No.

of
Sl.
Topics / Sub-Topics Classes
No.
Estimated
UNIT: I
RESOLUTION AND RESULTANT OF FORCE SYSTEM
1. Introduction to Mechanics, fundamental concepts and assumptions. 1
2. Resolution of coplanar concurrent forces. 2
3. Resultant of coplanar concurrent force systems. 2
4. Moment of forces and Principle of moments and its application. 3
Couple and its applications, Resultant of coplanar non- concurrent force systems,
5. 2
couples and its applications.
EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM
6. Equilibrium of Force system, Free body diagrams. 2
7. Equilibrium of coplanar concurrent Force system and its applications. 3
8. Equilibrium of coplanar non-concurrent Force system and its applications. 3
UNIT: II
THEORY OF FRICTION
9. Theory and Laws of friction, application of friction to a single body. 3
10. Friction for non- concurrent forces and applications. 2
11. Wedge friction. 1
12. Belt friction theory and its applications. 2
UNIT: III
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE TRUSSES
13. Trusses – fundamentals and basic concepts of analysis and assumptions. 1
14. Analysis of simple trusses using method of joints. 3
15. Analysis of simple trusses using method of sections. 2
UNIT: IV
CENTROID
16. Centroid of simple areas and lines basic formulas from first principles. 1
17. Centroids of lines and area from first principles. 2
18. Centroids of composite lines. 1
19. Centroids of composite areas. 1
20. Theorems of Pappus and applications. 1
21. Centre of gravity for elementary bodies from first principles. 1
22. Centre of gravity for composite bodies. 1
UNIT: V
MOMENT OF INERTIA
23. Definition of Moment of inertia, Area Moment of inertia 1
24. Polar Moment of inertia, radius of gyration 1
25. Transfer axes theorem, Perpendicular axes theorem 1
26. Moment of Inertia of elementary and composite areas 1
27. Product of inertia 1
28. Mass moments of inertia of elementary bodies 1
Number of Classes Estimated: 46
 UNIT – I
RESOLUTION AND RESULTANT OF FORCE SYSTEM
AND
EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEM

Mechanics

Mechanics is a branch of physical science that deals with the behavior of a body when the body
is at rest or in motion subjected to energy and forces and their effect on bodies.

Engineering Mechanics

Engineering mechanics is the application of the principles and laws of science of mechanics to
the practical engineering problems which deals with construction, designing and analysing mechanical
systems. It is a branch of engineering that combines the principles of physics and mathematics to solve
problems in mechanics.

The goal of engineering mechanics is to understand and predict the behaviour of the force
systems under various loading conditions. It is used in various fields, including aerospace engineering,
biomedical engineering, chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and
mechanical engineering. The principles of mechanics are the foundation stones to research and
development and plays an important role in designing and analysing many mechanical systems, such as
robotics, fluid flow, aircraft, automobiles, bridges, buildings, machinery, ships, satellites, spacecraft
and in many other fields.

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Classification of Engineering Mechanics

Rigid Body

When an external force acts on a body and the distance between the two points on the body
doesn’t change, then the body is known as a rigid body.

Deformable Body

A deformable body is a physical body that deforms, meaning it changes its shape or volume
while being acted upon by an external force. The relative position of any points on a deformable body
can change.

Statics

Statics is the branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium. Static
equilibrium is a physical state in which the net force through the system is zero and the system's
components are at rest.

Dynamics

Dynamics is the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of bodies under the action of
forces.
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Kinematics

Kinematics is the study of the motion of mechanical points, bodies and systems without
consideration of their associated physical properties and the forces acting on them.

Kinetics

Kinetics is a branch of science that deals with the effects of forces upon the motions of material
bodies or with changes in a physical or chemical system.

Fundamental Principles / Laws of Mechanics

 Newton’s first law of motion / Law of inertia

 Newton’s second law of inertia / Law of force

 Newton’s third law of motion / Law of reaction

 Principle of transmissibility of forces

 Principle of superposition of forces

 Law of Sines / Sines rule formula

 Parallelogram law of forces

 Triangle law of forces

 Lami’s theorem

 Varignon’s principle

 Laws of friction

 Parallel axes theorem / Transfer axes theorem

 Perpendicular axes theorem

 Pappus-Guldinus Theorems

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Newton’s first law of motion / Law of inertia

Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight
line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force
force.. This tendency to resist
changes in a state of motion is inertia.

Newton’s second
nd law of inertia / Law of force

Newton's second law, which states that the force F acting on a body is equal to the mass m of
the body multiplied by the acceleration a of its centre of mass, F = ma,, is the basic equation of motion
in classical mechanics.

Newton’s third law of motion / Law of reaction

Newton's third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite
reaction.. If object A exerts a force on object B, object B also exerts an equal and opposite force on
object A.. In other words, forces result from interactions.

Principle of transmissibility of forces

Principle of transmissibility states that the state of rest or of motion of a rigid body will be
unaltered if a force acting on the body will be replaced by another force of the same magnitude and
direction but acting anywhere on the body along the same line of action of the applied forces.

Fig.: Principle of transmissibility of forces

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Principle of superposition of forces

The principle of superposition can be defined as "If two equal and opposite collinear forces are
added or removed from the force system, there will be no change in the system as well as the position
of the body".

Fig.: Principle of superposition of forces

Law of Sines / Sines rule formula

The law of sines can be used to compute the remaining sides of a triangle when two angles and
a side are known - a technique known as triangulation. It can also be used when two sides and one of
the non-enclosed angles are known.

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Parallelogram law of forces

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Triangle law of forces

Use:
This law is used to determine the resultant of two forces acting at a point of a rigid body in a
plane and is inclined to each other.

Statement:
“If two forces acting simultaneously on a body are represented in magnitude and direction by the two
sides of triangle taken in order then their resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by
the third side taken in opposite order.”

Proof:
Let P and Q be the two coplanar concurrent forces. The resultant force R in this case can be obtained
with the help of the triangle law of forces as given below:

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Lami’s Theorem

Resultant of a Force System

Resultant is a single force that will replace a system of forces and produces the same
effect on the rigid body as that of the system of forces.
Equilibrant of a Force System
The equilibrant force is the force that is exactly opposite to the resultant force acting on an
object such that the object acquires zero acceleration. This means that this force has the same
magnitude but in opposite direction of the resultant force thereby cancelling its effect on the
object.

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Problems by using Parallelogram law and Triangle law of forces

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Force Definition

Force is an external agent capable of changing a body’s state of rest or motion. It has a
magnitude and a direction. The direction towards which the force is applied is known as the direction
of the force, and the application of force is the point where force is applied. The Force can be measured
using a spring balance. The SI unit of force is Newton (N).

Effects of Force

The Force has different effects, and here are some of them.

 Force can make a body that is at rest to move.

 It can stop a moving body or slow it down.
 It can accelerate the speed of a moving body.
 It can also change the direction of a moving body along with its shape and size.
 A force can bring a body in equilibrium if the body is already in the action of other forces.
 A force rise to the internal stresses in the body in which it acts.

Examples of force

 Gravitational force
 Electric force
 Magnetic force
 Nuclear force
 Frictional force

Characteristics of a Force

A Force has following basic characteristics

i) Magnitude

ii) Direction

iii) Point of application

iv) Line of action

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Force is represented as a vector i.e., an arrow with its magnitude.

e.g. for the force shown in Fig. magnitude of force is 4 KN, direction is 40° with the horizontal in
fourth quadrant, point of application is C and line of action is AB.

Fig. Characteristics of a force

Force System or Systems of Forces

When a mechanics problem or system has more than one force acting, it is known as a ‘force
system’ or ‘system of force’.

Fig. Force System

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Coplanar Force System

When the lines of action of a set of forces lie in a single plane is called coplanar force system.

Non-Coplanar Force System

When the line of action of all the forces do not lie in one plane, is called Non-coplanar force
system.

Concurrent Force System

The forces when extended pass through a single point and the point is called point of
concurrency. The lines of actions of all forces meet at the point of concurrency. Concurrent forces may
or may not be coplanar.

Non-concurrent Force System

When the forces of a system do not meet at a common point of concurrency, this type of force
system is called non-concurrent force system. Parallel forces are the example of this type of force
system. Non-concurrent forces may be coplanar or non-coplanar.

Collinear Force System

When the lines of action of all the forces of a system act along the same line, this force system
is called collinear force system.

Fig. Collinear Force System

Parallel Force System

The forces whose line of action are parallel to each other are called parallel forces
If the forces, having line of action parallel to each other, act in the same direction, then the forces are
called Like Parallel Forces. If the forces, having line of action parallel to each other, act in the opposite
directions, they are called Unlike Parallel Forces.

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Examples of Force Systems

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