COMPENDIUM OF NOTES IN TLE

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

(COMPUTER SYSTEMS SERVICING)
(EXPLORATORY – GRADE 7)
ELECTRONICS – Module 1

Prepared by:
RAYMOND G. PUNO
Teacher III

Noted by: Approved by:

NELIA P. ABAYA, Ed.D. ANGEL M. VILLAMIN, Ed.D.
Head Teacher VI, TLE Principal III
 Chapter 2
Resistors

Resistors

In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements and
terminate transmission lines among other uses. A resistor is a passive two-terminal component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower
voltage levels within circuits. High-power resistors, that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be
used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have
resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to
adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity,
force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical
networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as
discrete components can be composed of various
compounds and forms. Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits.

The electrical function of a resistor is

specified by its resistance: common commercial
resistors are manufactured over a range of more
than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of
the resistance will fall within a manufacturing tolerance.

What is a Resistor and What is its Circuit Symbol?

A resistor is an electrical component that restricts the flow
of electrical current in a circuit. The analogy often used to
explain its operation is to consider current as water flowing
in a hosepipe; a resistor can be considered as a constriction
in the pipe that limits the flow of water.

Most people will be familiar with Ohm’s law: V=IR. V is the

voltage across a resistor, I is the current flowing in the
resistor, and R is the resistance. This is the equation that
connects current, voltage and resistance and is the basis of
working with resistors (and other passive components).

At a microscopic level, resistors are made from a variety of

materials that are conductors, but not perfect ones, so the
ability for electrons to flow is impeded by the atomic
structure of the materials chosen. By varying the
conductor’s characteristics such as the material’s conductivity, the surface area and the lengths of the material used,
it is possible to control the resistance to the desired accuracy. Resistance is measured in Ohms, and the symbol for
the unit is Ω.
Purpose of the resistor

Potential Divider
A voltage divider (also known as a potential divider) is a passive linear circuit that produces an output
voltage (Vout) that is a fraction of its input voltage (Vin). Voltage division is the result of distributing the
input voltage among the components of the divider. Voltage division is the result of distributing the input
voltage among the components of the divider.

A simple example of a voltage divider is two resistors connected in series, with the input voltage applied
across the resistor pair and the output voltage emerging from the connection between them.

Biasing
In order to work efficiently, transistors or tubes need the right bias. This means that the control electrode—
the base, gate, or grid—must have a certain voltage or current. Networks of resistors accomplish this.
Different bias levels are needed for different types of circuits. A radio transmitting amplifier would usually be
biased differently than an oscillator or a low-level receiving amplifier. Sometimes voltage division is required
for biasing. Other times it isn’t necessary.

Current limiting
Resistors can be used to limit the amount of current that flows in a circuit element.
This is a useful safety function in many circuits e.g. limiting the current that can flow into an LED to manage
its brightness

Bleeding off charge

In a high-voltage, direct-current (dc) power supply, capacitors are used to smooth out the fluctuations in the
output. These capacitors acquire an electric charge, and they store it for awhile. In some power supplies,
these filter capacitors hold the full output voltage of the supply, say something like 750 V, even after the
supply has been turned off, and even after it is unplugged from the wall outlet. If you attempt to repair such
a power supply, you might get clobbered by this voltage. Bleeder resistors, connected across the filter
capacitors, drain their stored charge so that servicing the supply is not dangerous

Types of Resistors

Fixed Value Resistors

Fixed resistors are the resistors whose resistance does not change with the change in voltage or
temperature.
An ideal fixed resistor provides a constant resistance under all environments.
Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage.

Variable Resistors
A variable resistor gives the user more control over the resistance, as it allows for variance or for the resistor
to be changed in order to meet the resistance requirements of the user.
Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such
as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices
for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Resistor Color Coding

Most resistors have value marked on them. For surface mount resistors, this can be one of several options. They can
be a 3 or 4-digit code representing the value using a value and multiplier system. For example, 102 would represent
10²or 1kΩ, the 4-digit type could be 1002 which is 100 x 10² or 10KΩ. For low values, you may see something like 4R7
which is 4.7Ω. R is used as a decimal point in this instance.

Given the minute size of surface resistors, these can be extremely

difficult to see, especially now that SMD resistors are available in
tighter tolerances, and with more values. For this reason, the
EIA96 system is used. This involves a lookup table where a three-
digit value is used to point to a value and multiplier, hence
specifying the value in a minimum number of digits.
The system is a little simpler for through-hole resistors. A colour code has been in place for many years and is still
current. This diagram shows the system in use. Each resistor has three or four bands specifying the value, plus a
tolerance band. For a 4-band resistor, the first two bands are numerical values and the third band is a multiplier.
If, for instance, we had a case where the first two bands were red, and the third band was orange, then the resistor
value would be 22KΩ. If the fourth band was also red, then the resistor would have a tolerance of 2%. If we take the
case of a 5-band resistor with the first three colours as red, and the fourth as brown, we would have a value of
2.22KΩ.

EXAMPLE:
1. BROWN - BLACK - BROWN - GOLD
/ / / /
1 0 X 10 ± 5%
10 X 10 = 100 OHMS ± 5%

2. Yellow – Violet – Yellow - Silver

/ / / /
4 7 10000 ± 10%

47 x 10000 = 470,000 Ohms ± 10%

or 470K ohms ±10%

3.
Green – Orange – Brown – Gold
/ / / /
5 3 10 ± 5%
53 x 10 = 530 Ohms ± 5%

4.
Red – Blue – Yellow – Gold
/ / / /
2 6 10,000 ± 5%
26 x 10,000 = 260,000 Ohms ± 5% or 260k Ohms ± 5%
5.
Yellow – Black – Blue – Silver
/ / / /
4 0 1,000,000 ± 10%
40 x 1,000,000 =
40,000,000 Ohms ± 10% or 40M Ohms ± 10%

6.
Orange – Orange – Orange – Silver
/ / / /
3 3 1,000 ± 10%
33 x 1,000 =
33,000 Ohms ± 10% or 33k Ohms ± 10%

7.
Red – Blue – Red – Green - Gold
/ / / / /
2 6 2 100,000 ± 5%
262 x 100,000 =
26,200,000 Ohms ± 5% or 26.2M Ohms ± 5%

8.
Violet – Red – White – Red - Gold
/ / / / /
7 2 9 100 ± 5%
729 x 100 =
72,900 Ohms ± 5% or 72.9k Ohms ± 5%

Procedure in interpreting the tolerance of resistor

1. Identify the tolerance color of the resistor being analyzed. Assuming the color is gold which has a value of + or –
5%.
2. Convert the percentage into its decimal equivalent. 5% is equivalent to .05
3. Compute for the percentage of the color coded value. Assuming that the color coded value is 100 ohms ± 5%.
So 100 x .05 = 5
4. For the + side, add 5 to the color coded value of 100.
100 + 5= 105 ohms
That is the maximum deviation for that resistor. Beyond that, the resistor will not be fitted for the circuit
which requires such tolerance.
5. For the – side, deduct 5 from the color coded value of 100.
100 – 5 = 95 ohms
That will be the minimum deviation for that particular resistor. Far beyond that the resistor will be
considered to be defective.
6. Finally the value of the resistor with colors brown- black- brown – gold is 100 ohms with a deviation of +5 or -5.
(95 ohms -105 ohms)

From Earlier examples

3. Green – Orange – Brown – Gold
/ / / /
5 3 10 ± 5%
53 x 10 = 530 Ohms ± 5%
530 x .05 = 26.5
Minimum: 530 – 26.5 = 503.5 Ohms
Maximum: 530 + 26.5 = 556.5 Ohms

4. Red – Blue – Yellow– Gold

/ / / /
2 6 10,000 ± 5%
26 x 10,000 = 260,000 Ohms ± 5% or 260k Ohms ± 5%
260,000 x .05 = 13,000
Minimum: 260,000 – 13,000 = 247,000 Ohms
Maximum: 260,000 + 13,000 = 273,000 Ohms

5. Yellow – Black – Blue – Silver

/ / / /
4 0 1,000,000 ± 10%
40 x 1,000,000 =
40,000,000 Ohms ± 10% or 40M Ohms ± 10%
40,000,000 x .1 = 4,000,000
Minimum: 40,000,000 – 4,000,000= 36,000,000 Ohms
Maximum: 40,000,000 + 4,000,000 = 44,000,000 Ohms
6. Orange – Orange – Orange – Silver
/ / / /
3 3 1,000 ± 10%
33 x 1,000 =
33,000 Ohms ± 10% or 33k Ohms ± 10%
33,000 x .1 = 3,300
Minimum: 33,000 – 3,300 = 29,700 Ohms
Maximum: 33,000 + 3,300 = 36,300 Ohms

7. Red – Blue – Red – Green - Gold

/ / / / /
2 6 2 100,000 ± 5%
262 x 100,000 =
26,200,000 Ohms ± 5% or 26.2M Ohms ± 5%
26,200,000 x .05 = 1,310,000
Minimum: 26,200,000 – 1,310,000 = 24,890,000 Ohms
Maximum: 26,200,000 + 1,310,000 = 27,510,000 Ohms

8. Violet – Red – White – Red - Gold

/ / / / /
7 2 9 100 ± 5%
729 x 100 =
72,900 Ohms ± 5% or 72.9k Ohms ± 5%
72,900 x .5 = 3,645
Minimum: 72,900 – 3,645 = 69,255 Ohms
Maximum: 72,900 + 3,645 = 76,545 Ohms
 Chapter 2 – Resistors
Activity Sheet

Activity – Multiple Choice

Direction. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers on your answer sheets.
______1. These are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements and terminate
transmission lines among other uses.
a. Capacitor b. Resistor c. Diode d. Transistor
______2. This is the equation that connects current, voltage and resistance and is the basis of working with resistors
(and other passive components).
a. Newtons Law b. Ohms Law c. Volts Law d. Amperes Law
______3. What is the unit of measurement for Resistance?
a. Ampere b. Current c. Voltage d. Ohms
______4. What type of resistors has resistance that does not change with the change in voltage or temperature?
a. Fixed resistor b. Varying resistor c. non-varying resistor d. Variable resistor
______5. Where can you find the value of the resistor in a surface mounted resistor?
a. Top b. Bottom c. Side d. Bands
______6. Compute the resistance: Orange – Brown – Green – Gold.
a. 310,000 ohms b. 3,100,000 ohms c. 31,000 ohms d. 31,000,000 ohms
______7. Compute the resistance: Green – Violet – Yellow – Silver.
a. 57,000 ohms b. 5,700 ohms c. 570,000 ohms d. 5,700,000 ohms
______8. Compute the resistance: Blue – Orange – Violet – Gold.
a. 63,000,000 ohms b. 6,300,000 ohms c. 630,000,000 ohms d. 630,000 ohms
______9. Compute the resistance: Yellow – Green – Violet – Green – Gold.
a. 45,700,000 ohms b. 4,570,000 ohms c. 457,000 ohms d. 45,700 ohms
______10. Compute the resistance: Blue – Orange – Green – Red – Gold.
a. 63,500,000 ohms b. 63,500 ohms c. 63,500,000 ohms d. 6,350,000 ohms