S.

Amirthapandian
Accelerators and its Applications MSG, IGCAR
Accelerators in India
- Accelerator history
-Types of accelerators and principle
- VECC facilities
- RRCAT facilities
- ADS
- ITER India
The particle accelerator was developed with an objective to split the
atom.
It was achieved through Cockcroft–Walton particle accelerator in 1932 when lithium
atom was split with 400 keV protons. 3Li6+1H2 2 2He4+22.2 MeV .
At about the same time Vande Graaff invented the Electrostatic generator which provided an
excellent tool for probing the nucleus. This led to the inevitable need for higher energy and
associated advances in accelerator development.
Low energy accelerators started finding applications in many disciplines as nuclear physics moved
to higher energy.
Impacts of accelerator developments have been felt in astrophysics, materials science,
radiobiology, medical diagonosis and therapies and industry besides atomic, nuclear and particle
physics.
Nuclear Physics continues to move to higher energies to explore quark-gluon plasma. Elementary
Particle physics needs much higher energy, which has now become the driving force for the
development of very high-energy accelerators
Materials science research with ion beams has been done in India with Vande Graaff,
Cockroft-Walton and Cyclotron accelerators in Universities at Aligarh, Varanasi, Patiala,
Vishakapatinam, Calicut, Kurushetra and Chandigarh, and in
Various Institutes such as IIT Kanpur, Bose Institute, Saha Institute, TIFR, BARC, NCCCM,
Hyderabad, IOPB, IUAC and IGCAR , Synchrotron at RRCAT, Indore.

G.K.Mehta, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B212 (2003) 8

G.K. Mehta, Pramana, 59 (2002) 703.
Livingston chart (1954)
One and half orders
raise in energy per decade

14 TeV for protons at present

100 TeV plannned for future
 Accelerator/Ion Beam Applications : Changing Scenario 1950-2000
• Till 1950’s : Tool of Nuclear Physicist
Early developments of Implantation , sputtering , Theory

1960’s: Development of Small handy detectors, Automatic data acqusition

systems. Theoretical developments in Sputtering and Channeling
and Radiation damage

• 1970’s: Analysis Tools : Rutherford Backscattering, Channeling, PIXE, Lattice

site locations, Epitaxy , Ion Implantation etc.

• 1980’s: Wide spread use of Ion Beam Analysis, Ceramics, High Tc, magnetic,
optical Materials. Simulation programs for analysis and damage
calculations. Development of Nuclear Microprobes and Applications

1990’s: Wide spread use of nuclear microprobes for 3-D elemental analysis
Development of low energy nano beams and Engineering Applications
viz fabrication of nano components

2000’s: New Vistas with MeV micro and keV nano beams, micromachining
and fabrication, single ion irradiation effects (radiation bystander
effect in biological cells), Proton beam writing ,
 Maxwell’s Equations

Lorentz Force

dp
dt

  
 q EvB  A magnetic field does not
alter a particle’s energy. Only
an electric field can do this.
 Accelerator types
• electrostatic
– battery, lightning, van de Graff, Pellatron: to about 30
MeV; for nuclear physics and isotope production
• cascade
– Cockcroft-Walton: to several MeV; cheap; for X-ray
sources and injectors
• Linear
– RFQ
– drift-tube(Wideroe, Alvarez):pre accelerators, LAMPF
– Wave guide:electrons only(SLAC, NLC)
 Circular Accelerators
• betatron
– electrons only, cheap, portable, to ~500 MeV
• cyclotron
– Protons to ~500 MeV (TRIUMF, PSI)
• Synchrotron
– 100 GeV electrons (LEP)
– 1 TeV protons and antiprotons (FNAL)
– 7 TeV protons (LHC)
 The Cockcroft-Walton accelerator generated a
high voltage by creating a complex electrical
circuit called a voltage multiplier cascade,
which became known as Cockcroft-Walton
generator. Using their generator, Cockcroft &
A Van de Graaff accelerator
Walton were able to generate a voltage of
800kV
Cockcroft & Walton Type Accelerator
3 kW Voltage driver
Linear Accelerators came from Rolf Widerøe in 1927
 Cyclotron

A basic diagram of a Cyclotron [note. The small circles

containing a dot with the letter B next to them indicate a
magnetic field pointing out of the screen towards the
reader
The Betatron consists of a main ring, a doughnut shaped vacuum chamber, known as
the doughnut chamber , in which electrons, produced by an electron gun within the
chamber, are accelerated. The chamber is set up between the two poles of an
electromagnet driven by an AC current which results in a constantly changing
magnetic field. The changing magnetic field means a changing magnetic flux (a
component of the magnetic field passing through an area) across the doughnut
chamber which produces an electromotive force which will accelerate the electrons
In a Microtron, electrons are accelerated from rest in an accelerator cavity (1),
driven by an AC voltage (2). After leaving the accelerator cavity, the electrons,
under the influence of a magnetic field (3), move in a circular path back into the
accelerator cavity where they are accelerated again (4). With each pass through
the accelerator cavity, the electrons gain more and more energy and therefore,
according to Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2, gain mass (as mass is
equivalent to energy). The increase in mass results in an increase in the radius of
the orbit of the electrons (5).

By taking advantage of phase stability, Microtons were able to accelerate electrons

beyond the 25MeV limit. Microtrons are still in operation today and a notable
example is the Mainzer Mikrotron (MAMI) in Mainz, capable of accelerating
electrons to 855MeV.
The modified Cyclotron had one of the D-shaped electrodes removed (1).
The particle is accelerated in the same way as in a Cyclotron except that
the RF generator responsible for producing the AC voltage which
accelerates the particle is replaced with a variable frequency RF generator
(2) so that the AC frequency can be synchronised with orbital frequency of
the particle. The AC voltage is applied across the remaining D-shaped
electrode (3) and a new deflecting electrode (4) which is responsible for
directing the particle out of the accelerator and towards a target (5).
 The protons then enter the Synchrotron via an
injector (1).
The protons are then made to follow a curved
path by bending magnets (2), which can be either
electromagnets or superconducting
electromagnets.
3 After leaving the bending magnets the protons
travel to an accelerating cavity (3) where they are
4 further accelerated.
The particles are again made to follow a curved
path bringing them to a second straight section
1 where they can either be accelerated again in
2 another accelerator cavity, or in the case of the
example below, simply follow a straight path (4)
before being directed again to another bending
magnet which will direct the protons to the second
accelerator cavity (3) parallel to the first.

The basic principle of the Synchrotron is to maintain the accelerated particles at a

constant orbital radius. This is achieved by synchronising the magnetic field strength
with the energy of the accelerated particles. So, as the particles are accelerated and
gain energy, the magnetic field is increased, keeping the particles orbit constant
 storage ring collider is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, at a diameter of
27km and spanning two countries. It is the biggest experiment ever undertaken in
science. The LHC primarily collides beams of protons and has so far collided beams
of protons with energies of 3.5TeV (3,500,000,000,000eV) resulting in a 7TeV
collision. The LHC is designed so that it can also accelerate heavy ions like Lead to
up to 575TeV to try and replicate the conditions in the early universe, immediately
after the big bang
 It’s a Simple Idea…
Take the smallest possible particles and give them the
highest possible energy.

From this simple idea has come the

science of high-energy physics,
the technology of particle
accelerators, and a revolution in our
understanding of matter, space and time.
 Why Do We Need Accelerators?
Accelerators solve two problems for physicists:

 First, since all particles behave like waves, physicists use

accelerators to increase a particle's momentum, thus decreasing
its wavelength enough that physicists can use it to poke inside
atoms. (Resolving power!)

 Second, the energy of speedy particles is used to create the

massive particles that physicists want to study.

+ E=Mc2 !
protons anti-protons
 Overview-- The Basics
Basically, an accelerator takes a particle, speeds it up
using electromagnetic fields, and bashes the particle
into a target or other particles. Surrounding the collision
point are detectors that record the many pieces of the event.

Accelerators for particle physics can be classified into two main types:

•Fixed Target: Shoot a particle at a fixed target

A charged particle such as an electron or a proton is

accelerated by an electric field and collides with a target,
Fermilab video of fixed targets
which can be a solid, liquid, or gas. A detector determines
the charge, momentum, mass, etc. of the resulting particles.

•Colliding Beams: Two beams of particles are made to cross each other
The advantage: both beams have significant kinetic
energy, so a collision between them is more likely to
produce Fermilab video
a higher mass of colliding
particle beams
than would a fixed-target
collision at the same energy. These particles have large
momentum (short wavelengths) and make excellent probes.
 Types of Accelerators
Accelerators basically fall into two different categories:

Linear Accelerators (Linacs): Particle is shot like a bullet from a gun. Used for
fixed-target experiments, as injectors to circular accelerators, or as linear
colliders.
•Fixed target

•Injector to a circular accelerator

•Linear collider

Circular Accelerator (Synchrotron): Used for colliding-beam experiments or

extracted from the ring for fixed-target experiments. Large magnets tweak the
particle's path enough to keep it in the circular accelerator.

•Colliding Beams

•Extracted to Hit a Fixed Target

 Pros and Cons
Advantage of a circular accelerator over a linear one:
• Particles in a circular accelerator (synchrotron) go around many
times, getting multiple kicks of energy each time around.
Therefore, synchrotrons can provide very high-energy particles
without having to be of tremendous length.
• The fact that the particles go around many times means that
there are many chances for collisions at those places where
particle beams are made to cross.

Advantage of a linear accelerator over a circular one:

• Linear accelerators are much easier to build than circular accelerators--
they don't need the large magnets required to coerce particles into going
in a circle. Circular accelerators also need an enormous radii in order to
get particles to high enough energies, so they are expensive to build.
• When a charged particle is accelerated, it radiates away energy. At
high energies the radiation loss is larger for circular acceleration than for
linear acceleration.

Why are we planning to build a Linear Collider for the next e+e- machine?
 Schematic of an ion implanter

• Ion source: operates at a high voltage(25kV) and convert the electrically neutral dopant
atoms in the gas phase into plasma ions and undesired species. Some sources: Arsine,
Phosphine, Diborane, … Solid can be sputtered in special ion sources.
• Mass spectrometer: a magnet bend the ion beam through right angle, and select the
desired impurity ion and purge undesired species. Selected ion passes through an aperture.
• Accelerator: add energy to beam up to 5MeV. (contained, to shield possible x-ray).
• Scanning system: x and y axis deflection plates are used to scan the beam across the wafer
to produce uniform implantation of desired dose. The beam is bended to prevent the
neutral particles from hitting the target . 24
1.7 MV Tandetron Accelerator at IGCAR, Kalpakkam
Ions of almost all elements in the periodic table
Energy  0.3 MeV to 1.7(1+q) MeV
Beam Current  few A

Ion Implantation
RBS, PIXE, ERDA, NRA, Channeling
Beamlines of 1.7MV tandetron
 400kV Accelerator for Dual Beam Irradiation setup
Swelling behavior of D9I alloys with
varying P, Si content
5.0
P=0.034,Si=0.74
5 MeV Ni2+ , 100 dpa. 30 appm,
P<0.024,Si=0.7
P=0.047,Si=0.77 P=0.022,Si=0.91 He-Preimplanted UHV high temperature
Ion irradiation system
Swelling (%)

(existing)
Dual Beam Irradiation
2.5
Simultaneous Irradiation with
Helium from the 400kV Accelerator
and Heavy ions from the 1.7MV
Accelerator
0.0
700 750 800 850 900 950 More realistic Simulation of reactor
Temperature (K) Irradiation conditions

Isolation Transformer 400 kV DC power supply

Acceleratoring
Beam tube
RF ion source Q.Pole Lens
Steerer

90º Mass analysing magnet

Power
supplies

High Voltage Terminal

400 kV Accelerator - Commissioned

 150 kV accelerator

Gaseous Ions
VECC
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre - VECC
The K-130 cyclotron has been operating round-
the-clock and delivering light ion beams (proton,
alpha etc.) for experimental use in four beam
lines. Low energy alpha beams (1.0 MeV to 7.2
MeV) which are likely to address the
requirements of nuclear physicists have been
developed
Extracted
Energy Beam current (µA)
Ions beam
(MeV) on target
current (µA)
Alpha 30 - 65 10.0 µA 3.0 µA
Proton 7.5 - 18 25.0 µA 25.0 µA

Beam Quality:
Energy Resolution: The beam has energy spread
(∆E/E) 0.5% (FWHM). The energy spread after the
analyzing magnet is 0.025% (FWHM).
Time structure: The beam from the cyclotron consists of
short pulses of small duration (1 to 10 ns) at the interval
of (50 to 200 ns).
Emittance: The radial and axial emittance of the external
beam is of the order of 50 and 70 mm-mrad respectively.
K500 Superconducting Cyclotron

first compact superconducting cyclotron in Asia.

The magnet can produce maximum magnetic field of 5 Tesla. The technical challenges of
using superconducting coil in cyclotron have been aggravated by the characteristic
compactness the cyclotron.
This 100 Ton machine, a cylindrical structure of 3 meter diameter and 2.2 meter height,
can produce a maximum energy of 80 MeV/A for lighter ions and 5-10 MeV/A for heavier
ions covering the whole range of the periodic table.

superconducting Nb-Ti coil immersed inside liquid helium (LHe) bath operating at 1.2 bar
absolute pressure – Max field 5.5Tesla

At the extraction radius the high energy beam is pulled out of its circulating trajectory by
the electrostatic deflectors and then it is guided by the magnetic channels almost 330
degrees till it comes out of the machine. Then the extracted beam is transported to the
experimental hall by a 13 m long beam line. Threading of the high energy beam through
the deflectors and magnetic channels imposed a long list of technical challenges.

Two ECR ion sources of frequency 14.4 GHz will provide low energy beam for the
cyclotron. Horizontal beam transport lines from each of the sources merge to a common
horizontal beam line.
30 MeV proton from Medical cyclotron at VECC,
Kolkatta
Medical cyclotron -Cyclone-30

Two Materials Science Beamline

-Irradiation creep-IGCAR
RRCAT
 •Electron Accelerator based Radiation Processing Facility
Two RRCAT developed 10 MeV, 5 kW electron linacs have been installed at the facility.
While one linac is used in the processing, the second serves as standby.

Product handling system

The product handling system can handle boxes of typical dimensions of 60 cm (height) X 40
cm (dimension along travel direction) X 60 cm (dimension along beam penetration
direction). Typical weight of product filled box would be about 10 to 20 kg. Depending on
product density and box dimensions, ten to thirty boxes can be processed in one batch.
Processing capacity
Practically tested processing throughput obtained at the facility is 5 kGy.ton/hour.
Furthermore, doses in a wide range from very low values of 100 Gy to high values of 25 kGy
can be delivered.
Process control
The linac and product handling system operations are controlled through PC based control
system. Process and volumetric dosimetry facilities are available to measure the dose
delivered to the products. Dosimetry systems based on EPR dosimetry and radiochromic
films are used at different test stages and are available for product dosimetry.
 FREE ELECTRON LASER
Free Electron Laser (FEL) is an apparatus that generates a laser beam using the SR as a seed.

A remarkable feature of FEL is the

tunability of wavelength.
Since FEL does not require a laser
medium, it can be a powerful light source
in a wavelength region where other lasers
can not oscillate due to absorption of light
by the laser medium itself.
Another advantage of the freeness from
laser media is that the laser power is not
limited by the thermal effect on the
medium, which is also a good point for the Light with a specific wavelength satisfying the following
equation is amplified by an interaction between the
stability of the laser power, and makes FEL
generated SR and the electron beam.
easier to be upgraded to a more powerful
light source.
FEL can be operated as an pulsed laser.
Pulsed output of FEL is also useful for λs: FEL wavelength to be amplified
applications to several experiments and λu: Periodic length of the andulator
γ: Proportional to the accelaration energy of the
measurements. electron beam
K: Proportinal to the strength of the periodic
magnetic field
 Free Electron Laser (FEL)
RRCAT

The free electron laser utilizes the synchrotron effect in order to create a linear photon
coherent beam similar to the one from lasers in it directionality and coherence. ... This array of
magnets is commonly configured as an undulator, or a wiggler, because it forces
the electrons in the beam to follow a sinusoidal path

aim of building a high power FEL capable of producing short pulsed (femtosecond)
radiation at short wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)

Table 1: Important design parameters of the IR-FEL

Design wavelength 15 –50 μm
Design electron beam energy 15 – 25 MeV
Peak current > 30 A
Undulator period /length 5 cm / 2.5m
RMS Undulator parameter 1.2 at 27mm gap
Peak /Average out-coupled
2 MW /15 - 30 mW @ 10 Hz
power
Another experimental facility is being established for doing terahertz timedomain
spectroscopy(THz-TDS) and pump-probe experiments in low temperature (5-300 K) and high
magnetic field (up to 70 kOe) sample environment. Fig. 1 shows a picture of the set-up for
THz-TDS and pump-probe experiments. The salient features of this experimental set-up are:
1.Spectral range: 0.1– 3 THz (~4–99 cm-1)
2.Pulse duration: ~10 ps
3.THz Power: ~2 μW
4.Terahertz generation and detection: Using (Ga,Bi)As based Photoconductive Antenna,
with integrated collimating lens (high resistivity Si).
5.Laser: Diode pumped solid state (DPSS) laser with central wavelength 1030 nm, pulse
duration 96 fs, and repetition rate of 76 MHz.

Using this facility (THz-TDS, near-infrared pump & terahertz probe), useful physical
properties like optical conductivity, charge carrier dynamics etc. can be studied as a
function of temperature, magnetic field, and frequencyin the transmission and reflection
modes.
Indus Synchrotron Radiation Facility
 Table 1: Parameters of Indus-1 electron storage ring

Parameters Indus-1 Indus-2

Stored beam energy 450 MeV 2.5 GeV
Beam current 100 mA 200 mA
Circumference 18.97 m 172.47 m
Beam energy (Injection) 450 MeV 550 MeV
Critical wavelength 61 Å 1.98 Å
-8 -8
Beam emittance( ξx, ξ y) 7.0*10 m-rad 5.8*10 m-rad
-9 -10
7.0*10 m-rad 5.8*10 m-rad
Periodicity 4 8
Dipole magnets 4 16
Quadrupole magnets 16 72
Sextupole magnets 8 32
Harmonic number 2 291
RF system frequency 31.613 MHz 505.812 MHz
Energy loss per turn 3.6 keV 627 keV
RF voltage 22 kV 1.27 MV
 Indus-1

Indus- 1 has six operational beamlines which are available to users for experiments in
round the clock mode.
•High Resolution VUV Spectroscopy Beamline
•Angle Integrated Photoelectron Spectroscopy Beamline (AI PES)
•Angle Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy Beamline (AR PES)
•Soft X-ray Reflectivity Beamline
•Photo Physics Beamline
•IR Spectroscopy Beamline
Indus-2
ADS Gain

G0=2 Experiments confirmed

Safety
High Energy Neutrons incinerate MA
Do We need Accelerator for reactor?
BARC work
ADSS
ITER India
INDIA'S DELIVERABLES
TO ITER
 India’s Contribution to ITER
• India is contributing nine Packages to ITER

• These cover a range of technologies (RF, NB,

Cryo)

• Involve a strong industry partnership

• A specially created body called ITER-India is in

charge of the project execution
 ITER-MACHINE IS BEING BUILT MOSTLY BY IN-
KIND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SEVEN PARTNERS

• 45.46% from EU
• 9.09% each from
China, India, S.
Korea, Japan, Russia
& US

Each component
of the machine
will be delivered
either by
- Single ITER
partner
OR
- More than one
partner
 ITER IN-KIND CONTRIBUTION PACKAGES:
Design approach: Two Types

Design responsibility is ITER’s Design responsibility is with the

partner responsible for delivery
• First of its kind
• Any of the partner supports ITER • Functional requirements and
to reach on a final design boundaries defined by ITER
• ITER owns the responsibility of • Partner responsible has to
performance of the engineered engineer, fabricate and
components demonstrate the system as per
• Post manufacturing any the requirements
modifications required are ITER’s • Any modifications and the
responsibility in terms of cost resultant impact on schedule and
and schedule cost is partner’s responsibility
• Such engineered packages are • Such engineered packages are
called Build to Print (BTP) called Functional Specification (FS)
packages
 INDIA’S IN-KIND CONTRIBUTION TO ITER
9 packages with multi-dimensional technology development
Heavy & precision Cryostat (BTP) Machine jacket to ensure
engineering – material and vacuum environment for SC
manufacturing intensive magnet
In Wall Shields (BTP) Neutron shielding
R&D oriented and technology RF sources: Ion Cyclotron Plasma heating, current drive,
intensive Frequency (FS) wall conditioning
RF sources: Electron Startup, heating, current drive,
Cyclotron Frequency (FS) instability control
Diagnostic Neutral Beam Energetic neutral beam in
(BTP + FS) plasma to detect He ash
Power supplies (FS) Power ITER heating and beam
systems
Diagnostics (FS + BTP) Diagnosing ITER plasma
Technologically challenging & Cryolines and Cooling some ITER components
Integration intensive Cryodistribution (FS) to sub zero temperatures

Interface & integration Cooling water systems Removal of heat load from ITER
intensive (FS) components
 Cryostat: Jacket to ensure vacuum environment for SC Magnets

30 m

• Vacuum : 10-6 Torr

• 3500 tonnes of steel
• Largest stainless steel vacuum vessel to
30 m be built in the world : 16000 m3 volume
Compliance with nuclear safety requirements to limit radiation dose due to
neutron and gamma induced radioactivity, stringent control on components like Co
Highly interface sensitive package: ~ 150 design changes during execution

Material used: SS 304, SS 304L dual; Co content <0.1% JINDAL steel, Industeel
(France) & L&T Forging (Hazira)
 Cryostat: Jacket to ensure vacuum environment for SC Magnets
Prototyping: Actual size Mock-up was manufactured to know real
Tying of two sectors of Base
distortion scenario
Section back to back before
welding to minimise distortion
Top lid mock-up (30 deg.)

Base Section tier-2 mock-up (40 deg.)

Special arrangement was

done to manage distortion
at free edges
Trial assembly is been
done at factory
before shipment
Cryostat: Jacket to ensure vacuum environment for SC Magnets

At Workshop

Lower cylinder finalized in February 2019 Base section finalized in July 2019

Wrapped Lower Cylinder for Ongoing Upper cylinder sub-assembly

storage
Base Section & Lower Cylinder handed over to IO
 In Wall Shields: Neutron shielding
• Provide shielding from neutron radiation for components situated outside of
the vacuum vessel (such as the magnets) as well as for environmental safety &
• Contribute to plasma performance by limiting perturbations due to toroidal
field ripple
• Occupy 55 % of the space between the double walls of the vacuum vessel
• Modular structure 9000 blocks made of 72000 borated (1-2% boron) or ferritic steel plates
(each 40mm thick)
Provides high neutron shielding due Reduces toroidal magnetic field
to its high Neutron Capture Cross ripple as it has high Saturation
Section Magnetization
IWS
Blocks
Support
Rib +
Lower
Bracket
Assembly
SS316L(N)-IG

9000 blocks are to be assembled for 9 These block assemblies use ~ 5,10,000
sectors of vacuum vessel & the field joints brackets, spacers, bolts and washers
 In Wall Shields: Neutron shielding

Constraints of IWS

• Not accessible for maintenance/repair after fabrication of Vacuum

Vessel (VV)

• These blocks remain immersed in water-passing through double wall

of VV. Hence, IWS materials should have high corrosion resistance

Development includes:
• Use of powder metallurgy route used to produce SS304B7 by Carpenter
Technology for better grain structure and boron distribution

• Corrosion study for all IWS materials under simulated operating conditions
(200 deg. C, 24 bar pressure, water, 5 weeks)

• Magnetic permeability control during component machining (Maximum

1.03)

• Vibration test for fastener anti-rotation design validation

 IWS Mock-up & Final Product
Corrosion study to validate IWS material
• Borated steel (SS304 B4 & SS 304 B7) showed marginal weight gain after exposure (water
at 200 deg. C / 24 bar) due to formation of thin layer (~sub-micron) of oxide but were
free from any crevice corrosion.
• Ferritic steel (SS 430) showed mild effect of general corrosion (1 mil/year, not critical for
ITER life time)
Various Mock-ups have been prepared to validate the manufacturing & assembly processes

Plates of SS 304 B7, SS 304 Study assembly interfaces with Validation of Anti-Rotation
B4 and SS 430 per block vacuum vessel Mechanism

Various manufacturing processes till finished product

 In-Wall Shielding

PRESENT
STATUS
Expected completion of
manufacturing: Mid 2020
RF Sources: Ion Cyclotron Resonance Frequency (ICRF)
Functionality: Indian contribution to ITER ICRF sources: 9
• Heating nos. (8 for plasma operation + 1 spare)
• Current drive
• 2.5 MW/VSWR 2:1/35-65 MHz/CW
• Wall conditioning
• 3.0 MW/VSWR 1.5:1/40-55 MHz/CW
TL to Hot Cell Facility

RF Sources (8+1)

Transmission Lines (8)

Matching units (2)

3MW test
loads
HVPS
Pre-matching units (2)
& Antennas (2)
Movable matching
system

(PPTF)

This kind of RF source is unique in terms of its

stringent specifications
 ICRF Sources: Test Facility developed at ITER-India

Developed dedicated test facility comprises of Low power RF section, SSPA, Controls,
High Voltage & Auxiliary Power Supplies,Tx-line system, Test Rig, Cooling etc.

Diacrode based
system

RF
output

RF
input

Test
RF
input Rig
RF
output

Tetrode based
system

Test Rig: 3MW Dummy Load +

Mismatch Tx-line
 ICRF Sources: Under High Power Test at ITER-India

High Power Test on Match Load

1800.00
1600.00
Output Power (kW)

1400.00
1200.00
1000.00
800.00
600.00
Input Power (kW)
400.00
10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00
Test@36MHz Test@45MHz
Test@55MHz Test@65MHz
 RF Sources: Electron Cyclotron Resonance Frequency

Execution Plan
Phase-I Domestic Preparatory Activity
Gyrotron Test Facility Development
IIGTF to support ITER deliverables
Layout
Test Gyrotron + WG components
close to ITER specs
Prototype Auxiliaries close to ITER Specs
Test
Gyrotron Establish System Integration & Integrated
Setup System Performance

Phase-II Activity towards ITER Deliveries

Final Design Review
Procurements for ITER Deliverables
Acceptance Tests, Delivery &
Commissioning at ITER site
 Diagnostics Neutral Beam (DNB): measures He ash

ITER Challenges
Tokamak • Intense physics R&D
• Beam source of the largest size,
• High precision manufacturing + heavy
engineering
100 keV, 60 A beam of H-
HNB Injectors (EU – JA
DNB
procurement)
Injector

Beam transport ~20.7m from the

ion source

100 keV, 20 A beam

of H0

8 driver based
~ RF negative ion
60% source
To deflect out un-
neutralized part
 Diagnostics Neutral Beam (DNB): measures He ash

Development of beam
technology

Source development: Material & engineering aspects

RF based negative ion source • Development of material
optimization & operation • Similar & dissimilar metal joining
• Several precision machining techniques
Source development : Optimizing
source & H- beams

Achieved current density ~ 27 mA/cm2, against required 35 mA/cm2

 Diagnostics Neutral Beam (DNB): measures He ash

Test facility for neutral

beam production &
transportation at
ITER-India lab

Heavy engineering

Diagnostic neutral
beam line: 100 keV, 60
A beam of H-
Vacuum vessel
(10 m long, 4.5 m dia)

• SS 304 (UHV class)

• Top lid openable
• Sealing using double O
ring seals
 Diagnostics Neutral Beam (DNB): measures He ash

Precision Engineering

Aperture zoomed
H-
100 keV 60 A ion source view
forextractor
3 grid beam DNB & accelerator
system of ion source need to focus Four segmented
beam at 21 m without much beam loss grid – 1280
apertures
Aperture position accuracy: 50 microns
Flatness of the plane 40 microns
Angle accuracy 0.01o
 Power Supplies: for Beam & RF systems

Multi MW power supplies for Diagnostics Neutral Beam and RF systems

Diagnostic Neutral beam

RF Systems :
Beam power supply : ICRH:
10 kV, 140 A (1.4 MW) Extraction 27kV/190A Dual power
PS supply
90 kV, 70 A (6.3 MW) Driver Stage : 8-18 kV /
Acceleration PS 20A,
End stage : 27 kV / 170A
RF generators for ion source
1 MHz, 200 kW each (4 nos.) ECRH :
55 kV, 110 A
8 kV 60 A power supply for the
electrostatic RID
 Power Supplies: for RF & DNB systems
Several multi-MW power supplies developed to support
operations of the RF based plasma heating systems in ITER and
the Diagnostic neutral beam system
Power supplies for DNB system PSM based HVPS for ICRF system

Design
successfully
tested,
Exceeds ITER
specifications

100 kV, 7.2 MW acceleration system

power supplies for ion source
manufactured in India and working in
Padua Italy on ion source dev. Test bed
 Diagnostics: Diagnosing ITER Plasma
The diagnostic package includes India’s participation in
X-Ray Crystal Spectroscopy (XRCS) - Survey & Edge: Real-time monitoring of
impurity content in ITER core & edge plasma
Set of spectrometers (X-ray crystals, Detectors, Vacuum chamber), Calibration
source, Instrumentation & Control (I&C)
 Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE): measures radiated power in EC
frequency range and provides electron temperature profile & temperature
fluctuations
Set of Michelson Interferometers & Radiometers, Polarization splitter unit,
Transmission line, Calibration source, I&C
 Charge eXchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CXRS): measures plasma
Ion temperature, Velocity and Impurity density
Optical Fibers, Detectors, Visible Spectrometers, Opto-mechanical components
like filters, mounts, I&C
 Upper Port- 09 (UP#09): Complex integration with Interspace Support
Structure (ISS) & Port Cell Support Structure (PCSS) etc., and customization
for CXRS(Edge)
 Cryolines and Cryodistribution system: cryo-cooling to ITER
machine components
ITER Cryogenic System:
Cryoplant Cryolines + Cryodistribution Clients
75 kW @ 4.5K LHe; (IO)
1.2 MW @ 80K LN2 (EU)
CRYOLINES
Used to cool
CRYODISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• ITER superconducting magnets;
supercritical He @ 4K CRYOPLANT

• Cryostat and thermal shields; forced

flow of He @ 80K
• Cryosorption pumps; supercritical He
@ 4K shielded by He gas @ 80K at
different pumping locations

Indian scope includes to and fro transport of cryogens to the desired cooling
locations:
• 5 km long cryolines
• 5.5 km long warm lines
• 7 cryodistribution boxes (local storage houses)
 Prototyping of Cryolines
Prototype cryoline 1 (INOX) Prototype cryoline 2 (ALAT)
DESIGN MANUFACTURING

INSTALLATION

Both PTCLs Installed & tested at ITER-India lab

Test Objectives Test Results Benefits of prototyping
• Validation of structural
• All PTCL test activities (multiple sources and
objectives are designs) :
and mechanical integrity
fulfilled by both
• Measurement of heat • Risk mitigated
PTCL-1 and PTCL-2.
load at 80K and 4.5K • Performance testing and
• All stringent
• Thermal profile of
thermal shield
technical and quality comparison
requirements were • Develop industry
• Break of insulation
met by both
vacuum test • State of the art facilities
industrial partners.
• Helium leak tightness developed in Indian industry
tests
 Installation of Cryoline and Cryodistribution System at ITER

Cryoplant
building
Gas He &
LN2
LHe storage storage
tank tanks

Cryolines and Warmlines ready for dispatch Cryo facility at ITER site

CTCB Cold Box internal movement in factory Installation of cryolines at ITER site
Cryolines installed inside Cryoplant
 Water Cooling System: Indian Contribution
Indian scope includes the following subsytems: The delivery under the CWS include
 Component Cooling Water System (CCWS) : ~4500 pipe spools upto 2m diameter, in
Provides cooling water at 31oC, specified flow varying lengths and piping geometries,
rate, pressure and water quality
 Chilled Water System (CHWS) : Provides chilled ~ 18 km of piping and ~ 105 inch
water at 6oC, specified flow rate and pressure diameter of welding
 Heat Rejection System (HRS): Final heat sink.
Also stores excess heat during pulse operation
and rejects the same during dwell period

The scope of supply includes

10 cells of Cooling Tower: Avg. 510 MW; Peak~1.2 GW
14 Plate type Heat Exchanger: 70 MW each: Possibly at
the highest range of design
4MW Chiller: Highest capacity manufactured in India
40 Pumps: different capacity (Max1.4MW motor Challenges:
capacity)
• Extremely high flow rates (>20000 m3/hr) & meeting requirements of low conductivity
• Highly interface intensive configuration
Design - Procurement (vendor availability) - Manufacturing - Quality – logistic
 Water Cooling System: Indian Contribution
Several important components of the cooling water
system developed

Flow Splitter to smoothen 1.4 MW Motor with

the flow to vertical pump strict noise level limit
4MW chiller with requirement of
seismic qualification for nuclear site
ever manufactured indigenously Mock-up of basin & pumping arrangement at
Kirloskar factory

Innovative Pipe-in-pipe concept

developed to allow thermal
expansion in buried network
 Water Cooling System: Indian Contribution

18 km of piping network manufactured under

PED protocol, involves ~ 105 inch diameter of
welding & their examination to ensure their
correctness
~ 4200 spools delivered, all major
components like pumps, chiller, heat
exchanger, cooling tower etc.
delivered (95% delivery completed)
 Water Cooling System: Indian Contribution
Site service building in ITER France houses the chiller systems, pumps, electrical
panels and interconnecting piping network delivered by ITER India

Pumps delivered by ITER-India

being installed at ITER site

Cooling Tower components

Delivered by ITER-India, erected by ITER delivered by ITER-India under
Organization assembly at site
 India’s activity on site
Cryogenic lines
Cryostat Workshop Electrical
components
installation

Diagnostic
Neutral
Beam
Heating and
Current Drive
In-Wall Shielding

Heat Rejection system

Slide courtesy : Mr. Laban Coblentz, IO, France

FAIR Project Facility for Anti-proton Ion Research, GSI,
Darmstadt

Universe in the Laboratory

Large accelerator and tandem facilities
with materials research activities
NUSTAR experiments – Nuclear STructure, Astrophysics and Reactions

CBM Experiments – Compressed Baryonic Matter

PANDA experiments – Anti-proton Annihilation at Darmstadt

APPA experiments – Atomic, Plasma Physics and applications