CS-541

Wireless Sensor Networks

Lecture 5: Network standards for Personal and Body-area networks

Spring Semester 2017-2018

Prof Panagiotis Tsakalides, Dr Athanasia Panousopoulou, Dr Gregory Tsagkatakis

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Objectives

IEEE Standards family for Wireless Personal and Body Area Networks

• IEEE 802.15.1

• IEEE 802.15.4

• IEEE 802.15.6

• LoRAWAN Specification

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Network Standards

• Consensus on technical specifications

• Open (i.e. non-proprietary) solutions

• Cost-effective/Flexible/Interoperable solutions

• Increase the range of features and reduce the cost production

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 Service User Service Provider Service User
Network Standards
• Architecture

• Services of a layer:
capabilities it offers to the
users of the upper layers

• Information flow -> passing

a service primitive (convey N-layer N-layer
(service user) (service user)
the required information)
• When Generated
• Effect on receipt
N-1 layer N-1 layer
• Frame Format (service provider) (service provider)

• Constants and Attributes

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 IEEE Standards
The standards family for Short Range WSN: IEEE
802.15
Upper Layers
• Topologies and network roles for WSN

• PHY: frequency and channels, spectrum

handling, modulation, bit rate
MAC / LL
• MAC: operational modes, timing aspects,
topologies

• Protocol Data Units

PHY

• Service Primitives (interactions between

different layers and between different nodes)
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 Service Primitives supported by IEEE 802.15.x
N-layer N-layer

Request Confirm Indication Response

N-1 layer N-1 Layer

Request: The request primitive is passed from the N-th layer to the (N-1)-th layer to request that a service is initiated.
e.g. a node creates a MAC packet @ the MAC layer  PHY Layer

Indication: The indication primitive is passed from the (N-1)-th layer to the N-th layer to indicate an internal event
e.g. a node receives a frame @ the PHY Layer and passes it on the MAC layer

Response: The response primitive is passed from the N-layer to the N—1 layer to complete a procedure previously invoked
by an indication primitive. e.g. a node @ the MAC layer generates a response for a MAC frame it received -> PHYLayer

Confirm: The confirm primitive is passed from the N—1 layer to the N-layer to convey the results of one or more associated
previous service requests. e.g. a node @ the PHY receives the response -> MAC Layer

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 Standard Description 1st Release & Revisions Comments
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) MAC and PHY Layer 2002 / 2005 Bluetooth Core
Specifications for Configuration v4.0 and
Wireless Personal Area Bluetooth Low Energy
Networks (WPANs) (2009)
IEEE 802.15.2 Coexistence of Wireless 2003 In hibernation since 2011
Personal Area Networks
With Other Wireless Devices
Operating in Unlicensed
Frequency Bands
IEEE 802.15.3 MAC and PHY Layer 2003 802.15.3b: MAC layer
Specifications for High amendment
Rate Wireless Personal 802.15.3.c: Millimeter-
Area Networks (HR- wave-based Alternative
WPANs) PHY extension
Due to WiFi popularity it is
not used in real-life
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and PHY Layer 2003/2006/2011 The most popular and
Specifications for Low- well-studied standard for
Rate Wireless Personal WSN applications (7
Area Networks (HR- extensions)
WPANs)
IEEE 802.15.5 Mesh Topology Capability 2009
in Wireless
Personal Area Networks
IEEE 802.15.6 Wireless Body Area 2012
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 IEEE 802.15.1

BT Basic/Enhanced Data Rate BT Low Energy

• 2.45 GHz ISM frequency band • 2.45 GHz ISM band

• 79 Channels (USA, Europe) or 23 (Japan) • 40 RF channels. 2 MHz channel width.
RF channels. 1 MHz channel width • AFH mechanism: FDMA and TDMA
• Frequency Hopping (FH) - Frequency- • @FDMA: the 40 physical channels are
Hopping/Time-Division-Duplex (FH/TDD) - divided into 3 advertising channels and 37
Adaptive Frequency Hopping data channels.
• Devices are organized in piconets • Devices are organized in piconets.
• The master of the piconet provides the • The master of the piconet determines the
clock and the frequency-hopping pattern hop interval and the hopping pattern for
(ordering of the frequencies) accessing the 37 physical channels.
@TDMA: polling-based data transmission
between the master and the slaves of the
Spring Semester 2017-2018 piconet.
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 IEEE 802.15.1
BT Basic/Enhanced Data Rate
RFCOMM and Service Discovery Protocol: Representative examples of the
upper layers of the Bluetooth stack for higher-level functionalities and
interfaces to application profiles.

L2CAP: Utilises HCI to provide data services to the upper protocols.

Data services: multiplexing, segmentation and reassembly capabilities.

Host Controller Interface (HCI): Uniform set of interfaces for accessing the
upper layers of the Bluetooth stack.

Link Manager Protocol (LMP): Control operations for the baseband and
physical layers.

Baseband: Packets formats & defines the physical links that can be formed
between a master and a slave device.
Physical links are only formed a master and a slave. A master can support
up to 7 active links with slave devices.

BT Radio: Channel characteristics

Physical channels: (a) inquiry scan, (b) page scan, (c) basic, (d) adapted
piconet.
Spring Semester 2017-2018
Inquiry
CS-541 & PageSensor
Wireless scan: Device discovery and connection
Networks
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Basic and adapted piconet: Normal operation
 IEEE 802.15.1
BT Low Energy

Attribute Protocol (ATT): exposition of the attributes of the LE

device to its peer devices.

L2CAP: provides channel-based abstraction between the lower

and upper layers of the LE devices.

LL: logical topology

Asynchronous traffic support (control commands + data packets)

LE: There exists no theoretical limit on the number of LE active

links that can be supported within a piconet. -> >> 7 active
master-slave links per piconet

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 IEEE 802.15.1

Comparison between BT and BT LE

Bluetooth BR/EDR Bluetooth LE

++Short-range cable replacement. ++Simplified protocol stack

--Automatic network formation is not ++Active links are maintained only for as
supported (single point failure) long as data need to be exchanged
between two devices. (low-energy)
--Starting up a connection ~ 5sec
++Starting up a connection ~6ms
--Blocking operations (e.g., once a
Bluetooth inquiry is initiated to look for --Not support data streaming: Designated
other Bluetooth devices, it disrupts every for sending small chunks of data
on-going communication, such as
transmission of an ECG data stream.
--No support for multicasting
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IEEE 802.15.4
Standard Description Initial Release / Revision Date Amendments
PHY and MAC Layer for 2003 /2006/ 2011 802.15.4.a (2007): PHY Layer
IEEE Low Rate Wireless Extension to
802.15.4 Personal Area Networks Chirp Spectrum Techniques and
(LR-WPAN) UWB systems
802.15.4c (2009): Alternative PHY
Extension to support one or more of
the Chinese 314-316 MHz, 430-434
MHz, and 779-787 MHz bands

802.15.4d (2009): Alternative PHY

Layer Extension to support the
Japanese 950 MHz Bands

802.15.4e (2012): MAC sub-Layer

802.15.4f (2012): Active Radio

Frequency Identification (RFID)
System PHY
802.15.4j (2013) – Alternative PHY
Extension to support Medical Body
Area Network (MBAN) services
operating in the 2360-2400 MHz
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 IEEE 802.15.4 
Personal Area Network
Types of Devices

• Full-Function Device (FFD)

• Capable of acting as the network’s coordinator
• Undertaking complex network functionalities
• Reduced-Function Device (RFD)
• Extremely low bandwidth demands ∝ application specs (e.g. passive RFID)

A PAN Coordinator
• Associates a PAN with an ID. Networks with different IDs cannot communicate
directly with each other.
• Allows nodes to join, leave the PAN. If necessary initiates, terminates, routes the
communication (RFD)
• Usually is plugged into power source (Vs RFDs and FFDs)

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 IEEE 802.15.4
Types of logical topologies

• Star: each device (FFD or RDF) communicates

with the PAN coordinator only
• Suitable for small-scale networks that operate PAN Coordinator
within a limited space
• home automation, computer peripherals,
peripherals, games, and smart health care

• Peer-to-peer: FFD devices can communicate with

each other, as long as they are within
communication range. PAN Coordinator
• More flexible than star, suitable for larger-
scale networks that need distributed
coordination between peers without the
necessity of a central unit.
• Multi-hopping, Cluster Trees, and Mesh
networking
• Environmental & Wild Life, Smart Cities,
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 IEEE 802.15.4

Types of logical topologies

Cluster Tree

• Always only a single path

between two devices.

• Devices are aware of their

“parent” node and any “child”
nodes.

• Reducing routing complexity

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 Band Number of Data Rate
Region Modulation Support
(MHz) Channels (Kbps)
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY MAPBPSK 20 Mandatory
868 - 868.6 Europe 1 ASK 250
Optional
O-QPSK 100
MPSK
779-787 China 8 250 Mandatory
P-QPSK
BPSK 40 Mandatory
902 - 928 USA 10 ASK 250
Optional
O-QPSK 100
BSPK 20
950-956 Japan 22 Mandatory
GFSK 100
O-QPSK
16 Mandatory
(DSSS) 250
2400 - 2483.5 Worldwide
CSS
14 Optional
CSS 1000
249.6 - 749.6 110 – 27400
1 BPM and BPSK Optional
(UWB sub-GHz) (Varying w.r.t. chip rate)
3244 - 4724
110 – 27400
(UWB low 4 BPM and BPSK Optional
(Varying w.r.t. chip rate
band) Worldwide
5944 - 10234
110 – 27400
(UWB Spring
highSemester 2017-2018 11 BPM and BPSK
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16
(Varying w.r.t. chip rate
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band)
 IEEE 802.15.4
UWB
Uses more bandwidth than the minimum required for the signal transmission (SS)
BUT
It employs baseband transmission -> there is no intermediate or radio carrier
frequencies. (reducing the complexity of the receiver circuity)
Uses pulse position modulation (PPM).

+++ Resilience to multi-path fading.

+++ Implementation costs are significantly lower than DSSS systems.
+++ UWB improves the advantages of spread-spectrum techniques since much wider
spectrum bands are used for transmission.

-- small communication ranges (< 10 m), which limits its applicability for WSN
deployment.
-- Carrier Sensing MAC is not applicable
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How to calculate time required for a packet to reach its destination at
the PHY layer given the band range and type of modulation?
e.g.

PHY header
6 Bytes

@2.4GHz -- O-QPSK ??
@ 868MHz – BPSK ??

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 IEEE 802.15.4
PHY tasks
Receiver Energy Detection (ED)
• Use by an upper layer as part of a channel selection algorithm.
• An estimate of the received signal power within the bandwidth of the channel.
• No attempt is made to identify or decode signals on the channel.

Link Quality Indicator (LQI)

• The characterization of the strength and/or the quality of a received packet.
• The measurement may be implemented using receiver ED, a SNR estimation, or their
combination.
• The minimum and maximum LQI values (0x00 and 0xff) associated with the lowest and
highest quality compliant signals detectable by the receiver

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 IEEE 802.15.4
PHY tasks
ED → A measurement of the channel
• Usually used as the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), although RSSI is
NOT explicitly defined in the standard (opposed to 802.11);
• Direct measurement (linear relationship between ED and Received Power)

LQI → A measurement of the frame;

• Associated with the Chip Error Rate (Symbol Error Rate and Packet Error Rate).
• Statistical measure (correlation value) related to symbols within frame.

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 IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 – PHY tasks. Vendor’s rules of thumb

LQI ∝ PER ∝ Throughput

ATMEL FAMILY RSSI/ED ∝ tx power and link margin

Use RSSI /ED to

High LQI differentiate
between links

Link should be disca-

Low LQI rded. A high RSSI / ED
could be strength of
an interfering signal

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IEEE 802.15.4

Industrial

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 IEEE 802.15.4

Rural Industrial

• RSSI Vs LQI: cuttoff threshold of RSSI that affects the LQI (=> chip error rate)
• However: different environment has also different RSSI – LQI relationship
• @ industrial environment: higher LQI variation Vs @ home / working environments, where
LQI presents lower variations

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 IEEE 802.15.4
MAC Sublayer Spec
• Beacon Interval: Superframe Duration & Inactivity
• Superframe Duration: Contention Access Period and Contention Free Period
Beacon Interval (BI)

Superframe duration (SD)

CAP CFP
Coordinator

B GTS GTS GTS Inactivity

PAN

time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Non-beacon enabled mode Beacon Enabled mode

Best effort traffic Hybrid scheme (best effort & guaranteed
Peer-to-peer topologies access)
Unslotted CSMA/CA Slotted CSMA/CA
Star and peer to peer topologies
CS-541 Wireless SensorUp to 7 slots on TDMA (GTS)
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Sync with PAN Coordinator
 IEEE 802.15.4
MAC Sublayer Spec

(Slotted / Unslotted) CSMA-CA –> NO RTS/CTS mechanism

• Backoff exponent
• Clear Channel Assessment
• If channel is idle => transmission
• Else increase backoff exponent and try again

Slotted CSMA-CA
• Basic steps of unslotted CSMA-CA
• The start of the first backoff period of each device is aligned with the start of
the beacon transmission.
• The channel has to be clear for a number of backoff periods before the
transmission commences

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 Unslotted
IEEE 802.15.4
MAC Sublayer Spec

NB : #backoffs
CW: size of the current
congestion window
BE: current backoff
exponent.

Constants, parameters
and operational
thresholds are defined in Increase
the standard the backoff
exponent

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 Slotted
IEEE 802.15.4
MAC Sublayer Spec Adapt value
of backoff
exponent
NB : #backoffs w.r.t. to
energy
CW: size of the current congestion conservatio
window n profile
BE: current backoff exponent.

Constants, parameters and

operational thresholds are defined
in the standard Check for a
number of
Contention
Windows

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 IEEE 802.15.4

MAC Sublayer Spec

TRX cannot process old data and receive new at the same time.

Interframe spacing: time period separating the transmission of two successive frames from
the same device
Length of the IFS period depends on the type of the frame that has just been transmitted.

Timings are also defined in the standard

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 IEEE 802.15.6

• IEEE 802.15.6: Medical Body Area Networks (2012)

• For wearable and implantable devices

MAC

PHY NB PHY UWB (3.1GHz

PHY HBC
(402MHz-2.4GHz) – 10 GHz)

Human body as the transmission medium

Short range – High data rates (e.g. High reliability, Low Electric fields instead of electromagnetic waves
ECG) complexity, The user simply touches the devices, and the
Built-in Security Ultra-low power devices are connected to each other
Highly reliable wireless connection operations @21 MHz frequency band (164 kbps to 1.3125
Low current consumption (<10mA) Mbps)
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 IEEE 802.15.6
@PHY
• Narrowband
Data Rate
Band (MHz) Region Number of Channels Modulation Support
(Kbps)
π/2-DBPSK 75. 9
π/2-DBPSK 151.8 Mandatory
402-405 Worldwide 10 π/4-DQPSK 303.6
π/8-D8PSK 455.4 Optional
75.9
Mandatory
420-450 Japan 12 GMSK 151.8
187.5 Optional
863-870 Europe 14 π/2-DBPSK 101.2
902-928 US, Korea 60 π/2-DBPSK 202.4 Mandatory
π/4-DQPSK 404.8
950-958 Japan 16
π/8-D8PSK 607.1 Optional
π/2-DBPSK 121.4
2360-2400 US 39
π/2-DBPSK 242.9 Mandatory
π/2-DBPSK 485.7
2400-2483.5 Worldwide 79
Spring Semester 2017-2018
π/4-DQPSK
CS-541 Wireless Sensor Networks 971.4 Optional
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 IEEE 802.15.6 Hub

@MAC
Star / Extended Star topologies only

When the BSN operates in either of the first two modes, the hub provides a time
reference and corresponding time division to the operational nodes
Beacon with Non-beacon with Non-beacon without
Medium Access Policy Type
superframes superframes superframes

Contention – Free
Scheduled Access (Pre-negotiated x x -
dedicated time slots)

On demand slot
allocation and data
Improvised /
Unscheduled Access
transaction based on x x -
Polling / Posting and
Round-robin

Slotted CSMA/CA (NB

Random Access
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PHY) / Slotted Aloha CS-541 Wireless Sensor Networks - x 31
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 IEEE 802.15.6

Beacon with superframes: All 3

different policies (with predefined
sequence)
EAP: Medical emergency
EAP, RAP and CAP: Slotted CSMA/CA event reports
(NB PHY) or slotted Aloha (UWB PHY). RAPs / CAP: regular data
Hub uses MAP in order to provide
contention-free time allocation
traffic.
intervals. MAP: Scheduled /
improvised access that al-
Non-beacon w. superframes: MAP low event- or poll-driven
only data transmission from / to
the hub.
Non-beacon without superframes: CS-541 Wireless Sensor Networks
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slotted CSMA/CA or slotted University
Aloha. of Crete, Computer Science Department
 IEEE 802.15.6

Example

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IEEE 802.15.6

Proceedings of the workshop on Wireless Body Area Networks, Body Sensor

NetworksCS-541
Conference 2012, London, UK
Wireless Sensor Networks
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 Comparison
IEEE 802.15.4
Bluetooth LE IEEE 802.15.6
2.36 – 2.4
2.4 GHz (FHSS 2.4 GHz DSSS / UWB: sub GHZ / 3- NB / UWB /
PHY Layer supported GHz
/ AFH) 2.4 GHz CSS 10 GHz HBC
(802.15.4j)
75.7 – 971.4
Varying w.r.t to Kbps / 202.5
250 Kbps / 1 chirp rate (110 Kbps – 15600
Data rate 1 Mbps 250 Kbps
Mbps Kbps – 27400 Kbps / 164
Kbps) Kbps –
1312.5 Kbps
few meters-30 m <10 m
Range 10-30 m ~10-30 m (depending on PHY ~10-30 m (depending
and data rate) on the PHY)
Star /
Network topology Star Star, peer-to-peer Extended
Start

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 LoRAWAN
Standard for Long Range WSN

• 3-5km urban areas

• 10-15km rural areas

Uses the CSS modulation@ lower bands of the

ISM

• PHY Layer: Proprietary

• MAC is open – yet simplified (e.g., ALOHA)

• EU: 433MHz & 868Mz

• US: 915MHz
• AS: 430Mz
End-to-end encryption by default
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 LoRAWAN
Standard for Long Range WSN FEC -> Error detection / correction mechanism:
m bits of information / n bits of transmission

• Adaptive Data rates: 0.25 – 50kbps Number of chips utilized for the
transmission by the SS
• Trade-offs between range and data-rates mechanism
Chip: shorted modulated signal

• Transmission mode w.r.t. bandwidth, coding rate and spreading factor

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 LoRAWAN

Kartakis and McCann, “Communication Optimization and

Edge Analytics for Smart Water Grid”, in Smart Water Grids:
a CPS approach (ch. 3), March 2018.
NOT suited for:
• High data-rate and/or very frequent transmissions (e.g., each 10 seconds).

• Highly populated networks w.r.t. to traffic demand.

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• Self-powered nodes (e.g., battery-based)
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 LoRAWAN

Star of Stars Topology Intelligence on the NetServer

Gateways: relay messages between the end devices and the NetServer
End devices are not required to associate with a certain gateway to get access to the network,
but only to the NetServer.
Gateways: transparent relay/bridge
Gateways: up to 9 nine LoRa channels (channel: specific sub-band & spreading factor)

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 LoRAWAN

Class A (for All): transmissions are always initiated by the end devices (asynchronous)
Class B (for Beacon): synchronize with the NetServer – receiving downlink data or
command packets in specific time windows, irrespective of the uplink traffic.
Class C (for Continuously listening): keep the receive window always open

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References and Material for Reading
802.15.1-2005 - IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Local and metropolitan area networks-- Specific
requirements-- Part 15.1a: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications for
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)

BLUETOOTH Core SPECIFICATION Version 4.0, 2010

802.15.4-2011 - IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks--Part 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal
Area Networks (LR-WPANs)

802.15.6-2012 - IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks - Part 15.6: Wireless Body Area
Networks

Proceedings of the workshop on Wireless Body Area Networks, Body Sensor Networks Conference 2012, London,
UK

Body Sensor Networks, G.Z. Yang Editor, 2014, Springer, Ch. 5

Centerato et. al, Long-Range Communications in Unlicensed Bands: The Rising Stars in the IoT and Smart City
Scenarios, IEEE Wireless Communications, Oct. 2016.

Kartakis and McCann, “Communication Optimization and Edge Analytics for Smart Water Grid”, in Smart Water
Grids: a CPS approach (ch. 3), March 2018.

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