury vapor lamps are more energy efficient than incandescent lamps
with luminous efficacies of 35 to 55 lumens/watt. Their other
advantages are a long bulb lifetime in the range of 24,000 hours and a
high intensity, clear white light output. For these reasons, they are used
for large area overhead lighting, such as in factories, warehouses, and
sports arenas as well as for streetlights.
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• Lamp Working
When the supply is switched on, the supply voltage is applied across the
electrodes , but is not sufficient enough to cause discharge between the
two main elctrodes. But this voltage is high enough for initiating the
discharge over the very short distance between main elctrode and
auxiliary electrode. This discharge then spreads rapidly and sets up
discharge between the main electrodes. The argon initiates the
discharge , vapourises the mercury and after some time mercury
vapour takes the place. The ionised mercury atoms decrease the
resistance across the main electrodes and cause the main arc to strike.
The efficiency is about 40 lumens per watt. A significant portion of
radiation is in the UV region resulting in a bluish light.
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Metal halide lamp
• metal-halide lamp is an electrical lamp that produces light by an electric arc through
a gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and metal halides(compounds of metals with
bromine or iodine). It is a type of high-intensity discharge (HID) gas discharge lamp.
• Developed in the 1960s, they are similar to mercury vapor lamps,but contain
additional metal halide compounds in the quartz arc tube, which improve the
efficiency and color rendition of the light.
• The most common metal halide compound used is sodium iodide. Once the arc tube
reaches its running temperature, the sodium dissociates from the iodine, adding orange
and reds to the lamp's spectrum. As a result, metal-halide lamps have high
luminous efficacy of around 75–100 lumens per watt, which is about twice that of
mercury vapor lights and 3 to 5 times that of incandescent lights and produce an
intense white light. Lamp life is 6,000 to 15,000 hours.
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LED
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most efficient bulbs to date, they are not without problems.
Light-emitting diodes (LED) are semiconductors. As electrons pass through this type of
semiconductor, it turns into light. Compared to incandescent and CFL bulbs, LED
lights are more efficient at turning energy into light. Therefore, less of the energy
radiates from the bulb as heat.
LEDs contain a lot of blue light, too much of which can
have negative effects on human health
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Qualities of Good Lighting
•Good lighting - Process of providing the right quantity of light at the right quality
•Traditional quality criteria
1.Visual Performance
2.Harmonious brightness distribution
3.No glare, flicker and stroboscopic effects
4.Avoid Veiling reflections
5.Correct light colour and Appropriate colour rendering
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1. VISUAL PERFORMANCE (Sufficient illumination level)
• One of the major aspects of the lighting practice and
recommendations is to provide adequate lighting for people
to carry out their visual tasks.
• Visibility is defined by our ability to detect objects or signs
of given dimensions, at given distances and with given
contrasts with the background
• Defined by the speed and accuracy of performing a visual
task
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• Visual performance is improved with increasing luminance. Yet, there
is a plateau above which further increases in luminance do not lead
to improvements in visual performance (Rea and Ouellette 1991, CIE
2002). Thus increasing luminance levels above the optimum for
visual performance may not be justified and can on the contrary
lead to excessive use of energy
• Elementary step in creating comfortable and good quality luminous
and visual environments
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2. UNIFORMITY OF LIGHTING
Uniformity of lighting can be desirable or less desirable depending on the
function of space and type of activities
Non uniform lighting may cause distraction and discomfort
Lighting standards and codes usually provide recommended
illuminance ratios between the task area and its surroundings
Compared to a conventional uniform office lighting installation with
fluorescent lamps, LEDs provide opportunities to concentrate light more(non
uniform) on actual working areas and to have light where it is actually needed
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3. CONTROLLING GLARE, FLICKER AND STROBOSCOPIC EFFECTS
A) GLARE
• Glare is defined as the brightness within the field of vision of such a character as to cause
annoyance, discomfort, interference with vision or eye fatigue.
• Glare is the loss of visual performance or discomfort produced by an intensity of light in the visual field
greater than the intensity of light to which the eyes are adapted. Simply put, glare occurs when too much light
enters your eye and interferes with your eye’s ability to manage it. Glare can be distracting and even
dangerous and can occur day or night in a number of ways. Glare may come directly from a light source or be
reflected.
• There are four types of glare: Distracting glare, discomforting glare, disabling glare, and blinding glare.
• In indoor lighting the main concern is about discomfort glare.
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• Distracting glare – Distracting glare results from light being reflected when it
moves from one optical medium to another (e.g. from air to glass). This results in
some of the light being reflected off the surface. Distracting glare comes from light
reflected off the front of lenses so that others can’t see your eyes, and from light
reflected off the backs of or within the lenses so that you see reflections in your
lenses.
• This type of glare can also be experienced at night, forming “halos” around
headlights or streetlights. Distracting glare can represent an annoyance or distraction
to the viewer and lead to eye fatigue.
• Discomforting glare – Discomforting glare may result from direct or reflected glare
and can be caused by everyday, bright sunlight conditions. Discomforting glare
occurs in varying degrees of intensity, but even the milder degrees of discomforting
glare result in visual discomfort, often shown by symptoms of eyestrain or fatigue.
• Depending upon one’s light sensitivity, this glare can also be discomforting
regardless of weather or time of day. The unprotected eye will respond to
discomforting glare by squinting and constriction of the pupil. It is common for the
affected individual to try to avoid the glare by shielding the eyes or turning another
direction.
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• Disabling glare – Disabling glare, also known as veiling glare, is more intense than discomforting
glare and the high level of light produces a glare that can actually interfere with or block vision.
This type of glare comes from excessive, intense light that can occur when you face directly into
the sun. Disabling glare causes objects to appear to have lower contrast than they would if there no
glare.
• Disabling glare occurs because light scatters when it enters the eye, which, in turn, reduces the
sharpness of vision and raises the differential light threshold. Disabling glare tends to become
more problematic in the elderly, as the decreasing transparency of the crystalline lens that comes
with age leads to developing cataract formation.
• Blinding glare – Blinding glare results from light reflecting off of smooth, shiny surfaces such as
water, sand or snow. It can be strong enough to block vision. When the light reflects of the
surfaces, it becomes polarized and produces blinding glare. Blinding glare can block vision to the
extent that the wearer becomes visually compromised.
• Glare tends to be worse with older age, light colored eyes, prior eye surgery, and certain eye
conditions, including cataracts, dry eye .
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o Effect – Loss of concentration ,More frequent mistakes ,Fatigue
o Remedy – Luminaires with limited luminance levels ,Blinds on windows, Matching
luminaire to workstation (layout) ,Indirect lighting, Matt surfaces
B) Flicker
o Produced by very fast fluctuations of amplitude.
o Light sources that are operated with ac supply produce regular
fluctuations in light output
o Visibility of these fluctuations depends uponfrequency and
modulation of the fluctuation
o Hazard to health
o Can be minimized by stable supply voltage or by using high frequency
electronic ballasts .
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C. STROBOSCOPIC EFFECTS
-The stroboscopic effect occurs when a flashing light source illuminates a moving
object.
- All discharge lamps are turned on and off 100 times per second when operated on
magnetic ballasts supplied by a 50 Hz power system
-Each time the voltage passes through the zero point the arc is extinguished and the lamp
ceases to produce light
-A rapidly rotating object at speeds which are multiples of 60 such as an 1800 rpm or
3600 rpm motor can appear to be motionless
-This effect is harmful to the vision and causes discomfort, visual fatigue and
headaches.
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4. AVOID VEILING REFLECTIONS
Specular reflections that appear on the object viewed and which reduce
the visual task contrast.
Causes – Geometry of the surface ,observer and sources of high luminance like
Glossy papers, glass surfaces and computer screens are subject to cause veiling
reflections
In rooms with several computer screens inside the task area special care has to
be taken in the positioning of the luminaries to avoid luminous reflections
from the screens
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5. AVOID SHADOWS
A dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of
light and a surface.
Obstructs the visibility of certain elements
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Shadows:
• In lighting installations, formation of long and hard shadows causes fatigue to eyes and, therefore, is
considered to be a shortcoming. Complete absence of shadows altogether again does not necessarily mean an
ideal condition of lighting installations. Contrary, perhaps to popular opinion, a certain amount of shadow is
desirable in artificial lighting as it helps to give shape to the solid objects and makes them easily recognised.
Objects illuminated by shadowless light appear flat and uninteresting, contours are lost, and it is difficult for
the eye to form a correct judgement of the shape of an object. However, there is one exception to this, i.e., in
drawing offices, where we are to see flat surfaces, shadowless light is essential otherwise shadows will hinder
the work.
• Hard and long shadows can be avoided by:
(i) Using large number of small luminaries mounted at a height not less than 2.5 metres and
(ii) By using wide surface sources of light using globes over filament lamps or by using indirect lighting system.
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6.CORRECT LIGHT COLOUR AND APPROPRIATE COLOUR RENDERING
The colour of light sources is usually described by two properties viz Correlated Colour temperature
(CCT) and colour rendering index(CRI)
Colour appearance of a light source is evaluated by CCT
For example, CCT OF 2700 K have a yellowish colour appearance and their light is described as warm
Fluorescent lamps or white leds have CCT of around 6000K with bluish appearance and light is
described as cool
The CRI measures how well a given light source renders a set of test colours relative to a
reference source of the same CCT as the light source in question
color temperature describes the color appearance of the light source and the light emitted from it.
Color rendering describes how well the light renders colors in objects.
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The ability of the light source to render colours of surfaces accurately or Colour rendering is
the ability of a light source to reproduce surface colours
color rendering, expressed as a rating from 0 to 100 on the Color Rendering Index (CRI),
describes how a light source makes the color of an object appear to human eyes and how well
subtle variations in color shades are revealed. The higher the CRI rating is, the better its color
rendering ability.
Imagine two objects, one red, one blue, which are lighted by a cool light source with a low CRI.
The red object appears muted while the blue object appears a rich blue. Now take out the lamp and
put in a cool light source with a high CRI. The blue object still appears a rich blue, but the red
object appears more like its true color.
The best colour rendering is Ra = 100.
Light sources are divided up into colour rendering levels:
• Ra > 90 very good colour rendering Ra > 80 good colour rendering
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New quality criteria
Changing lighting situations
Personal control
Energy efficiency
Daylight integration
Light as an interior design element
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Lighting Systems
Classified according to proportion of light directed upward or
downward from the fittings
– Direct
– Indirect
– Semi direct
– Semi indirect
– General diffusing
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LIGHTING DISTRIBUTION
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Characteristics of good lighting
scheme
• It should provide adequate illumination
• It should provide light distribution all over the working plane as
uniform as possible
• It should avoid glare and hard shadows as far as possible
• It should provide light of suitable colour
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DIRECT LIGHTING
Commonly used type of lighting scheme
More than 90 percent of total light falls directly on the working plane with the help of deep
reflectors
Though it is most efficient it causes hard shadows and glare
It is mainly used for industrial and general out-door lighting
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SEMI DIRECT LIGHTING
• 60 to 90 percent of the total light flux is made to fall downwards
directly, remaining light is used to illuminate the ceiling and walls
• Best suited to rooms with high ceilings where a high level of
uniformly distributed illumination is desirable
• Good for stairways, corridors, and storage areas
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INDIRECT LIGHTING
• More than 90 percent of total light flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling where it is diverted
to the room through diffuse reflection.
• Resulting illumination is softer and more diffused, the shadows are less prominent and the
appearance of the room is much improved
• Used for decoration purposes in cinemas theatres and hotels
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SEMI INDIRECT LIGHTING
• 60 – 90 % of the light produced by the fittings is directed upwards and 10-40 % of light is directed
downwards
Soft shadows and glare free
Used for indoor light decoration purposes
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GENERAL DIFFUSING
Light produced is equally distributed upwards and
downwards
10 – 40 % upwards and 10-40% downwards
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LIGHTING SCHEME
General Lighting
This is probably the most commonly used artificial lighting system
General lighting produced by a regular array of luminaires with or without an indirect
component results in a specific horizontal illuminance with a certain uniformity.
This type of system will normally provide a rather bland “shadow free” lighting installation
high energy costs because the whole area is illuminated to the highest level of
illumination required for the single most difficult task.
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Localized General Lighting
• If the location of a particular work area is known then localised lighting can be used to raise the
illuminance on this area whilst maintaining general illuminance at a lower level.
• The average general illuminance should be at lease one third of the task illuminance where localized
lighting is provided.
• Localized lighting tends to provide a more interesting design with emphasis placed on the work station.
• Localised lighting is more efficient with regard to energy costs because of the more efficient use of
light good maintenance of these schemes is essential.
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Local /Task Lighting
• This is the term used for lighting which illuminates a specific individual workstation
• This can be provided by additional luminaires placed at a small distance from the visual task,
which illuminate only a limited area.
• General illuminance should be at least one third of the local illuminance
• In industrial cases, this is often referred to as supplementary lighting.
• The light should be positioned to minimize shadsows, veiling reflection and glare.
• Local lighting ensures efficient use of light energy.
• Local individual control should be provided.
• Disadvantages are that low wattage lamps are normally less efficient and maintenance costs are
generally higher with local lighting
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LUMINAIRES
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