UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

KNS 1461
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2
LABORATORY REPORT

Code & Title KNS 1461 Civil Engineering Laboratory 2

Date of Experiment C1
Lecturer Prof Madya Abdul Manan
Group Group 1A4
Group Members 1. Brendan Basil Augustine 83402
2. Claudia Manyi Anak Jacky 82494
3. No Nohz Osamiah Binti Noor Halim 84872
4. Muhammad Khairin Bin Kaslan 82740
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

No. Description Page

1.0 Introduction
2

2.0 Objectives 2

3.0 Apparatus 3
4

4.0 Procedure 5
6
7
8

5.0 Result 8

6.0 Calculation 9
10

7.0 Discussion

8.0 Conclusion

9.0 References

1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Surveying is the method of determining relatives’ position of different object on the surface of the
earth by measuring the horizontal and vertical distance, angle and taking in details of this points and
by preparing map or plan for suitable scale. Surveying includes measurement of angle and distance in
horizontal and vertical plane. (R.A Chan)

In surveying we also have another branch which is called as levelling, which it is deals with
measurement of the relatives highest of different of the earth. (R.A Chan)

In this field work the method that will be used to find the angle and distance measurement is by using
the closed traversed method. When performing a closed traverse, the angle can be measured either
interior or exterior angle depending on whether the traverse is being performed clockwise or
anticlockwise. In this field work the datum or the reference angle is already given. Then the only thing
to do is to do is find the angle and the horizontal distance

Figure 1: closed traversed

2.0 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this field work is to take the reading of the reduction angle and distance measurement
by performing and practice the skill to setting up the total station and two other station point and
practicing the booking knowledge of the face left and face right bearing, also with applying the
knowledge to find mean bearing.

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3.0 LIST OF APPARATUS
1) A set of built-in EDM or total station completed with accessories

Figure 2: Total station

2) Two sets of reflectors/ prism completed with accessories

Figure 3:prism

3) Three set of tripod stand

Figure 4: Tripod stand

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4) field book

5) survey umbrella

Figure 5: Survey umbrella

6) survey stake

Figure 6: survey stake

7) Hammers

Figure 7: Hammers

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4.0 PROCEDURE
1. Mark three point in the ground

Mark 3 points with hammer and stake for station 1,2 and 3, measure distance with phasing method,
stake points with hammer, determine station sequence for angle and direction measurement, and use
hammer to stake stakes.

2. Set-up the Total station and the reflector.

2.1. Because we have three station point, the first point which is station 1 will be the place where the
Total station will be set-up:

-The most important details in this text are that the total station must be removed from the box and
screwed to one of the three tripods and removed the strap holder. The tripod leg must be adjusted to
the same level as the one who will be shooting the total station, and the tripod must point all three legs
of the tripod on top of the stake and kick one of the tripod legs forward. The optical plummet must be
used to check that the total is right above the stake station, and the pond bubble must be adjusted
using the knob until it gets into the centre of the pond bubble.

Figure 8:pond bubble and knob A,B and c

After that, back again to the optical plummet to adjust the cross inside, it is to make sure the cross is
on the nail in the stake by adjusting the total station position on the tripod flat head.

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 Figure 9: opptical plammate view

The most important details are to adjust the plate bubble to the centre of it in the total station by
twisting knobs A, B and C. After the bubble is centred, rotate the total station 90 degrees of any
clockwise or anti-clockwise direction and repeat to centre the plate bubble by adjusting the knobs.

2.2 Then set-up the reflector.

- In these steps is same as the step to set-up the total station, there is no difference in the step except,
after finished setting the reflector, make sure to face the reflector to the total station by looking into
the sighting collimator inside the reflector.

3. Before taking a reading, make sure the plate bubble is facing the user and set up the total station
position to the point of its reading. For our group, the total station is at station 1 taking measurement
to station 3 and then station 2. Finally, the total station changes its position to station 3, where it takes
the reading from station 2 and then from station 1.

4. Then after that, by placing the eye to the eyepiece focus, the total station will be adjusted facing to
the first reflector which is at station 3.

5. Adjust the face left positioning diagram inside the total station to hit the centre of the reflector.
Clear the image of the reflector by adjusting the objective focus

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 Figure 10: face left view from total station

6. Then turn on the total station and insert the datum value which is the face left bearing at station 3
value.

7. Rotate the total station clockwise facing the station 2. Take the face left bearing of station 2 also
with the vertical angle, slope distance and the horizontal distance.

8.Then turn the telescope of total station to its opposite position, which is facing to back.

9.Turn the total station clockwise direction facing back to station 3, and set the reading from the face
left value at station 2, and after that repeat step 5 and 7. The only difference that change in step 5 is
the total station diagram positioning will change to face right view.

Figure 11: face right view from total station

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10. Then after done, from the value of second in station 2, plus both of the value and divide by two,
this will give us the mean value of the second in mean bearing. And all value of mean bearing will be
copy based on the face left of station 2. Only the second value is by the mean that we calculated
before.

11. To make sure that our value is right, try minus both face left and face right value of the station,
because if the difference is plus minus 180 and didn’t exceed difference of 20 second, then it means
the value is right.

12.Then by unscrew the total station and reflector, change the position of the total station and reflector
to other required station

13. for the booking, cross up the value from face left to face right and face right to face left, which to
the station will be first take the reading from the total station. But make sure the second of both
bearing value is using the second mean value.

14. Then repeat from step 5 to 13. But the only difference is the place of station that need to be shoot
and the face left and face right value at first point which need to be key in as the set of bearing.

15. Last to make sure that our value is right check the mean difference between first reading and last
reading, if the difference is less than 60 second then the value is right.

5.0 RESULT

STATIO BEARING FROM FINAL TO VERTICA DISTANC FINAL

N FROM FACE FACE MEAN STATIO BEARIN STATIO L ANGLE E DISTANC
TO LEFT RIGHT N G N E

3 280°45’20 100°45’00 218°42’08 1 3

” ” ”
1 92°20’34” 28.804 28.780

2 218°42’02 38°42’13”
”
1 38°42’08” 218°42’08 334°56’30 2 1
” ”
2 91°24’07” 31.356 31.47

3 334°56’31 154°56’29
” ”
2 154°56’30 334°56’30 100°45’19 3 2
” ” ”
3 86°28’27” 71.890 31.829

1 100°45’16 280°45’21
” ”

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6.0 CALCULATION
Bearing adjustment

Bearing 3-1 = 100°45’19”

Bearing 3-1 should be = 100°45’20”

Misclosure = 100°45’19”- 100°45’20” = -1” in 3 stations.

Correction = +1”/3 = 0.3” per station

≈+ 0” per station
MEAN FROM TO STN
FINAL BEARING
STN

218°42’08” 1 218°42’08” 3

+00”

334°56’30” 2 334°56’30” 1

+00”

100°45’19” 3 100°45’19” 2

+00”

Calculate the latitude and departure

Line Bearing, Distan Latitude, Departur L D L D
θ ce L e ,D Correctio Correctio Correct Correct
¿ ¿ n n ed ed
× cos θ ¿ ¿ × sinθ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
correctioncorrection
L× DistanceD× Distance ¿ ¿
∑ Distance∑ Distance
1
3 218°42’ 28.780 -22.460 -17.995 -0.034 +0.649 -22.494 -17.346
08”
2 334°56’ 31.470 +28.508 -13.329 -0.037 +0.710 28.471 -12.619
30”
1 100°45’ 31.829 -5.940 9
+31.270 -0.038 +0.717 -5.978 +31.98
19” 4
∑ Total ; 91.079 +0.108 -2.054 -0.001 2.019
Fractional linear error

Total latitude = -22.494+28.471-5.978 = -0.001

Total Departure = -17.346-12.619+31.984 = 2.019

Linear error √
= ( ∆ L )2 + ( ∆ d ) 2

= √ (−0.001)2 +(2.019)2

= 2.019

∑ Distance
Fractional linear error = 1 :( )
e

91.079
= 1 :( )
2.019

= 1:45

7.0 DISCUSSION

8.0 CONCLUSION
The purpose of this field work is to carry out a traverse survey and to compute the data collected
through the survey in order to achieve a First class survey.

The site used for the survey is the carpark area of the engineering faculty. Closed traverse method was
used for the survey, such that three points which are point 1, 2 and 3 were placed at the location.
Close traverse method starts and then ends at the initial starting point.

To carry out the survey, the all station equipment is used. The all station is used to measure the angles
at the 3 designated points 1, 2 and 3. The first position of the all station was placed at point 1 with two
prisms, one each at point 2 and point 3. Then, the all station is placed at point 2 and followed by at
point 3.

All of the data is recorded in the booking form provided and is transferred into the result table. The
bearing adjustment obtained for this field work is 0” per station. The fractional linear error obtained
for our group’s fieldwork is 1:45.

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9.0 REFERENCES
1) Aqasyah, N.M (2022). Theodolite traversing report.

https://www.studocu.com/my/document/university-of-malaysia-of-pahang/civil-engineering/group-3-
a21-traverse-report/21423479

2) R.A, Chan. (2022). Introduction to surveying.

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