dP 2 du

Using equation 2 = − (1 + (γ − 1)M )

P u
2 du 2 du 2f
We get − (1 + (γ − 1)M ) + γM =− dx(γM 2)
u u Dh
du 2f
(M − 1)
2
Simplifying =− dx(γM 2)
u Dh

( ) u
dM γ − 1 2 du
Using equation 3 = 1+ M
M 2
We get
M2 − 1 dM 2f 2
= − dx(γM ) 5
1 + 2 M2 M Dh
γ−1

M2 − 1 2MdM 4f
Or =− dx
(1 + M 2) (γM 2)
γ−1 M 2 Dh
2

Limits of integration :
The flow wether subsonic or supersonic

goes towards M = 1. Let length of duct

there be L* M=M M=1

Integrating we get x=0 x = L*

γ+1
2
4f L* 1 − M 2
γ+1 2
M
= + ln
Dh γM 2 2γ γ−1
1 + 2 M2
 dM
Note that equation 5 gives in terms of dx .
M
du
Substituting in equation 3 will give in terms of dx. Lets call this equation 6.
u
dT dP ds
Substituting this in equations 1, 2 and 4 will give , , in terms of dx. Let us call these equations 7, 8 and 9.
T P R
Also recall that for an adiabatic flow
dP0
( P02 )
ds Δs P01
=− Integrating this gives = ln
P0 R R
dP0
From this we can then obtain in terms of dx . Let’s call this equation 10.
P0
Integrating equations 7 through 10 we get
γ+1
These are listed as tables
γ−1 2(γ − 1)

P0 1 1+ 2
M2 P T P0 ρ 4f L*
= 11 M
P*
0 M γ+1
P* T* P*
0
ρ* Dh
2

γ+1
T 2
= 12
T* 1+
γ−1
M2
2
1
γ+1 2

P 1 2
= 13
P* M 1+
γ−1
M2
2
 T-s diagram
P0 P*
0

T
P1
0
T0

1 ds (1 − M 2) dM
T1 =
( )
R 1 +
γ−1
M 2 M
2
Subsonic

dT (γ − 1)M 2 dM
M=1 * =−
( )
Fanno Line
T 1 +
γ−1
M 2 M
2

1′ M=M M=1
T′1
P′1
Supersonic x =0 x = L*

- Wether we start from a subsonic point 1 or a supersonic point 2, M → 1 as we move along the duct. Eventually M = 1 .
- For a subsonic point, as we move along the duct, dM > 0 resulting in ds > 0 and dT < 0, resulting in the shape of curve
- For a supersonic point, as we move along the duct, dM < 0 resulting in ds > 0 and dT > 0, resulting in the shape of curve
- Rightmost point is sonic as ds = 0 when M = 1.
 Rayleigh Flow: Flow with heat addition
- Consider 1 D, steady flow through a constant area duct

T1 T2
u1 u2
ρ1 ρ2

P1 P2

- Consider frictionless flow with heat transfer. A control volume analysis gives

Integral form Differential form

m· dρ du
Mass ρ1u1 = ρ2u2 = + =0
A ρ u

Momentum P1 + ρ1u12 = P2 + ρ2u22 dP + ρudu = 0

1 2 1 2 cpdT + udu = dq
Energy h1 + u1 + q = h2 + u2
2 2
·
Q
Where q = · = heat per unit mass
m
 du
We want to write all differential quantities in terms of
u
dρ du
From mass conservation =− 1
ρ u
From momentum conservation
dP ρu 2 du
+ =0
P P u
dP u 2 du
+ =0
P RT u
dP du
= − γM 2 2
P u
From equation of state
dT dP dρ 2 du du 2 du
= − = − γM + = (1 − γM ) 3
T P ρ u u u
Mach number

( ) u
dM du 1 dT 1 + γM 2 du
= − = 4
M u 2 T 2
u2
From energy conservation T0 = T +
2cp
udu
Or dT0 = dT +
cp
dT0 dT u 2 du 2 du 2 du 2 du
Or = + = (1 − γM ) + (γ − 1)M = (1 − M ) 5
T T cpT u u u u
dT dp ds dT γ − 1 dp 2 du 2 du 2 du
Similarly ds = cp −R or = − = (1 − γM ) + (γ − 1)M = (1 − M ) 6
T p cp T γ p u u u
 du > 0 du < 0

1 M P ρ T s T0 M P ρ T s T0
M<
γ

1
<M<1 M P ρ T ρ
γ s T0 M P T s T0

M>1 M P ρ T s T0 M P ρ T s T0
 ds 2 du
dT0 dq
Combining the last two = (1 − M ) = =
cp u T cPT

Note: 1) As heat is added T0 and so from above equation s .

Similarly when heat is removed T0 and s . How is this possible?

ssys
suni

q
ssur

2) If M < 1 , Heating leads to M , while cooling leads to M .

Add heat M goes towards 1

If M > 1 , Heating leads to M , while cooling leads to M . Remove heat M goes away from 1