The objective of this research is to change this manual paper-based voting system to electronic

voting system.
 What is Research?
 Objectives in Research
 Motivation in Research
 Types of Research
 Characteristics of Research
 Originality in Research
 “Research is the systematic approach to obtain
and confirm new and reliable knowledge”
 Systematic and orderly (following a series of
steps)
 Purpose is to obtain new knowledge, which
must be reliable
 A systematic investigation to find answers to a
problem.
 The systematic investigation into and study of
materials and sources in order to establish facts
and reach new conclusions.
 This is a general definition which applies to all
disciplines
Accidental discovery:
 Accidental discovery may occur in a
structured research process
 Usually takes the form of a phenomenon not
previously noticed
 May lead to a structured research process to
verify or understand the observation
Data Collection
 An intermediate step to gain reliable
knowledge
 Collecting updated and reliable data is part
of the research process
Searching out published research results in
libraries (or the internet)
 This is an important early step of research
 The research process always includes synthesis
and analysis
 But, just reviewing of literature is not research
1. Searching for explanation of events,
phenomena, relationships and causes
– What, how and why things occur
– Are there interactions?
2. A process
– Planned and managed – to make the
information generated credible
– The process is creative
– It is circular – always leads to more
questions
 The purpose of research is to discover
answers to questions through the
application of scientific procedures.
 The main aim of research is to find out the
truth which is hidden, and which has not
been discovered as yet.
 Though each research study has its own
specific purpose, we may think of research
objectives as falling into a number of
following broad groupings:
 To verify and test important facts.
 To analyze an event, process or phenomenon
 To identify the cause and effect relationship
 To find solution to scientific, non-scientific
and social problems
 To determine the frequency at which
something occurs
 To get familiarity or achieve a new insight
towards a certain topic.
 What makes people to undertake research?
 The possible motives for doing research may
be either one or more of the following:
1. To get a degree
2. To get respectability
3. To face a challenge
4. To solve a problem
5. To get intellectual joy
6. To serve society
1. Pure research
 Also called basic research.
 Purpose: expanding the knowledge base and,
thus, its future potential in a given area
 Involves developing and testing theories and
hypothesis
 No immediate impact on daily life but
challenging to the researcher.
 Usually in universities & funded by governments
e.g. Einstein’s theory of Relativity, Newton’s
Contributions…
2. Applied research
 Research for development of a new product
or a next-generation product.
 Mainly done in private research institutions
 Universities are also deeply involved in
applied research.
e.g. Treat or cure a specific disease, Improve
the energy efficiency of home, offices, or
modes of transportation, SRP
3. Descriptive research
 Includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of
different kinds.
 The major purpose of descriptive research is
description of the state of affairs as it exists at
present.
 Research questions that can lead to descriptive
research are:
 Market researchers that want to observe habits of
consumers.
 A company that wants to evaluate the moral of its
staff.
4. Analytical research
 The researcher has to use facts or
information already available and analyze
these to make a critical evaluation of the
material.
5. Quantitative research
 Quantitative research is based on the
measurement of quantity or amount.
 It is applicable to phenomena that can be
expressed in terms of quantity.
6. Qualitative research:
 Is concerned with qualitative phenomenon,
i.e., phenomena relating to or involving
quality or kind.
 For instance, when we are interested in
investigating the reasons for human behavior
 Attitude or opinion research i.e., research
designed to find out how people feel or what
they think about a particular subject or institution
is also qualitative research.
 It should be controlled because of the relation between
two or more variables are affected by each other

Research is controlled
(whether it is internal or external). If the research is not
 controllable, then it will not be able to design a
particular research report.

 There may be several interacting

factors/parameters
 It is usually very difficult to measure/observe
the effect of all parameters at the same time.
 Some assumtions may be appropriate.
 Or use external control mechanisms which may
require rigorous laboratory conditions, or
expensive equipment
 Research is rigorous (strictly accurate).
 A researcher must ensure that the procedures
followed are relevant, appropriate, and
justified.

 Research outcomes are valid and verifiable

 What you find, or what you conclude after
research should be correct, and repeatable, or
reproducible (by you or by others).
 Research is systematic
 The procedures adopted to undertake an
investigation follow a certain logical sequence.
 Carefully designed research plans and
procedures are a must in research.
 Randomness, or lack of direction is not
tolerated.
 Research is empirical (experimental)
 Any conclusions drawn are based upon solid
evidence gathered from real measurements
or, real experiences, or observations. This
is a must in scientific research oriented with
laboratory activities.
 Research is “critical”
 Procedures and methods used in research have
critical importance in research.
 They should be well-planed and leave no possible
margin for error, and be free from any drawbacks.
 Research is innovative
 Research does not develop from randomly
generated ideas but all involve “innovation”
 Interdisciplinarity
◦ Single-author scientific journal articles
are no longer valuable.
◦ Team work (of different disciplines) is
favored.
◦ International collaboration
 Originality in tools, techniques, and
procedures.
 use of them in new untested ways
 Use for a specific purpose. (e.g,
development of a new "controlled release"
system of an existing drug)
 originality in exploring the unknown.
◦ Investigation of something which has never
been investigated before (e.g., a new
medicine for cancer treatment)
 Originality in use of data.
 Some of the data might be an indication of an
original behavior, or side-product, or unseen
benefit.
 Originality as "potentially publishable".
Research published in a "peer-reviewed"
("refereed") journal is original.
 The ownership of original work.
obey the research ethics rules & copyright laws
Scientific Method
 Research Method/Methodology
 Scientific Method
 Steps of Scientific Method
 Nature of Scientific Method
Methodology and Method are often (incorrectly) used
interchangeable
 Methodology : The study of the general approach to
inquiry in a given field.
 It is a way to systematically solve the research
problem.
 It may be understood as a science of studying how
research is done scientifically.
 The scope of research methodology is wider than that
of research methods.
Generally Methodology is defined as:
 “The systematic study of methods that are,
can be, or have been applied within a
discipline";
 Or

 “A particular procedure or set of

procedures.“
 Method: The specific techniques, tools or
procedures applied to achieve a given
objective.
 Research methods in economics include
regression analysis, mathematical analysis,
operations research, surveys, data
gathering, etc.
 Principles and procedures used for the
systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the
recognition and formulation of a problem, the
collection of data through observation and
experiment, and the formulation and testing of
hypotheses
 The steps of the scientific method are as
follows:
1. Formulate Research question /Problem
2. Background / Observation
3. Formulate hypothesis
4. Design experiment
5. Test hypothesis / Collect data
6. Interpret / Analyze results
7. Publish findings
Step 1: Formulate Research question /Problem
 The most important step in research !
 Often comes from the thought:
“What we have now is not quite right/good
enough – we can do better ...”
 The research question defines the “area of
interest” but it is not declarative statement
like a hypothesis.
 The study must be feasible.
Step 2: Background / Observation
 How has the work been done previously?
 What similar work has been leading up to
this point?
 Study state of the art (literature review,
projects, informal discussions, etc).
 What distinguishes previous work from
what you want to do?
 Who / What will be impacted by this
research?
Step 3: Formulate hypothesis
 A scientific hypothesis states the ‘predicted’
(educated guess) relationship amongst
variables.
 Stated in declarative form. Brief and up to
the point.
 Step 4: Design experiment
 Includes planning in detail all the steps of
the experimental phase.
 In engineering research it often includes the
design of a prototype /system architecture.
 Identify the variables that will be manipulated
and measured – the research outcomes must
be measurable.
Step 5: Test hypothesis / Collect data
 Implementation of methods (e.g.
prototyping) and auxiliary tools (e.g.
simulation)
 Pilot testing and refinement.
 Field vs. Laboratory work.
 Any ethical considerations ?
 Confirm results by retesting !
Step 6: Interpret / Analyze results
 What did your experiment show?
 Qualitative data analysis.
 Quantitative data analysis.
 What might weaken your confidence in the results
(critical spirit)?
 Discussion regarding
Literature
Research objectives
Research questions.
 Consider next steps
Recommendations for further research
Step 7: Publish findings
 A research result is not a contribution to the
field if no one knows about it or can use it !
 Write scientific papers, make presentations
 Intermediate results
Conferences
Collect feedback
 Consolidated results
Journals
 Be careful in selecting where you publish !
 But there is no single, universal formal
“scientific method". There are several
variants and each researcher needs to tune
the process to the nature of the problem
and his / her working methods.
 The “scientific method” attempts to
minimize the influence of the researchers'
bias on the outcome of an experiment.
 The researcher may have a preference for
one outcome or another, and it is important
that this preference not bias the results or
their interpretation.
 Sometimes "common sense" and "logic"
tempt us into believing that no test is
needed.
 Another common mistake is to ignore or
rule out data which do not support the
hypothesis.
 What is a literature review is
 Specific purposes, functions and benefits
of a literature review
 The Literature Review Process

1 Reading a literature review

2 Writing a literature review

3 Referencing
 An account of what has been published on a certain
topic by accredited scholars and researchers.
 Your purpose is to convey to your reader what
knowledge and ideas have been established on the
topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are.
 Prior research that addressed a similar problem or
had similar objectives is relevant – you should know
how others approached their problem and
objectives.
 Likewise the approaches and procedures used by
others can suggest what is likely to work for you.
A) Prevents duplication of what has already been
done (Some duplication or confirmation of
research is necessary, but excessive duplication is
wasteful).

B) Help to identify new areas where research is

needed (and how new research can contribute)
C) Provides ideas and direction for:
1. How to handle problems encountered
2. Techniques
3. Sources of data
4. Novel approaches for the research
D) Helps develop insights on design of your own
study by showing what has (and has not) been
previously successful.
E) May reveal conceptual insights into the problem
and/or suggest possible hypothesis for your own
study.
• Not all literature should be included in the review
– only “scientific literature”.
• This is literature which has been through a peer
review process. This includes professional
journals, formal research reports, university-
affiliated bulletins, reports and monographs.
• “Popular” publications should not be included e.g.
Newspapers, news magazines, or industry or
popular publications.
• The literature review is intended to provide an
overview and summary of prior reliable knowledge.
• It is often useful to start reading with the most
recent publications. This allows:
 Focusing more quickly on current knowledge,
 Recent research often includes references to relevant
earlier research
• First read the abstract or summary to determine
relevance and whether to review the article.
• As you read, keep in mind that the central purpose
is to identify and describe the relevance of the study
to your research
• Do not reference a source of an idea without actually
having read it.
• Be sure you have a complete citation of each
source.
• Keep written notes – don’t rely on memory.
• Be thorough and systematic in keeping notes; note
problem, objectives, methods, findings and
conclusions
• Literature reviews, like any part of a
proposal/Research, need organization.
• It should not be a series of unconnected
summaries of studies, but rather a synthesis of
previous related literature.
• Develop an outline of the literature review, before
you start to write.
• Start with an introduction section, and end with a
short summary that pulls all the main points
together.
• Use subheadings to organize the literature review
and direct the reader’s attention.
• These are usually subject-matter headings, which
logically group studies with a similar focus.
• The literature review should summarize, but not
repeat information. Seek to analyze, compare and
contrast the literature reviewed.
• Direct quotations can be useful, but use sparingly.
Be reluctant to reproduce graphs or tables.
• Referencing previous literature occurs throughout
research proposal and research reports, but is
used most in the literature review.
• We reference other literature to:
 Provide supporting (or contrary) evidence for the
views we write about
 Assign credit for an idea, concept or result
 Add information and details on matters discussed
• Giving credit for thoughts, ideas, efforts and
contributions of others is an important ethical issue.
• Plagiarism is the failure to give credit for an idea or
research result to it’s originator.
• Presenting someone else’s words or ideas as your
own is not only wrong but can hurt your
professional standing
• By properly referencing and giving credit for other’s
work, show that you are aware of the state of
knowledge in your subject and are familiar with the
work of leaders in the field.
• The style used in referencing may vary with the
type of publication, as well as your personal
preference.
• Footnotes (notes at the bottom of the page) or
Endnotes (similar notes placed at the end of the
paper) can be used, if allowed.
• Most commonly used is parenthetical referencing, which
provides the author’s last name, year of publication,
and sometimes the page number. eg. (Ethridge, 2004,
p.122)
• The cited references then all appear in the Reference
section at the end of the paper.
• Another possible style is to use a number in
parentheses eg. [4], with a numbered
references list at the end of the paper.

• Many different styles are used for the

References section. It is best to refer to the
style used by the agency or publication to
which you are submitting the paper.
 Book

 Journal

 Online document
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of book
(edition if not first). City: Publisher.
Book by a single author
 Leshin, C.B. (1997). Management on
the World Wide Web. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Book by more than one author
 Cornett, M., Wiley, B.J., & Sankar, S. (1998).
The pleasures of nurturing (2nd ed). London:
McMunster Publishing.
For Books with more than three authors use
“et al. ”
 Ali, M. H., Tsegaw, L. R., Samuti, W. et al.
(1986). Earth quick resistant multi purpose
structural design, 3 rd ed. New York: William
and Sons.
Journal Article
Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of
article. Title of Journal, volume number
(issue number), page numbers.
 Barry, H. (1996). Cross-cultural research with
matched pairs of societies. Journal of Social
Psychology, 79 (1), 25-33.
 Jeanquart, S., & Peluchette, J. (1997). Diversity
in the workforce and management models,
Journal of Social Work Studies, 43, 72-85.
Referencing Electronic Sources
Author, A. (year, month, day). Title of
article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from
home page web address
 Nader, C. (2009, June 19). Mental
health issues soar among children.
The Age. Retrieved from
http://www.theage.com.au
 Some Basics
 What is a research proposal?
 Purpose of The Research Proposal
 Components/elements of research proposal
• Why we write a research proposal?
 Approval
 Funding
 Refine ideas/methods
• Different from a research paper.
 Verb tense
 No analysed data
• A proposal provides clear justification of the need for
the study.
• It details how the study will be completed in order to
achieve the aims and address the research questions
or problems.
1. To inform the reader, nature of your proposed
research.
• What is the problem?
• What is its extent?

2. To convince the reader, especially supervisors and

reviewers, of the value of your proposed research.
• Is this proposal worth the time and money?
• Will it make a difference to the world?
3. To demonstrate your expertise and competency in a
particular area of study.

• Do you have the qualifications to conduct this research?

• Have you informed yourself of the existing theory and data

relevant to your topic?
4. To plan the research project and provide a step-by-step
guide to the tasks necessary for its completion.
● What are the key stages of the work?

● How do the various components fit together?

5. To request support from individuals and agencies
who provide supervision, oversight or funding.
• What kinds of support does the project need?

6. To contract with the agencies and individuals

involved, (e.g. supervisors, foundations and
participants).
• How will tasks be assigned and resources expended?
1.Title
2. Summary of the proposal
3. Introduction
4. Review of literatures
5. Statement of the problem (Hypothesis)
6. Objectives of the research
7. Scope and limitations of the study
8. Methodology Used
9. Time schedule/work plan
10. Rationale/justification/significance of the research
11. Budget/estimated cost built up
13. Conclusion (Optional)
12. Bibliography/References
• The title of the research project should be
brief, precise, specific, instructive and
unambiguous. It should be prepared or written
in a way that catches the attention of the
reader
 The summary should be brief and precise
outline of the most relevant topics to be
addressed including the proposed
objective, problem statement; main
expected outcome and time frame and
budget allocation of the project
 The introduction and/or review should
include:
 The background and the state of the art of
your field of study: including the essential
references; the most relevant national and
international works in the same or related
fields of study.
 Here the rational for the project and the
relevance of this project should be clearly
identified and stated.
 Quite often we all hear that a problem clearly
stated is a problem half solved.
 A proper definition of research problem will
enable the researcher to be on the track
whereas an ill-defined problem may create
hurdles.
 Questions like:
 What data are to be collected? What
characteristics of data are relevant and need
to be studied?
 What relations are to be explored.
 What techniques are to be used for the
purpose?
 and similar other questions crop up in the
mind of the researcher who can well plan his
strategy and find answers to all such questions
only when the research problem has been well
defined.
 Thus, defining a research problem properly
is a prerequisite for any study and is a step
of the highest importance
• Contextual/consistent to the title
• Concise, clear-cut, expressed in simple
language, precise, self-explanatory
• Distinctive, quantifiable , measurable
• Two types of objectives:
 general/broad/overall
 specific
• Boundaries of the research
• Aspects and issues addressed
• Shortcomings of the research – resource and
time constraints
• Selection of appropriate approach
• Tools/techniques to be used
• Data collection techniques
• Data processing, analysis, interpretation techniques
• Data/information presentation techniques.
• Time line of the assigned tasks
• Time line of the resource flow
• Importance
• Addressing the national context problem
• Bridging the knowledge gaps
• Useful to the society/community
• Present state of affairs
• Affected stakeholders
• Cost built up – resource personnel, support
staff, stationery, transport, utilities, house
rents, miscellaneous, etc
• Related documents to be consulted/studies
• Follow technicalities in writing
bibliography/references
• To be presented in alphabetic order
• To be presented in classified manner viz.,
manuscripts, books, journals, etc
• State about the feasibility of the proposed
research/study
• Upcoming challenges
• Upcoming treats, difficulties, hindrances
1. Title & Cover Page
2. Declaration
3. Approval or Certification
4. Acknowledgements
5. Abstract or Executive Summary
6. Table of Contents
7. List of Figures
8. List of Tables
9. List of Symbols and Abbreviations
10. Introduction
11. Body of the Project & the Chapters
12. Experiments and Results
13. Conclusion and Recommendations
14. Future Scope
15. References
16. Appendices
 In the above structure, the first nine pages
are known as preliminary pages, and are
usually numbered with the Roman numerals
as I, II, III, IV, and so on, except the title page.
 Allthe contents of the project report should
be in ‘Times New Romans’ font, and the size
should be 12 throughout.
 All the text should be left with the ‘justified’
option with line spacing of 1.5.
 The title needs to concisely state the topic
of the report. It needs to be informative and
descriptive so that someone just reading
the title will understand the main issue of
your report.
 You don’t need to include excessive detail
in your title but avoid being vague and too
general.
 The declaration is a statement written by the
student who declares that he or she has
sincerely completed his or her project. The
declaration statement concludes with the
signature of the student.
 The approval page is endorsed with the
signatures of the heads confirming their
approval of the project.
 The acknowledgement page depicts the
gratitude, respect and thankfulness of the
student towards the people who helped him
in pursuing the project successfully and
ensured successful completion and
implementation of the project.
 In this page, the author expresses his
gratitude and concern by using praising and
thanksgiving words.
 Abstract represents a summarized report of
the complete project in a very concise and
informative format covering main objective of
the project, the background information,
processes and methods used, and
methodologies implemented, followed with a
brief conclusion of two to three lines talking
about the results and scope of the project.
 Introduction Method Results Discussion

The UK government has noted the public health importance of food prices
and the affordability of a healthy Diet. We aimed to investigate the prices of
more and less healthy foods over time. We linked economic data for 94
foods and beverages in the UK Consumer Price Index to food and nutrient
data from the UK Department of Health’s National Diet and Nutrition Survey,
producing a novel dataset across the period 2002–2012. The mean
(standard deviation) 2012 price/1000 kcal was £2.50 (0.29) for less healthy
items and £7.49 (1.27) for more healthy items. The ANOVA results
confirmed that all prices had risen over the period 2002–2012, but more
healthy items rose faster than less healthy ones in absolute terms. Since
2002, more healthy foods and beverages have been consistently more
expensive than less healthy ones, with a growing gap between them. This
trend is likely to make healthier diets less affordable over time, which may
have implications for individual food security and population health, and it
may exacerbate social inequalities in health.
 Table of contents provides a complete sketch
of the title, subtitles, headings, topics and the
project elements that are involved in those
headings. In other words, different sections
and their titles are included here.
 Similarly, a list of figures and tables helps the
reader to locate diagrams, charts and tables in
the document, and therefore, it should be
numbered accordingly by chapter and page
number. It is not necessary to indicate page
numbers for symbols and abbreviations used in
the document.
 The main body of the project should
comprise several chapters with the
corresponding titles, and each page within
these chapters must be numbered in
numerals as page numbers. The usual way of
presenting these chapters is given below.
Chapter 1: Introduction chapter:
 This chapter should contain brief background
information about the project, the
methodology implemented for problem
solving and the outlines of the results and
future scope of the project. It rarely contains
drawings and graphical illustrations.
Chapter 2: Chapter of Literature Review:
 This is a survey of publications (books,
journals, authoritative websites, sometimes
conference papers) reporting work that has
already been done on the topic of your
report.
 It evaluates the current work with the
previous one.
 It should only include studies that have
direct relevance to your research.
 It must be clear and simple to understand
Chapter 3-4 or 5:
 These chapters describe the overall in-depth
information about the project. These chapters
also involve the basic theoretical information
about each and every component & aspect of
the project, such as circuit design, simulation
implementation and modeling, software
implementation, statistical analysis and
calculations done, results gained, and so on.
 The conclusion and recommendations part
summarizes the whole report by highlighting
all the chapters and their significance and the
importance of the project and about the
achievements.
 The Recommendations are interlinked with
conclusion. The conclusion drawn from the
project report can be further implemented in
the recommendation section to overcome the
constraints of the project.
 To make the report original, it should be free
from plagiarism and must follow standard
citations and guidelines of citations to
represent the reference names.
 The appendices of a project report should be
written in Times New Roman format of font
size 10, and it should contain the information
which is appropriate and added to the main
text like Embedded C program code, raw
data, and so on.
 Title, authors, addresses, etc.
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods & Materials
 Results
Can be merged
 Discussion
 Conclusions
 Acknowledgements
 References
 Nottoo long: under about maximum of 16
words.

 Thelast word in the title should not be the

most crucial one

 Minimize abbreviations in the title.

 Avoidtwo-letter abbreviations. Ex. (Microwave

to MW, Ultrasound to US)
 Is short summary of your paper
 Avoid abbreviations as far as possible
The elements of the abstract should be in the following order:
1. General background Includes Rationale
2. Specific background
3. Gap
4. Methods
5. Results
6. Conclusions
7. Implications (Optional)

* After Abstract include keywords.

 General background:
 Introduce the field. This can be very brief – a sentence or
even half a sentence.

 Specific background: give the key background that readers

will need to make any sense of your results.

 Help readers understand the context.

 The background in general should take up no more than

about one third of abstract – as the main point of the
abstract is to say what you found, but not the background
to it.
 The gap in knowledge that your study is filling

 The problem you are solving

 The thing that is unclear that your work

clarifies.
 This is completely unknown
 This is partially known but one particular aspect is
not understood yet.
 No one has worked out how to do this yet.
 Some one has done this but there are problems
with their way.
 Someone has investigated this in one system but
not in this other system.
Methods:
 One common error in abstracts is giving too much
methodological detail.
So, it has to be precise

 Results :
 State your main results as clearly as possible.
If you have too many to fit in the abstract, try to work out
which are most important and omit the others.

 Conclusions: The first element of the main message of

a paper is the conclusion.

So, avoid vague conclusions.

- Indicates what is now possible that was not
possible before.

- Should be something unknown before the

study.
Recommendations
Applications …
Main message =
Gap in knowledge
+ Rationale for why this matters
+ Conclusions that fill this gap

Where to put your main message:

 Abstract
 End of introduction (focus on gap + rationale)
 End of paper (focus on conclusions)
• Reference citations.

• Don’t include statements like,

- “More research is needed”

- “ This is the first study to find this…”

• Define abbreviations if used (but minimize)

• Define all abbreviations again in the main text.

• Depends on the journal type
• Length:
Some limits upto 150 - 200
Others limit 250 - 300 words and even more.
 Consists of Brief and explanation of subject matter
related to your topic of study.
 Commonly comprises the following
1. General background – introduce field and the rationale for your work
2. Specific background – work built on (this can also include some
rationale)
3. Gap
4. Approach and reasons for it
5. Summary of results
 There are no really any rules for how to order this
section.
 Simply:
• Describe what you did and how you did it in simple,
straightforward way.

• There must be enough detail that others can replicate your work

• Order the section in as logical a way as you can

 There are no rules for the order in this section.
• Describe what you found in a simple, straightforward
way
• Order the sections in a logical way
- Putting the results in the same order as the
methods can help readers to check the result for each
method and the method for each result.
1. Start with a summary of main result(s) / Don’t repeat the results.
2. Discuss particular points
- Compare with previous work,
- Explain in more detail why you did it this way and
- What might have happened if you’d done it another way,
- Any thing Surprising etc.
3. Limitations and strengths
4. Future work
5. Conclusions
 Put them all in one place, even if they are also scattered around the paper
6. Implications (The implications should be something that wouldn’t have been
known before you did the experiments)
 Already explained in previous sections

 Acknowledgement: Giving of recognition for all

concerned parties.
1) PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOLS
2) RESEARCH DESIGN
3) SAMPLING DESIGN IN RESEARCH
4) MEASUREMENT AND SCALING TECHNIQUE RESEARCH
5) METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION IN RESEARCH
6) PROCESSING AND DATA ANALYSIS IN RESEARCH
7)INTERPRETATION AND REPORT WRITING IN RESEARCH
8) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
9) ROADMAPPING AND FUTURE PLANNING
10) QUALITITAIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
11) Testing of Hypotheses-I(Parametric or
Standard Tests of Hypotheses)
12) Chi-square Test
13) Analysis of variance and covariance
14) Testing of Hypotheses-II(Nonparametric or
Distribution-free Tests)
15) Multivariate Analysis Techniques
16) Collecting and Analyzing Secondary Data in
Research
17) Collecting Primary Data in Research
 While working on the seminar, You may focus
on the following but not limited to:
- Introduction (Meaning /definition)

- Why the need to study

- Advantages/Disadvantages

- Types/components/categories

- Features/characteristics