Chapter-1 Numbers system

Number System
1. Natural Numbers: – The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5………………..are called
natural numbers or positive numbers.
Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5………………………..
2. Whole Numbers: –The numbers including “0” and all natural numbers are
called the while numbers.
Example: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5………………………..
3. Integers – The numbers including 0 and all the positive and negative of the
natural numbers are called integers.
Example: …………………………-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,
3……………………………
4. Rational Numbers: – A number which can be expressed in the form p/q
where p and q are integers and q  0 is called a rational number.
For example, 4 is a rational number since 4 can be written as 4/1 where 4 and
1 are integers and the denominator 1  0. Similarly, the numbers ¾, -2/5, etc.
are also rational numbers.
Between any two numbers, there can be infinite number of other rational
numbers.
5. Irrational Numbers: – Numbers which are not rational but which can be
represented by points on the number line are called irrational numbers.
Examples for irrational numbers are
Example: √2, √3, √5, √8, etc.
Numbers like π, e are also irrational numbers.
Between any two numbers, there are infinite numbers of irrational numbers.
Another way of looking at rational and irrational numbers is
Any terminating or recurring decimal is a rational number.
Any non-terminating non-recurring decimal is an irrational number.
6. Real numbers: – The set of natural numbers, integers, whole numbers,
rational numbers, and irrational numbers constitute the set of real numbers.
7. Even Numbers: – The numbers that are divisible by 2 are called even
numbers.
Example: 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32 etc.
8. Odd Numbers: – The numbers that are not divisible by 2 are called odd
numbers.

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 Example: 3, 5, 7, 9, 15 etc.
9. Prime Numbers: – Those numbers which are divisible by themselves and 1
are called prime numbers or a number which has only two factors 1 and itself
is called a prime number.
Example: 2, 3, 5, 7 etc.
10. Twin Primes: – A pair of prime numbers when they differ by 2 are called
twin prime numbers.
Example: (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19) etc.
11. Co-prime Numbers: – A pair of two natural numbers are said to be co-prime
if their G.C.D. or H.C.F. is 1.
Example: H.C.F. (3, 4) = 1, H.C.F. (13, 15) = 1 then (3, 4) and (13, 15) are co-
prime numbers.
12. Composite Numbers: – The natural numbers which are not prime are called
composite numbers OR numbers that have factors other than itself and 1, are
called composite numbers.
Example: 4, 6, 9, 16, 25 etc.
Note: 1 is neither a composite number nor a prime number.
13. Perfect Numbers: – If the addition of all the factors of a number excluding
the number itself happens to be equal to the number, it is called a perfect
number.
First perfect number is 6.
Factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, 6.
Now add all the factors excluding 6.
1+2+3 = 6, hence 6 is a perfect number.
Example: 28, 496 and 8128.
14. Complex Numbers: – The number which have real and imaginary component
is called a complex number.
Example: 3+4i, 5+6i, where 𝑖 = √−1 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
15. Face Value of a digit in a number is its own value.
Example: 6728, Face Value ⇒ 6 = 6, 7 = 7, 2 = 2 and 8 = 8
16. Place Value of a digit is given by multiplying it with value of place where it is
placed.
Example: 6729
Place Value of 9 ⇒ 9 × 1 = 9
Place Value of 2 ⇒ 2 × 10 = 20

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 Place Value of 7 ⇒ 7 × 100 = 700
Place Value of 6 ⇒ 6 × 1000 = 6000
17. Fractions: A fraction is a quantity which expresses a part of the whole, eg: ¼
means one fourth of the whole
 Types of Fractions:
 A Proper Fraction is one whose numerator is less than its denominator
Example: 2/3 is proper fraction, as 2<3
 An Improper Fraction is one whose numerator is equal to or greater than its
denominator

Example: 3/2 is an improper fraction, as 3>2 ;

3/3 is an improper fraction, as 3=3

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Squares of Numbers

Numbers Method
1 – 25 Memorization
Remove the last digit (five), multiply the resulting number (n) by the
next number (n + 1), and tag on a 25 at the end of the product.
Numbers ending in a
Example: 45 × 45
five 15, 25, 35,
4 × 5 = 20
45, …
Tag on a 25 to make 2025.
Calculate 45 × 45 = 2025
Calculate the difference (d) from 50.
Subtract 100 × d from 2500.
Add d × d to the result.
25 – 50 Example:
To calculate 47 × 47:
d=3
Calculate 47 × 47 = 2500 – 300 + 9 = 2209
Subtract 50 from the number to give d.
Add 100 × d to 2500.
Add d × d to the result.
50 – 75 Example:
To calculate 53 × 53:
d=3
Calculate 53 × 53 = 2500 + 300 + 9 = 2809
Subtract the number (n) from 100 to give d.
Calculate (n – d) × 100 + d × d
Example:
75 – 100 To calculate 96 × 96:
d=4
Calculate 96 × 96 = (96 – 4) × 100 + 4 × 4 = 9200 + 16 =
9216.
Subtract 100 from the number (n) to give d.
Calculate (n + d) × 100 + d × d
Example:
100 – 125 To calculate 108 × 108:
d=8
Calculate 108 × 108 = (108 + 8) × 100 + 8 × 8 = 116 ×
100 + 64 = 11664.

Factors and Multiples: If a number 𝑎 divides another number𝑏 exactly, we say that
𝑎 is a factor of𝑏. In this case, 𝑏 is called a multiple of𝑎.

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Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) or Greatest Common Measure (G.C.M.) or
Greatest Common Divisor (G.C.D.): The H.C.F. of two or more than two numbers
is the greatest number that divides each of them exactly.
Least Common Multiple: The least number which is exactly divisible by each one of
the given numbers is called their L.C.M.
H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Fractions:
H.C.F.of Numerators
H.C.F. =
L.C.M.of Denominators
L.C.M.of Numerators
L.C.M. = H.C.F.of Denominator𝑠
Note that the product of the two fractions is always equal to the product of LCM
and HCF of the two fractions.
The product of the two fractions = 3/4 ×1/2 = 3/8.
The product of the LCM and HCF = 3/2 × 1/4 =3/8.
Example 1: Find the HCF of 24, 30 and 42.
Solution:

2 24 2 30 2 42

2 12 3 15 3 21

2 6 5 5 7 7

3 3 1 1

1
∴ Factors of 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = (2³ × 3¹)
Factors of 30 = 2 × 3 × 5 = (2¹ × 3¹ × 5¹)
Factors of 42 = 2 × 3 × 7 = (2¹ × 3¹ × 7¹)
∴ The product of common prime factors with the least powers = 2¹ × 3¹ = 6

Example 2: Find the HCF of 26 and 455.

Solution:

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∴ Required HCF = 13.
Exercise -1
1. The difference between a number and its three-fifth is 50. What is the number?
A] 75 B] 100 C] 125 D] None of these
2. A number is doubled and 9 is added. If the resultant is trebled, it becomes 75.
What is that number?
A] 3.5 B] 6 C] 8 D] None of these
3. Three-fourth of a number is 60 more than its one-third. The number is:
A] 84 B] 108 C] 144 D] None of these
4. A number whose fifth part is increased by 4 is equal to its fourth part
diminished by 10, is:
A] 240 B] 260 C] 270 D] 280
5. The difference of two numbers is 20% of the larger number. If the smaller
number is 12, the larger one is:
A] 15 B] 16 C] 18 D] 20
6. If the sum of a number and its square is 182, what is the number?
A] 15 B] 26 C] 28 D] None of these
7. Thrice the square of a natural number decreased by 4 times the number is
equal to 50 more than the number. The number is:
A] 4 B] 5 C] 6 D] 10
8. The sum of a number and its reciprocal is one-eighth of 34. What is the
product of the number and its square root?
A] 8 B] 27 C] 32 D] None of these
9. Find a positive number which when increased by 17 is equal to 60 times the
reciprocal of a number.
A] 3 B] 10 C] 17 D] 20
10. Two numbers are such that the ratio between them is 4:7. If each is increased
by 4, the ratio becomes 3:5. The larger number is:
A] 36 B] 48 C] 56 D] 64

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11. The sum of three numbers is 264. If the first number be twice the second and
third number be one-third of the first. Then the second number is:
A] 48 B] 54 C] 72 D] 84
12. The sum of two numbers is 25 and their difference is 13. Find their product.
A] 104 B] 114 C] 315 D] 325
13. If the sum of two numbers is 33 and their difference is 15, the smaller number
is:
A] 9 B] 12 C] 15 D] 18
14. HCF of 2² x 3² x 5³ x 7, 2³ x 3³ x 5⁴ x 7² and 3 x 5 x 7 x 11²
A] 105 B] 1155 C] 2310 D] 27720

15. The LCM of (198, 252, 308) is:

A] 2072 B] 2772 C] 2727 D] 2770

3 5 6
16. The HCF of (4 , 6 , 7)is
2 1 1 3
A] 93 B] 84 C] 83 D] 91

17. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 15 and the difference between
the digits is 3. What is the two-digit number?
A] 69 B] 78
C] Can't be determined D] None of these
18. Find the HCF of 2³ x 3² x 5 x 7⁵; 2² x 5² x 7³ and 2³ x 5³ x 7².
A] 940 B] 980 C] 930 D] 925
3 2 4 9
19. LCM of (7 , 5 , 3 , 13) is:
1 1 12
A] 36 B] 36 C] 1365 D] 455
20. The sum of the numerator and denominator of a fraction is 11. If 1 is added to
2
the numerator and 2 is subtracted from the denominator, it becomes 3. The
fraction is:
5 6 3 8
A] 6 B] 5 C] 8 D] 3
21. Find the least value of * for which 5967*13 becomes divisible by 3.
A] 1 B] 2 C] 3 D] 4

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22. Find the least value of * for which 7*5462 is divisible by 9.
A] 3 B] 6 C] 9 D] None of these
23. Find the least value of * for which 4832*18 is divisible by 11.
A] 5 B] 3 C] 7 D] 11
24. Is 52563744 divisible by 24?
A] Yes B]No C] Can't be determined D] None of
these
25. What least number must be subtracted from 1672 to obtain a number which is
completely divisible by 17?
A] 5 B] 7 C] 3 D] 6
26. What least number must be added to 2010 to obtain a number which is
completely divisible by 19?
A] 5 B] 4 C] 19 D] None of these

3 2 4 9
27. LCM of ( , , , ) is:
7 5 3 13
1 1 12
A] 36 B] 36 C] 1365 D] 455

28. The ratio of two number is 4:5 and HCF is 4; their LCM is:
A] 48 B] 24 C] 80 D] 60

29. Three numbers are in the ratio of 1:2:3 and their HCF is 13, the numbers are:
A] 9, 8, 12 B] 13, 26, 39 C] 10, 20, 30 D] 12, 24, 36

30. The sum of two numbers is 243 and their HCF is 27. The numbers are:
A] (81, 189) B] (122, 121) C] (27, 216) D] (81, 152)

31. The HCF of two numbers is 14 and their difference is 14. The numbers are:
A] 64, 78 B] 72, 86 C] 70, 84 D] 98, 122
32. 32A76589B is divisible by 72. What is the value of A + B?
A] 9 B] 11 C] 5 D] 14
33. 23a7b is divisible by 45 but not by 10. Find the value of a.
A] 1 B] 2 C] 3 D] 4

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34. How many numbers of the form 34a5b are divisible by 36?
A] 3 B] 2 C] 5 D] None of these
35. The number of 2 digit prime number is
A] 25 B] 17 C] 21 D] None of these
36. Two alarm clocks ring their alarms at regular intervals of 50 seconds and 48
seconds. If they first beep together at 12 noon, at what time will they beep again ?
A] 12:10P.M B] 12:12P.M. C] 12:11P.M. D] None of these
37. If n2 = 12345678987654321, what is n?
A] 12344321 B] 1235789 C] 111111111 D] 11111111
38. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 10, while when the digits are
reversed, the number decreases by 54. Find the changed number.
A] 28 B] 19 C] 37 D] 46
39. When we multiply a certain two digit number by the sum of its digits, 405 is
achieved. If you multiply the number written in reverse order of the same
digits by the sum of the digits we get 486. Find the number.
A] 81 B] 45 C] 36 D] 54
40. A five-digit number is taken. Sum of the first four digits (excluding the
number at the units digit) equals sum of all the five digits. Which of the following
will not divide the number necessarily?
A] 10 B] 2 C] 4 D] 5

Averages

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"Average is a very simple but effective way of representing an entire group of by a
single value.
"Average of observations is defined as
Average = Sum of the observations
Total number of observations
“Sum of all the items in the observations ” means “sum of the values of all the items
in the group.”
A batsman’s performance can be expressed as the average number of runs scored per
innings rather than giving the scores in individual innings. For example, let us say a
cricketer scored the following runs in 9 different innings in a year: 35, 56, 124,
29,0,87,98,45 and 75. Then his average score (per innings) for the year is
35  56  124  29  0  87  98  45  75
= 61
9
Similarly, if there are 60 students in a class, instead of talking of the height of each
individual student, we can talk of “average” height of the class. The average height of
the class is equal to the sum of the heights of all the students of the class divided by
the number of students in the class.
Average is also called the “mean” or mean value of all the values.

Effect on average
(i) If the value of each item is increased by the same value P, then the average of
the group or items will also increase by p.
(ii) If the value of each item is decreased by the same value p, then the
average of the group or items will also decreased by p.
(iii) If the value of each item is multiplied by the same value, then the average of
the group or items will also be multiplied by p.
(iv) If the value of each item is divided by the same value P (P ≠ 0), then the
average of the group or items will also be divided by p.
(v) The average of a group of items will always lie between the smallest
value in the group and largest value in the group – i.e., the average will be
greater than the smallest value and less than the largest value in the group.

Weighted Average
When two groups of items are combined together, then we can talk of the average of
the entire group. However, If we know only the average of the two groups
individually, we cannot find out the average of the combined group of items.

For example, there are two sections A and B of a class where the average height of
section A is 150 cm and that of section B is 160 cm. On the basis of this information
alone, we cannot find the average of the entire class (of the two sections). As
discussed earlier the average height of the entire class is

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 total height of the entire class
total number of students in the entire class

Since we do not have any information regarding the number of students in the two
sections, we cannot find the average of the entire class. Now, suppose that we are
given that there are 60 students in the section A and 40 students in section B, then we
can calculate the average height of the entire class which, in this case will be equal to
60 x150  40 x160
= 154cm.
60  40
This average height 154 cm of the entire class is called “weighted average” of the
class.
The above step in calculating the weighted average of the class can be rewritten as
below:
60 x150  40 x160 60 40
= 150 + 160
60  40 100 100
3 2
= 150 + 160
5 5
It is clear from the above step that we would have been able to calculate the average
height of the entire class even if we had not been given the number of students in the
individual sections but only the ratio of the number of students in two sections (which
in this caso is 3: 2).
Even if there are more than two groups of items to be combined, then also the
weighted average can be calculated by the same method. For example, if three
sections in a class have their average marks as 75, 76 and 79 respectively and their
respective strengths are 30, 35 and 35, then the average mark of the entire class is
given by
30 x75  35 x76  35 x79
= 76.75
30  35  35
The method of deviations we use for calculating averages can be applied to calculate
weighted average also. Here, that method will involve finding out deviations from the
arbitrarily chosen number and calculating the weighted average of these deviations. In
the above example, if we take 70 as the arbitrary figure, then the deviations of the
three observed values given from 70 are +5,+6 and +9. The weighted average of these
deviations is
30 x5  35 x6  35 x9 675
= = 6.75
30  35  35 100
Hence, the weighted average will be
70+6.75 = 76.75

The arbitrary figure chosen can be any figure and if it is selected, as in the previous
case, between the smallest and largest observed figure, some of the deviations will be
positive and some negative making the final division relatively simpler. For example,

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in the above case, if we take with 76 as the arbitrary figure, the deviations are -1, 0
and +3. Then the weighted average will be

30 x(1)  35 x0  35 x(3) 75
= = 0.75
30  35  35 100

Hence, the weighted average will be 76 + 0.75 = 76.75

“Weighted Average” can be defined or calculated for any MIXTURE.

Example 1: Find out the average of 308, 125, 45, 120 and 102.
Sum of given observations 308+125+45+120+102
Solution: Required average = = =
No.of Observations 5
700
=140
5

Example 2: If the weight of A is 60 kg, weight of B is 45 kg and weight of C is 54

kg, what is the average weight of three persons?
60+45+54 159
Solution: Required average = = =53 kg.
3 3

Example 3: The average expenditure of Chandan in four days is Rs. 90. If his
expenditure for the first three days is Rs. 100, Rs. 125 and Rs. 85,
respectively, what is the expenditure of Chandan for the fourth day?
Solution: Let, the expenditure for the fourth day = R x

Sum of the expenditure of four days

Then, average expenditure = 4
100+125+85+x
90 = ⇒ 310 + x = 360 or x = 360 − 310 =R50
4

Example 4: What will be the average of numbers from 1 to 51?

Solution: According to the formula
n+1
The average of 1st′n′ natural numbers = 2
Where n = 51
51+1 52
∴ Required average = = =26
2 2

Exercise
1. The average of first five prime number is:
A] 4.5 B] 5 C] 5.6 D] 7.5

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2. The average of first five multiples of 3 is:
A] 3 B] 9 C] 12 D] 15
3. The average height of 30 boys out of a class of 50 is 160 cm. If the average
height of the remaining boys is 165 cm, the average height of the whole class
(in cm) is:
A] 161 B] 162 C] 163 D] 164
4. The average of three numbers is 20. If the two numbers are 16 and 22, the
third number is:
A] 22 B] 20 C] 19 D] 18
5. The average of five results is 46 and that of the first four is 45. The fifth result is:
A] 1 B] 10 C] 12.5 D] 50
6. The average of Radhika’s marks in 7 subjects is 75. His average in six subjects
excluding science is 72. How many marks did he get in Science?
A] 72 B] 90 C] 93 D] None of these
7. The average of eight numbers is 14.. The average of six of these numbers is
16. The average of the remaining two numbers is:
A] 4 B] 8 C] 16 D]Data inadequate
8. The average price of three items of furniture is Rs. 15000. If their prices are in
the ratio 3:5:7, the price of the cheapest item is:
A] R9000 B] R15000 C] R18000 D] R21000
9. Of three numbers, second is twice the first and is also thrice the third. If the
average of the three numbers is 44, the largest number is:
A] 24 B] 36 C] 72 D] 108
10. The average of ten numbers is 7. If each number is multiplied by 12, then the
average of new set of numbers is:
A] 7 B] 19 C] 82 D] 84
11. The average age of 30 students of a class is 12 years. The average age of a
group of 5 of the students is 10 years and that of another group of 5 of them is
14 years. What is the average age of the remaining students?
A] 8 years B] 10 years C] 12 years D]14 years

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12. The average of 50 numbers is 38. If two numbers 45 and 55 are discarded, the
average of the remaining numbers is:
A] 36.5 B] 37 C] 37.5 D] 37.52
13. The mean of 100 observations was calculated as 40. It was found later on that
one of the observations was misread as 83 instead of 53. The correct mean is:
A] 39 B] 39.7 C] 40.3 D] 42.7
14. The average of six numbers is 30. If the average of first four is 25 and that of
last three is 35, the fourth number is:
A] 25 B] 30 C] 35 D] 40
15. The average of 11 observations is 60. If the average of first five observations
is 58 and that of the last five is 56, the sixth observation is:
A] 90 B] 110 C] 85 D] 100
16. Harish has twice as much money as Rohan and Rohan has 50% more money
than what Anita has. If the average money with them is Rs.110, then Harish
has:
A] Rs.55 B] Rs. 60 C] Rs.90 D] Rs. 180
17. A motorist has travels to a place 150 km away at an average speed of 50 km
per hour and returns at 30 km per hour. His average speed for whole journey
in km per hour is
A] 35 B] 37 C] 37.5 D] 40
18. The average of 5 numbers is 7. When 3 new numbers are added, the average
of the eight numbers is 8.5. The average of three new numbers is:
A] 11 B] 7.75 C] 8.5 D] 7
19. The average age of 30 students is 9 years. If the age of their teacher is
included, it becomes 10 years. The age of the teacher (in years) is:
A] 27 B] 31 C] 35 D] 40
20. The average age of 24 boys and the teacher is 15 years. When the teacher’s
age is excluded, the average decreases by 1. What is the age of the teacher?
A] 38 years B] 39 years C] 40 years D]Data inadequate

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21. The average salary per month of 30 employees in a company is Rs. 4000. If
the manager’s salary is added, the average salary increases to Rs. 4300, what
is the salary of the manager?
A] Rs. 10000 B] Rs. 13000 C] Rs. 12000 D] Rs. 13300
22. The average age of 40 students of a class is 15 years. When 10 new students
are admitted, the average is increased by 0.2 years. The average age of new
students is:
A] 15.2 years B] 16 years C] 16.2 years D] 16.4 years
23. The average weight of 8 men is increased by 1.5 kg when one of the men who
weighs 65 kg is replaced by a new man. The weight of the new man is:

A] 76 kg B] 76.5 kg C] 76.7 kg D] 77 kg
24. The average weight of 6 men decreases by 3 kg when one of them weighing
80 kg is replaced by a new man. The weight of the new man is:
A] 56 kg B] 58 kg C] 62 kg D] 76 kg
25. The average age of a committee of eight members is 40 years. A member aged
55 years retired and his place was taken by another member aged 39 years.
The average age of the present committee is:
A] 39 years B] 38 years C] 36 years D] 35 years
26. A cricketer has a certain average for 9 innings. In the tenth innings, the score
is 100 runs, thereby increasing his average by 8 runs. His new average is:
A] 20 runs B] 24 runs C] 28 runs D] 32 runs
27. A man whose bowling average is 12.4 takes 5 wickets for 26 runs and thereby
decreases his average by 0.4. The number of wickets, taken by him before his
last match is:
A] 85 B] 78 C] 72 D] 64
28. The mean temperature of Monday to Wednesday was 37⁰C and of Tuesday to
Thursday was 34⁰C. If the temperature on Thursday was 4/5 that of Monday,
the temperature on Thursday was:
A] 36.5⁰C B] 36⁰C C] 35.5⁰C D] 34⁰C
29. Three years ago, the average age of X, Y and Z was 27 years and that of Y and
Z, 5 years ago was 20 years. X’s present age is:
A] 30 years B] 35 years C] 40 years D]48 years

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30. Three years ago, the average age of a family of 5 members was 17 years. A
baby having been born, the average age of the family is the same today. The
present age of the baby is:
A] 2 years B] 2.4 years C] 3 years D]1.5 years

31. If the mean of a,b,c is M and ab + bc + ca = 0, then the mean of a2, b2, c2 is
A] M2 B] 3M2 C] 6M2 D] 9M2

32. The average of marks obtained by 120 candidates was 35. If the average of the
passed candidates was 39 and that of the failed candidates was 15, then the
number of those candidates, who passed the examination, was
A] 100 B] 110 C] 120 D] 150

33. A person travels from X to Y at a speed of 40 kmph and returns by increasing

his speed by 50%. What is his average speed for both the trips?
A] 36 kmph B] 45 kmph C] 48 kmph D] 50
kmph

34. A painter is paid x rupees for painting every 10 metres of a wall and y rupees
for painting every extra metre. During one week, he painted 10 metres on
Monday, 13 metres on Tuesday, 12 metres on Wednesday, 11 metres on Thursday
and 12 metres on Friday. What is his average daily earning in rupees for the five day
week?
A] x + (8/5) y B] (5x + 9y)/5 C] 10x + (8/5)y D] 5x + 8y

35. In a class with a certain number of students, if one new student weighing 50
kg is added, then the average weight of the class increased by 1 kg. If one more
student weighing 50 kg is added, then the average weight of the class increases
by 1.5 kg over the original average. What is the original weight (in kg) of the
class?
A] 46 B] 42 C] 27 D] 47

36. There was one mess for 30 boarders in a certain hostel. If the number of
boarders was increased by 10, the expenses of the mess increased by Rs. 40 per
month, while the average expenditure per head diminished by Rs. 2. Find the
original monthly expenses.
A] Rs. 390 B] Rs. 360 C] Rs. 410 D] Rs. 480

37. There are three baskets of fruits. First basket has twice the number of fruits in
the 2nd basket. Third basket has three-fourths of the fruits in the first. The average
of the fruits in all brackets is 30. What is the number of fruits in the first basket?
A] 20 B] 30 C] 35 D] 40

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38. 12% of Kaushal’s monthly salary is equal to 16% of Nandini’s monthly salary.
Suresh monthly salary is half that of Nandini’s monthly salary. If Suresh’s
annual salary is Rs. 1.8 lacs. What is kaushal’s monthly salary?
A] Rs. 20000 B] Rs. 18000 C] Rs. 26000 D] Rs.
4000

39. The average sale of a car dealership was 15 cars per week. After a promotional
scheme, the average sale increased to 21 cars per week. The percentage
increase in the sale of cars was
6
A] 40% B] 140% C] 42 % D] 39.33%
7
40. There are twice the number of two wheelers as there are three wheelers and
the number of 4 wheelers are equal to the number of two wheelers. The average
number of wheels per vehicle is
A] 3 B] 4 C] 5 D] None of these

Percentages
It is one of the most important chapters which is backbone of calculations either involved in
commercial arithmetic or in real life. So in context of calculation it is necessary to know the
clear concepts of percentage which plays a vital role in Data Interpretation.
Percentage – A fraction with denominator 100 is called percent. Basically percent means per
hundred.
Conversion of a fraction into percentage- To convert a fraction into percentage, multiply
the fraction by 100 and put % sign.
Ex. If fraction is 1/2 then 1/2 x 100 = 50%
If fraction is 7/8 then 7/8 x 100 = 87.5%

45 | P a g e
Conversion of a percentage into fraction- To convert a percentage into fraction, replace the
% sign with 1/ 100 and reduce the fraction into simplest form.
Ex. 20% = 20/100 = 1/5
45% = 45/100 = 9/20
200% = 200/100 = 2
Relation between Fraction and Percentage

Sr. No. Fraction Percentage

1 ½ 50%

2 1/3 33.33%

3 ¼ 25%

4 1/5 20%

2
5 1/6 16.66% = 16 %
3
2
6 1/7 14.28 % = 14 %
7
1
7 1/8 12.5 % = 12 %
2
1
8 1/9 11.11% = 11 %
9
9 1/10 10% =

1
10 1/11 9.09% = 9 %
11
1
11 1/12 8.33 % = 8 %
3
9
12 1/13 7.69% = 7 %
13
1
13 1/14 7.14 % = 7 %
7
2
14 1/15 6.67 % = 6 %
3
1
15 1/16 6.25 % = 6 %
4
15
16 1/17 5.88 % = 5 %
17

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 5
17 1/18 5.55% = 5 %
9
5
18 1/19 5.26 % = 5 %
19
19 1/20 5%

Concept of percentage change-

Percentage increase/decrease in a quantity = (change in quantity/original quantity) x 100 %

Example 1: The height of Kapil some time ago was 110 cm. Now the height is 120 cm.
Find the percentage change in height.
Solution: % change = 120-110 /110 % = 1/11% = 9.09%

Example 2: Salary of Raja in 2001 was Rs 1000 per day and his salary in 2002 was Rs
1250 per day. Again in 2003 his salary was Rs 100 per day
A) What is the % increase in salary in 2002?
B) What is the % decrease in salary in 2003 over 2002?
Solution: In A part the increase is 125- 100 = 25 hence % increase will be 25/ 100 x
100 = 25%
In B part the decrease is 125- 100 = 25 hence % decrease will be 25/ 125 x
100 = 20%

Advance Concept of percentage change-

If a value p is increased by q%, then we have to decrease the resultant value by (q/q+100)x
100%
Example 3: If the price of a commodity be raised by 20% then by how much % a house
holder reduce his consumption so that the expenditure does not change?
Solution: Expenditure = rate x consumption
Here the expenditure remains constant in both the cases
Initially 1x1=1
After change 1.2 x a=1
This means 1.2a = 1 and a = .833 and hence decrease will be 16.66%
Example 4: Two numbers are 25% and 40% less than the third number. What % is the
second of the first?
Solution : let three numbers be A,B and C. If C=100 it means B=60 and A=75
Hence B is 60/75 x 100 of A = 80%
Example 5: In a election between two candidates , the candidate who got 57% of valid
votes won by majority of 420 votes. Find the total valid votes?
Solution. let total valid votes be v

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 According to question if one candidate got 57% then second will get 100-57
= 43%
therefore .57v - .43v = 420
.14v=420 and hence v = 3000 votes.

 If the original population is P and increase in population is at the rate of r %

every year then
The population after n years will be = P(1+r/100)n
Similarly
 If the original population is P and decrease in population is at the rate of r %
every year then
The population after n years will be = P(1-r/100)n
Example 6: If the present population of a town is 10000 and annual increase is 20%. Then
what will be the population after 3 years?
Solution: population after three years = 10000(1+20/100)3 = 10000(1.2)3 = 17280

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 Exercise
1. What percent of 3/7 is 1/105
A] 10% B] 2.22% C] 45% D] 450%
2. What is the 20% of 50% of 75% of 50% ?
A] 5.25 B] 6.75 C] 7.25 D] 5.5
3. If the cost of a calculator worth Rs 250 is increased by Rs 100, the rate of increase is
A] 100% B] 40% C] 25% D] none
4. A number increased by 37.5% gives 99 the number is
A] 140 B] 61.5 C] 72 D] 48
5. Ram sells his goods 25% cheaper than Shyam and 25% dearer than Bram. How much
percentage is Bram’s goods cheaper than Shyam’s ?
A] 33.33% B] 50% C] 66.66% D] 40%
6. In a exam 52% of the candidates failed in science, 42% in maths and 17% in both.
The number of those who passed in both the subjects is
A] 83% B] 64% C] 23% D] 55.5%
7. The price of an item is increased by 20% and then decreased by 20%. The final price
as compared to original price
A] 4% more B] 20% more C] 20% less D] 4% less
8. If A's height is 40% less than that of B, how much percent B's height is more than that
of A?
A] 66.66% B] 76.66% C] 96.66% D] 86.66%
9. A student multiplied a number by 3/5 instead of 5/3, What is the percentage error in
the calculation?
A] 54 % B] 64% C] 74% D] 84%
10. In an election between 2 candidates, Bhiku gets 65% of the total valid votes. If the
total votes were 6000, what is the number of valid votes that the other candidate
Mhatre gets if 25% of the total votes were declared invalid?
A] 1625 B] 1575 C] 1675 D] 1525
11. If the price of a book is first decreased by 25% and then increased by 20%, then the
net change in the price will be :
A] 10% B] 20% C] 30% D] 40%
12. A batsman scored 120 runs which included 3 boundaries and 8 sixes. What percent of
his total score did he make by running between the wickets?

49 | P a g e
 A] 40 B] 45 C] 50 D] 55
13. A man spends 35% of his income on food, 25% on children's education and 80% of
the remaining on house rent. What percent of his income he is left with ?
A] 6 B] 8 C] 10 D] 12
14. A's salary is 40% of B's salary which is 25% of C's salary. What percentage of C's
salary is A's salary ?
A] 10% B] 20% C] 30% D] 40%
15. Of the 1000 inhabitants of a town, 60 % are males of whom 20 % are literate. If, of all
the inhabitants, 25% are literate, then what percent of the females of the town are
literate ?
A] 32.5% B] 43% C] 46.6% D] 53.2%
16. X is 75% of Y. The percentage of Y to X is:
1 1
A] 25% B] 333% C] 125% D] 1333%

17. X is 80% of y. The percentage of y to y - x is:

A] 120% B] 400% C] 500% D] None of these
18. Verma gets 10% more than Akbar, then Akbar gets
A] 10% less than Verma B] 9% less than Verma
1
C] 911% less than Verma D] 10% more than Verma

19. The price of sugar having risen. By 50% by what fraction must a householder reduce
his consumption of sugar so as not to increase his expenditure?
A] ¼ B] ⅓ C] ½ D] none
20. The population of a town is 12000, if the number of males be increased by 6% and
that of females by 8%, the population would be increased to 12800. Find the strength
of females in the town.
A] 3500 B] 4000 C] 4500 D] 5000
21. In a mixture of 80 litres of milk and water, 25% of the mixture is milk. How much
water should be added to the mixture so that milk becomes 20% of the mixture?
A] 20 litres B] 15 litres C] 25 litres D] 24 litres
22. 300 gm of sugar solution has 30% sugar in it. How much sugar should be added to
make it 60% in the solution?
A] 90 gm B] 180 gm C] 225 gm D] 315 gm
23. A man spent 6.25% of what he had. If his expenditure amounted toRs75, what
amount he had?

50 | P a g e
 A] Rs 1000 B] Rs 1200 C] Rs 1600 D] Rs 1100
24. An Engineering student has to secure 40% marks to pass. He get 80 marks and fails
by 40 marks. Find his maximum marks.
A] 200 B] 300 C] 250 D] 400
25. The population of a town increased from 70000 to 71050. Find the increase percent.
A] 1.5% B] 1.75% C] 1.25% D] 2%
26. If the income tax be reduced from 3½% to 3⅓% what difference does it make to a
man whose annual income in Rs 8400?
A] Rs 7 B] Rs 28 C] Rs 21 D] Rs 14
27. A man spent 12.50% of his money and after spending 75% of the remainder, he had
Rs175 left. How much had he at first?
A] Rs. 800 B] Rs1200 C] Rs1600 D] None of these
28. Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a third number. What
percentage is the first of the second?
A] 60% B] 70% C] 80% D] 40%
29. Candidate who gets 30% of the marks in an examination fails by 50 marks. Another
candidate who gets 320 marks fails by 30 marks. Find the maximum number of
marks.
A] 800 B] 900 C] 1000 D] None of these
30. In an examination paper is set to 2500 pupils of whom ‘one fifth are girls and the rest
boys. 5% of the boys fail and 40% of the girls fail. What percent of the whole passed?
A] 82% B] 75% C] 80% D]88%
31. The length, breadth and height of a room in the shape of a cuboid are increased by
10%, 20% and 50% respectively. Find the percentage change in the volume of the
cuboid.
A] 77% B] 75% C] 88% D] 98%
32. The price of the sugar is reduced by 25% but inspite of the decrease, Aayush ends up
increasing his expenditure on sugar by 20%. What is the percentage change in his
monthly consumption of sugar?
A] +60% B] -10% C] +33.33% D] -50%
33. The population of the village of Gavas is 10,000 at this moment. It increases by 10%
in the first year. However, in the second year, due to immigration, the population
drops by 5%. Find the population at the end of the third year if in third year the
population increase by 20%

51 | P a g e
 A] 12,340 B] 12,540 C] 1, 27, 540 D] 12, 340
34. Ram spends 20% of his monthly income on his household expenditure, 15% of the
rest on books, 30% of the rest on clothes and saves the rest. On counting, he comes to
know that he has finally saved Rs. 9520. Find his monthly income.
A] 10000 B] 15000 C] 20000 D] 12000
35. The population of a village is 5500. If the number of males increases by 11% and the
number of females increases by 20% , then the population becomes 6330. Find the
population of females in the town.
A] 2500 B] 3000 C] 2000 D] 3500
36. Last, year the Indian Cricket team played 40 one-day cricket matches out of which
they managed to win only 40%. This year, so far it has played some matches, which
made it mandatory for it to win 80% of the remaining matches to maintain its exiting
winning percentage. Find the number of matches played by India so far this year.
A] 30 B] 25 C] 28 D] Insufficient information
37. In the recent, climate conference in New York, out of 700 men, 500 women, 800
children present inside the building premises, 20% of the men, 40% of the women
and 10% of the children were Indians. Find the percentage of people who were not
Indian.
A] 73% B] 77% C] 79% D] 83%
38. In an examination, 48% students failed in Hindi and 32% students in History, 20%
students failed in both the subjects. If the number of students who passed the
examination was 880, how many students appeared in the examination if the
examination consisted only of these two subjects?
A] 2000 B] 2200 C] 2500 D] 1800
39. A machine depreciates in value year at the rate of 10% of its previous value.
However, every second year there is some maintenance work so that in that particular
year, depreciation is only 5% of its previous value. If at the end of the fourth year, the
value of the machine stands at Rs. 1,46,205, then find the value of machine at the start
of the first year.
A] Rs. 1, 90, 000 B] Rs. 2, 00, 000 C] Rs. 1,
95, 000 D] 2,10,000
40. After three successive equal percentage rise in the salary the sum of 100 rupees
turned into 140 rupees and 49 paise. Find the percentage rise in the salary.
A] 12% B] 22% C] 66% D] 82%

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53 | P a g e
 Profit & Loss

Cost Price: The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as
C.P.
Selling Price: The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling price, abbreviated as
S.P.
Profit or Gain: If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain.
Loss: If S.P. is less than C.P., then the seller is said to have incurred a loss.

 Gain = (S.P.) – (C.P.)

 Loss = (C.P.) – (S.P.)

Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.

Gain×100
 Gain% = ( C.P.
)
Loss×100
 Loss% = ( C.P. )

(100+Gain%)
 S.P. = 100
× C. P.

(100−Loss%)
 S.P. = × C. P.
100

100
 C.P. = (100+Gain%) × S. P.

100
 C.P. = (100−Loss%) × S. P.

 If an article is sold at a gain of say, 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P.

 If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35%, then S.P. = 65% of C.P.

 When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say, 𝑥%, and the other at a
loss of 𝑥%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by:

Common Loss and Gain% 2 𝑥 2

Loss% = ( ) =( )
10 10

 If a trader professes to sell his goods at a cost price, but uses false weights, then

Error
Gain% = [ × 100] %
(True Value) − (Error)

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 Concept of Marked Price

Marked Price:- When we purchase any item we saw the label on it as price or marked price
& i.e. said to be MP.
Generally, the SP is less than the marked price (MP), the difference MP-SP is known as
discount, D.
Discount = MP – SP

Discount % = Discount/MP x 100

Successive discount
Suppose we have given a discount of x %, then y % then the overall discount % would be
 xy 
x y  
 100 
For example
If a shopkeeper gives a successive discount of 30 % & 20 % to the customer, then overall
discount % the customer would get
 30  20 
 30  20   % = 44%
 100 
 If the cost price of ‘m’ articles is equals to the selling price of ‘n’ articles , then overall gain or
loss % would be
mn if m  n, it is gain 
  x 100  
 n  if m  n, it is loss 

 If an article is sold at a price S1, and % gain or % less is x & if sold at a price S2, & gain or
loss % is y,
S1 S2
Then, =
100  x 100  y

Example 1: If the CP of 2 table is equal to the SP of 3 tables, then loss % is :-

mn 23 1 1
Solution: Here m = 2 n = 3  = = or 33 %
n 3 3 3

55 | P a g e
Example 2: Two successive discounts of 10 % & 20 % is provided on an article having
marked price of 500. What is its SP
10x 20
Solution: Equivalent successive discount = 10 + 20 - = 28%
100
Discount,
 28% of 500 = 140 %
 Selling Price = MP –D = 500 – 140 =Rs 360

Example 3: An article is sold at Rs 360 with a gain % of 20% what should be the price of
article when there is a loss of 10 %
S1 S2 360 SP
Solution: = = =
100  x 100  y 100  20 100  10
 SP = 270
We found the SP, with finding the CP of the article.
Example 4: Raman purchased a car for Rs 5 lac and sold it for Rs 4 lac. Find
profit/loss in this transaction.
Solution: Here SP < CP
∴ Loss is incurred in this case.
According to the formula,
Loss = CP – SP
∴ Loss = Rs 5 lac – Rs 4 lac = Rs 1 lac
Example 5 : A person buys a toy for Rs 50 and sells it for Rs 75. What will be his gain
percent?
Solution: Given that CP = Rs 50, SP = Rs 75
Profit = SP – CP = R (75 – 50) = R 25
According to the formula,
Profit 25
Gain % = CP
X 100% = 50 X 100% = 50%
Example 6: A person buys a cycle for Rs 450 but because of certain urgency, he sells
it for Rs 350. Find his loss percent.
Solution: Given that CP = Rs 450, SP = Rs 350
Loss = CP – SP = Rs (450 – 350) = Rs 100
According to the formula,
Loss 100 200 2
Loss % = X100% = X 100% = % = 22 %
CP 450 9 9

Example 7: Find the SP when CP is Rs 80 and gain is 20%.

Solution: SP = 120% of CP
120
= 120% of 80 = 100 X 80

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 = Rs 96
Example 8: Find the CP when SP is Rs. 40 and gain is 15%.
100 100
Solution: CP = 115 of SP = 115 x 40 = Rs 34.78

Example 9: Find the CP when SP is Rs. 200 and loss is 35%.

100 100
Solution: CP = 65
of SP = 65
x 200 = Rs 307.6

Example 10: A vendor sells apples at 10 for a rupee gaining 40%. How many apples
did he buy for a rupee?
Solution: SP of 10 apples = Rs 1, gain = 40%
100 5
CP of 10 apples = 1 x 140 = 7
5
∵ Rs7 yields 10 apples
7
∴ Rs 1 will yield 10 x 5 = 14 apples

57 | P a g e
 Exercise
1. A shopkeeper sold goods for Rs. 2400 and made a profit of 25% in the process. Find
his profit percent if he had sold his goods for Rs. 2040.
A] 6.25% B] 7% C] 6.20% D] 6.5%
2. By selling bouquets for Rs. 63, florist gains 5%. At what price should he sell the
bouquets to gain 10% on the cost price?
A] Rs.66 B] Rs. 69 C] Rs. 72 D] Rs. 72.50
3. 125 toffees cost Rs. 75, Find the cost of one million toffees if there is a discount of
40% on the selling price for this quantity.
A] Rs. 3,00,000 B] Rs. 3,20,000
C] 3,60,000 D]Rs. 4,00,000
4. A shopkeeper marks the price of an article at Rs. 80. Find the cost price if after
allowing a discount of 10% he still gains 20% of the cost price.
A] Rs. 53.33 B] Rs. 70 C] Rs. 75 D] Rs. 60
5. A dozen pairs of gloves quoted at Rs. 80 are available at a discount of 10%. Find how
many pairs of gloves can be bought for Rs. 24.
A] 4 B] 5 C] 6 D] 8

6. A trader mixes 26 kg of rice at Rs. 20 per kg with 30 kg of rice of other variety at Rs.
36 per kg and sells the mixture at Rs. 30 per kg. His profit percent is:

A] no profit no loss B] 5% C] 8% D] 10%

7. If books bought at prices ranging from Rs. 200 to Rs. 350 are sold at prices ranging
from Rs. 300 to Rs. 425, what is the greatest possible profit that might be made in
selling eight books ?

A] 600 B] 1200 C] 1800 D] none

8. Ajay bought 15 kg of dal at the rate of Rs 14.50 per kg and 10 kg at the rate of Rs 13
per kg. He mixed the two and sold the mixture at the rate of Rs 15 per kg. What was
his total gain in this transaction ?

A] Rs 1.1 B] Rs 11 C] Rs 16.5 D] Rs 27.5

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9. A dealer sold two of his cattle for Rs. 500 each. On one of them he lost 10% on the
other, he gained 10%. His gain or loss percent in the entire transaction was:

A] 10% loss B] 1% loss C] 1% gain D] 10% gain

10. An item was sold at a price after giving two successive discount of 30% and 50 %. If
the selling price of the item was Rs 448, then what was the marked price of the item ?
A] 840 B] 1280 C] 1140 D] 1640
11. If after giving a discount of 12%, a profit of 10% was made on an article, then by
what % was the price marked up?
A] 20% B] 25% C] 32.5% D] 35%
12. Anil bought an article at Rs. 200 and sold it at a profit of 10%. What would have been
the increase in the profit percent if it was sold for Rs. 230?
A] 5% B] 10% C] 15% D] None of these
13. The cost price of a table is Rs 330. It is sold for a profit of Rs 30 after giving 10%
discount .find its marked price
A] Rs 400 B] Rs 380 C] Rs 420 D] none
14. How many litres of water should be added to 25 litres of milk costing Rs. 12 per litre,
so that by selling the mixture at the cost price, profit of 20% is made?
A] 2 litres B] 5 litres C] 8 litres D] 10 litres
15. By selling 80 oranges a man gains the selling price of 20 oranges. Find the gain %
1
33 %
A] 20% B] 25% C] 3 D] 40%
16. A sold a table to B at a profit of 15%. Later on, B sold it back to A at a profit of 20%,
thereby gaining Rs. 69. How much did A pay for the table originally?
A] Rs. 300 B] Rs. 320 C] Rs. 345 D] Rs. 350
17. A bag marked at Rs80 is sold for Rs68. The rate of discount is:
11
A] 20% B] 17 17% C] 15% D] 12%
18. If the cost price of 12 tables is equal to the selling price of 16 tables, the loss percent
is:
A] 15% B] 20% C] 25% D] 30%

19. A man sold 250 chairs and had a gain equal to selling price of 50 chairs. His profit
percent is:

A] 5% B] 10% C] 25% D] 50%

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20. A man buys oranges at Rs. 5 a dozen and an equal number at Rs. 4 dozen. He sells
them at Rs 5.50 a dozen and makes a profit of Rs. 50. How many dozen oranges did
he buy?
A] 30 B] 40 C] 50 D] 60

21. Two mixers and one T.V. cost Rs7000, while two T.V.s and a mixer cost Rs9800.
The value of one T.V. is:
A] Rs2800 B] Rs2100 C] Rs4200 D] Rs8400
22. A horse and a cow were sold for Rs12000 each. The horse was sold at a loss of 20%
and the cow at a gain of 20%. The entire transaction resulted in:
A] No loss or gain B] Loss of Rs1000
C] Gain Rs1000 D] Gain of Rs2000
23. Hemant sold 10 sarees for a total profit of Rs. 460 and 12 sarees for a total profit of
Rs. 144. At what profit per saree should he sell the remaining 20 sarees so that he gets
an average profit of Rs. 18 per saree?
A] 7.40 B] 7.60 C] 7.80 D] 8.00

24. If an article is sold at 5% gain instead of 5% loss, the seller gets Rs. 6.72 more. The
C.P. of the article is:

A] Rs67.20 B] Rs120 C] Rs134.40 D] Rs240

25. A man bought an article and sold it at a gain of 5%. If he had bought it at 5% less and
sold it for Rs 1 less, he would have made a profit of 10%. The C.P. of the article was:
A] Rs100 B] Rs150 C] Rs200 D] Rs500
26. The sale price of an article including the sales tax is Rs616. The rate of sales tax is
10%. If the shopkeeper has made a profit of 12%, then the cost price of the article is:
A] Rs500 B] Rs515 C] Rs550 D] Rs600
27. At what profit percent must an article be sold so that by selling at half that price, there
may be a loss of 30%?
A] 25% B] 36% C] 40% D] 42%
28. Jacob bought a scooter for certain sum of money. He spent 10% of the cost on repairs
and sold the scooter for a profit of Rs. 1100. How much did he spend on repairs if he
made a profit of 20%?
A] Rs400 B] Rs440 C] Rs500 D] Rs550

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29. A man gains 20% by selling an article for a certain price. If he sells it at double the
price, the percentage of profit will be:
A] 40% B] 100% C] 120% D] 140%
30. The ratio between the sale price and the cost price of an article is 7:5, what is the ratio
between the profit and the cost price of that article?
A] 2: 7 B] 5 : 2 C] 7 : 2 D] None
31. By selling an article, Michael earned a profit equal to one-fourth of the price he
bought it. If he sold it for Rs. 375, what was the cost price?
A] Rs281.75 B] Rs300 C] Rs312.50 D] Rs350
32. In a certain store, the profit is 320% of the cost. If the cost increase by 25% but the
selling price remains constant, approximately what percentage of the selling price is
the profit?
A] 30% B] 70% C] 100% D] 250%
33. Oranges are bought at the rate of 9 for Rs1 and sold at the rate of 8 for Rs1. The profit
is:
1 1 1
A] 9 % B] 10% C] 11 % D] 12 %
11 9 2

34. By selling an article, Ram earned a profit equal to one-fifth of the price he bought it.
If he sold it for Ra. 360, what was the cost price?
A] Rs281.75 B] Rs300 C] Rs312.50 D] Rs350
35. If SP of 10 articles is equal to cost price of 8 articles, find Profit or Loss Percentage
A] 25% Profit B] 25% loss C] 20% Profit D] 20% loss

36. A whole- seller allows a discount of 20% on the list price to retailer. The retailer sells
at 5 % discount on the list price. If the customer paid Rs. 38 for an article, what profit
is made by the retailer?
A] Rs. 10 B] Rs.8 C] Rs. 6 D] Rs. 12
37. A reduction of 10% in the price of sugar enables a housewife to buy 6.2 kg. more for
Rs.279. Find the reduced price per kilogram
A] Rs. 5 B] Rs. 4.5 C] Rs. 4.05 D] None of
these
38. A man sells a TV set for Rs 3450 and makes a profit of 15%. He sells another TV at a
loss of 10%. IF on the whole, he neither gains nor loses, find the selling price of the
second TV Set.
A] Rs. 4000 B] Rs. 4400 C] Rs. 4050 D] Rs. 4500

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39. Ashok bought an article and spent Rs. 110 on its repairs. He then sold it to Bhushan at
a profit of 20%. Bhushan sold it to Charan at a loss of 10%. Charan finally sold it for
Rs. 1188 at a profit of 10%. How much did Ashok pay for the article.
A] Rs. 890 B] Rs. 1000 C] Rs. 780 D] 840
40. A merchant bought two transistors, which together cost him Rs. 480. He sold one of
them at a loss of 15% and other at a gain of 19%. If the selling price of both the
transistors are equal, find the cost of the lower priced transistor.
A] Rs. 300 B] Rs. 180 C] Rs. 200 D] Rs. 280

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 Simple & Compound Interest
Simple Interest
Principal: The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the principal or the
sum.
Interest: Extra money paid for using other’s money is called interest.
Simple Interest (S.I.): If the interest on a sum borrowed for a certain period is reckoned
uniformly, then it is called simple interest.
Let principal = 𝑃, Rate = 𝑅% per annum (p.a.) and Time = 𝑇 years. Then,
𝑃×𝑅×𝑇
S.I.= ( 100
)

Compound Interest
Let principal = 𝑃, Rate = 𝑅% per annum (p.a.) and Time = 𝑇 years. Then,
𝑅 𝑛
1. When interest is compounded Annually: Amount = 𝑃 (1 + )
100

𝑅/2 2𝑛
2. When interest is compounded Half – yarely: Amount = 𝑃 (1 + )
100

𝑅/4 4𝑛
3. When interest is compounded Quarterly: Amount = 𝑃 (1 + )
100

2
4. When the interest is compounded Annually but time is in fraction, say 3 5 years.
2
𝑅 3 𝑅
Amount = 𝑃 (1 + 100
) × (1 + 100) 5

5. When Rates are different for different years, say 𝑅₁%, 𝑅₂%, 𝑅₃% for 1st, 2nd and 3rd
year respectively.

𝑅₁ 𝑅₂ 𝑅₃
Then, Amount= 𝑃 (1 + 100) (1 + 100) (1 + 100)
6. Present worth of 𝑥 due 𝑛 years hence is given by:
𝑥
Present Worth = 𝑅 𝑛
(1+ )
100

Example 1: Find the simple interest on Rs. 200 for 5 years at 6% per annum.
Solution: Here P = R 200, T = 5 years, R = 6%
P×R×T 200×5×6
∴ SI = = = R 60
100 100

Example 2: In what time, 1200 will become Rs.1450 when annual rate of interest is
20%?
Solution: Here P = R 1200, A = 1450, R = 20%
As we know, A = P + SI

63 | P a g e
 ⇒ 1450 = 1200 + SI
⇒ SI = 1450 – 1200 = R 250
P×R×T
Again, SI = 100
1200×20×T
Or 250 = = 240T
100
25 1
∴ T = 24 = 124 years
Example 3: A sum at simple interest of 4% per annum amounts to Rs. 3120 in 5 years.
Find the sum.
Solution: According to the question, T = 5 years, R = 4%, A = R 3120
100×A 100×3120 100×3120
As we know, P = 100+RT = 100+4×5
= 120
= R 2600
Example 4: Find the compound interest on Rs. 8000 at 4% per annum for 2 years
compounded annually.
Solution: Here, P = R 8000, R = 4%, Time = 2 years
Now, according to the formula,
R 𝑛 4 2 26 26
Amount = P(1 + ) = 8000 (1 + ) = 8000 X X = R 8652.80
100 100 25 25

∴ CI = R (8652.80 – 8000) = R 652.80

Example 5: Ruchi invested Rs. 1600 at the rate of compound interest for 2 years. She
got Rs. 1764 after the specified period. Find the rate of interest.
Solution: Here, P = R 1600, 𝑛 = 2 years, A = R 1764
Now, according to the formula,
R 𝑛
Amount = P(1 + )
100

R 2
1764 = 1600 (1 + 100)
1764 100+R 2 21 2 100+R 2
⇒ =( ) ⇒ ( ) =( )
1600 100 20 100

100+R 21 21
⇒ 100
= 20 ⇒ 100 + R = 20 X 100

⇒ 100 + R = 105
∴ R = 105 – 100 = 5%
Example 6: Find the compound interest on Rs. 5000 in 2 years at 4% per annum, the
interest being compounded half yearly.
Solution: Here, Principal P = Rs. 5000
Rate R = 4% pa
Time 𝑛 = 2 years

64 | P a g e
 Now according to the formula,
R 2𝑛 4 4
Amount = P (1 + 2×100) = 5000 (1 + 200)
51 51 51 51 51×51×51×51
= (5000 × 50 × 50 × 50 × 50) = ( 1250
)
= R 5412.16
∴ Compound Interest = R (5412.16 – 5000) = R 412.16
Example 7: Find the compound interest on Rs. 8000 at 20% per annum for 9 months,
compounded quarterly.
Solution: Here, P = Rs. 8000, 𝑛 = 9 months = ¾ years, R = 20%
According to the formula,

R 4𝑛
Amount = P (1 + )
4×100

20 ¾×4 5 3
= 8000 (1 + 400) = 8000 (1 + 100)
21 21 21
= 8000 X 20 X 20 X 20 = Rs. 9261
CI = (9261 – 8000) = Rs. 1261

65 | P a g e
 Level - Beginner
1. Find the simple interest earned on Rs.20000 for 2 years at 10% p.a.
A] Rs.4500 B] Rs.2000 C] Rs.4000 D] Rs.6000

2. Find the compound interest earned on Rs.20000 for 2 years at 10% p.a. the interest being
compounded annually.
A] Rs.2100 B] Rs.4200 C] Rs.6300 D] Rs.5600

3. If Rs.2000 amounts to Rs.2500 in 2 years at simple interest, what is the rate of interest per
annum?
A] 8% B] 37.5% C] 25% D] 12.3%

4. If Rs.2000 amounts to Rs.2880 in 2 years at compound interest, what is the rate of interest
per annum if the interest is being compounded annually?
A] 10% B] 20% C] 15% D] 25%

5. Find the interest earned in the first year on Rs.400 at 20%p.a. compound interest, the
interest being compounded half yearly.
A] Rs.42 B] Rs.72 C] Rs.84 D] Rs.144

6. The difference between the interests earned on a principal under a certain rate of compound
interest in pth year and (p + 1)th year is more than that in the qth year and (q + 1)th year if
A] p > q B] p<q C] p = q D] can't say

7. Find the effective rate of interest if the normal rate of interest is 10% p.a. and the interest is
compounded every six months.
A] 21.5% B] 10.25% C] 5.25% D] 10%

8. The interest for the 3rd year on a certain sum at a certain rate of simple interest is Rs.3000.
find the sum of the interests accrued on it in the 6th, 7th and 8th years.
A] Rs.6000 B] Rs.9000 C] Rs.4500 D] Rs.12000

9. The interest on a certain sum lent at compound interest, the interest being compounded
annually, in the 2nd year is Rs.1200. The interest on it in the 3rd year is Rs 1440. Find the
rate of interest per annum.
A] 10% B] 15% C] 20% D] 25%
10. A certain sum when lent at compound interest, the interest being compounded annually,
amounts to Rs.1331 in 3 years and Rs. 1464.10 in 4 years. Find the rate of interest per annum.
A] 10% B] 15% C] 20% D] 5%

11. A sum doubles in 8 years at simple interest. In how many years will the sum become 4
times the original sum?
A] 16 B] 24 C] 64 D] 32

12. A sum doubles in 8 years at compound interest. In how many years will the sum become 4
times the original sum if the interest is compounded annually?

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A] 16 B] 24 C] 64 D] 32
13. Which of the following rates of interest yield the maximum interest in 2 years on a certain
sum?
A] Interest compounded per month at 1% p.m.
B] Interest compounded per quarter at 3% per quarter
C] Interest compounded per half year at 6% per half year
D] Interest compounded per year at 12% p.a.

14. Find the present value (in Rs.) of Rs.3000 due after 5 years at 10% p.a. simple interest.
A] 1500 B] 1800 C] 2000 D] 2500

15. A sum was lent at 20%p.a compound interest, the interest being compounded annually.
Rs.1200 was paid back after 1 year. After another year Rs. 1400 was repaid to clear the loan.
Find the sum lent.
A] Rs.8000 B] Rs.6000 C] Rs 2000 D]Rs 4000
16. What would a sum of Rs.8800 amount to in 16 years at a simple interest rate of 12% every
year?
A] Rs.14440 B] Rs.18846 C] Rs.25696 D] Rs.32322
17. A sum of money invested at simple interest amounts to Rs 2480 at the end of four years
and Rs.4080 at the end of eight years. Find the principal.
A] Rs.2040 B]Rs. 1480 C] Rs.1240 D] Rs.880
18. A man borrowed Rs.50000 at simple interest with the rate of interest not remaining
constant for the entire period. He repaid the entire amount after 8 years. The rate of interest
for the first two years is 8% p.a., for the next three years it is 10% p.a., for the next two years
it is 5% p.a. and 7% for the last year. How much amount did he repay to clear his loan at the
end of the period?
A] Rs.68500 B] Rs.81500 C] Rs.88500 D] Rs.101500
19. A man borrowed Rs.80000 at the rate of 10% p.a. compound interest, interest being
compounded annually. How much amount should he have repaid at the end of the first year, if
by repaying Rs.55000 at the end of the second year he can clear the loan?
A] Rs.38000 B] Rs.40000 C] Rs.45000 D] Rs.50000
20. Ashok has to deposit a total of Rs.18000 in two savings schemes of a bank, of which the
first one yields a simple interest of 6% p.a. and the second one yields 8% p.a. simple interest.
How much should Ashok deposit in the first scheme so that the total amount deposited earns
interest at a rate of 7.6% p.a.?
A] Rs.4400 B] Rs.3600 C] Rs.7200 D] Rs.5600

21. A certain loan amounts, under compound interest, compounded annually earns an interest
of Rs.1980 in the second year and Rs.2178 in the third year. How much interest did it earn in
the first year?
A] Rs.1600 B] Rs.1800 C] Rs.1900 D] None of these

67 | P a g e
22. The difference between the interest earned under compound interest, interest being
compounded annually and simple interest for two years on the same sum and at the same rate
of interest is Rs.25.60. Find the sum if the rate of interest is 8% p.a.
A] Rs.2000 B] Rs.2500 C] Rs.3200 D] Rs.4000

23. A sum of money under compound interest doubles itself in 4 years. In how many years
will it become 16 times itself?
A] 12 years B] 16 years C] 8 years D] None of these

24. Raju took a loan at 8% per annum simple interest for a period of 5 years. At the end of
five years he paid Rs.10640 to clear his loan. How much loan did he take?
A] Rs.8500 B] Rs.8000 C] Rs.7700 D] Rs.7600

25. What annual instalment will discharge a debt of Rs.1815 due in 3 years at 10% simple
interest?
A] Rs.500 B] Rs.520 C] Rs.550 D] Rs.580

26. A man borrowed Rs.55000 from two banks under compound interest, compounded
annually. One bank charged interest at the rate of 8% per year and the other bank at 12% per
year. If at the end of the year the man paid Rs.4900 as the total interest to the two banks, how
much loan did he take from the first bank?
A] Rs.47500 B] Rs.42500 C] Rs.32500 D] Rs.12500

27. Abhay borrowed some money from Ajay at 15% per annum simple interest. He then
added some more amount and lent to Vijay at 20% per annum simple interest. At the end of
the year, the difference between the interest received and paid by Abhay is Rs.325. If Abhay
lent Rs.3500 to Vijay, then how much loan did Abhay take from Ajay?
A] Rs.1000 B] Rs.1800 C] Rs.2200 D] Rs.2500

28. A man lent Rs. 25000 for one year under compound interest, to five persons. He lent
Rs.5500 at 5% p.a. to the first person, Rs 4000 at 13/2 % p.a. to the second person, Rs.3500 at
11/2% p.a to the third person and Rs.7000 at 17/2% p.a. to the fourth person. At what rate of
interest should he lend the remaining amount so that he gets an interest at 8% p.a. on the
entire amount?
A] 12.25% B] 12.75% C] 13.55% D] 14.05%

29. The difference between the compound interest and simple interest on a certain sum at 12%
per annum for 2 years is Rs.126.72. Find the sum.
A] Rs.8000 B] Rs.8800 C] Rs.10200 D] Rs.12400

30. A sum of money is lent at a certain rate of interest at compound interest. If, instead the
same amount was lent at simple interest the interest for the first two years reduces by Rs.160
and that for the first three years reduces by Rs.488. Find the sum
A] Rs.22000 B] Rs.46000 C] Rs.52000 D] Rs.64000

68 | P a g e
31. I invested Rs.50000 in a business. In the first year I suffered a loss of 5%. In the second
and the third years (assuming that profit was reinvested for the next year), I made profits of
10% and 15%. Instead had I invested the money at 10% p.a. compound interest for the three
years, how much additional amount would I have earned?
A] Rs.3842.50 B] Rs.4242.50 C] Rs.6462.50 D]Rs 8842

32. A certain sum of money increased by 72.8% at a certain rate in three years with interest
being compounded annually. If the same sum is lent at simple interest at the same rate of
interest, in how many years would it become four times itself?
A] 5 years B] 8 years C] 11 years D] 15 years

33. The compound interest earned in the third and the fourth years on a certain sum of money
are Rs.576 and Rs.691.2. Find the sum.
A] Rs.1000 B] Rs.1200 C] Rs.1600 D] Rs.2000

34. A man borrowed Rs.25000 from a bank at 20% compound interest. At the end of every
year he paid Rs.8000. At the end of the third year, he wanted to clear the loan. How much
should he pay to clear the loan'?
A] Rs.12400 B] Rs.16040 C] Rs.20800 D] Rs.22080

35. Find the present worth of Rs.1749.6 due in 2 years at 8% per annum compound interest.
A] Rs.1200 B] Rs.1400 C] Rs.1500 D] Rs.1650

36. A sum of Rs.2310 is due to be repaid at the end of two years. If it has to be repaid in two
equal annual instalments (the instalments being paid at the beginning of the year) at 10% p a.
compounded annually, find the value of each instalment.
A] Rs.1210 B] Rs.1000 C] Rs.1100 D] Rs.1331

37. A loan is taken today and repaid in two annual instalments (paid at the end of the year) of
Rs.2662 each. The rate of interest is 10% p.a and it is compounded annually. Find the sum
borrowed.
A] Rs.4540 B]Rs 4620 C] Rs.2848 D] Rs.2152

38. A man saves Rs.20000 at the beginning of each year and puts the money in a bank that
pays 5% interest per year, interest being compounded annually. How much would be the total
savings of the man at the end of 5 years? (Given that (1.05)5 = 1.276)
A]Rs. 115920 B] Rs.125570 C] Rs.140460 D] None of these

39. A sum of money compounded annually amounts to Rs.1375 in 5 years and Rs.1980 in 7
years. Find the annual rate of interest
A] 12% B] 20% C] 15% D] 10%

40. The difference in compound interest earned on a certain sum, for which interest is
compounded annually, in the first and the second year is Rs.140. If the rate of interest
becomes thrice the original rate, then the difference in the amount would be
A] Rs. 420 B]Rs. 1260 C]Rs 1820 D]Rs. 2520

69 | P a g e
 Letter and Symbol Series

Number Series
A series is a sequence of numbers obtained by some predefined rules and by that predefined
rules; it is possible to find out the next term of the series. A series can be created in many
ways. So to solve any question based on series, it is not possible to create a generic approach.
However a basic understanding of the way using which a series is created is helpful in solving
such questions. Depending upon the logic applied for creating the series, they can be
classified as follows:
Direct Series: A direct series is that in which any term is found by performing a certain
operation on the previous term. AP, GP are some examples of direct series.
Example: 101, 95, 89, 83, 77, ….
Indirect Series: An indirect series is a series which is derived using another series. Such
series are created by performing a set of operations on some standard series.
Example: 1, 4, 9, 16, ….
Twin Series: A twin series is that which is made by clubbing of two series. Generally in such
series alternative terms, i.e. odd terms & even terms form independent series.
Example: 1, 3, 5, 1, 9, -1, 13, -3, ….

Exercise
1. 380, 188, 92, 44, 20, 8, ?
A] 1 B] 2 C] 3 D] 4
2. 8, 15, 27, 44, 66, ?
A] 93 B] 94 C] 95 D] 103
3. 10, 19, 31, 46, 64, ?
A] 82 B] 92 C] 102 D] 85
4. 2, 10, 60, 420, 3360, ?
A] 30240 B] 20160 C] 20250 D] 30340
5. 8, 16, 14, 28, 26, 52, 50, ?
A] 92 B] 98 C] 100 D] 89
6. 1, 2, 2, 5, 3,10, 4, 17, 5,?
A] 24 B] 25 C] 26 D] 27
7. 1, 6, 9, 14, 17, ?
A] 24 B] 22 C] 21 D] None
8. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ?
A] 28 B] 36 C] 48 D] 49

70 | P a g e
9. 8, 24, 12, ?, 18, 54

A] 28 B] 36 C] 46 D] 38
10. 260, 216, 128, 108, 62, 54, ?, 27
A] 39 B] 49 C] 29 D] 19
11. 28, 33, 31, 36, 34, ?
A] 36 B] 37 C] 38 D] 39
12. 5, 6, 10, 19, ?, 60
A] 35 B] 24 C] 25 D] 45
13. 6, 9, 18, 21, 42, 45, ?,?
A] 80,85 B] 90,93 C] 80,87 D] 88,93
14. 2, 7, 24, 77, ?
A] 238 B] 138 C] 338 D] 438
15. 20, 19, 17, ?, 10, 5
A] 12 B] 13 C] 14 D] 15
16. 1, 6, 13, 22, 33, ?
A] 44 B] 45 C] 46 D] 47
17. 3, 9, 27, 81, ?
A] 324 B] 243 C] 210 D] 162
18. 2, 5, 9, ?, 20, 27
A] 14 B] 16 C] 18 D] 24
19. 19, 2, 38, 3, 114, 4,?
A] 228 B] 256 C] 352 D] 456
20. 3, 6, 18, 72, ?
A] 144 B] 216 C] 280 D] 360
21. 2, 3, 8, 63, ?
A] 1038 B] 3968 C] 1998 D] 3008
22. 12, 32, 72, 152, ?
A] 312 B] 325 C] 515 D] 613
23. 4, 10, ?, 82, 244, 730
A] 24 B] 28 C] 77
D] 218
24. 2, 5, 9, 19, 37, ?
A] 76 B] 75 C] 74 D] 72
25. 1, 4, 2, 8, 6, 24, 22, 88, ?
A] 86 B] 90 C] 154 D] 352

71 | P a g e
26. 11, 12, 17, 18, 23, 24, ?
A] 12 B] 29 C] 30 D] 35
27. 840, 168, 42, 14, 7, ?
A] 1 B] 7 C] 9 D] 12
28. 2, 8, 4, 64, 7, 343, 11, 1331, 16, ?
A] 23 B] 24 C] 25 D] 26
29. 7, 10, 16, 28, 52, 100, ?
A] 192 B] 162 C] 164 D] 196
30. 0, 2, 8, 14, ?, 34
A] 24 B] 22 C] 20 D] 18
31. 5, 17, 37, 65, ?, 145
A] 95 B] 97 C] 99 D] 101

32. 3, 8, 22, 63, 185, ?

A] 550 B] 310 C] 295 D] 285
33. 97, 86, 73, 58, 47, ?
A] 34 B] 54 C] 55 D] 56

34. 3, 3, 6, 18, 72, 360,

A] 2160 B] 2430 C] 1880 D] 2040

35. 113, 136, 161, 188, ----------------, 248

A] 213 B] 217 C] 223 D] 219

36. 24, 30, 36, 42, 52, 60, -----------------------

A] 76 B] 64 C] 90 D] 68

37. 11, 12, 13, 10, 15, 8, -------------------,6

A] -17 B] 6 C] 16 D] 19

38. 49, 1625, 3649, 6481, -----------------

A] 81100 B] 100144 C] 100121 D] 121169

39. 48, 43, 39, --------------------34, 33

A] 35 B] 38 C] 34 D] 32

40. 4, 8, 12, 7, 11, 18, 9, ------------------------, 22

72 | P a g e
 A] 11 B] 15 C] 13 D] 7

9|Page
 Alphabetic Series
A series is a sequence of numbers obtained by some predefined rules and by that predefined
rules; it is possible to find out the next term of the series.
A series can be created in many ways. So to solve any question based on series, it is not
possible to create a generic approach. However a basic understanding of the way using which
a series is created is helpful in solving such questions.
The numbers are replaced by alphabets and the operations to be done are same as in case of
number series.
Example: A, C, E, G, I, .....
Example: AC, EG, IK, MO,....
Directions for questions 1–14: Select from the answer choices an appropriate term to
replace the question mark (?) and continue the sequence of the series.
1. A, P, C, Q, E, R, G?
A] S B] H C] I D] T
2. C, L, E, M, G, N, I?
A] J B] K C] P D] O
3. Z, X, U, Q, L,?
A] K B] I C] F D] G
4. H, J, M, O, R, T,?
A] W B] S C] U D] V
5. B, D, G, K, M, P,?
A] Q B] R C] T D] S
6. G, J, M, P, S, V,?
A] W B] Z C] X D] Y
7. F, L, Q, U, X,?
A] B B] Z C] Y D] A
8. Z, T, O, K, H, ?
A] G B] F C] E D] C
9. C, E, H, L, Q,?
A] W B] D C] N D] X
10. H, V, G, T, F, R, E, P, ?, ?
A] N, D B] M, E C] D, N D] E, M
11. KPA, LQB, MRC, NSD,?
A] OTE B] PTE C] NST D] DMO

10 | P a g e
12. FAG, HEI, JIK, LMM,?
A] NUO B] NQU C] NQO D] OQO
13. ABA, EDE, IFI,?
A] NHN B] MHM C] HMH D] KIK
14. ADG, EHK, ILO,?
A] MPS B] UPS C] CPU D] SMS
15. B1A, D8E, F271, ----------------, J125Q
A] H81M B] H64M C] H64L D] H64K
16. BDFH, EHKJ, ----------------------, OLP, UOT
A] HLPK B] HLOL C] HLPL D] HLQL
17. CDF, EFH, HIK, --------------, TUW, EFH
A] MNP B] LMO C] MOP D] MNO
18. BDFH, CBID, DZLZ, EXOV, ------------------------
A] FVRS B] FVQR C] FVRR D] FURR
19. FTJ, LON, RJR, XEV, ---------------------
A] YFU B] DZZ C] YFV D] DYZ
20. TUW, VWY, XYA, ZAC, -------------------------
A] CDJ B] BCE C] BLM D] ADF
21. AN, BO, CP, DQ, ----------------------
A] ER B] FG C] EJ D] FR
22. JL, MO, PR, SU, -------------------
A] VZ B] WY C] WC D] VX
23. 1L2, 1Q7, 2TO, --------------------------, 2X4, 2Z6
A] 2WI B] 2V2 C] 1M4 D] IP5
24. 4B2, 8G1, 9H1, --------------------, 7B5
A] 8E2 B] 9C7 C] 6C3 D] 7D4
25. a_bb_a_bb_
A] bbba B] abab C] baba D] abaa
26. aba_aba_aba_aba_
A] bbbb B] abab C] bbba D] abba
27. BAZ, DCY, FEX, ?
A] FXW B] FEX C] FEY D] None of these
28. a_bbaa_baa_b
A] aba B] aab C] abb D] bab
29. ab_a_b_a_bba
A] aaab B] baba C] abba D] baab
30. aa_cb_aa_ _bba_ccb_
A] cbccab B] cabaac C] ababab D] aaabca

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Coding Decoding
A CODE is a ‘system of signals’. Therefore, Coding is a method of transmitting a message between the ender
and the receiver without a third person knowing it. Before transmitting, the data is encoded and at receiver side
encode data is decoded in order to obtain original data by determining common key in encoded data. The
Coding and Decoding Test is set up to judge the candidate’s ability. The Coding and Decoding is classified into
seven types according to the on what way it is doing. They are of following types.

Type 1: Letter Coding.

Type 2: Number Coding.

Type 3: Substitution.

Type 4: Mixed Letter Coding.

Type 5: Mixed Number Coding.

Description of different types with solved examples

Type1: Letter Coding:

In this type the real alphabets in a word are replaced by certain other alphabets according to a specific rule to
form its code. the candidate is required to detect the common rule and answer the questions accordingly.

Case 1:To form the code for another word

1. If in a certain language MYSTIFY is coded as NZTUJGZ, how is NEMESIS coded in that language?

Sol. Clearly, each letter in the word MYSTIFY is moved one step forward to obtain the corresponding letter of
the code.
MYSTIFY
+1↓
NZTUJGZ
So, in NEMESIS, N will be coded as O, E as F, M as N and so on. Thus, the code becomes OFNFTJT.
2. If TAP is coded as SZO, then how is FREEZE coded?

Sol. Clearly each letter in the word TAP is moved one step backward to obtain the corresponding letter of the
code.
SZO
-1↑
TAP
Thus, in FREEZE, F will be coded as E, R as Q,E as D and Z as Y.
So, the code becomes EQDDYD.

3. In a certain code, MENTION is written as LNEITNO. How is PATTERN written in that code?

Sol: Clearly, to obtain the code, the first letter of the word MENTION is moved one step

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backward and the remaining letters are. Reversed in order, taking two at a time .So, in PATTERN, P will be
coded as O, and the sequence of the remaining letter in the cod would be TAETNR. Thus the code becomes
OTAETNR. Hence, The answer is OTAETNR.

Case 2: To find the word by analyzing the given code (DECODING)

4. I f in a certain language CARROM is coded as BZQQNL, which word will be coded

as HOUSE?

Sol: each letter of the word is one step ahead of the corresponding letter of the code
BZQQNL HOUSE
| | | | | | | | | | |
CARROM I P V T F

So, H is coded as I, O as P, U as V, S as T and E as F. HOUSE is coded as IPVTF.

TYPE 2: NUMBER CODING

In these questions, either numerical code values are assigned to a word or alphabetical code letters are assigned
to the numbers. The candidate is required to analyse the code as per the directions.

Case 1: when a numerical code values are assigned to words

5. if in a certain language A is coded as 1,B is coded as 2,and so on , how is BIDDIC is
coded in that code?

Sol:As given the letters are coded as

ABCDEFGHI
1 2 3 4 56 78 9
So in BIDDIC, B is coded as 2, I as 9,D as 4 and C as 3. Thus, BIDDIC is coded as 294493.

6. If PAINT is coded as 74128 and EXCEL is coded as 93596, then how would you
encode ACCEPT ?

Sol: Clearly, in the given code, the alphabets are coded as follows
PAINTEXCL
74 1 2 8 93 5 6
So, in ACCEPT, A is coded as 4, c as 5, E as 9, P as 7 and T as 8. Hence, the
correct code is 455978.

Case2: Number to letter coding.

7. In a certain code, 2 is coded as P, 3 as N, 9 as Q, 5 as R, 4 as A and 6 as B. How is

599423 coded in that code?

Sol: Clearly as given 5 is coded as R, 9 as Q, 4 as A, 2 as P, 3 as N. So, 599423 is coded

as RQQAPN.

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TYPE 3: SUBSTITUTION

In this type of questions, some particular objects are assigned code names. Then a question is asked that is to be
answered in the code language.

9. If COOK is called BUTLER, BUTLER is called MANAGER, MANAGER is called TEACHER,

TEACHER is called CLERK, CLERK is called PRINCIPAL, who will teach in a class?

Sol: Clearly, a TEACHER teaches in a class and as given TEACHER is called CLERK. So a CLERK will
teach in a class.

10. If DIAMOND is called GOLD , GOLD is called SILVER, SILVER is called RUBY and RUBY is called
EMERALD, which is the cheapest jewel ?

Sol: We know that ‘SILVER’ is cheapest. But, as given, ‘SILVER’ is called ‘RUBY’. So, RUBY is the
cheapest.

TYPE 4: MIXED LETTER CODING

In this type of questions, three or four complete messages are given in the coded language and the code for a
particular word is asked. To analyses such codes, any two messages bearing a common word are picked up.
The common code word will mean that word. Proceeding similarly by picking up all possible combinations of
two, the entire message can be analyzed.

11. If ‘nso ptr kli chn’ stands for ‘sharma gets marriage gift’, ‘ptr lnm wop chn’ stands for
‘wife gives marriage gift’, ‘tti wop nhi’ stands for ‘he gives nothing’, what would
mean ‘gives’?
a] chn b] nhi c] ptr d] wop
Sol: (d). In the second and third statements the common word is ‘gives’ and the
common code word is ‘wop’. So ‘wop’ means ‘gives’.
TYPE 5: MIXED NUMBER CODING
In this type of questions, a few groups of numbers each coding a certain short message, are given. Through a
comparison of the given coded messages, taking two at a time, the candidate is required to find the number
code for each word and then formulate the code for the message given.
12. In a certain code, ‘786’ means ‘study very hard’, ‘958’ means ‘hard work pays’ and
‘645’ means ‘study and work’. Which of the following is the code for ‘very’?
Sol: In the first and second statements, the common word is ‘hard’ and the common code digit
is ’8’. So, ‘8’ means ‘hard’.
In the first and third statements, the common word is ‘study’ and the common code digit
is ‘6’. So, ’6’ means ‘study’.
Thus, in the first statement ‘7’ means ‘very’.

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 Exercise
Directions for Questions 1 to 5:- In each of the following questions find out the correctly
coded alternative from amongst the given four alternatives (a),(b),(c),(d).if there is no correct
alternative your answer will be (e)

LETTER: CZNVRSWFD
CODE DIGIT: 8 6 4 7 2 9 3 5 1

1. FRCSNW
A] 528243 B] 5269435 C] 578943 D] 528963
E] NONE OF THESE

2. ZDRCVF
A] 612875 B] 619875 C] 612845 D] 612835
E] NONE OF THESE

3. WNCSZV
A] 348267 B] 318267 C] 348957 D] 348967
E] NONE OF THESE

4. RDNFVS
A] 21679 B] 216549 C] 214579 D] 218579
E] NONE OF THESE

5. NWZDVS
A] 438179 B] 423179 C] 456179 D] 436189
E] NONE OF THESE

FIND THE MISSING LETTERS IN THE FOLLOWING SERIES.

6.A,C,E,G___________
A] I B] k C] M D] H
7. A, D , H ,M ,__________
A] Q B] R C] S D] P
8. AZ, CX, FU, ___________
A] JQ B] KP C] IR D] JV
9. LOAD is coded as ‘MPBE’ and DRIVE as ESJWF HOW YOU CODE LADDER?
A] NCFFGT B] MBEEFS C] MDEEFS D] MBEESP
10. ‘START=WALKA’ and BUDPI=XZFMQ what should be ‘STUPID’ = ?
A] WAZMQF B] BAZMQF C] WAZNOF D] WAZMMF

Questions (11-15):

NOTE: Here the coding scheme is A=Z,B=Y,C=X AND so on answer the following

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11. LIMIT
A] KNRNG B] JKOKG C] ORNRG D] MHLHS

12. SOUR
A] HLFI B] IFLT C] IHIF D] FLTI

13. POCKET
A] KLXPUG B] KLXVPG C] KLXPUC D] KLXPVG

14. GROUP
A] TILEL B] TILFK C] TFGFK D] TILGH

15 ZERO
A] BUHN B] AUTL C] AVIL D] AYTI

Questions (16-18):
NOTE: IN THE FOLLOWING THE CODE USED IS ASED ON THE SKIPPING
PATTERN.EACH LETTER IS CODED WITH THE FOURTH ONE IN ALPHABETIC
ORDER,I.E A=(BC)D,B=(CD)E,C=(DE)F AND SO ON

16. SHOOT
A] TJPPR B] VKRRW C] UMSSX D] VKSSW

17. VWDUW
A] START B] STAIN C] STEPS D] STAND

18. GRZQ
A] OWNS B] DONE C] SHUT D] DOWN

19. IF ‘DBMDVUUB’ STANDS FOR CALCUTTA, HOW will you write ‘BOMBAY’?
A] DPNCBX B] CPMCBZ C] CPNCBZ D] DQODDX

20. In Certain Code ‘DELHI’ Is Written as ‘CDKGH’‘MADRAS’ as LZCQZR’ how will

PATNA be coded?
A] OZSMZ B] QBUMB C] OZTMZ D) OZMSZ

Questions (21-23):
NOTE: if “TENDER” is coded as “SDMCDQ”. Select appropriate code for the words

21. SOUPS
A] PNTQS B] RMTOR C] RNTOR D] TRQUT

22. LIMITED
A] DETIMIL B] KHLHSDC C] DETIMIL D] KHLHSDE

23. PEONS
A] ODNMS B] ODNMT C] ODNMR D] ODMNR

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NUMBER CODING:

24. if 12345671586 stands for “TERMINATION” what number code stands for
“MOTION”?
A] 458569 B] 481586 C] 438586 D] 458685

25. If BAD is coded as “5-4-7”,how will you code NATION?

A] 17-4-23-12-18-17 B] 17-4-22-18-18-17
C] 17-4-23-12-14-17 D] 17-5-21-11-18-16

26. If “ACT” is coded as “23-25-16”, HOW you code the “BELOW”

A] 23-8-11-19 B] 24-8-10-19 C] 23-8-11-18 D] 24-8-11-19

27. If “BOOK” IS 43 and “PEN” IS 35 and “COPY” is

A] 48 B] 59 C] 60 D] 79

28. “DRAMA” is coded as 37 and “STAGE” as 52.how you will code “ACTOR”?
A] 50 B] 56 C] 65 D] 57

29. SUPER=79, SUPREME =97, LABOUR=?

A] 49 B] 69 C] 79 D] 89

30. LIME =39, WHITE=?

A] 65 B] 66 C] 56 D] 75

31. If “BARS”=10 and “BEERT”=10,”DEEZ” will be ?

A] 12 B] 15 C] 14 D] 10

32. PEN=32, PAPER=51,DESK=?

A] 35 B] 40 C] 80 D] 10

33. if M=13 and O=15 code DEAF

A] 4316 B] 4516 C] 4518 D] 4616

34. HIGH=5645, and “DEEM”=12210, how will you code “feel”?

A] 3449 B] 4337 C] 3229 D] 2336

35. if B=25 and C=24, encoded “96872”

A] RUSTY B] POSTS C] DUSTY D] HASTY

Questions (1, 2) :
NOTE:”GOPAL” is coded as “84321”and “TREES”AS 56779.Based on the above coding
give codes for the following

1. GREAT
A] 85725 B] 86925 C] 86725 D] 86625

2. PETER

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A] 37576 B] 39596 C] 97576 D] 84346

3. If CASE is coded as 5231, chair is coded as 58206 and TEACH is coded as 71258,
what does 586037 stand for?
A] CHASTE B] CHRIST C] STREET D] CHEESE

4. In certain code BELOW is written as FCKVN. How is GIVEN written in that code?
A] JHWMD B] HJUMD C] JHMUD D] JHUMD

5. In a certain code BOARD is written as 54#12 and MORE IS written as 941$.how is

DREAM written on that code?
A] 21$#9 B] 2$1#9 C] 51$#9 D] 25$#9

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 Alphabet test
1.Arrange the given words Alphabetical Order and choose the one that comes first.
(A) Wasp (B) Waste (C) War (D) Wrinkle (E) Wrist
2. Arrange the given words Alphabetical Order and choose the one that comes first
(A) Science (B) Scrutiny (C) Scripture (D) Scramble (E) Script
3. Arrange the given words Alphabetical Order and choose the one that comes first.
(A) Intense (B) Intellect (C) Intend (D) Intelligent (E) Integument
4. Arrange the given words Alphabetical Order and choose the one that comes first.
(A) Nature (B) Native (C) Narrate (D) Nascent (E) Naughty
5. Arrange the given words Alphabetical Order and choose the one that comes first.
(A) Didactic (B) Dictum (C) Dictionary (D) Diastole (E) Dictate
6. Arrange the given words Alphabetical Order and choose the one that comes first.
(A) Praise (B) Practical (C) Prank (D) Prayer (E) Practices
7. Arrange the given words Alphabetical Order and choose the one that comes first.
(A) Animate (B) Animosity (C) Anguish (D) Ankle (E) Announce
8. Arrange the given words Alphabetical Order and choose the one that comes first.
(A) Probe (B) Proclaim (C) Proceed (D) Problem (E) Probate
9. Arrange the given words Alphabetical Order and choose the one that comes first.
(A) Guarantee (B) Group (C) Grotesque (D) Guard (E) Groan
10. Arrange the given words Alphabetical Order and choose the one that comes first.
(A) Signature (B) Sight (C) Shrine (D) Shrill (E) Shrink
11. How many pairs of letters in the word 'CHAIRS' have as many letters between them in
the word as in the alphabet?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 4
12.How many pairs of letters are there in the word " CASTRAPHONE" which have as many
letters between them in the word as in the alphabet?
(A)4 (B)5 (C)6 (D)1
13.A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z .
Which letter in this series is the eighth letter to the right of the letter which is tenth letter to
the left of the last but one letter of the series?
(A) A (B) X (C) C (D)W

19 | P a g e
14. How many meaningful English words can be formed with the letters ESRO using each
letter only once in each word?
(A) NONE (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 2
15.If in the word 'DISTURBANCE', the first letter is interchanged with the last letter, the
second letter is interchanged with the tenth letter and so on, which letter would come
after the letter T in the newly formed word ?
(A) S (B) I (C) N (D)T
16. If the first and second letters in the word DEPRESSION' were interchanged, also the third
and the fourth letters, the fifth and the sixth letters and so on, which of the following would
be the seventh letter from the right ?
(A) R (B)P (C)D (D)S

17. What should come next in the following letter sequence?

AABABCABCDABCDEABCD
(A)A (B)E (C)C (D)B
18. If the first half of the English alphabet is reversed and then next portion of English
alphabet is reversed so as 'A' takes the portion of 'M' and 'N' takes the portion of 'z' then which
letter will be 6th to the left of 17th letter to the right of 7th letter from the left?
(A) U (B) V (C) C (D) D
19.From the word 'LAPAROSCOPY' how many independent meaningful words can be made
without changing the order of the letters and using each letter only once ?
(A) 3 (B)4 (C)2 (D)1
20.From the word 'ASTOUNDER', how many independent words can be made with-out
changing the order of the letters and using each letter only once ?
(A)1 (B)2 (C)3 (D)4
21.Arrange these words in alphabetical order and tick the one that comes last
1. Abandon 2. Actuate 3. Accumulate 4. Acquit 5. Achieve
(A) Actuate (B) Abandon (C) Accumulate (D) Achieve
22. S L U A Y J V E I O N Q G Z B D R H
What will come in place of question (?) mark in the following series :
LA UJ YI EG ?
(A)QH (B) VN (C) FG (D)UV

2|Page
23. How many pairs of letters are there in theword 'HORIZON' which have as many letter
between them in the word as in the English alphabet ?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) MORE THAN 3
24. If the first and second letters in the word 'MISFORTUNE' were interchanged, also the
third and the fourth letters, the fifth and the sixth letters and so on, which letter would then
be the eighth letter counting to your left ?
(A) O (B) F (C) T (D) I
25.How many independent words can 'HEARTLESS' be divided into without changing
the order of the letters and using each letter only once ?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
26.Arrange the following words will come middle if all of them are arranged alphabetically
as in a dictionary?
(A)SAVE (B) SAVIOUR (C) SAVAGE (D) SAVOUR
27.How many meaningful English words can be made from the letters EOPR using each letter
only once?
(A) NONE (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
28. If the sequence of the English alphabet is reversed then which letter is 7th to the left of
second vowel from the right of English alphabet in the new series?
(A) U (B) V (C) L (D) M
29.Q 2 3 B 9 V 5 L S R F P012
If one is subtracted from each of the numbers, which of the following will be the fourth to the
right of the thirteenth from the right ?
(A)4 (B) 8 (C) 2 (D) 1
30. If the positions of the third and tenth letter of the word 'DOCUMENTATION' are
interchanged, and likewise the position of the fourth and seventh letters, the second and sixth
letters, is also interchanged, which of the following will be eleventh letter from the right
end ?
(A) U (B) C (C) T (D)I

31. How many letters are there in the word 'CREATIVE' which have as many letters between
them in the word as in the alphabet ?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
32. If the last four letters of the word 'CONCENTRATION' are written in reverse order

3|Page
followed by next two in the reverse order andnext three in the reverse order and then
followed by the first four in the reverse order,counting from the end, which letter would be
eighth in the new arrangement ?
(A) E (B) N (C) R (D) T
33. If the position of the first letter of English alphabet is interchanged with the position of
the fourteenth letter, second letter with fifteenth letter, and so on, in such a way that M
is interchanged with Z, then which of the following letters will be 7th to the right of 13th
letter from the right?
(A) U (B) G (C) H (D) I
34. LAP BUT CAR SON HID
If the positions of the first and the third alphabets of each of the words are
interchanged, which of the following wouldform a meaningful word in the new
arrangement?
(A)HID (B) SON (C) LAP (D) BOTH LAP AND BUT
35. Of the six members of a panel sitting in arow X is to left of Q but on the right of P. Y is in
the right of Q but is on the left of Z, Z is to the left of R. Find the members who are at the
extreme?
(A) QZ (B)PR (C) XY (D) AZ
36.C U B A E D E D A B E B A U C D B C A D B D U
BCACBEDA
If all the A's are dropped from the above arrangement, which of the following will be
eleventh from the left end of the above arrangement?
(A)E (B) D (C) C (D)U
37. If it is possible to form a word with the first ,fourth, seventh and eleventh letters in the
word “SUPERFLUOUS" write the first letter of that word otherwise x is the answer
(A) S (B) L (C) E (D) X
38.If it is possible to make a meaningful word from the third, fifth, sixth, eighth and tenth
letters of the word PAROCHIALISM using each letter only once, third letter of the word
would be your answer. If more than one such wordcan be formed, your answer would
be 'y' and ifno such word can be formed, answer is 'G'.
(A) Y (B) G (C) A (D) X
39.In the following Color sequence, R stands for Red, Y for Yellow , G for Green, B for Blue
and W for white of the sequence is continued, which color will come next?

4|Page
BBRBRWBRWGBRWGYBRBRWBRW
(A)White (B) Yellow (C) Red (D) Green
40. How many pairs of letter are there in the word 'BUCKET' which have as many letters
Between them in the word as in the alphabet?
(A)1 (B)3 (C) more than 3 (D) 2

5|Page
 DIRECTION SENSE
There are four main directions - East, West, North and South as shown below:

There are four cardinal directions - North-East (N-E), North-West (N-W), South-East (S-
E), and South-West (S-W) as shown below:

 At the time of sunrise if a man stands facing the east, his shadow will be towards
west.
 At the time of sunset the shadow of an object is always in the east.
 If a man stands facing the North, at the time of sunrise his shadow will be
towards his left and at the time of sunset it will be towards his right.
 At 12:00 noon, the rays of the sun are vertically downward hence there will be no
shadow.
 There is generally two types of rotation called clockwise which means the manner
in which clock revolve and second is anticlockwise which means opposite of the
manner in which the clock revolve.
Main types of questions are given below:
Type 1:
Siva starting from his house, goes 5 km in the East, then he turns to his left and goes 4 km.
Finally he turns to his left and goes 5 km. Now how far is he from his house and in what
direction?
Solution:

6|Page
From third position it is clear he is 4 km from his house and is in North direction.
Type 2:
Suresh starting from his house, goes 4 km in the East, then he turns to his right and goes 3
km. What minimum distance will be covered by him to come back to his house?
Solution:

Type 3:
One morning after sunrise Juhi while going to school met Lalli at Boring road crossing. Lalli's
shadow was exactly to the right of Juhi. If they were face to face, which direction was Juhi
facing?
Solution: In the morning sunrises in the east.

So in morning the shadow falls towards the west.

Now Lalli's shadow falls to the right of the Juhi. Hence Juhi is facing South.
Type 4:
Hema starting from her house walked 5 km to reach the crossing of Palace. In which direction
she was going, a road opposite to this direction goes to Hospital. The road to the right goes to

7|Page
station. If the road which goes to station is just opposite to the road which IT-Park, then in
which direction to Hema is the road which goes to IT-Park?
Solution:

From II it is clear that the road which goes to IT-Park is left to Hema.

8|Page
 Excercise
1. Santosh goes first 7 km north then turns left and move 10 km, again he turns left and
moves 7 km, how far is he from the starting point?
A] 7km B] 10km C] 17 km D] 24 km

2. One morning Udai and Vishal were talking to each other face to face at a crossing. If
Vishal's shadow was exactly to the left of Udai, which direction was Udai facing?
A] East B] west C] north D] south
3. Mohan travels 7 km to the north direction from where he is standing and turns to his
right. He then walk straight for another 3 km. turning to his right he moves 7 km. how
many km away from starting point is he?
A] 1 B] 2 C] 3 D] 5
4. If South-East becomes North, North-East becomes West and so on. What will West
become?
A] north east B] north west C] south east D] south
west
5. A man walks 5 km toward south and then turns to the right. After walking 3 km he
turns to the left and walks 5 km. Now in which direction is he from the starting place?
A] west B] south C] north east D] south
west
6. Ranuka started walking from her house, she first walked for 3 km towards west, then
she turned towards north and moved 4 km in that direction. How far is ranuka from
her house?
A] 3 km south B] 3 km S-E C] 5 km west D] 5 km N-
W
7. Rahul put his timepiece on the table in such a way that at 6 P.M. hour hand points to
North. In which direction the minute hand will point at 9.15 P.M.?
A] South-East B] south C] north D] west
8. Rasik walked 20 m towards north. Then he turned right and walks 30 m. Then he
turns right and walks 35 m. Then he turns left and walks 15 m. Finally he turns left
and walks 15 m. In which direction and how many metres is he from the starting
position?
A] 15 m west B] 30 m east C] 30 m west D] 45 m
east
9. A started on Monday morning for his office from his home in Mumbai. He first drove
4 km towards east and then turned right and moved for another 2 km and again he
turn right and drove for another 2 km. From that very point he drive 1 km north and
moved 2 km towards west. Then he is how far from the starting point and in which
direction?
A] 2 km east B] 2 km west C] 1 km south D] 1 km
north

9|Page
10. A man ran 20 m to the east, then he turned left and walk for 15 m, then turned right
and went 25 m and then turned right again and went 15 m. how far is he from starting
point?
A] 45 m B] 35 m C] 25 m D] 15 m
11. Starting from the point X, Jayant walked 15 m towards west. He turned left and
walked 20 m. He then turned left and walked 15 m. After this he turned to his right
and walked 12 m. How far and in which directions is now Jayant from X?
A] 32 m, South B] 47 m, East C] 42 m, North D] 27 m,
South
12. One evening before sunset Rekha and Hema were talking to each other face to face. If
Hema's shadow was exactly to the right of Hema, which direction was Rekha facing?
A] north B] south C] east D] data inadequate
13. A boy rode his bicycle northward, then turned left and rode 1 km and again turned left
and rode 2 km. He found himself 1 km west of his starting point. How far did he ride
northward initially?
A] 1 km B] 2 km C] 3 km D] 5 km
14. K is 40 m South-West of L. If M is 40 m South-East of L, then M is in which
direction of K?
A] east B] west C] north- east D] south
15. A man walks 2 km towards North. Then he turns to East and walks 10 km. After this
he turns to North and walks 3 km. Again he turns towards East and walks 2 km. How
far is he from the starting point?
A] 10 km B] 13 km C] 15 km D] none
Directions for 16 to 19: If u start running from a point to north and after covering 4 kms
you turn to your left and run 5 km, and then again turn to your left and run 5 km and
then turn to the left again and run another 6 km and before finishing you take another
left turn and run 1 km then answer the following questions.
16. How many km are you from the place you started?
A] 1 km B] 2 km C] 3 km D] 4 km
17. In which direction you will be running while finishing?
A] east B] west C] north D] south
18. After taking the second turn, in which direction will you be running?
A] east B] west C] north D] south
19. From the finishing point if you have to reach the point where you started, in which
direction will you have to run?
A] east B] west C] north D] south
Direction for 20 to 22 : Ram walks 2 km. towards north and turn to his right and
walked 4 km more. He then turns to his right and walks 4 km and turn again to his right
and walk another 4 km. Here he meets Renu coming from the opposite direction. They
both stop here.
20. What is the distance between the starting point and ending point?
A] 10 km B] 8 km C] 6 km D] 2 km

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21. From which direction Renu was coming?
A] south B] north C] west D] east

22. If Ram is to go again reach the point from where he started in which direction will he
have to go from where he’s standing now?
A] east B] north C] south-east D] north-
east
23. Neeta starting from point X and walked straight 5 kn west, then turned left and walk 2
km and again turn left and walked 7 km. In which direction is she from X?
A] N-E B] S-W C] S-E D] N-W

24. Four friends M, N, O and P are playing cards. M and N are partners. P faces towards
North. If M faces towards west, then who faces towards south?
A] O B] N C] P D] none
25. P started from his house towards west. After walking a distance of 25 m. He turned to
the right and walked 10 m. He then again turned to the right and walked 15 m. After
this he is to turn right at 135o and to cover 30 m. In which direction should he go?
A] west B] south C] south west D] south
east

11 | P a g e
26. Rohan walked 50 m towards East, took a righ turn and walked 30 m. Which direction is
he
now from his starting position ?
(1) South-West (2) North-East (3) North-West (4) South-East (5) None of these
27. Pranav started walking straight facing West . After walking some distance he took a left
turn and again after walking some distance he took a left turn. Which direction is he facing
now?
(1) West (2) North (3) East (4) South (5)Cannot be determined
28.Nishtha lives to the North of Nihar who lives to the West of Harry. Arun who lives to the
South of Nishtha has house in which direction with respect to Harry ?
(1) North-West (2) North (3)South-West (4) Cannot be determined (5)None of these
29. R is to the West of P.T is to the East of S.P is to the North of S. T is in which direction
with reference to R ?
(1) West (2) East (3) North (4) South (5) None of these
30. There are four towns P,Q,R & T. Q is to the South-West of P, R is to the East of Q and
South-East of P, and T is to the North of R in line with QP. In which direction of P is T
located?
1) South-East 2) North 3)North-East 4) East 5) None of these.
31. Kamal is facing South . Kunal is walking towards him , stops, and turns to his right . He
sees Komal standing before him facing him. Which direction Komal is facing ?
(1) West (2) South (3) East (4) Date inadequate (5) None of these
32. Ashok walked five metres towards North, took a right turn and walked 10 metres and
again he took a right turn and walked 10 metres and in the end turns left . Which direction is
he facing now ?
(1) South (2) West (3) North (4) South-West (5) None of these
33. Karan walked 40 m towards North, took a left turn and walked 20 m and again took a left
turn and walked 40 m. How far he is from his starting position and in which direction ?
(1) 10 m North (2) 50 m South (3) 20 m West. (4) 10 m South
(5) None of these
34. Sahil cycled 10 miles from point P towards the East. He then took right turn and peddled 5
miles and taking another right turn cycled again for another 5 miles. In which direction is
point P from where Sahil is standing now ?
(1) West (2) North-West (3) North-East (4) Cannot be determined (5) None of these
35. Amit walked 30 metres towards East, took a right turn and walked 40 meters. Then he
took a left turn and walked 30 metres. In which direction is he now from the starting point and
how far?
(1)50 m East (2) 10 m South-East (3) 20 13 m South East(4) 20 m North-East (5) None of
these
36. Kunal walks 10 kms towards North, from here he goes 6 kms towards South. Then he
goes 3 kms towards East. How far and in which direction is he from the starting point?
1) 5 km West 2) 5 km North-East 3) 7 km East 4) 7 km West 5) None of these.
37. A man goes 30 km to South and then turning left he goes 20 km. Then turning to North he
goes 30 km. After this, turns to his left and goes 40 km. How far is the from his starting
point?
(1) 10 km (2) 6 km (3)20 km (4) 25 km (5) None of these
38. A boy walks northwards. After a while he turns towards his right and a little further to his
left. Finally after walking a distance of one kilometer, he turns to his left again. In which
direction he is moving now ?
(1) North (2) South (3) East (4) West (5) None of these

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39. From his office, Rakesh walks 10 km to the East turns left walks 6 km and turns left and
walks another 14 km. Which direction is he facing ?
(1) South (2) East (3) West (4) North (5) None of these
40. One morning Meena started walking towards the Sun. After walking a while she turned
towards her left and again towards her
left. After walking a while,. She turned left. In which direction is she facing now ?
(1) West (2) South (3) North (4) East (5) None of these

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 Blood Relations
Family tree logical problems mainly deals with the hierarchical structure of a family i.e.
grandparents, parents, children etc. Various relationships b/w family members of two or three
generations will be given. The entire family tree has to be constructed by putting the various
relationships together.
The typical relationships that are seen in family tree problems are parent-child, husband-wife,
grandparent-grandchild, uncle/aunt-nephew/niece, brother-in-law/sister-in-law/parents-in-law
One of the many kinds of questions generally asked in logical reasoning tests is the FAMILY/
Blood RELATION questions. These questions start with a series of related statements,
usually about 5 to 7 with one statement directly under the other. Following the series of
statements, several multiple-choice questions are given. Careful analysis of each of the
statements, singly and collectively, is required in order to arrive at the correct choices.
In most of such questions, it is very useful to draw a diagram relating to what is mentioned in
the passage or in the set of statements. Another way to improve your ability to answer
family/blood relation questions is to compose your own questions about your own or any
other family known to you. Accordingly, test the validity of your own questions by trying
them on some of your friends.
On the following pages, you will find several practice situation/questions for this type.
A list of important relations that are mostly asked in the examinations
1. Brother Son of mother or father
2. Sister Daughter of mother or father
3. Aunt Sister of mother or father
4. Uncle Brother of mother or father
5. Cousin Son/daughter of uncle/aunt
6. Grandmother Mother of father or mother
7. Grandfather Father of father or mother
8. Niece Daughter of brother/sister
9. Nephew Son of brother/sister
10. Brother-in-law Sister’s husband, brother of wife or husband
11. Sister-in-law Brother’s wife, sister of wife or husband
12. Daughter-in-law Wife of son

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 Exercise
1. T is the son of Q. Q is the daughter of Z, Z is the Husband of W and W is the mother
of only son X. What is X to T?
A] Uncle B] Father C] Son D] Grandfather
2. Q is the sister of S and S is the wife of K. What is K to Q?
A] Father-in-law B] Sister-in-law
C] Brother-in-law D] Mother-in-law
3. D and C are children of E, E is the mother of D but C is not the brother of D. What is
C to E?
A] Son B] Daughter C] Sister D] Brother
4. Z is the father of X and Y is the brother of X. What is Y to Z?
A] Daughter B] Brother C] Sister D] Son
5. Mona is the sister of Ravi, Ravi is the brother of Money, Money is the son of Pushpa.
What is Pushpa to Mona?
A] Sister-in-law B] Sister C] Mother D] Daughter
6. L is the father of K, K is the brother of M and M is the wife of P. What is P is K?
A] Father-in-law B] Sister-in-law
C] Son-in-law D] Brother-in-law
7. R is the sister of F, F is the Husband of G’s Sister and L is Sister of G. what is L to
R?
A] Mother-in-law B] Sister-in-law
C] Sister D] Daughter-in-law
8. U is the brother of Q. Q is the Husband of K and L is the father of U. What is L to K?
A] Mother-in-law B] Father-in-law
C] Mother D] Sister
9. Mohan is the brother of Dinesh. Dinesh is the son of Murti. Murti is the wife of
Mehar Chand. What is Mehar Chand to Mohan?
A] Father B] Brother C] Mother D] Uncle
10. A is the brother of T. T is the daughter of Q. Q is the wife of S. What is S to A.?
A] Father B] Mother C] Brother D] Sister
11. Santosh is the brother of Dinesh. Dinesh is the brother of Paritosh. Paritosh is the
Husband of Garima. Haider is the father of Santosh. What is Haider to Garima?
A] Brother B] Father C] Father-in-law D] Uncle

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12. A is the sister of B. B is the daughter of C. C is the daughter of D. What is D to A?
A] Father B] Mother C] Brother D] Grandmother
13. U is the father of W. W is the sister of X. X is the husband of Z. What is Z to U?
A] Son-in-law B] Daughter-in-law C] Daughter D] Sister
14. Ajit is the brother of the son of Sethi’s son. What is the relationship between Ajit and
Sethi?
A] Ajit is the grandson of Sethi
B] Ajit is the son of Sethi
C] Ajit is the brother of Sethi
D] Ajit has no relation with Sethi
15. Raghu is the father of Romi and Raghav is the son of Ramesh. Amit is the brother of
Raghu. If Romi is the sister of Raghav, how is Ramesh related to Amit?
A] Brother-in-law B] Sister-in-law C] Husband D] Daughter
16. Q’s mother is sister of P and Daughter of M. S is the daughter of P and sister of T.
How is M related to T?
A] Father B] Grandfather
C] Grandmother D] Grandfather/Grandmother
Directions: A is the son of B. C, B’s sister has a son D and a daughter E. F is the
maternal Uncle of D.

17. How is A related to D?

A] Cousin B] Nephew C] Uncle D] Brother
18. How is E related to F?
A] Sister B] Daughter C] Niece D] Wife
19. How many Nephews does F have?
A] None B] One C] Two D] Three
Directions:
A is the father of C, but C is not his son.
E is the daughter of C. F is the spouse of A.
B is the brother of C. D is the son of B.
G is the spouse of B. H is the father of G.
20. Who is the Grandmother of D?
A] A B] C C] F D] G
21. Who is the son of F?

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 A] B B] C C] D D] E
22. C is A’s father’s nephew. D is A’s cousin but not the brother of C. How is D related
to C?
A] Father B] Sister C] Mother D] Aunt
23. P is the son of Q, while Q and R are sisters to one another. T is the mother of R. If S
is the son of T which of the following statements is correct?
A] T is the brother of Q B] S is the cousin of P
C] Q and S are sisters D] S is the maternal uncle of P
24. A is the brother of B, B is the brother of c. D is the father of A. Based on these three
statements which of the following statements cannot be definitely true?
A] B is the brother of A B] B is the son of D
C] A is the brother of C D] C is the brother of A
25. A is the father of X; B is the mother of Y. The sister of X and Z is Y. which of the
following statements cannot be definitely true?
A] B is the mother of Z B] X is the sister of Z
C] Y is the son of A D] B is the wife of A
26. Rajan is the brother of Sachin and Manik is the father of Sachin. Jagat is the brother
of Priya and Priya is the daughter of Sachin. Who is the Uncle of Jagat?
A] Rajan B] Manik C] Sachin D] None
Directions:
Six persons A, B, C, D, E and F are travelling together. B is the son of C but C is not
the mother of B. A and C are married couple. E is the brother of C. D is the daughter
of A and F is the brother of B.
27. How many male members are there in the Family?
A] 1 B] 2 C] 3 D] 4
28. Who is the mother of B?
A] D B] F C] E D] A
29. How many children does A have?
A] One B] Two C] Three D] Four

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Directions:
A + B means A is the daughter of B; A*B means A is the son of B and A-B means A
is the wife of B.
30. If P*Q-S which of the following is true?
A] S is wife of Q B] S is the father of P
C] P is the daughter of Q D] Q is the father of P
31. If T-S*B-M, which of the following is not true?
A] B is the mother of S B] M is the husband of B
C] T is wife of S D] S is daughter of B
32. If Z*T-S*U+P, what is U to Z?
A] Mother B] Grandmother
C] Can’t be determined D] None of these
33. P*Q means P is the sister of Q: P+Q means P is the father of Q:P-Q means P is the
mother of Q. Which of the following means S is the Aunt of T?
A] T*M+S B] S+T*M
C] S*M+T D] S*M+R-T
34. If A+B means A is the son of B, A-B means A is the husband of B, A*B means A is
the sister of B. Then which of the following shows that the relation Q is the maternal
uncle of P?
A] P+B-R*Q B] P-B+R*Q
C] P+B*R-Q D] P*B-R+Q
E] None of these
35. Pointing to a man on the stage, Rita said, “He is the brother of the daughter of the
wife of my husband. “ How is the man on the stage related to Rita?
A] Son B] Husband C] Cousin
D] Nephew E] Brother-in-law

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36. Showing the man receiving the prize, Saroj said, “He is the brother of my uncle’s
daughter.” Who is man to Saroj?
A] Son B] Brother-in-law C] Nephew
D] Uncle E] Cousin
37. Pointing to a photograph, a person tells his friend,” she is the granddaughter of the
elder brother of my father.” How is the girl in the photograph related to this man?
A] Niece B] Sister C] Aunt
D] Sister-in-law E] Maternal aunt
38. Pointing to a photograph, Vipul who is a male said,” She is the daughter of my
grandfather’s only son.” How is Vipul related to the girl in the photograph?
A] Father B] Brother C] Cousin
D] Data inadequate E] None of these
39. Pointing out to a lady, a girl said, “She is the daughter-in-law of the grandmother of
my father’s only son.” How is the lady related to the girl?
A] Sister-in-law B] Mother C] Aunt
D] Mother-in-law E] Cousin
40. Rita told Mani, “The girl I met yesterday at the beach was the youngest daughter of
the brother-in-law of my friend’s mother.” How is the girl related to Rita’s friend?
A] Cousin B] Daughter C] Niece
D] Friend E] Aunt

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 Chapter 1- Number system
Level - Beginner
Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer
1 C 2 C 3 C 4 D 5 A
6 D 7 B 8 A 9 A 10 C
11 C 12 B 13 A 14 B 15 C
16 C 17 A 18 A 19 B 20 C
21 B 22 A 23 C 24 A 25 D
26 B 27 A 28 C 29 B 30 A
31 C 32 D 33 A 34 A 35 C
36 A 37 C 38 A 39 B 40 C

Chapter 2 - Averages
Level - Beginner
Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer
1 C 2 B 3 B 4 A 5 D
6 C 7 B 8 A 9 C 10 D
11 C 12 C 13 B 14 A 15 A
16 D 17 C 18 A 19 D 20 B
21 D 22 B 23 D 24 C 25 B
26 C 27 A 28 B 29 C 30 A
31 B 32 A 33 C 34 A 35 D
36 B 37 D 38 D 39 A 40 A

CHAPTER 3 - Percentages
Level - Beginner
Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer
1 B 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 D
6 C 7 D 8 A 9 B 10 B
11 A 12 C 13 B 14 A 15 A
16 D 17 C 18 C 19 B 20 B
21 A 22 C 23 B 24 B 25 A
26 D 27 A 28 C 29 C 30 D
31 D 32 A 33 B 34 C 35 A
36 D 37 C 38 B 39 B 40 A

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 Chapter 4- Profit And Loss
Level - Beginner
Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer
1 A 2 A 3 C 4 D 5 A
6 B 7 C 8 D 9 B 10 B
11 B 12 A 13 A 14 B 15 C
16 A 17 C 18 C 19 C 20 C
21 C 22 B 23 B 24 A 25 C
26 A 27 C 28 C 29 D 30 D
31 B 32 B 33 D 34 B 35 D
36 C 37 B 38 C 39 A 40 C

Chapter 5 - Simple & Compound Interest

Level - Beginner
Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer
1 C 2 B 3 D 4 B 5 C
6 A 7 B 8 B 9 C 10 A
11 B 12 A 13 A 14 C 15 C
16 C 17 D 18 B 19 A 20 B
21 B 22 D 23 B 24 D 25 C
26 B 27 D 28 C 29 B 30 D
31 C 32 D 33 D 34 D 35 C
36 B 37 B 38 A 39 B 40 B

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 Chapter 6 –Series completion
Exercise
Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer
1 B 2 A 3 D 4 A 5 C
6 C 7 B 8 B 9 B 10 C
11 D 12 A 13 B 14 A 15 C
16 C 17 B 18 A 19 D 20 D
21 B 22 A 23 B 24 B 25 A
26 B 27 B 28 C 29 D 30 A
31 D 32 A 33 A 34 A 35 B
36 D 37 A 38 C 39 D 40 C

Alpha Series
Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer
1 A 2 D 3 C 4 A 5 C
6 D 7 B 8 B 9 A 10 C
11 A 12 C 13 B 14 A 15 B
16 C 17 A 18 C 19 B 20 B
21 A 22 D 23 B 24 C 25 B
26 A 27 D 28 C 29 A 30 A

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 CHAPTER - 7
CODING - DECODING

LEVEL - BEGINNER
Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer
1. E 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B
6. A 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. A
11. C 12. A 13. D 14. B 15. C
16. B 17. A 18. D 19. C 20. A
21. D 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. B
26. A 27. D 28. B 29. D 30. B
31. A 32. D 33. A 34. B 35. C
36. A 37. C 38. A 39. C 40. A

CHAPTER – 8 [Alphabet test]

Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer
1. C 2. A 3. E 4. C 5. D
6. B 7. C 8. C 9. E 10. B
11. A 12. C 13. C 14. D 15. A
16. B 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. C
21. A 22. A 23. D 24. C 25. B
26. A 27. C 28. C 29. C 30. C
31. C 32. C 33. C 34. D 35. B
36. D 37. D 38. C 39. D 40. A

CHAPTER – 9[DIRECTION SENSE]

Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer
1 B 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 D
6 D 7 D 8 D 9 C 10 A
11 A 12 B 13 B 14 A 15 B
16 A 17 C 18 D 19 B 20 D
21 C 22 B 23 C 24 A 25 C
26. A 27. C 28. D 29. E 30. C
31. A 32. E 33. C 34. B 35. C

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 36. B 37. C 38. D 39. C 40. B

Chapter 10 - Blood Relations

Level - Beginner
Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer Q. No. Answer
1 A 2 C 3 B 4 D 5 C
6 D 7 B 8 B 9 A 10 A
11 C 12 D 13 B 14 A 15 B
16 D 17 A 18 C 19 C 20 C
21 A 22 B 23 D 24 D 25 C
26 A 27 D 28 D 29 C 30 B
31 D 32 B 33 C 34 E 35 A
36 E 37 A 38 B 39 B 40 A

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