DBMS LAB # 7

SQL Joins

Engr. Shahid Ali Bhutta

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY TAXILA
Lab Objective:

SQL JOIN
SQL joins are used to query data from two or more tables, based on a relationship between
certain columns in these tables. The JOIN keyword is used for this purpose. Tables in a
database are often related to each other with keys. A primary key is a column (or a
combination of columns) with a unique value for each row. Each primary key value must be
unique within the table. The purpose is to bind data together, across tables, without repeating
all of the data in every table.

Look at the "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

Note that the "P_Id" column is the primary key in the "Persons" table. This means that no
two rows can have the same P_Id. The P_Id distinguishes two persons even if they have the
same name.

Next, we have the "Orders" table:

O_Id OrderNo P_Id

1 77895 3

2 44678 3

3 22456 1

4 24562 1

5 34764

Note that the "O_Id" column is the primary key in the "Orders" table and that the "P_Id"
column refers to the persons in the "Persons" table without using their names.

Notice that the relationship between the two tables above is the "P_Id" column.
Different SQL JOINs
Before we continue with examples, we will list the types of JOIN you can use, and the
differences between them.

• JOIN/ INNER JOIN/ SIMPLE JOIN: Return rows when there is at least one match
in both tables
• LEFT JOIN: Return all rows from the left table, even if there are no matches in the
right table
• RIGHT JOIN: Return all rows from the right table, even if there are no matches in the
left table
• FULL JOIN: Return rows when there is a match in one of the tables

SQL INNER JOIN Keyword

The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there is at least one match in both tables.

SQL INNER JOIN Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
INNER JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

PS: INNER JOIN is the same as JOIN.

SQL INNER JOIN Example

The "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

The "Orders" table:

 O_Id OrderNo P_Id

1 77895 3

2 44678 3

3 22456 1

4 24562 1

5 34764

Now we want to list all the persons with any orders.

We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo

FROM Persons
INNER JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName

The result-set will look like this:

LastName FirstName OrderNo

Hansen Ola 22456

Hansen Ola 24562

Pettersen Kari 77895

Pettersen Kari 44678

The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there is at least one match in both tables. If
there are rows in "Persons" that do not have matches in "Orders", those rows will NOT be
listed

SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword

The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table (table_name1), even if there are
no matches in the right table (table_name2).
SQL LEFT JOIN Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
LEFT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

PS: In some databases LEFT JOIN is called LEFT OUTER JOIN.

SQL LEFT JOIN Example

The "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

The "Orders" table:

O_Id OrderNo P_Id

1 77895 3

2 44678 3

3 22456 1

4 24562 1

5 34764

Now we want to list all the persons and their orders - if any, from the tables above.

We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo
FROM Persons
LEFT JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName
The result-set will look like this:

LastName FirstName OrderNo

Hansen Ola 22456

Hansen Ola 24562

Pettersen Kari 77895

Pettersen Kari 44678

Svendson Tove

The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the left table (Persons), even if there are no
matches in the right table (Orders).

SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword

The RIGHT JOIN keyword Return all rows from the right table (table_name2), even if there
are no matches in the left table (table_name1).

SQL RIGHT JOIN Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
RIGHT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

PS: In some databases RIGHT JOIN is called RIGHT OUTER JOIN.

SQL RIGHT JOIN Example

The "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

The "Orders" table:

O_Id OrderNo P_Id

1 77895 3

2 44678 3

3 22456 1

4 24562 1

5 34764

Now we want to list all the orders with containing persons - if any, from the tables above.

We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo

FROM Persons
RIGHT JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName

The result-set will look like this:

LastName FirstName OrderNo

Hansen Ola 22456

Hansen Ola 24562

Pettersen Kari 77895

Pettersen Kari 44678

34764

The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the right table (Orders), even if there are
no matches in the left table (Persons).

SQL FULL JOIN Keyword

The FULL JOIN keyword return ALL rows even when there is no match / a match in one of
the tables.

SQL FULL JOIN Syntax

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
FULL JOIN table_name2
 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

SQL FULL JOIN Example

The "Persons" table:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

The "Orders" table:

O_Id OrderNo P_Id

1 77895 3

2 44678 3

3 22456 1

4 24562 1

5 34764

Now we want to list all the persons and their orders, and all the orders with their persons.

We use the following SELECT statement:

SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo

FROM Persons
FULL JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName

The result-set will look like this:

 LastName FirstName OrderNo

Hansen Ola 22456

Hansen Ola 24562

Pettersen Kari 77895

Pettersen Kari 44678

Svendson Tove

34764

The FULL JOIN keyword returns all the rows from the left table (Persons), and all the rows
from the right table (Orders). If there are rows in "Persons" that do not have matches in
"Orders", or if there are rows in "Orders" that do not have matches in "Persons", those rows
will be listed as well.

Lab Tasks:

1): Consider the following two tables:

a) Persons table is as follow:

P_Id LastName FirstName Address City

 1 Hansen Ola Timoteivn 10 Sandnes

2 Svendson Tove Borgvn 23 Sandnes

3 Pettersen Kari Storgt 20 Stavanger

a) ORDER table is as follow:

O_Id OrderDate OrderPrice Per_id

1 2008/11/12 1000 3

2 2008/10/23 1600 3

3 2008/09/02 700 1

4 2008/09/03 300 1

5 2008/08/30 2000 1

• Apply inner Join on above tables and show the result.

• Apply Left Join (or left outer join) on above tables and show the result.
• Apply Right Join (or right outer join) on above tables and show the result.
• Apply Full Join (or Full outer join) on above tables and show the result.

Lab Task 2:
 Give the details of persons who had max order.
 Give the details of persons who had an order price greater than 1000.
 Give the details of persons who ordered in September.
 Give the total price of all orders placed by Pettersen.
Assignment: (should be submitted in hard form)
Deadline: 4th April 2023

1. Search for the following commands in SQL server:

 Substring
 Ltrim
 Charindex
 Rtrim
 Replace
 Concatenating two columns
 Add constraint
 Over
 Convert
Also write SQL query for each of the above.

2. Write SQL Queries for the following:

 Write an SQL Query to copy a complete column from one table to another table’s
column by updating the previous records as well as inserting new records by giving an
example with sample tables.
 Write an SQL Query to copy a complete table to another table by giving an example
with sample tables.
 Write an SQL Query to copy data from one column to another column in the same table
by giving an example with sample tables.