Chemistry II

014
15/11/ 2019 08.30AM - 11.30 AM

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS, 2019

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

PAPER II: THEORY CHEMISTRY

COMBINATIONS: -BIOLOGY-CHEMISTRY-GEOGRAPHY( BCG )

- MATHS -CHEMISTRY- BIOLOGY(MCB)

-PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY( PCB)

- PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY- MATHS( PCM)

DURATION: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:
1) Write your names and index number on the answer booklet as written on the registration form,
and DO NOT write your names and index number on additional answer sheets of paper if
provided.
2) Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so.
3) This paper consists of two sections: A and B.
Section A: Attempt ALL questions. (70 marks)
Section B: Attempt any THREE questions. (30marks)
4)You do not need a Periodic Table
5) Silent non-programmable calculators may be used.
6) Use a blue or black pen for and a pencil for drawing.

1|Page
SECTION A: Attempt all questions (70 marks)

1) a) Describe what takes place in the ionization chamber of the mass

spectrometer so that positive ions of a sample are produced. (2 marks)
b) The percentage abundance of chromium isotopes Cr, Cr, Cr and Cr
50 52 53 54

are 4.345% , 83.789%, 9.501% and 2.365% respectively .

i) Calculate the relative atomic mass of chromium. (2 marks)
ii) Describe 2 useful applications of isotopes by man. (2 marks)

2) Draw diagrams of the shapes of the following molecules and each case state
the name of the shape.
a) CO2 (1.5 marks)
b) BCl3 (1.5 marks)
(Atomic number: B = 5 , Cl = 17, C=6, O = 8)
3) a) Describe 2 similarities in terms of chemical properties between beryllium
and aluminum elements. (2 marks)
(Berryllium and aluminium are in group 12 of the periodic table)
b) Explain why PbBr4 and PbI4 do not exist whereas PbCl4 exists. (2 marks)
c) Evaluate the social-economic importance of aluminium and boron
compounds to the Rwandan society. (2 marks)

4) a)Write the equation of the reaction between concetrated H2SO4 and HI. (1 marks)
b) Explain why HF has a higher boiling point than HCl, HBr and HI despite its
lower molecular mass than the rest. (2 marks)
c) Evaluate the important uses and hazards of chlorine compounds. (2 marks)
5) During the reaction of formation of Al2O3 from 5.4g of Al and enough of
O2, the heat liberated increased the temperature of 2kg of water by 20oC. (3 marks)
Find the value of the standard enthalpy of formation of Al2O3.
(Atomic mass: Al =27, specific heat capacity of water =4.2J/g/0C)

6) Petrol is composed of isomers of C8H18.

a) Write the structural formula of 2,3,3-Trimethyl pentane. (1 mark)
b) Give one reason to explain why 2,3,3-Trimethyl pentane is a better fuel
component in vehicle engines than n-octane. (1 mark)
c) Explain the reason why unleaded petrol is recommended for use in
vehicles in most parts of the world than leaded petrol. (2 marks)

7) a) Study the structural formula of the following organic compounds and answer the
questions that follow:

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i) Write the IUPAC name of compound X and compound Y shown above. (2 marks)
ii) Suggest a chemical test reagent that can be used to distinguish between the
organic substance X and Y shown above and mention the observable in each case. (2 marks)
b) Complete the chemical equation given below writing the semi developed formulae
of all organic compounds and molecular formulae of inorganic products.
O
CH3CH2CH2-C-CH3 + I2 + NaOH → (2 marks)
8) Balance the following reduction –oxidation chemical reaction equations.
a) Fe2+(aq) + H+(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) → Cr3+(aq) + Fe3+(aq) +H2O(l) (2 marks)
- + -
b) I2(aq) + NO3(aq) + H (aq) → NO2(g) + IO3 (aq) + H2O(l) (2 marks)

9) Use the data given below to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation ∆H4
of octane, C8H18(l):
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H1 = - 393.5kJ mol-1
H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(g) ∆H2 = - 286kJ mol-1
25
C8H18(l) + O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(g) ∆H3 = -5471kJ mol-1
2
8 C(s) + 9H2(g) → C8H18(l) ∆H4 = ?
10) The dissociation constant (Kb) of 0.2mole/litre solution of methyl amine is 4.4 x 10-4.
Calculate:
a) The number of moles of OH- in 1 litre of the methyl amine solution. (2 marks)
b) The pH of 0.2 mole /litre of methyl amine is
Equation:
CH3NH2 + H2O ⇄ CH3NH3+ + OH-
(methyl amine is a weak base)
11) Using appropriate steps with equations of reactions , show how you can synthesize
CH3CH2NH2 from CH3CH2CH2OH. (4 marks)

12) The solubility product (ksp) of silver chromate VI,Ag2CrO4 in water is 3 x 10-12
Ag2CrO4(s) ⇌ 2Ag+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)
a) Calculate the solubility in gdm-3 of silver chromate VI ( Ag2CrO4 ) in water. (2 marks)
b) Calculate the solubility in moles per litre of Ag2CrO4 in 1 litre of a solution of
0.02 mole /litre Na2CrO4. (2 marks)
(0.02 mole /litre Na2CrO4 solution dissolves completely in water)
(Atomic mass , Ag = 107, Cr = 52, O =16)
c) Discuss 2 important applications of solubility in the Rwandan society. (2 marks)

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13) a) Write the structural formula of 2-bromo-4-methyl pentane. (1 mark)
b) Write the equation of reaction of nucleophilic substitution between ,

2-bromo-4-methyl pentane and aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

(use semi-developed formule) (2 marks)
c) 2-bromo-4-methyl pentane is made to react with sodium cyanide, NaCN to
form product A. The resultant organic product A is reacted with LiAlH4 in presence of

H2O, to give an organic product B.

Give the IUPC name or the structural formula of compounds A and B. (2 marks)

14) Nickel- cadmium cells are used to power electrical equipments such as drills and shavers.
The electrode reactions are shown below:
NiO2 + 2H2O + 2e → Ni(OH)2 + 2OH- Eθ = +0.52V
Cd + 2OH- → Cd(OH)2 + 2e Eθ = -0.88V
a) Calculate the standard e.m.f of a Nickel-cadmium cell. (1.5 marks)
b) Deduce the overall equation for the reaction that occurs in the cell when
it is used. (1.5 marks)
c) Describe the difference between rechargeable cells such as those used in
mobile telephones and the non rechargeable cells. (2 marks)

15) a) Describe the term “thermosoftening polymer’’ and indicate the example of
such a polymer. (2 marks)
b) Explain how tyres used in vehicles and bicycles are made hard during the
process of polymerisation(Synthesis) in industry. (2 marks)

SECTION B: Attempt THREE questions (30 marks)

16) a) Glass is essentially made of silicon and boron compounds.
i) Explain the reason why glass is no used to make containers of NaOH solution.
(use chemical equations to support your answer) (2 marks)
ii) State 2 similarities between silicon and boron. (2 marks)
b) Tin , SnO2 is mined in some parts of Rwanda.
i) Write the equation of reaction between SnO2 and hot concentrated H2SO4. (2 marks)
ii) Write the equation of reaction between SnO2 and NaOH. (2 marks)
iii) Describe the important applications of tin on a large scale. (2 marks)

17) Organc acid A has the formula (CH2)n(COOH)2 and reacts with dilute, NaOH
according to the following equation:
(CH2)n(COOH)2 + 2NaOH → (CH2)n(COONa)2 + 2H2O
The mass of 2.0g of organic acid X is dissolved in water and the solution made up to
250cm3. This organic cid X solution is filled in a burette and 18.40cm3 of (CH2)n(COOH)2 is
4|Page
required to neutralize 25cm3 of a 0.1mol dm-3 NaOH.
a) Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 25cm3 solution. (2 marks)
3
b) Determine the number of moles of (CH2)n(COOH)2 that reacted with 25cm of
0.1mol dm-3 NaOH solution. (1 mark)
3
c) Calculate the number of moles of (CH2)n(COOH)2 present in 250cm solution. (2 marks)
d) Deduce the molecular mass of (CH2)n(COOH)2 acid. (3 marks)
e) Find the value of n
(Atomic mass: C=12, H=1 and O =16) (2 marks)
18) Study the data of the enthalpy changes in the table below and answer the questions
that follow:

Equations of reactions Enthalpy change/kJ mol-1

Ag(s) →Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) ∆H2 = +112
+ +
Ag (g) →Ag (aq) ∆H3 = -464
I(g) → I-(aq) ∆H4 = -293
+ -
Ag (g) + I (g) → AgI(s) ∆H1 =
a) Define the term “enthalpy of lattice formation” (2 marks)
b)Write the chemical symbol or formula of a reagent that can be used to test for the
presence of iodide ions in aqueous solution and describe the observable change. (2 marks)
c) Calculate the enthalpy of lattice formation of AgI, ∆H1. (2 marks)
d) Explain why the use of butane alkane is preferred for use in combustion cylinders
rather ethane alkane. (2 marks)

19) a) Two different organic molecules react to form an amide bond in the resultant
molecule.
(i) Write the structural formula of the resultant molecule showing the location of the
amide bond. (1 mark)
(ii) Explain the reason why the amide bonds are strong. (2 marks)
b) Study the diagrams given below and answer the questions that follow:

Explain why chloroethanoic acid is a stronger acid than ethanoic acid. (2 marks)

c) Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:

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(i) Write the semi-developed molecular formula of organic substance: C, D and E. (2 marks)
(ii) Write different chemical equations of reactions (not more than 5 equations) that can
be used to illustrate the conversion of 2 moles of organic substance A into 1 mole of
substance B. Include reagents and conditions. (3 marks)

20) Study the diagram given below for the production of nitric acid and answer the
questions that follow:

Equations:
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⇄ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l) ∆H = -905.2kJmol-1
2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2NO2(g) ∆H = - 114kJmol-1
4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) ⇄ 4HNO3(l) ∆H = -117kJmol-1
a) Explain the effect of increasing the temperature (in the oxidation converter ) on the
position of equilibrium when NO is produced from NH3 in equation1. (2 marks)
b) Explain the importance of reduction of temperature of the reacting mixture by the
heat exchanger. (1.5 marks)
c) State the name of the a substance (reagent) thact can be used to test for the presence
of concentrated nitric acid, HNO3 and give the observable change. (2 marks)
d) Explain the importance of platinum/Rhodium catalyst to the reacting mixture in the
oxidation converter. (1.5 marks)

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e) State 1 physical property of concentrated nitric acid, HNO3 acid. (1 mark)
f) Evaluate the importance of manufacturing of nitric acid , HNO3 to agricultural farmers
in our society. (2 marks)

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Answers 2019

1. a. When the vapourised sample enters into the ionisation chamber, it is

bombarded with electrons from the electron gun or heated element and hence
+
knock out more electrons to form positive ions. e.g Na(g) + e → Na (g) + 2e
abundance
b.i R.A.M =  100
X isotopic mass.
50𝑥4.345+52𝑥83.789 + 53 𝑥 9.05+54 𝑥 2.365
=
100
= 52.05
ii. In medicine: Radiations of cobolt-60 is applied to stop cancer development.
In Archeology: carbon 14 is applied in dating of specimens.
In Foresenic science: Isotopes are used to detect drugs.
In Agriculture: P is used in seed production.
2.a. O = C = O b.
linear shape trigo Trigonal planar shape

3. a. Both are passive in nitric acid. b. Cl is oxidizing enough to remove all the four
They form covalent compounds. e.g.AlCl3, BeCl2. electrons from lead to form PbCl4
2- 3-
Both form stable complexes. e.g. [BeF4] , [AlF6] while Br and I are not oxidizing enough to remove
BeCl2 like AlCl3 form dimers. e.g Be2Cl4 or Al2Cl6. all the four electrons from lead.
Both dissolve in alkalis to beryllate ions and aluminate ions.
-
Be(s) + 2OH (aq) + 2H2O(l)  [Be(OH)4]2-(aq) + H2(g) c. Compounds of Al and B find much application in
our society and some of the applications include.
2Al(s) + 2OH (aq) + 6H2O(l) 
 2[Al(OH)4]-(aq) + 3H2(g)
-
Al and B compounds are used to make glassware
Their carbides hydrolyse to give methane gas.
used in construction and domestic utensils.
Be2C(s) + 4H2O(l) 
 2Be(OH)2(s)+ CH4(g) Al and B are used to make ceramic materials used
Al4C3(s) + 12H2O(l)  4Al(OH)3(s)+ 3CH4(g) in the industrial sector and construction.
Hydroxides and oxides of Al and Be are amphoteric.
i.e they react with both bases and acids.
BeO(s) + 2H
+
(aq) 
 Be
2+
(aq) + H2O(l)
-
BeO(s) + 2OH (aq) +H2O(l) 
 [Be(OH)4]
2-
(aq)

4. a. 2HI(aq) + H2SO4(aq)  2H2O(l) + SO2(g) + I2(s) c. Chlorine compounds find many applications and
these include
Or 6HI(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 
 2H2O(l) + S(g) + 3I2(s) NaCl- used as food additive , used in food
Or 8HI(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 
 4H2O(l) + H2S(g) + 4I2(s) preservation, making of soap. Etc
b .HF has a higher boiling point than HCl, HBr and HI because F NaOCl – used a bleaching agent, applied in water
has more electronegative this causes formation of hydrogen treatment, making of paper and textile.
bonds in HF while others are held together by weak Van der TCP-used as a disinfectant.
Waals forces. However some of the compounds compounds of
chlorine are very hazardous .e.g
CFCs- cause ozone layer depletion and global
warming.

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 𝑄 -1
5. a. ∆Hf = - Q = mc∆T = 2 x 4.2 x 20 = 168kJmol
𝑛 3 𝑚 5.4
= -
168 2Al + O2 → Al2O3 n = = = 0.2 moles
2 𝑀𝑚 27
0.1
= -1680kJmol
-1 n of Al2O3 = ½ x 0.2 = 0.1moles

6.a. CH3
CH3CH2 C - CH-CH3
CH3 CH3
b. 2,3,3-trimethyl pentane(with a high octane number) is branched hence more volatile than n-octane and will require
less energy to be burnt.
Therefore
2,3,3-trimethyl pentane has anti knocking properties while n-octane results into knocking of engines.
c. Leaded petrol contains and emits lead which causes brain damage, nervous illnesses, kidney damage, high blood
pressure.
7.a.i. X -2-pentanone Y-2-methyl propanal
ii. Reagent : Fehling solution
Observations: X no observable change Y –red-brown precipitate
b. O
CH3CH2CH2CCH3 + 4NaOH + 3I2   CHI3 + CH3CH2CH2 COONa + 3NaI + 3H2O
+ - 3+
8. a. Cr2𝑂72− + 14H + 6e → 2Cr + 7H2O
2+ 3+
6Fe → 6Fe + 6e
2− + 2+ 3+ 3+
Cr2𝑂7(𝑎𝑞 ) + 14H (aq) + 6Fe → 2Cr (aq) + 6Fe (aq) + 7H2O(l)
- +
b. NO3 (aq) + 2H (aq) + e → NO2 (aq) + H2O(l) / x 10
+
I2(aq) + 6H2O(l) → 2I𝑂3− (aq) + 12H + 10e / x 1
- +
10NO3 (aq + I2(aq) + 8H (aq) → 10NO2 (aq) + 4H2O(l) + 2 I𝑂3−(aq
-1
9. 8C(s) + 8O2(g)  8CO2(g) -393.5 kJmol x 8 -3148kJmol
-1
9 -1
9H2(g) + O2(g)  9H2O -286kJmol x 9 -2574kJmol
-1
2
25 -1
8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l)  C8H18O(l) + O2(g) -5471kJmol -1
-1 + 5471kJmol
2
-1
8C(s) + 9H2(g)  C8H18O(l) -251kJmol
10.a. [OH] = 𝑘𝑏 𝐶𝑏 b. pH = 14 + pOH
= 4.4 𝑥 10−4 𝑥 0.2 pH = 14 –log[OH]
-3
-3
= 9.38 x 10 M pH = 14 –log(9.38 x 10 )
pH = 14 -2.028 =11.972
Cr2O72  / H 
11. CH3CH2CH2OH    CH3CH2CH2COOH
heat
CH3CH2CH2COOH + NH3  CH3CH2CH2CONH2 + H2O
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
CH3CH2CH2CONH2 + Br2 + NaOH CH3CH2CH2NH2 + 2NaBr + H2O + Na2CO3
+ 2- + 2-
12. a. Ag2CrO4 (s) ⇌ 2Ag (aq) + CrO4 (aq) let the solubility of Ag2CrO4 (s) be S. b. Ag2CrO4 (s) ⇌ 2Ag (aq) + CrO4 (aq)
S 2S S S 2S S + 0.02 ≃ 0.02M since S is very small.
+ 2 2- + 2 2-
Ksp = [Ag ] [ CrO4 ] Ksp = [Ag ] [ CrO4 ]
2 2
= (2S) x S = (2S) x S
-12 3 -12 2
3 x 10 = 4S 3 x 10 = (2S ) x 0.02
-5 -12 2
S = 9.8 x 10 M 3 x 10 = 4S x 0.02
-6
Mm of Ag2CrO4 is 107 x 2 + 52 + 4 x16 = 330 S = 6.12 x 10 M
-1 -5
solubility in gramsl = 9.8 x 10 x 330
-2 -3
= 2.9964 x 10 gdm
c. -applied in identification of ions. -selective precipitation.
-paint making. - soap making.
-Purification of common salt
13. a. CH3CHBrCH2CHCH3

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 CH3
b. CH3CHBrCH2CHCH3 + NaOH → CH3CHOHCH2CHCH3 + NaBr
CH3 CH3
c. CH3CHBrCH2CHCH3 + NaCN → CH3CHCNCH2CHCH3 + NaBr
CH3 CH3
d. CH3CHCNCH2CHCH3 + LiAlH4 → CH3CH-CH2 -CHCH3 + NaBr
CH3 CH2NH2 CH3
14. a. emf of cell = Ecathode – Eanode c.
= 0.52–- 0.88 Rechargeable cells Non rechargeable cells.
= 1.4V The chemical reactions are The chemical reactions are not
- θ reversible by electricity. reversible by electricity
b. NiO2 + 2H2O + 2e →Ni(OH)2 + 2OH E = +0.52V During reacharging the backward During reacharging the backward
- θ
Cd + 2OH → Cd(OH)2 + 2e E = +0.88V reaction is spontaneous. reaction is non spontaneous.
θ When exhausted, it can be reused. When exhausted, it cannot be
NiO2 + 2H2O + Cd →Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2 E = +1.4V reused

15.a. These are polymers that soften on heating and can be remoulded into new shapes
e.g Polyethene, polypropene, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, Nylon 6,6
b. It is done by a process called vulcanization.
Vulcanization is the heating of crude rubber with sulphur to improve on its strength and elasticity.
The sulphur atoms are added between polymer chains across the double bonds.
This sulphur used is about 1%.
Fillers such as carbon black are also added to increase hardness.
SECTION B:
16.a. i. SiO2 is a constituent part of its composition and reacts ith sodium hydroxide.
-
SiO2(s) + 2OH (aq) 
 SiO32-(aq) + H2O(l)
ii.
-Both form only covalent compounds.
– Both exist in amorphous and crystalline state and exhibit allotropy.
–The chlorides of both are liquid, fume in most air and readily hydrolysed by water.
–Both form weak acids like H3BO3 and H2SiO3.
–Boron oxide (B2O3) and silica (SiO2) both are acidic and dissolve in alkali solutions to form borates and silicates
respectively
b.i. SnO2(s) + 4H
+
(aq) 
 Sn4+(aq) + 2H2O(l)
ii. SnO2(s) +
-
2OH (aq)  SnO32-(aq) + H2O(l)
c. Tin is applied in making of tin containers.
Tin is also used during electroplating(tin plating) as a measure of protection of steel.
It is also applied in alloys e.g. bronze which finds application in construction, making of machines parts, in
electricity, making of musical instruments.
𝑀𝑋𝑉 0.1 𝑋 25 -3
17.a. moles of acid = = = 2.5 x 10 mol
1000 1000
-3
b. number of moles = ½ x 2.5 x 10 mol = 0.00125mols.
𝑛 𝑥 250 0.00125 𝑥 250 -3
c. number of moles = = = 0.01698moldm
V 18.4
𝑚 2 -1
d.Mm = = =117.7 gmol
M 0.01698
e. (CH2)n(COOH)2 = 117.7
(12 + 2)n + (12 +32 + 1) x 2 = 117.7
14n + 90 = 117.7
n=2
18.a.Lattice energy of formation is the enthalpy change that occurs when 1mole of a crystal lattice is formed from its
constituent gaseous ions.
Na (g) + Cl (g)   NaCl(s) ΔHlat = ve
+ - + -

b. AgNO3- yellow precipitate.

c. Equations of reactions Enthalpy change/kJ mol
-1
Addition
+ -
Ag ( aq) + I (aq) → AgI(s) ∆H2 =112 x -1 -112
10 | P aAgg+ e → Ag+ ∆H3 =-464 -464
(g) (aq)
-
I(g) → I (aq) ∆H4 =-293 + -293
+ - -1
Ag (g) + I (g) → AgI(s) ∆H1 = -869kJmol
d. butane gives more energy than ethane.
Butane is less volatile than ethane so butane can easily be liqiudified and hence easy to store than ethane.
19. a.i.
O O amide bond
CH3CH2C- Cl + CH3NH2   CH3CH2 -C-NHCH3+ HCl
ii. The resonance of electrons between oxygen, carbon and nitrogen atom in the amide group creates a partial double
bond making the amides bonds very strong.
b. Presence of electron withdrawing group increases the degree of acidity.
Chloroethanoic acid is a stronger acid than ethanoic acid because chlorine is more electronegative than carbon and it
will attract bonding electrons toward itself (negative inductive effect) hence in turn weakening the OH bond releasing
more hydrogen ions in solution.

negative inductive effect positive inductive effect

O O
Cl―CH2– C CH3↠ C C
O―H O―H
weaker stronger
While ethanoic acid has a methyl group that possesses positive inductive effect which makes the OH group stronger
hence release fewer ions are released in solution.
c.i. C : CH3CN D : CH3NH2 E : CH3OH
𝐻 +/𝐻2 𝑂 +
ii. . CH3CONH2 warm CH3COOH +NH4
𝐿𝑖𝐴𝑙 𝐻4
CH3COOH ether CH3CH2OH
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
2CH3CH2OH 140oC CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH3 + H2O
20.a. Increasing temperature (in the oxidation converter) will shift the equlibrium position to the left because the
reaction is exothermic.
b. The heat exchanger cools the system in order to favour the forward reaction (formation of NO 2) in the next
reaction because its reaction is exothermic.
c.Subatance: Cu metal -
observation : Brown fumes and blue solution.
equation: Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq)   Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2NO2(g)
d. It increases the reaction speed by lowering activation energy.
e. colorless liquid, chocking smell.
f. Nitric acid is used on large scale manufacture of fertilizers especially NPK fertilizers which are very important in
agriculture.

11 | P a g e
[p Chemistry II

014
23/11/ 2018 08.30AM - 11.30 AM

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS, 2018

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY II

PAPER II: THEORY CHEMISTRY

COMBINATIONS: -BIOLOGY-CHEMISTRY-GEOGRAPHY( BCG )

- MATHS -CHEMISTRY- BIOLOGY(MCB)

-PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY( PCB)

- PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY- MATHS( PCM)

DURATION: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:
1) Write your names and index number on the answer booklet as written on the registration form,
and DO NOT write your names and index number on additional answer sheets of paper if
provided.
2) Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so.
3) This paper consists of two sections: A and B.
Section A: Attempt ALL questions. (70 marks)
Section B: Attempt any THREE questions. (30marks)
4)You do not need a Periodic Table
5) Silent non-programmable calculators may be used.
6) Use a blue or black pen for and a pencil for drawing.
SECTION A: ATTEMPT ALL QUESTIONS(70 Marks)
1) The atomic number of aluminium and oxygen are13 and 8 respectively.
(a) Write the electronic configuration of aluminium and that of oxygen (in terms of s,p,d and f
notation). (2marks)
(b) Write the chemical formula of the compound formed by the reaction between aluminium and
oxygen. (2marks)

2) Explain the following observations.

(a) Atomic radii of period 3 elements decreases from left to right in the period(from Na =11 to
Ar =18) (2marks)
(b) The thermal decomposition of group nitrates Mg(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Sr(NO3)2, Ba(NO3)2
increases down the group. (2marks)
(c) CCl4 doesnot hydrolyse in water where as SiCl4 hydrolyse to produce SiO2 and HCl .
(Carbon and silicon are in group IV of the periodic table) (2marks)
3)The table below contains data relating to the ralative isotopic abundance of the titanium
element
46 47 48 49 50
Isotope Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti

% abundance 8.02 7.31 73.81 5.54 5.32

(a) Define the term “isotopic abundance’’ (2marks)

(b) Using the data from the above table, Calculate the relative atomic mass of Ti. (2marks)
4) (a) Describe the term “metallic bond ’’ by givinfg an example (2marks)
(b)Explain how the bonding and structure lead to the typical metallic properties of electrical
conductivity and malleability of some elements. (2marks)
(c) Suggest the reason why aluminium is a better conductor of electricity than magnesium.
(Atomic number: Al=13, Mg =12)
5) (a) Describe “Hund’s rule” about the order of filling electrons in orbitals of the same sub-
energy level n an atom. (2marks)
(b) Describe 2 postulates that were suggested by “Niels Bohr” on the concept of electron energy
levels in a hydrogen atom. (2marks)

6) Boron and aluminium are elements of group IIIa.

(a) Draw a skecth diagrm of the struture of Al2Cl6 and that of BCl3 molecules. (2marks)
(b) Explain the reason why BCl3 adopted this shape. (2marks)
(c) Write a balanced equation of reaction of boron and concetrated nitric acid. (2marks)
7) Write a balanced equation for the reaction between
(a) Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 and sodium hydroxide, NaOH in water, H2O. (2marks)
(b) Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 and dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl. (2marks)
8) An electric current of 2.5 amperes is passed through a solution of copper sulphate ,CuSO4 for
for 150 minutes.
a) Calculate the mass(in g) of copper that is deposited(in g). (2marks)
b) Calculate the volume of oxygen gas liberated at the anode at room temperature and pressure.
( 1mole of a gas occupies 24dm3at room temperature and pressure, 1 faraday =96500C/mol,
molar mass of Copper = 63.5g/mol) (2marks)
Equations:
Anode: 4OH-(aq) 
 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e
Cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e 
 Cu(s)
9) Study the labeled diagram of benzene derivatives shown below and answer questions that
follow and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Write the chemical formula of substance S and X which are required in the respective
transformation reactions. (2marks)
(b) Draw the molecular structure of organic substance T. (1mark)
(c) Write the chemical formula of substance Y. (1mark)
-14 o
10) The solubility product (ksp) of PbCrO4 in water is 1.8 x 10 at 25 C.
(a) Calculate the solubility of PbCrO4 in moldm-3 in water at 25oC. (2marks)
-3
(b) Determine the solubility of PbCrO4 in 1 litre of a 0.002mol dm solution of Na2CrO4.
Equation: PbCrO4(s) ⇌ Pb2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq) (2marks)
(Na2CrO4 dissolves completely in water)
11) Consider the galvanic cell shown below:

Equations:
Cr3+(aq) + 3e → Cr(s) Eθ = -0.73V
Br2(aq) + 2e → 2Br-(aq) Eθ = +1.09V
(a) Indicate the direction of electrons in the external circuit. (2marks)
(b) Calculate the standard e.m.f of the cell. (2marks)
(c) Describe the observable color change in the bromine solution as the reaction proceeds. (2marks)
12)Consider the hydrides of halogens of HF, HCl, HBr and HI.
(a) Explain the reason why HI is a stronger acid acid than HBr. (2marks)
(b) Write the equation for the reaction between Cl2 and hot concentrated NaOH. (2marks)
(c) Explain the reason HF has a higher boiling point than HCl, HBr and HI despite lower
molecular mass than these hydrides. (2marks)

13) A buffer solution contains 0.25moldm-3 propanoic acid and 0.4moldm-3 sodium propanoate.
(a) Describe briefly how a buffer solution functions to maintain the pH of the solution constant.
(b) Calculate the pH of a buffer solution given above. (2marks)
-5 -3
(Ka of propanoic acid = 1.35 x 10 moldm )
(c) State 1 application of buffer solutions in nature. (1mark)

14) (a) State a reagent and conditions that can be used to detect the presence of Ag+ ions in
solution and describe the observable color change for a positive test. (2marks)
2+ 2+
(b) State a reagent that can used to distinguish between Mg ions and Ca ions and mention
noticeable observable differences of the test. (2marks)

15. Lead has melting point of 327.50C, its specific heat capacity is 0.128J/goC and molar
enthalpy of fusion is 4.8KJmol-1.
Calculate the heat (in kilojoules) that will be required to heat 600g sample of solid lead from
25oC to its melting point and melt it. (4marks)
-1
(Molar mass: Pb=207 gmol )

SECTION B: ATTEMPT ANY THREE QUESTIONS (30 Marks)

16) The initial rate of reaction between substance P and Q was measured in a series of
experiments and the following rate equation was deduced:
Rate = k[P]2[Q]1

Experiment Initial [P](moldm-3) Initial [Q](moldm-3) Initial rate

(moldm-3 S-1)

1 0.20 0.30 4.8 x 10-3

2 0.10 0.10 X

3 0.40 Y 9.6 x 10-3

4 Z 0.60 19.2 x 10-3

(a)Using the data from the above table, calculate the value of the rate constant K, and deduce its
units. (3marks)
(b) Find the value of X,Y and Z in the table. (6marks)
(c) Indicate a change in the reaction conditions that will cause the value of rate constant to
change. (1mark)
17) Consider the molecular structure of organic compound T given below and answer the
questions that follow:
Br
H - C - C2H5
CH3

(a) Write the IUPAC name of organic compound T. (1mark)

(b) Organic compound T presents optical isomerism. (2marks)
(i) Draw the molecular structure of the two optical isomers that are mirror images of each
other. (2marks)
(ii) show which form of the two isomers that is laevo rotatory and that which is dextro
rotatory. (2marks)
(c) Organic compound T can react with NaCN in a substation reaction to form X, then H2 is
added in the presence of Ni to give organic compound Y. Write the molecular structure of X and
Y. (2marks)
(d) Organic compound T is made to react with NaOH to alcohol Z.
Give a test reagent used to determine whether z is a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol and
describe the observable changes. (3marks)

18. Below is a diagram of a blast furnace used to extract iron from its ores, Fe2O3.

(a) Write the equation of reaction between F2O3 and CO gas. (2marks)
(b) State 2 uses of it iron metal on a large scale. (2marks)
(c) Indicate 2 ways of preparing objects to prevent rusting. (2marks)
(d) State the importance of slag in the blast furnace.
(slag is a mixture of CaSiO3 and CaCO3). (1mark)
(e) Stainless steel is an alloy of iron. (1mark)
State a name of an element that is mixed with iron to make stainless steel.
(f) Describe 1 physical and 1 chemical means(using an instrument or reagent) that used to
detect the presence of iron element. (2marks)

19) A mass of 0.3g of a divalent metal , M was put in 20ml of a 2 moledm-3 HCl acid in a beaker
to react. The unreacted HCl in the resultant solution was titrated with 30ml of a 0.5mole dm-3
NaOH solution to neutralize excess HCl.

(a) Calculate the number of moles of NaOH that reacted with HCl during the titration. (2marks)
(b) Determine the number of moles of HCl that reacted with NaOH. (1mark)
-3
(c) Calculate the number moles of HCl that reacted with 20ml of a 2mol dm HCl. (2marks)
(d) Calculate the number moles of HCl that reacted with the metal M. (2marks)
(e) Calculate the number moles of divalent metal M that reacted with HCl. (1mark)
(f) Determine the atomic mass metal M. (2marks)
Equations:
M(s) + 2HCl(aq) →MCl2(aq) + H2(g)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) →H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
20) Consider the complex compound [Co(NH3)6]Cl3
(a) Deduce the oxidation state of cobalt in this compound. (2marks)
-
(b) Chloride ions form the tetrahedral complex ion [AlCl4] but fluoride ions form the octahedral
complex ion [AlF6]3-
Suggest the reason for this difference. (2marks)
(c) Write 2 foctors that determine the formation of a ligand bonds in transition metals. (2marks)
(d) Suggest the reason why zinc does not form coloured compounds. (2marks)
(e) State 4 characteristics of transition metals. (2marks)

Answers 2018
1.a. Al: 1S22S22P63S23P1
O: 1S22S22P4
b. 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)

2.a. Nuclear charge increases across the period.

Screening effect is constant.
Nuclear charge outweighs screening effect.
Electrons are more attracted to the nucleus hence decrease in size.
b. Thermal decomposition decreases down the group(it does not increase as the question says
-but thermal stability increases).
Down the group the size increases.
Polarizing power decreases and ionic character decreases.

Hence decreases in thermal decomposition.

c. Silicon has a vacant d orbital for water to attach while carbon does not have vacant d-orbital.

3. a. Is the amount of each isotope in a given element expressed as percentage or a measurable

quantity like current.
abundance
b. R.A.M =  100
X isotopic mass.

46 x 8.02 + 47 x 7.31 + 48 x 73.81 + 49 x 5.54  50 x 5.32

=
100
= 47.92

4.a. Metallic bond arises from electrostatic attractive force of attraction between mobile electrons
and positively charged electrons. For example sodium.
b. Electro conductivity: because free mobile electrons and as they move current flows.
Malleability: Mobile electrons enable the metal ions to slide over each other so that its shape can be
flat under the influence of force.
c. Aluminium releases more mobile electrons(3 electrons) than magnesium which releases 2
electrons.

5. a. Hund’s rule states that “every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before
anyone orbital is doubly occupied”
b. –An electron can rotate around the nucleus in certain orbits of definite energy without emission of
radiant energy.
-An electron can make a transition from its stationary state of higher energy level to lower energy
level and emit a single photon of frequency v.

6.a.
Cl

B
Cl Cl
b. The shape of BCl3 is trigonal planar because it is the form BX3( one centre with three bonding
atoms) with no lone pair of electrons hence has only bonding pair –bonding pair repulsion which
leads to a trigonal planar shape.
c. B(s) + 3HNO3(aq) →H3BO3(aq) + 3NO2(g)

7.a. Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) → 2Na(AlOH)4(aq)

b. Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3HCl(aq)
𝘮𝘰𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑥𝐼𝑡
𝘮𝘰𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝑡
b. volume = 𝑛𝑓
8.a. mass = 24 𝑥 2.5 𝑥 150 𝑥60
𝑛𝑓
63.5𝑥 2.5 𝑥 150 𝑥60
=
4𝑥96500
=
2𝑥96500 = 1.3989dm3
= 7.4g

9.a. (S) KMnO4

(X) NaOH

b. COOH c. Na2CO3

NO2

10. a. PbCrO4(s) ⇌ Pb2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

S S S
Ksp = [Pb ][CrO42-]
2+

1.8 x 10-14 = S.S

1.8 x 10-14 = S2
√1.8 𝑥 10−14 = S
1.341 x 10-7M = S
b. PbCrO4(s) ⇌ Pb2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)
S S S + 0.0002 ≈ 0.0002M because S is very very small
Ksp = [Pb ][CrO42-]
2+

1.8 x 10-14 = S x 0.0002

-11
9 x 10 M = S
11. a. Electrons flow Cr electrode to Pt electrode.
b. Eθ = Ecathode – E anode
= 1.09 –(-0.73)
= 1.82V
c. The red solution of bromine discharges to become colourless.

12.a. I has lower electronegativity than Br.

The bond strength in HI is weaker than in HBr.
Hence the bond in HI is weaker than in HBr.
HI will release more hydrogens ions in solution than HBr.
b.3Cl2(g) + 6NaOH(aq) →NaClO3(aq) + 3H2O(l) + 5NaCl(aq)
c. HF has a higher boiling point than HCl, HBr and HI because F has more electronegative this causes
formation of hydrogen bonds in HF while others are held together by weak Van der Waals forces.

12.a.H+ ions from acid reacts with excess CH3CH2COO- from salt, thus preventing PH change
CH3CH2COO- + H+ → CH3CH2COOH
OH- ions from the base reacts with excess CH3CH2COOH the acid , thus preventing PH change
CH3CH2COOH+ OH → CH3CH2COOH + H2O
[ salt]
b. PH = PKa + log [ acid ]

= -log (1.35 x 10-5) + log 0 .4

0.25

= 4.87 + 0.2
= 5.07
c.-Keep pH of culture solutions bathing microorganism.
-applied in preparation of drinks and beverages, cosmetics, food preservation.

14.a.Reagent: sodium chloride followed by conc.NH3.

Observations. White precipitate soluble in ammonia.
b. Reagent: dilute sulphuric acid
observations:
Ca2+: White precipitate.
Mg2+: no observable changes

15.Heat absorbed by lead = mC∆T

= 600 (327.5-25) x 0.128
= 23232J = 23.232kJ
Heat absorbed on fusion = n x latent heat of fusion
600
= 207 x 4.8
= 13.9128kJ
Total heat absorbed by lead = 23.232 + 13.9128
= 37.1448kJ

SECTION B
 16.a. Rate = k[P]2[Q]1
4.8 x 10-3 = K[0.2]2[0.3]1
K = 0.4 M-2
b. Value of X
X = 0.4 [0.1]2[0.1]1
X = 4 x 10-4M
Value of Y
Rate = k[P]2[Q]1
9.6 x 10-3 = 0.4 x 0.42 x Y
Y = 0.15M
Value of Z
Rate = k[P]2[Q]1=
19.2 x 10-3 = 0.4 x Z2 x 0.6
Z = 0.2828M
c. Temperature.

17.a. 2-bromobutane
b. c.

Dextro laevo

d. Reagent: Lucas reagent ( anhydrous ZnCl2 in conc. HCl)

observation:
Primary: No observable change:
secondary(Z): Cloudiness after 5 minutes.
tertiary: Immediate cloudiness

18.a. Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

b. To make house hold utensils.
To make iron sheets.
c. -painting - Oiling
-galvanisation -cathodic protection
-greasing - anodisation
 -plastification - electroplating like tin, cr plating.

d. To prevent re-oxidation of iron in the furnance.

e. Cr (Carbon or Ni)
f. Physical -
Using magnet
observation: atracted by amagnet.
Chemical-
Using a dilute acid followed by NaOH
observation: dirty green precipitate(Fe2+)

19.a. moles of NaOH = MV = 0.5 x 30 x 10-3 = 0.015moles.

b. Mole ratio of HCl : NaOH
1 : 1
Moles of HCl is 0.015moles.
c. moles = MV = 2 x 20 x 10-3 = 0.04 mole.
d. Number of moles of HCl that reacted with metal M = 0.04 -0.015 = 0.025moles.
e. Mole ratio of HCl : M
2 : 1
0.025
Moles of M = = 0.0125 moles
2
𝑚 0.3
f. Mm = = = 24gmol-1
𝑛 0.0125

20.a. x + -3 = 0
x = +3
b. Cl- ions are very bigger than F- ions.
Cl- can not be accomodated around the Co3+ as F- ions.
c. Presence of lone pairs on the ligand.
Presence of vaccant orbitals on the central cation.

d. Zn has a full d-oribital so no space for exitation of electrons.

e. form coloured compounds.
form complexes
Are paramagnetic
Variable oxidation states.
sss Chemistry II

014
11/11/ 2016 08.30AM - 11.30 AM

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS, 2016

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

PAPER II: THEORY

COMBINATIONS: -BIOLOGY-CHEMISTRY-GEOGRAPHY( BCG )

- MATHS -CHEMISTRY- BIOLOGY(MCB)

-PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY( PCB)

- PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY- MATHS( PCM)

DURATION: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:
1) Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so.
2) Write your names and index number on the answer booklet as written on the registration form,
and DO NOT write your names and index number on additional answer sheets of paper if
provided.

3) This paper consists of two sections: A and B.

 Section A: Attempt all questions. (70 marks)

 Section B: Attempt any three questions. (30marks)
4) You do not need the Periodic Table.
5) Silent non-programmable calculators may be used.
6) Use a blue or black pen.

1
SECTION A: ATTEMPT ALL QUESTIONS. (70 MARKS)

1.(a) Describe the term “ isotopes” of an element. (2marks)

(b). The figure below shows the mass spectrum of lead (Pb). The heights of the peaks and the
mass number of the isotopes are shown on the figure.

Calculate the relative atomic mass of lead.

Height
of 52.3
peaks
23.6 22.6
1.5 5

204 206 207 208

Atomic mass
2) If 226
88𝑅𝑎 undergoes a series of decays in which five α and four β particles are produced, what
would the final product?

3) Aluminium oxide Al2O3, reacts readily with sodium hydroxide(NaOH) in the presence of
water (H2O) to produce sodium aluminate.
(a) Write a balanced equation of the reaction between Al2O3 and NaOH in the presence of
H2O. (2marks)
(b) Determine the mass of NaAl(OH)4 produced when 4.5g of Al2O3 react completely with
aqueous sodium hydroxide. (2marks)
(Atomic mass: Al=27, Na =23, O=16, H=1)

4)Methyl propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol are structural isomers.

(a) Explain the reason why methyl propan-1-ol has a lower boiling point than
butan-1-ol. (2marks)
(b) State the reagent that can be used to distinguish the two isomers and the expected observable
changes. (2marks)
(c) Write structural formula of the two isomers. (2marks)

5) The solubility product (Ksp) of CaF2 in pure water is 3.2 x 10-11 at 25oC.
(a) Calculate the molar solubility of CaF2 in pure water at 25oC. (3marks)
(b) Calculate the mass (in g) of CaF2 present in 200ml of its saturated solution. (2marks)
Equation:
CaF2(s) ⇌ Ca2+(aq) + 2F-(aq)
(Molar mass : Ca =40, F=19)

6)(a) Complete combustion of 50cm3 of a saturated hydrocarbon vapour gave 350cm3 of carbon
dioxide gas. Both gas volumes being measured at the same temperature and pressure.
Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon. (3marks)

2
(b) A buffer solution with pH of 4.0 is made using benzene carboxylic acid and sodium benzene
carboxylate ( molecular mass = 144) that should be dissolved in 1.0modm-3 of a 0.012 mol dm-3
solution of benzene carboxylic acid to produce a buffer solution with of 4.0.
( Ka for C6H5 COOH = 6.31 x 10-5 mol dm-3)

7) (a) Copper is metal with a high melting point.

(i) Indicate the block in the periodic table that contains copper. (1mark)
(ii)Explain in terms of its structure and bonding why copper has a high melting
point. (2marks)
(iii) Explain why copper is ductile ( can be stretched into wires). (2marks)
(b) Copper forms the compound copper I chloride (CuCl)
Write the full electronic confinguration of Cu+ ion.
(in terms of s, p, d and f notation).
Atomic number: Cu = 29 (1mark)

8) The table below shows the electronegativity values of some elements.

Element H Li B C O F

Electronegativity 2.1 1.0 2.0 2.5 3.5 4.0

(a) Describe the meaning of ‘’electronegativity’’ (2marks)

(b) Suggest the formula of an ionic compound that is formed by chemical combination of two
different elements from the table. (1mark)
(c) Suggest the formula of the compound that forms the strongest hydrogen bonds and is formed
by chemical combination of two of the elements from the periodic table. (1mark)

9)(a) State the name of the shape of boron trichloride, BCl3. (1mark)
3+
(b) Aluminium chloride dissolves in water to give Al ions that hydrolyze H2O molecules.
(i) Write a balanced equation for the hydrolysis of H2O by Al3+ ions. (2marks)
(ii) State 2 uses of aluminium metal on a large scale. (2marks)
(Atomic number: B=5 , Cl =17)

10)(a) Define the term ‘first ionization energy’’ of an element. (2marks)

(b) The elements nitrogen and phosphorous are found in group Va of the periodic table.
(i) Explain the trend in the ionization energy as you move down the group. (2marks)
(ii) Explain the reason why P forms chlorides with PCl3 and PCl5 but N forms NCl3 only.
(Atomic number: N=7, P=15, Cl = 17) (2marks)

11) Distillation of crude oil is effected to separate different components.

(a) Describe the principle that is based on during separation of oil components by fractional
distillation. (2marks)
(b) What name is given to the process of breaking down long chain hydrocarbons into smaller

3
molecules? (1mark)
(c) Describe the term ‘’catalytic reforming of alkanes. (2marks)
(d) State the name of a pollutant substance that is present in unsafe petrol. (1mark)

12) An organic compound , Y containing 0.0173g by mass was mixed with 0.42g of camphor to
form an homogeneous mixture melting at 170oC.
Determine the molecular mass of the organic compound Y. (3marks)
0
(melting point of pure camphor is 178.4 C: Freezing point depression constant of camphor,
Kf = 37.7oC/m;m = number of moles of solute/1Kg of solvent).
13) Balance the following redox reaction by first establishing half redox equations of Mn2+ and
BiO3- , then give the overall equation:
Mn2+ + BiO-3 + H+ → MnO4- + Bi3+ + H2O (3marks)

14) Nickel- cadmium cells are used to power electrical equipments such as drills and shavers.
The electrode reactions are showm below:
NiO2 + 2H2O + 2e → Ni(OH)2 + 2OH- Eθ = +0.52V
Cd + 2OH- → Cd(OH)2 + 2e Eθ = -0.88V
(a) Calculate the standard e.m.f of a Nickel-cadmium cell. (2marks)
(b) Deduce the overall equation for the reaction that occurs in the cell when it is used. (2marks)
15) Determine the values for a, b, c and d in the equations: (3marks)
35 1 𝑎 1
(a) 17𝐶𝑙 + 0𝑛 → 𝑏𝑋 + 1𝐻
(b) 73𝐿𝑖 + 21𝐻 → 𝑑𝑐𝑌 + 10𝑛

SECTION B: ATTEMPT ANY THREE QUESTIONS. (30 MARKS)

16) (a) The initial rate of reaction between ester A and aqueous sodium hydroxide was measured
in series of experiments at constant temperature. The data obtained are shown below:

Experiment Intial concentration Intial concentration Intial rate

of NaOH(moldm-3) of A (moldm-3) (moldm-3 S-1)

1 0.040 0.030 4.0 x 10-4

2 0.040 0.045 6.0 x 10-4

3 0.060 0.045 9.0 x 10-4

4 0.120 0.060 To be calculated

(i) Use the data in the table to deduce the order of reaction with respect to A and the order of
reaction with respect to NaOH. (3marks)
(ii) Determine the value of the rate constant K for the reaction. (1mark)

4
(iii) Calculate the intial rate of reaction in experiment 4. (2marks)
(b) In the further experiment at different temperature , the initial rate of reaction was found to be
9.0 x 10-3 moldm-3s-1 when intial concentration of A was 0.020 moldm-3s-1 and the intial
concentration of NaOH was 2.00moldm-3.
Under these new conditions with much higher concentration of NaOH, the reaction is the first
order with respect to A and appears to be zero order with respect to NaOH.
(i) Write a rate equation for the reaction under these new conditions. (1mark).
(ii) Calculate a value for the rate constant under new conditions and state its units. (2marks)
(iii) Describe the nature of a ‘‘Zero order’’reaction. (1mark)

17) A student carried out an experient on a pure sample of 2-methyl propan-2-ol, (CH3)3COH to
determine its enthalpy of combustion.
A sample of alcohol was placed into a spirit burner to heat 50cm3 of water. The spirit burner was
ignited and allowed to burn for several minutes. The results for the experiment are shown in the
table below:

Initial temperature of water/0C 18.1

Final temperature/0C 45.1

Initial mas of the spirit burner and alcohol/g 208.80

Final mass of spirit burner and alcohol/g 208.58

(a) Calculate the value for the heat energy absorbed by 50cm3 water to be raised from 18.10C to
45.40C. (2marks)
-1 -1
(specific heat capacity of water is 4.18JK g )
(The density of water = 1gcm-3)
(b) Calculate the number of moles of 2-methylpropan-2-ol burned in the experiment.
(Atomic mass: C= 12, O=16, H =1) (3marks)
(c) Calculate a value , in KJ mol-1 for the enthalpy of combustion of one mole of 2-methy
propan-2-ol (experiment value)
(If you are unable to calculate the the answer in 17.a), you should assume that the hear released
by 2-methyl propan-2-ol was 5580J) (3marks)
(d) Equation for the combustion of 2-methyl propan -2-ol is
(CH3)3COH + 6O2(g) → 4CO2 + 5H2O
The table below contains some standard enthalpy of formation data.

Substance (CH3)3COH O2 CO2 H2O

∆Hθf KJmol-1 -360 0 -393 -286

5
 Using the data given above in the table:
Calculate the vale for the standard enthalpy of combustion of 2-methyl propan-2-ol
( theoretical value). (2marks)

18)(a) Sea water is a major source of iodne. The iodine extracted from sea is impure. It is
purified in a two –stage process.
Stage 1: I2 + 2H2O + SO2 → 2HI + H2SO4
Stage 2: 2HI + Cl2 → I2 + 2HCl
(i) Deduce the oxidation state of sulphur in SO2 and in H2SO4. (2marks)
(ii) State in terms of electrons , what has happened to chlorine in stage 2. (1mark)
(b) When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to potassium iodide , iodine is formed in the
following redox equations.
KI + H2SO4 + SO2 → KHSO4 + I2 + S + H2O
8KI + 9H2SO4 → 8KHSO4 + 4I2 +H2S +4H2O
(i) Balance the equation for the reaction that forms sulphur, S. (2marks)
(ii) Deduce the half-equation for the formation of iodine (I2) from iodine. (2marks)
(iii) Deduce the half-equation for the formation of hydrogen sulphide(H2S) from concentrated
sulphuric acid. (2marks)
(c) A yellow precipitate is formed when silver solution (AgNO3(aq)), acidified with dilute nitric
acid is added to an aqueous solution containing iodide ions.
State what is observed when concentrated ammonia solution is added to this
yellow precipitate. (1mark)

19) (a) Acid strength of hydrogen halides (group VII halide) increases down the group.
(i) Describe the term ‘‘acid’’ according to Lowry-Bronsted theory. (2marks)
(ii) Explain why HBr is a stronger acid than HCl.
(Atomic number: Cl =17, Br =35) (2marks)
(b) (i) Define the term ‘‘Lewis acid’’. (2marks)
(ii)Write the chemical formula of 2 Lewis acids. (1mark)
(c) (i) Explain the reason why ethyl amine, CH3CH2NH2 is a stronger base than
ammonia, NH3. (2marks)
(ii) State 2 important uses of buffer solutions on a large scale. (1mark)

6
20) Study the diagram of benzene derivatives illustrated below and answer the questions that
follow.
NO2 NH2
O
CH3 –C X
S+T Cl AlCl3
A B

V and W

N
+
NCl- OH
H2 O
Heat at 300C
C D

(a) Write the names or the chemical formulae of reagents S and T which are required to
transform A into B. (2marks).
(b) Draw the structure of the organic compound X. (1mark)
(c) Write the name or the chemical formula of reagents V and W. (2marks)
(d) Give the scienfic name of organic compound D. (1mark)
(e) State 1 physical property of organic compound D. (1mark)
(f) State a test (reagent) that can be used to differentiate organic compound B and amino butane
(CH3CH2CH2CH2 NH2) and describe the observation of the reaction for the compound. (3marks)

7
 Chemistry II

014
31 Oct. 2015 08.30AM - 11.30 AM

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS, 2015

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

PAPER II: THEORY

COMBINATIONS: -BIOLOGY-CHEMISTRY-GEOGRAPHY( BCG )

- MATHS -CHEMISTRY- BIOLOGY(MCB)

-PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY( PCB)

- PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY- MATHS( PCM)

DURATION: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:
1) Write your names and index number on the answer booklet as written on the registration form,
and DO NOT write your names and index number on additional answer sheets of paper if
provided.

2) Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so.

3) This paper consists of two sections: A and B.

 Section A: Attempt all questions. (70 marks)

 Section B: Attempt any three questions. (30marks)
4) You do not need the Periodic Table.
5) Silent non-programmable calculators may be used.

8
SECTION A: ATTEMPT ALL QUESTIONS. (70 MARKS)

1. The atomic number of element represented by letter A is 33.

(a) Write the electronic configuration of A using s,p,d,f notation. (1mark)
(b) Write molecular formula of all possible oxides of A. (1mark)
(c) (i) State whether each oxide of A you have given in (b) is acidic, neutral, basic or
amphoteric (1mark)
(ii) Write the equation of reaction to illustrate your answer. (1.5marks)

2. Two isomers A and B have the same formula C7H14. The oxidation of A by hot solution of
KMnO4 gives a ketone CH3CH2COCH3 and carboxylic acid CH3CH2COOH.
The oxidation of B gives carboxylic acid (CH3)2 CH-CH2CH2COOH and a gas is evolved.
(a) Find and write the structural formula of A and B. (2marks)
(b) Name A and B. (1mark)

3.(a) The frequency of hydrogen at the point of ionization is 32.8 x 1014Hz.

Calculate the ionization energy of hydrogen. (Planks constant H= 6.6 x 10-34 Js)
(b) Calculate the frequency √ of the fourth line of Balmer series, given that
1 1
√= RC (𝑛2 -𝑛2 ), R(Rydgberg constant ) = 1.09 x 107 m-1 and C ( speed of electromagnetic waves)
1 2
= 3 x 108 ms-1. (3marks)

4. The mass spectrum of a sample of an atom A contains three peaks with mass/charge(m/z)
ratios relative intensities shown below:

m/z 24 25 26
Relative intensity 1 0.127 0.139
(a) Use the information in the table to calculate the accurate value for the relative atomic mass
of A. (1.5 marks)
(b) After ionization and before deflection,
(i)what happens to the ions in a mass spectrometer? (0.5 marks)
(ii) How is this achieved? (0.5 marks)
(c) What is the function of the electron gun and the magnet in a mass spectrometer? (1mark)

5. (a) What is a buffer solution? (1mark)

(b) Calculate the number of moles of CH3COOH and CH3COONa that are necessary to prepare a
buffer solution with PH = 4.47. (3marks)
pka( CH3COOH) = 4.75.

6. (a) the following equation shows the reduction of manganese ions in acidic solution :
MnO4 -+ 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O
(i) Write the expression of the redox potential (E) of the reaction above.

9
(ii) if the concentration of MnO4- and Mn2+ is 0.1mole/dm3 each ,and the pH is 6, calculate the
redox potential(E) of the reaction above. (1mark)
0 - 2+
E MnO4 /Mn = 1.510V
(b) Can 1M Fe2(SO4)3 solution be stored in a container made of nickel metal?
Explain your answer. (E0Fe3+/Fe= -0.040V; E0Ni2+ /Ni = -0.231V) (1mark)
(c) Dentist know that it is not acceptable to put dentures of different metal in the mouth of a
patient. Give an explanation for this phenomenon. (1mark)

7. (a) Empirical formula of an organic compound A is C4H10O.

When A is vaporized, 0.1 g occupies 54.5 cm3 at 208 0C and 98.3kpa.
Determine its molecular formula. (2.5marks)
Given that ideal gas law PV = nRT
P: pressure (pa:pascal)
V: volume (m3 )
n :number of mole
R: constant of ideal gas (R =8.3JK-1mol-1)
T: temperature ( in Kelvin)
(b) The organic compound A react with anhydrous zinc chloride and concentrated hydrochloric
acid to give a white precipitate immediately.
Write the structure formula of A and name it. (2marks)
(c) Write a detailed mechanism of the formation of the white precipitate. (2marks)

8. Hess’s law is used to do some simple enthalpy change calculations involving enthalpy changes
of reaction, enthalpy of reaction and enthalpy of formation and enthalpy of combustion.
(a)What is enthalpy of formation? (1mark)
(b)State Hess’s law. (1mark)
(c)Using Hess diagram ,calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of C2H2 given that the
enthalpy of combustion of carbon. (Δ H1 = -393.5kJmol -1 H 2 (ΔH02 = -285.8kJmol-1) and C2H2
( ΔH03 = -1300kJmol -1) (3marks)

9.( a) i) state if the two compound s NH3 and BF3 are Lewis acid or Lewis base.
(ii) Explain your answer in a) i. N ( Z=7) B (Z=5) (1mark)
(b) Explain the VSEPR theory in the formation of the shape of different molecules. (1mark)
(c) Write the geometric structure of NH3 and BF3 and name their shapes. (2marks)

10. The dissociation of sulfuryl chloride SO2Cl2 → SO2 + Cl2 is a reaction of first order at
the temperature of 600K, the constant of the rate of reaction is 1.32x10-3min-1
(a) Calculate the percentage of SO2Cl2 dissociated after 30 minutes of reaction. (3.5 marks)
(b) Find the time necessary for the dissociation of 90% of SOCl2 to be completed. (1.5mark)
(c) Calculate half life of the reaction. (1mark)

10
11. (a) A triglyceride represented by the letter A is an ester derived from glycerol and three fats
acids: hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acids, 2,4 –hexadienoic acid. Write the structure of the
triglyceride. (1mark)
(b) Write the equation of reaction between the triglyceride and sodium hydroxide. (1mark)
(ii) What is the importance of this reaction? (0.5 marks)

12. Explain the following observations.

(a) The boiling point of CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2 (490C) is very greater than the boiling point of
(CH3)3N (30C) although they have the same molecular mass.
(b) Acyl chlorides fume when left standing in moist air. (1mark)
(c) Diamond is a poor conductor of electricity (1mark)

13. C, Ge, Sn and Pb bare elements of group IV in the periodic table.

(a) Two of these elements form chlorides of the type MCl2.
Name them. (1mark)
(b) One of the tetrachlorides of group IV elements does not react with water .
All others (MCl4) chlorides are hydrolysed.
(i) Give the formula of chloride which does not react with water. (1mark)
(ii) Write a balanced equation of hydrolysis of MCl4. Is the final solution acidic or basic?
Give the decreasing order of hydrolysis of these tetrachlorides of group IV elements. (3marks)

14. [Cr(NH3)5Cl]2+and [CuCl4]2- are complex on formed by chromium and copper respectively

(a) Explain briefly what is meant by the term ‘complex ion’ (1mark)
(b) Determine
(i) The oxidation states of chromium and copper in [Cr(NH3)5Cl2+] and [CuCl4]2-. (1mark)
(ii) The co-ordination number of chromium and copper in these complex ions. (1mark)

15. (a)Rubber is a natural polymer whose monomer is 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene.

(i) Write the structure formula of the monomer of rubber and the structure formula of rubber with
3 monomer units. (1mark)
(ii) What is the importance of vulcanization of rubber? (1mark)
(b) There are two type of nylon: nylon 6 and nylon 6/6.
Their monomers are H2N-(CH2)5 -COOH for nylon 6 and for nylon 6/6 is HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH
with H2N-(CH2)6-NH2.
(i) Explain why the two polymers are named differently by using the number 6 and 6/6. (1mark)
(ii) Write the structure formula with 3 monomer units each of the polymers of nylon 6 and nylon
6/6. (1mark)

16.(a) Write the a balanced nuclear equation for each disintegration process.
(i)An known element emits ⋎ rays plus particles that are readily blocked by paper .
The yield contains also substantial quantity of tin-104. (1mark)
11
(ii) Bombarding 253 99𝐸𝑠 with an alpha particle produces one neutron plus another transuranium
isotope. (1mark)
(iii) Carbon -14 is generated on bombardment of nitrogen -14 by a neutron. (1mark)
Atomic number Z of some nuclides:

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
(b) It has been estimated that carbon -14 isotope in the atmosphere is responsible for producing
60 atoms of nitrogen -14 and 60 electrons every hour for each gram of atom of carbon this
disintegration rate is 60 counts hour-1g-1.A sample of a sea shell was found to have a count rate
of 4 counts hour -1g-1.
Calculate the age of the shell.( half life of carbon -14 is 5730 years) (4marks)

SECTION B: ATTEMPT ANY THREE QUESTIONS .(30MARKS)

17.(a) The leclanche dry cells used in a wide range of appliances such as torches, bicycle lamps
,radio… it is composed of a zinc container filled with a thick moist paste of manganese (IV)
oxide (MnO2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2) ,ammonium chloride (NH4Cl )and water. A graphite
(carbon) rod is embedded in the paste.
(i) State the role of the zinc container and the graphite rod. (2 marks)
(ii) State the role of the thick moist paste. (1mark)
(iii) Write the oxidation and reduction reactions during the discharge of the cell. (2marks)
(b) A lead acid accumulator or a lead storage battery is a cell that is connected to appliances to
generate electricity. It is used in automobiles. The following are the reaction that occur on the
electodes:
oxidation: Pb + SO42- → PbSO4 + 2e
reduction: PbO2+ 4H + SO4 + 2e → PbSO4 + 2H2O
+ 2-

(i) Indicate where (on anode or cathode)oxidation and reduction take place. (1mark)
(ii) Write the overall redox reaction in the battery. (2marks)
(iii) The reaction in (b) ii) is a reaction that occur when the battery discharges.
Deduce the reaction of the recharging of the battery. (2marks)

18. This question refers to the haber process for the synthesis of ammonia. The equation which
represents the reaction is given below.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) ΔH0 =-92KJmol-1
(a) Explain what meat by the term ‘dynamic equilibrium’
(1mark)
(b) (i)Write the expression for the equilibrium constant Kp, for the above process. (1mark)

12
(ii)If pressure is measured in the atmosphere what will be the units of Kp? (1mark)
(c) State and explain the effect on the above equilibrium:
(i) increasing the pressure. (1mark)
(ii) increasing the temperature. (1mark)
(d) Name the catalyst used in haber process. (0.5 marks)
(e)(i) Describe the a function of a catalyst on terms of of energy activation and use a diagram to
illustrate its effect. (2.5 marks)
(iii) Describe the effect of catalyst on the position of equilibrium and its effect on the
concentrations of reacting substances at equilibrium. (2 marks)

19. A Compound A (C14H12) decolorises orange solution of bromine water.

One mole of A can react completely with one mole of hydrogen in the presence of nickel at room
temperature, its oxidation produces an organic compound benzoic acid only. Indicate all
observation made and find possible structure of A. A reaction between bromine and A ,followed
by the action of concentrated sodium hydroxide on the compound formed ,gives B ,( C14H10) B
react with hydrogen in the presence of palladium to form C (C14H12)which is different from A .
At the end of A, B and C, gives the same compound D(C14H14) by hydrogenation in the presence
of nickel.
(i) With the complementary information above, write the structures of A, B, C and D.(2marks)
(ii) Name A, B, C and D . (2marks)
(b) Complete the equation of the reaction below: (3marks)
h  , Cl Cl , AlCl
(i)   2
 C6H5CH2CH3      2 3

KMnO conc / heat

(ii) C6H5CH2CH2CH3   
4


(c) Outline the mechanism of the reaction below (3marks)

h
C6H5CH2CH3 + Cl2   

20. Draw a Born Haber cycle and use the following data to obtain the enthalpy change of
formation of CuBr2. (9marks)
Lattice energy of copper (ii) bromide: ΔH(LA) = -2763 kJmol -1

First ionisation energy of Copper (ΔH I1) is +746kJmol-1

Second ionisation energy of Cu (ΔH I2) is +1958kJmol-1
Electron affinity of bromine is -324.6 kJmol-1
Enthalpy of atomisation of Cu is +338.3 kJmol-1
Atomisation energy of bromine is 111.9 kJmol-1
(b) Define
(i) Atomisation energy (0.5 marks)
(ii) Lattice energy (0.5 marks)

21. To study a titration curve, 10ml of 1M NaOH solution were titrated with 1M HCl.

13
 (a) Copy and complete the table below. (6 marks)

Volume of HCl added during the titration pH of the solution in the titrated solution
0.0ml
2.00ml
5.00ml
8.00ml
9.90ml
9.99ml
10.00ml
10.01ml
10.10m
15.00ml
18,00ml
20.00ml
(b) Plot the titration cuvre(added volume of HCl: x-axis, pH: y-axis) (3marks)
(c) The following are indicators with their pH change range

Indicator pH change range

A 1.2-2.8
B 5.8-7.8
C 8.3-10.0
(i) Which one of these indicators must not be used in the titration of NaOH (strong base) with
HCl (strong acid) ? (0.5 marks)
(ii) Explain your choice. (0.5 marks)

14
Foot note:
It is important to note that some necessary corrections have been made in this paper in order to find solutions to some questions.
 Chemistry II

014
31 Oct. 2014 08.30AM - 11.30 AM

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS, 2014

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

PAPER II: THEORY

COMBINATIONS: -BIOLOGY-CHEMISTRY-GEOGRAPHY( BCG )

- MATHS -CHEMISTRY- BIOLOGY(MCB)

-PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY( PCB)

- PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY- MATHS( PCM)

DURATION: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:
1) Write your names and index number on the answer booklet as written on the registration form,
and DO NOT write your names and index number on additional answer sheets of paper if
provided.

2) Do not open this question paper until you are told to do so.

3) This paper consists of two sections: A and B.

 Section A: Attempt all questions. (70 marks)

 Section B: Attempt any three questions. (30marks)
4) You do not need the Periodic Table.
5) Silent non-programmable calculators may be used.

15
SECTION A: ATTEMPT ALL QUESTIONS. (70 MARKS)

1. Iodine exists as two isotopes: 131 127

53𝐼 and 53𝐼 .
(a) Calculate the neutron and proton numbers in each isotope. (2marks)
(b) Why do isotopes of iodine show similar chemical properties. (1mark)

2. The atomic number of germanium (Ge) is 32.

(a) Using s, p,d…. notation , write the electronic configuration of germanium (Ge). (1mark)
(b) In which group of the periodic table is Ge? Give a reason for your answer. (2marks)
(c) Write the chemical formula of a compound formed between Ge and Flourine (F). (1mark)
(d) Calculate the relative atomic mass of germanium from the percentage abundance of its
isotopes:
Ge-70:20%, Ge-71:27%, Ge-72:8%, Ge-73:37%, and Ge-74:8%, (2marks)

3. When chlorine is dissolved in water, it establishes dynamic equilibrium as shown by

the equation below:
Cl2(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ HCl(aq) + HClO(aq)
(a) What is meant by the term ‘dynamic equilibrium’? (1mark)
(b) Explain how the position of equilibrium in the above reaction is affected by addition of
sodium chloride solution. (2marks)
(c) The aqueous solution of chlorine in water has a PH of 1.8.
Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution
Give your to 3 decimal places. (2 marks)

4. The scheme below shows some reactions of the halogenoalkane represented by the
formula C4H9Br.
C4H9CN

D
C4H9NH2 
C  C4H9Br A  C4H9OH

B
C4H8

(a) State a reagent and conditions for carrying out step A. (2 marks)
(b) Name the type of reaction involved in step D. (2 marks)
(c) State a reagent and conditions for carrying out step C. (2 marks)
(d) What reagent and condition would be used to convert C4H9OH to C4H8? (1mark)

5. Two gases reacted to form a gaseous product as shown by the following equation:
2A(g) + B(g) ⇌ 2C(g) ΔH = -100kJmol-1
16
(a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, KC , for the above reaction and
state its units. (2 marks)
(b) How is the yield of C affected by an increase in temperature ?
Explain your answer. (1mark)
(c) 2 mol of a gas A were reacted with 1 mol of gas B to form gas C in a closed vessel
of a volume of 1dm3. After reaching dynamic equilibrium, it was found that 0.6 mol of A
remained in the gaseous mixture.
i. Calculate the number of moles of A that reacted . (1mark)
ii. Calculate the number of moles of C that were produced. Hence calculate the value
of the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the reaction. (2marks)

6. Boron and aluminium show similar chemical properties.

(a) . Give the name of the shape of boron trichloride and state its bond angle. (2marks)
(b) What type of oxide does boron form? (1mark)
(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of aluminum oxide and sodium
hydroxide. (2marks)

7. Hydrides of halogens (hydrogen halides) show regular patterns in their physical and chemical
properties.
(a) State and explain the trend in
(i) Their acid strength. (2marks)
(ii) Their reducing power. (2marks)
(b) Why does hydrogen fluoride have the highest boiling point among hydrides of
halogens? (1mark)

8.(a) What is meant by standard enthalpy change of combustion?

(b) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol( C2H5OH) from the data
below: (1mark)
𝜃
Δ𝐻𝑓 (C2H5OH) = -327KJmol-1
Δ𝐻𝐶𝜃 (C) = -394KJmol-1
Δ𝐻𝐶𝜃 (H2) = -286KJmol-1
(c) Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction from the bond enthalpies given below:
C3H8(g) + Cl2(g) → C3H7Cl(g) + HCl(g)
Bond energies in KJmol-1
C-H = 413
C-Cl = 346
H-Cl = 432
Cl-Cl = 243 (2marks)

9. Three alcohols A, B and C of molecular formula C4H10O were separately heated with

17
acidified K2Cr2O7 (potassium dichromate). Alcohol C did not undergo any change while A and B
did. Alcohol A produced compound D which reacted further to form compound E. Alcohol B
reacted to form compound F. Compound F did not react with Fehlings solution but reacted with
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.
(a) Suggest a structural formulae of C and give a reason for your answer. (2marks)
(b) Give the structural formulae of compounds D and F. (2marks)
(c) Give the structural formulae of alcohols A and B (2marks)

10. (a) Describe a chemical test that is used to distinguish between reducing sugars and non-
reducing sugars. State the reagent conditions and expected observations. (2marks)
(b) A dipeptide has the structure.

CH3 O H O
H2N – C – C - N – C – C
H H H H O-H

i.What reagent and condition would use to hydrolyse the dipeptide? (2marks)
ii. Write the structural formulae of two amino acids obtained by hydrolyzing the
dipeptide. (2marks)

11.(a)What reagent would be used to prepare pentanoyl chloride

(CH3CH2CH2CH2COCl) from pentanoic acid? (1mark)
(b) Give the structural formulae of the organic products formed when pentanoyl chloride is
reacted with
i. Ammonia.
ii. Ethanol
iii.Methylamine. (3marks)

12. A buffer solution contains 0.2 mol dm-3 propanoic acid and 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium propanoate.
(a) What is meant by the term ‘buffer solution’? (1mark)
(b) Calculate the PH of the buffer solution.
(Ka of propanoic acid = 1.35 x 10-5 moldm-3 (2marks)
(c) Using relevant equations , explain how a buffer reacts when a small amount of
hydrochloric acid is added. (1mark)

13.Benzene reacts with chloromethane in the presence of aluminium chloride to form

organic compound B. B reacts with chlorine gas in the presence of UV light to form
organic compound C.
(a) Using equations and appropriate symbols , describe the mechanism of the reaction
between benzene and chloromethane in presence of AlCl3. (3marks)
(b) Write the structural formula of compound C. (1mark)

18
(c) What is the role of uv light in the reaction of compound B with chlorine. (1mark)

14. (a) A thorium atom 231 90𝑇ℎ decays by emitting of a beta particle to form an isotope
of protactinium of (Pa) whereas a uranium atom 238 92𝑈 disintegrates by emission of alpha
particle to form an isotope of thorium atom. (2marks)
Write balanced nuclear reactions showing the disintegration of throrium and Uranium
respectively.
(b) If the radioactive nickel 63 has a half life of 100.1 years decays to copper 63, how
long will it take for three-quarters of the nickel to change to copper (Cu-63)?
(2marks)

SECTION B: Attempt any THREE questions. (30 marks)

15. An impure sample of ammonium iron (ii) sulphate crystals (NH4)2SO4. FeSO4.6H2O) was
analysed to determine the percentage by mass of Fe2+ in it. 1.5g of the sample were dissolved in
dilute sulphuric acid and the solution made up to 30cm3 with distilled water.
The resulting solution was titrated with 0.02 moldm-3 KMnO4. 25.0cm3 of KMnO4 were required
to completely react with Fe2+.
(a) Calculate the theoretical percentage by mass of Fe in pure ammonium iron (ii) sulphate
crystals based on the theoretical formula given.[N=14, H=1, S=32, O=16, Fe=56) (2marks)
(b) Use the half equations below and write a balanced equation for the REDOX reaction
between Fe2+ and acidified MnO4-: (2 marks)
MnO4 + 8H + 5e → Mn + 4H2O
- + 2+

Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e
(c)Calculate the number of moles of MnO4- in 25.0cm3 of the solution of KMnO4. (2marks)
2+ 3
(d) Hence deduce the number of moles and mass of Fe in 30cm of the solution
containing the sample (Fe =56) (1mark)
(e) Calculate the percentage of Fe in the sample of 1.5g. (1mark)
2+ 3+
(f) Give the electronic configuration of Fe and Fe and explain which of the two ions
is stable. (Fe =26) (2marks)

16. The manufacture of ammonia in the haber process is a key in industry that is linked in
other useful chemicals.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs in the Haber process and state the
conditions of temperature, pressure and catalyst used. (3marks)
(b)Using principles of equilibrium, kinetics and cost , justify the conditions in (a) above.(2marks)
(c) With help of balanced equations, outline the steps involved in manufacture of
nitric acid from ammonia. (3marks)
(d) What colour change would you observe if a mixture of dinitrogen tetroxide and
nitrogen dioxide is subjected higher pressure?
Explain your answer.

19
 N2O4 ⇌ 2NO2
light brown Dark brown
17.(a) Briefly explain why a catalyst increase the rate of chemical reaction. (2marks)
(b) What is a homogeneous catalyst? Why do transition metals ions often act as a
homogeneous catalysts? (2marks)
(c) A reaction between X and Y was investigated in order to determine its rate equation.
The results below were obtained:

Experiment [X] [Y] Intial Rate

Number (mol dm-3) (mol dm-3) (mol dm-3 s-1)
1 0.5 1.0 2
2 0.5 2.0 8
3 0.5 3.0 18
4 1.0 3.0 36
5 2.0 3.0 72
(i)Deduce the order of reaction with respect to X and Y.
Explain your reasoning (2marks)
(ii) Write the rate equation or rate expression for the reaction. (1mark)
(iii) Calculate a value for the rate constant and give its units. (2marks)
(d) How does the rate of a zero order reaction change with concentration? (1mark)

18. (a) An a zo dye (diazo dye) was synthesized from benzene as shown in the reaction scheme
below:
+
NH2 N≡NCl- d
a b c NaOH(aq)
X Y
NaNO2/HCl OH
0
(0-5 C)
(i) Write the structural formula of compound X. (1mark)
(ii) What reagents and conditions are used in step(a) ? (2marks)
(iii) What reagents are used in step(b)? (2marks)
(iv) Write the structural formula of azo dye Y. (1mark)
(b) The structural formula of a medicine called “aspirin’’is shown below:
O
C - OH

O
H3C - C =O
(i) State the names of two functional groups present in aspirin. (2 marks)
(ii) Give the structural formulae of the products formed when “aspirin” is warmed

20
with excess aqueous sodium hydroxide . (2marks)

19 .(a) Distinguish between strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte. (1mark)

(b) State and explain how the molar conductivity of a weak electrolyte change
with dilution. (2marks)
(c) A electrochemical cell (Voltaic cell) was set up using two electrodes systems shown
below:
Fe2+(aq) + 2e ⇌ Fe(s) , Eθ = -0.45V
Mn2+(aq) + 2e ⇌ Mn(s) , Eθ = -1.19V
(i) Draw a labelled diagram to show the cell set up. On your diagram show the direction
of electron flow. (3marks)
(ii)Calculate the cell e.m.f (cell voltage ) and write a balanced equation for the cell
reaction that occurs. (2marks)
(d) A current of 5.00A was passed through an aqueous solution of copper (ii) sulphate
for 40 minutes. Calculate the mass of copper deposited on the cathode during electrolysis.
(Faraday constant , F=96,500C mol-1; Cu =63.5) (2marks)

21
 REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
CHEMISTRY II

014
1 Nov .2013 8.30 -11.30 am
RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (REB)

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2013

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

PAPER II: THEORY

COMBINATIONS: -BIOLOGY-CHEMISTRY-GEOGRAPHY( BCG )

- MATHS -CHEMISTRY- BIOLOGY(MCB)

-PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY( PCB)

- PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY- MATHS( PCM)

DURATION: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:
1) Don’t open this question paper until you are told so.

2) This paper consists of two sections: A and B.

 Section A: Answer all questions. (70 marks)

 Section B: Attempt any three questions . (30marks)
3) You do not need the Periodic Table.
4) Silent non-programmable Calculators may be used.

22
SECTION A: ATTEMPT ALL QUESTIONS. (70 MARKS)
1. Explain the following observations
a) Atomic radius of fluorine is smaller than that of Lithium. (2marks)
(atomic number: F=9, Li=3)
b) Solubility of sulphates of group (I) a elements (MgSO4, CaSO4 SrSO4, BaSO4)
decreases as move down the group. (2marks)
c) Lead chloride (IV), PbCl4 is a covalent compound whereas lead (II), PbCl2,is ionic. (2marks)

2. a) Atomic of magnesium is 12, atomic number of chlorine is 17:

i.Write the electron configuration of magnesium and that of chlorine.
(in terms of s,p,d...) (2marks)
ii.Write a balanced chemical equation of reaction between magnesium and that of chlorine. (2marks)
b) In terms of advantages and disadvantages; give four(4) differences between soap and
detergents. (2marks)

3. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between.

a) Cold dilute nitric acid (HNO3) and iron metal.(Fe) (2marks)
b) Copper metal(Cu) and concetrated nitric acid. (HNO3) (2marks)

4. a) Define “enthalpy of solution” (2marks)

o 0
b) Calculate the enthalpy change (in joules) when 400g of water at 25 C is heated up to 100 C.
(Specific heat capacity of water is 4.2J/gOC). (2marks)

5. An electric current of 3.0 amperes is passed through a solution of copper sulphate (CuSO4)
for 280 minutes.
Equations:
Anode: 4OH-(aq) 
 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e
Cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e   Cu(s)
a) Calculate the mass(in g) of copper that is deposited. (2marks)
b) Calculate the volume of O2(g) liberated at the anode (at room temperature and pressure). (2marks)
( 1mole of a gas occupies 24dm3at room temperature and pressure, 1 faraday =96500C/mol,
Atomic mass Cu= 63.5)

6. This question deals with colligative properties of solutions (a) and (b):
a) An aqueous solution of 1.10g of a protein in 100ml of a solution has osmotic pressure of
3.93 x 10-3atmospheres at 25OC (298K).
Calculate the molecular mass of the protein. (R= 0.08203 L.atm.mol-1. K-1) (3marks)
b) A solution of 2.95g of sulphur (molecules) in 100g cyclohexene has freezing point
of 4.18OC . Pure cyclohexane has a freezing point of 6.5OC
i. Calculate the molecular mass of sulphur. (3marks)
ii. Calculate the molecular formula of sulphur. (2marks)
(Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 , kf =20.2oC Kg mol-1)

23
7. a) Draw 4 different structural isomers (that are non cyclic ) of a compound that is represented
by molecular formula of C4H8O2.. (4marks)
b) Complete and balance the following equation:
Cl2 + NaOH(hot concentrated) 
 (2marks)

8. Ammonia is produced by haber –Bosch process according to following equation:

N2(g) + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3(g) ΔH = -92KJ mol-1
Indicate and explain what will happen to the position of the equilibrium if:
a) pressure is decreased. b) Temperature is decreased. (4marks)

9. Write the mechanism of reaction of each of the chemical equation:

a) CH2 = CH2 + Br2   CH2Br-CH2Br (2marks)
b) CH3CH2Cl + OH -

 CH2=CH2 + H2O + Cl -
(2marks)

10. An organic compound A is constituted of C, H and O. Its percentage composition by mass

as follows: C = 66.7%; H=11.1%; and O=22.2% (Atomic mass: C=12, H=1, O=16)
a) Find the empirical formula of compound A. (2marks)
b) Find the molecular formula of compound A if molecular mass is 72. (2marks)

11. By appropriate equations, illustrate how propan-1-ol can be converted (by using one
step reaction equation or more than one step) into the following compounds indicating
reactants and conditions required.
a) 2-chloro propane b) Amino butane (butyl amine) (4marks)

12. a) Write 2 characteristics of transition metals. (1mark)

b) Explain the reason why zinc is not considered as a transition metal.
(Atomic number of Zinc =30) (2marks)
c) Explain the reason why transition metal are coloured. (2marks)

13. a) Write a chemical equation (or equations) to describe how zinc ions (Zn2+) act as
i. An acid ii. A base
b) Write the balanced chemical equation between
i. Hot concetrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and Carbon (C). (2marks)
ii. Hot concetrated nitric acid (HNO3) and Sulpur (S) (2marks)

14. Aluminium is obtained on a large scale by electrolysis.

a) Draw a labeled diagram for industrial production of Aluminium. (2marks)
b) Write chemical equations that represent the reactions which take place on the cathode and
on the anode during electrolysis. (2marks)

15. Draw the shapes of the following molecules and give the name of each shape.
a) NH3 b) IF5- c) H2O. (3marks

24
 SECTION B: Attempt 3 questions. (30 marks)
16. Using appropriate equations of reaction by showing clearly reagents, conditions and structural
formulae of the organic compounds , describe how the following compounds can be synthesized.
a) Phenol to 4-nitrobenzoic acid b) Nitro Benzene to 2-bromo Phenol. (10 marks)

17. a) The pKa of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is 2.1. Given a 0.1M solution of H3PO4 and you
are required to obtain a buffer solution of PH = 2 by adding a solution of NaH2PO4) .What
should be the concentration of the salt (NaH2PO4)? (Atomic mass: H=1, O=16, Na=23, P=31). (3marks)
b) The table below shows the rates of reaction between substance A and B at different
concentrations.

Experiment [A] [B] Intial rate of reaction

-3
moldm moldm-3 in moldm-3s-1
1. 0.50 0.50 2.0 x 10-2
2. 1.00 0.50 8.0 x 10-2
3. 1.00 1.00 16.0 x 10-2
i. Determine the overall order of reaction. (3marks)
ii. Calculate the rate constant indicating clearly the units. (2marks)
c) Suggest 2 processes used to obtain hydrogen gas on large scale from water. (2marks)

18. a) The molecular formula of alanine amino acid is CH3CHNH2COOH.

i. Why does alanine amino acid present optical stereoisomerism? (1mark)
ii. Draw the 2 strutures of alanine that represent its optical streoisomers.. (1mark)
b) i. Draw the 2 structures of 1,2-dichloroethene that represent its geometrical stereoisomerism. (2marks)
ii. Write the structural formula of the monomer (isoprene) which is used to synthesize natural
rubber. (2marks)
iii. State two requirements for improving the physical properties of rubber when tyres are
manufactured. (2marks)
iv. State 2 monomers (or draw the structural formulae of the monomers) that are used to make
polyester (terylene). (2marks)

19a).i. Define HESS law. (2marks)

ii. Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction. (X) (3marks)
3
CO(g) + 2H2(g) + 2O2(s) 
 CO2(g) + 2H2O(l); ΔH10 =-204.2. Kcal
3
CH3OH(g) + 2O2(s)   CO2(g) +2H2O(l); ΔH20 =-182.5. Kcal
CO(g) + 2H2(g)   CH3OH(g) ; ΔH30 = X Kcal
b) According to the data given below in relation to the reaction.

[I-] [BrO3-] [H+] Rate(moldm-3S-1)

(mol/dm3) (mol/dm3) (mol/dm3)
0.10 0.10 0.10 3.0 x 10-4
0.14 0.18 0.10 7.56 x10-4
0.10 0.18 0.10 5.40 x 10-4
0.31 0.18 0.20 1.67 x10-3

25
Equation:
BrO3(aq)- + 9I-(aq) + 6H+(aq)   3I2(aq) +Br-(aq) +3H2O(l)
i. Find the order of reaction with respect to
BrO3 -, I-, H+ (3marks)
ii. Find the overall order of reaction. (1mark)
iii. Find the rate constant K for the reaction. (1mark)

20. a) Write the structural formular for the following molecules.

i. 3-ethyl-2,4-dimethyl pentane. (2marks)
ii. 3,4-dimethylpentan-2-ol. (2marks)
b). Write a chemicalequation for cracking of n-octane.
(CH3CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3) (2marks)
c) Explain the following observations (Use equations to clarify your answer):
gi. Zinc hydroxide precipitate, (Zn(OH)2, disaapears (becomes soluble ) when a solution of
ammonia, NH3, is added to it . (2marks)
ii. Calcium phosphate , Ca3(PO4)2 is sparingly soluble in water but it dissolves in a solution of
nitric acid(HNO3). (2marks)

26
 REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
CHEMISTRY II

014
16 Nov .2012 8.30 -11.30 am
RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (REB)

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2012

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

PAPER II: THEORY

COMBINATIONS: -BIOLOGY-CHEMISTRY-GEOGRAPHY( BCG )

- MATHS -CHEMISTRY- BIOLOGY(MCB)

-PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY( PCB)

- PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY- MATHS( PCM)

DURATION: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:
This paper consists of two sections: A and B.

Section A: Answer all questions. (70 marks)

Section B: Attempt any three questions . (30marks)

You do not need the Periodic Table.
Silent non-programmable Calculators may be used.

27
SECTION A: Attempt all questions. (70 marks)
1. The molecular formular C3H6O represent two isomers.
a) Define the term “isomers”. (1mark)
b) Give the structure formulae of the two isomers and name them. (4marks)
c) Give a chemical test that could be used to distinguish between the two isomers,
clearly stating the expected observations. (2marks)

2. Manganese (atomic number 25) is a transition element. It forms several compounds

in which it shows different oxidation state.
a) Give the electronic configuration of manganese (Mn) using the S,P,d … notation. (1mark)
b) Give the formula of an ion or compound in which the oxidation state /number of
manganese is +7. (1mark)
c) Manganese (IV) oxide is used to prepare chlorine gas according to the reaction below:
MnO2(S) + 4HCl(conc.)  heat
  MnCl2(aq)+ Cl2(g) +2H2O(l)

i. Which element/ ion is reduced and which one is oxidized? (2marks)
ii. How could you show by a chemical test that chlorine gas is evolved? (1mark)

3. Silicon exists as three isotopes whose abundance is shown below:

28 29 30
92% as 14
Si ,5% as 14 Si 3% as 14 Si .
a) Explain what is meant by the term “isotopes”. (1mark)
b) Calculate the relative atomic mass of silicon. (2marks)
c) Silicon dioxide (silicon (IV) oxide) is a solid of high melting point. Explain in
terms of bonding and structure why silicon dioxide has a high melting point. (1mark)

4. The reaction scheme below shows some reactions of propan-1-ol(propanol).

E

Na
HBr ConC.H2SO4
D CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – OH A
Heat Heat
K2Cr2O7/ H+
heat

K2Cr2O7/ H+
B C
Heat

a) Give the formulae or the names of the organic compounds A, B, C, D and E. (5marks)
b) Why do alcohols have high boiling points compared to alkanes? (2marks)

28
5. The standard enthalpy change of formation of ethanol may be calculated by enthalpies
of combustion of ethanol, carbon and hydrogen. The enthalpies of combustion are given below:
𝛥𝐻СƟ (C2H5OH) = - 1368kJmol-1
𝛥𝐻СƟ (H2) = -286kJmol-1
𝛥𝐻СƟ (C) = -394kJmol-1
a) Define “standard enthalpy change of formation”. (2marks)
b) Use the above data to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of ethanol.(3marks)

6. The conversion of sulphur dioxide into sulphur trioxide in the contact process is a
reversible reaction.
a) Write a balanced equation for reaction. (2marks)
b) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant , Kc, for the reaction in(a) (1mark)
c) Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc, and state the units given that the
amounts present at equilibrium were:
SO2= 0.4 moldm-3; O2= 0.2 moldm-3; SO3= 1.2 moldm-3. (3marks)

7. A reaction between A and B is represented by the equation

2A + B   2C+D
The reaction is known to be a second order with respect to A and first order with respect
to B.
a) Write a rate expression or rate equation for the above reaction. (1mark)
b) State the overall order of reaction. (1mark)
c) Deduce the units of the rate constant. (1mark)
d) If the concentration of both A and B are doubled by what factor does the rate change? (1mark)

8. The table below shows the boiling points of chlorides of period 3 in the periodic table.

Chloride NaCl MgCl2 Al2Cl6 SiCl4 PCl3 S2Cl2

Boiling points 1465 1418 423 57 74 136
(oC)
a) Explain why the boiling points of MgCl2 and PCl3 are so different. (2marks)
b) Explain the bonding present in Al2Cl6. (2marks)

9. The table below shows standard electrode potentials of some ions of group 7
elements in the periodic table.
Cl2 + 2e   2Cl- +1.36V
− + -
2𝐼𝑂3 + 12H + 10e   I2 + 6H2O +1.19V
- -
I2 + 2e   2I +0.54V
a) Calculate the oxidation number of I in 𝐼𝑂3− . (1mark)
−
b) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction between 𝐼𝑂3 and I in the presence
-

29
of acid. Calculate the standard cell e.m.f (EƟ cell) for reaction. (3marks)
c) Would you expect a reaction between I2 and Cl-? Give a reason for your answer. (2marks)

10. Ammonia reacts with water as shown by below:

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
a) Identify acid base conjugate pairs in the reaction. (2marks)
-5 -3
b) The base dissociation constant (Kb) for ammonia is 1.2x10 moldm .
i) Write an expression for kb of ammonia. (1mark)
- -3
ii) Calculate the concentration of OH ions in 0.1moldm NH3(aq) and hence the pH of
ammonia solution (Kw= 1.0 x 10-14 mol2dm-6 at 250C). (3marks)

11. Terylene is a polymer made from ethane -1,2-diol and

benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid.
The monomers are
O O
HO - CH2CH2 - OH and C— —C
HO OH

a) Give the structure of terylene showing only one repeat unit. (1mark)
b) What type of polymer is terylene? (1mark)
c) Give one advatange of terylene over compared to poly(ethene). (1mark)
d) How would you convert
The monomers are
O O O O
C— —C into C— —C
HO OH CH3O O-CH3?
State the reagents and conditions. (2marks)

12. The half-life of cobolt -60 ( 60

27𝐶𝑜) is 5.2 years
a) What fraction of cobolt-60 will remain after 26 years? (2marks)
b) State one medical use of cobolt 60. (2marks)
c) One of the complex ions of cobolt is [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+.
Give the oxidation number of cobolt and the name of the shape of this complex ion. (2marks)

13. Hydrogen gas can be manufactured by reacting methane gas with steam under
suitable conditions as shown by the equation :
CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO(g) + 3H2(g)
The forward reaction is endothermic .
State and explain the effect on the position of equilibrium when
a) Pressure is increased. (2marks)
b) Temperature is increased. (2marks)

30
c) More carbon monoxide is added. (2marks)

SECTION B: Attempt any three questions. (30marks)

14. Benzoic acid is prepared from benzene as shown below
O
CH3 C
| | OH
I II

a) Give the reagents and conditions for step I. (2marks)

b) Give the reagents and conditions for step II. (2marks)
CH3
c) Methylbenzene, | , reacts with chlorine under conditions to give different
products.

i. Give the structure of the organic product when methyl benzene and chlorine react in the
presence of UV light. (1mark)
ii. Give the structure of the two isomers formed when methylbenzene reacts with
chlorine in the presence of FeCl3. (2marks)
d) Benzoic acid is a weak acid
i. What is meant by a weak acid. (1mark)
-5 -3
ii. The acid dissociation constant of benzoic acid (Ka) is 6.4 x10 moldm .
Calculate the PH of 0.1modm-3 benzoic acid solution. (2marks)
(You may use a simpler formula of benzoic acid as C6H5COOH)

15. An alloy of copper was converted into copper(II) ions using suitable reagent. 4.0g
of alloy was converted into 400cm3 of solution of Cu2+ ions . 40cm3 of Cu2+(aq) was
reacted with potassium iodide solution to produce iodine solution. The iodine solution
reacted completely with 50.0cm3 of 0.1moldm-3 sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) solution.
The following ionic equations represent the main reactions which occurred.
2Cu2+(aq) + 4I-(aq)   2CuI(s) + I2(aq)
I2(aq) + 2S2O32-(aq)   S4O62-(aq) + 2I-(aq)

(thiosulphate ions)
a) Calculate the number of moles of S2O32- present in 50cm3 of 0.1 moldm-3 Na2S2O3. (1mark)
b) Calculate the number of moles of iodine that reacted with S2O32- ions. (1mark)
2+ 3 2+
c) Calculate the number of moles of Cu in 40cm of a solution of Cu . (1mark)

31
d) Calculate the number of moles of Cu2+ in 400cm3 of solution. (1mark)
e) Calculate the mass of copper and hence the percentage purity of copper in the alloy.
(Cu=63.5) (3marks)
f) A sample of Cu2+(aq) is reacted with aqueous ammonia until ammonia is in excess.
State what would be observed and give the formular of the copper species present. (2marks)
g) Calculate the oxidation state of S in S2O32-. (1mark)

16. Electrolysis of brine (concentrated sodium chloride solution) is used to manufacture

three different products.
a) Using equations, explain the formation of the three products, showing clearly what
is happening at the electrodes. (3marks)
b) During electrolysis of brine, a current of 0.5A was passed for two and half hours
i. Calculate the quantity of electricity (amount of charge) passed. (2marks)
ii. Calculate the mass of the product at the anode.
(H=1, Cl=35.5, Na=23, O=16, 1faraday=96500C). (2marks)
iii. Calculate the mass of the product at the cathode. (2marks)
c) What happens to the PH of the solution as electrolysis continues. Give a reason. (1mark)
17. Describe a chemical test you would use to distinguish between the pairs of
compounds below. In each case give a reagent, conditions and the expected observations.
a) CH3-CH2-CH3 and CH3CH=CH2 (2marks)
CH3
b) CH3-CH2-CH-CH3 and CH3-C-OH (2marks)
OH CH3
O
c) CH3- C-O-CH3 and CH3-CH2-COOH (2marks)
d) FeSO4 and CuSO4 (2marks)
O
e) CH3-CH2-C-Cl and CH3-CH2-CH2Cl (2marks)
18. The chloride and oxide of phosphorous in the higher oxidation state are:
PCl5 and P2O5.
a) Give the formulae of the chloride and oxide of the phosphorous in the lower
oxidation state. (2marks)
b) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of PCl5 with water. (2marks)
c) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of P2O5 with water. (2marks)
3
d) 25cm of the resulting solution of the reaction between P2O5 and water reacted
completely with 25cm3 of 0.6moldm-3 NaOH. Calculate the concentration of the
solution. (2marks)
e) What is the name of the shape of PCl5? Give one of the bond angles in that shape. (2marks)

32
 REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
Chemistry II

013
04 Nov.2011 08.30am -11.30am RWANDA EDUCATION BOARD (REB)
P.O.BOX 3817 KIGALI. TEL/FAX:586871

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2011

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY II

PAPER II: THEORY

COMBINATIONS: -BIOLOGY-CHEMISTRY-GEOGRAPHY: BCG

- MATHS -CHEMISTRY- BIOLOGY: MCB

-PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY: PCB

- PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY- MATHS: PCM

DURATION: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:
This paper consists of two sections: A and B.

Section A: Answer all questions. (70 marks)

Section B: Attempt any three questions . (30marks)

You do not need the Periodic Table.
Silent non-programmable Calculators may be used.

33
SECTION A: Attempt all questions
1. a) Give the systematic names of three alcohols whose molecular formular is C4H9OH.(3marks)
b) One of the alcohols in (a) can be oxidized to form a ketone.
i) Give the structural formula of the alcohol. (1mark)
ii) Give the structural formular of the ketone. (1mark)

2. 14.8g of magnesium nitrate were heated until there was no further change in the mass.
a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. (2marks)
b) Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide produced. (2marks)

3. The atomic number of arsenic (As) is 33.

a) Using s, p, d notation, give the electronic configuration of arsenic. (1mark)
b) Predict the molecular formulae of the two chlorides of arsenic. (2marks)
c) Deduce the molecular shape and bond angle of chloride of arsenic in the lower oxidation
number. (2marks)

4. Aqueous bromide ions are oxidized by hydrogen peroxide in acidic medium according to the
equation below.
2Br-(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) ⇌ Br2(aq) + 2H2O(l) ΔН=negative
Predict and explain the effect on the equilibrium position when:
a) A small amount of aqueous potassium bromide is added . (2marks)
b) A small amount of aqueous sodium hydroxide is added. (2marks)
c) The temperature is increased. (2marks)

5. a) What is meant by the term ‘electronegativity’? (2marks)

b) State and explain the trend in electronegativity across period 3 from Na to Cl. (2marks)
c) Explain the trend in polarity of the molecules of Group 7 hydrides from HF to HI. (2marks)

6. A naturally occurring amino acid cystine has the structure given below:
CH2SH
⎹
H2N — C — COOH
⎹
H

a) Give the structural formula of a tripeptide formed from cystine molecules. (2marks)
b) Give the structural formula of the zwitterion formed from cystine.
c) Give the structural formula of the organic product formed when cystine reacts with
i. Hydrochloric acid solution. (1mark)
ii. Aqueous sodium carbonate. (1mark)

34
iii. Ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst. (1mark)

7. A sulphonic acid CH3 can be synthesized from methylbenzene according to the

scheme shown below. NH2

SO3H
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
⎹ ⎹ NO2 ⎹ NO2 ⎹ NH2
Step1 Step 2 Step 3

SO3H SO3H
a) What type of reaction is step 2? (1mark)
b) For each of the steps 1 to 3, state the reagents and conditions needed to carry
out the reaction. (6marks)
c) Outline the mechanism for the reactions in step 2. (3marks)

8. The scheme below shows a number of reactions starting with 2-bromopropane (A).
CH3CHBrCH3 → CH3CH(OH)CH3  CH COOH
   D 3

A B

CH3CH=CH2
C
Polymerisation

D
a) State the reagent and the type of reaction for converting A into B. (2marks)
b) Give the structural formula of compound D. (1mark)
c) Give the reagent and condition for converting B into C. (2marks)
d) Outline the mechanism for the reaction in which A is converted into B. (3marks)

9. a) What is meant by a Bronsted-Lowry acid?

Give one equation to show that ethanoic acid is a Bronsted –Lowry acid. (2marks)
b) A buffer solution contains ethanoic acid and sodium ethanoate.
Using equations, explain how this buffer solution resists change in PH when small
amounts of acid or base are added. (4marks)
c) Calculate the PH of a buffer solution which consists of 0.200 mol dm-3 of ethanoic
acid and 0.250 mol dm-3 of sodium ethanoate.

35
(ka of ethanoic acid =1.75 x 10-3 mol dm-3). (3marks)
10. The melting points of oxides of period 3 of the periodic table are given in the table below.

Oxide Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO3

M.P. (oC) 1275 2827 2017 1607 580 33

Explain the following observations in terms of structure and bonding of the relevant oxides
(a) The melting points of MgO is greater than that of SO3. (2marks)
(b) The melting points of SiO2 is greater than that of P4O10. (2marks)

11. Describe all colour changes that are observed when aqueous ammonia is gradually added to a
solution of Cu2+(aq) .
Write a balanced equation for one of the reactions that occurs. (3marks)

12. For the elements of period 3 (Na to Ar) of the periodic table, state and explain:
a) The general trend in the first ionization energy. (2marks)
b) Why the first ionization energy of sulphur is lower than that of phosphorous. (2marks)
(Atomic Numbers: P=15; S=16)

SECTION B: Attempt any three questions. (30 marks)

13. 7.00g of impure sample of tin were reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid to
convert it to tin (II) (Sn2+) ions in aqueous solution. The solution was made upto
1 dm3 with distilled water. 25.0cm3 of this solution were titrated with 0.02mol dm3
of acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution. 24.0cm3 of the manganate (VII) were
needed to react completely with 25.0cm3 of Sn2+(aq) . The relevant half-equations are:
Sn2+ → Sn4++ 2e-
MnO4- + 5e- + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O
a) Write a balanced redox equation for the reaction between Sn2+ and acidified MnO4-. (2marks)
b) Calculate the change in oxidation number of manganese in the redox reaction. (1mark)
c) Calculate the number of moles of MnO4- in 24.0cm3 of the solution. (2marks)
d) Calculate the number of moles of Sn2+ in 25.0cm3 of the solution and hence the
concentration of Sn2+ in mol dm-3. (2marks)
e) Calculate the percentage of Sn in the original sample of tin [Ar(Sn)=119]. (2marks)
f) Using examples of CO2 and SnO2, briefly explain the trend in the acid base
character of oxides of group IV in the oxidation state of +4. (2marks)

14. The production of ammonia in the Haber process involves the reaction:
N2(g)+ 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the above reaction. (1mark)

36
b) 0.2mol of N2(g) and 0.20mol of H2(g) were reacted in 1dm3 closed container until
equilibrium was reached . At equilibrium, the concentration of NH3(g) was 0.060 moldm-3.
i. Calculate concentrations of N2(g) and H2(g) at equilibrium. (2marks)
ii. Calculate the value of Kc and state its units. (2marks)
c) How does an increase in pressure affect the yield of ammonia? Explain your answer. (2marks)
d) The actual conditions used in the haber processes are temperature of 5000C and a
pressure of 200 atmospheres. Why are these conditions used instead of conditions that
give a higher yield? Explain your answer. (2marks)
e) Give one large scale use of ammonia. (1mark)

15. a) With the help of equations of reactions which occur at each electrode, outline
what happens during the electrolysis of dilute aqueous sodium chloride. What happens
to the PH of the solution as electrolysis continues. (3marks)
b) Two electrolytic cells containing molten magnesium bromide and dilute sodium
hydroxide respectively are connected in series as shown in the diagram below.
- +

Molten MgBr2 NaOH(aq)

Heat
The electrodes in both cells are inert 6.0g of magnesium is produced in the first cell
i. Identify the products produced in the second cell. (2marks)
ii. Calculate the mass of each product in the second cell. (3marks)
(Mg=24,Br=80, Na=23,H=1, O=16)
c) Briefly outline the method of purifying copper using electrolysis. (2marks)

16. a) The organic compound whose structure is shown below can be extracted from
some plants. O
CH=CH—C
H

Give the structural formula of the organic compound formed when the above
compound reacts with
i. Steam. (1mark)
ii. Hydrogen cyanide. (1mark)

37
iii. Acidified K2Cr2O7. (1mark)
iv. Bromine water or bromine dissolved in an organic solvent. (1mark)
b) Describe simple test tube reactions you could use to distinguish between two
compounds A and B shown below.
O
CH2—CH2—C CH=CH—CH2—OH
H
A B

In each test, state the reagents and what you would observe. You need to describe
the one test in each case. (4marks)
c) State two different methods used to produce ethanol on large scale in industries. (2marks)

17. a) By means of equations, outline the steps involved in the manufacture of

sulphuric acid from sulphur in the contact process. (4marks)
b) Concentrated sulphuric acid can be used to prepare hydrogen chloride from sodium
chloride. Briefly explain why a similar method is not suitable for preparing hydrogen
bromide from sodium bromide. (2marks)
o
c) Briefly explain why water is a liquid which boil at 100 C at normal atmospheric
pressure while hydrogen sulphide is a gas at room temperature and pressure (2marks)
d) Briefly explain the environmental impact of coal containing sulphur as a source
of energy. (2marks)

38
 RWANDA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
Chemistry II

023
05 Nov.2010 8.30 - 11.30 P.O.BOX 3817 KIGALI-TEL/FAX:586871

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2010

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

PAPER II: THEORY

COMBINATIONS: - PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-MATHS: PCM

-PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY: PCB

-MATHS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY: MCB

-BIOLOGY-CHEMISTRY-GEOGRAPHY: BCG

DURATION: 3 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS:
This paper consists of two sections: A and B.

Section A: Answer all questions. (70 marks)

Section B: Attempt any three questions . (30marks)

You do not need the Periodic Table.
Calculators may be used.

39
SECTION A: Attempt all questions
1. The electronic configuration of manganese (Mn) is:
1S22S22P63S23P63d54S2.
a) What is the maximum oxidation state of manganese? (1mark)
b) Explain how the electronic configuration shows that Mn is a transition element. (1mark)
c) Briefly explain why Mn2+ is more stable than Mn3+. (2marks)

2. An organic compound A of molecular formula C4H10O was oxidized by heating it

with acidified potassium dichromate to produce compound B of molecular formula
C4H8O. B could not undergo further oxidation. When A was heated with concentrated
H2SO4, it produced two isomeric compounds C and D of molecular formula C4H8.
a) Give the structural formula of compound A. (1mark)
b) Give the name or the structure of functional group in B. (1mark)
c) Give the names of the two organic compound C and D (2marks)

3. a) Name the shape of BCl3 and give its bond angle (atomic number B=5) (2marks)
b) Explain why a molecule of BCl3 is able to form a bond with a molecule of NH3 and
name the type of bond formed . (Atomic number of N=7) (2marks)
c) Write balanced equation for reaction of SiCl4 and water. (2marks)

4. a) Give a mathematical definition of PH. (1mark)

b) Calculate the PH of 0.1mol dm-3 of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) given
ka=1.8 x10-5 mol dm-3 (3marks)

5. The standard enthalpy change of combustion of phenol, C6H5OH(s) is -3050kJmol-1

at 298 K.
a) Write a balanced equation to show the complete combustion of phenol. (2marks)
b) Given that the standard enthalpy changes of formation of carbon dioxide , CO2(g)
and water H2O(l) are -394kJmol-1 and -286kJmol-1 respectively, Calculate the standard
enthalpy of formation of phenol C6H5OH(s). (3marks)

6. The equation below represents an exothermic reaction which is reversible.

A+B⇌C+D ΔН =-x kJmol-1
a) How would an increase in temperature affect the amount of C and D in the
equilibrium mixture ? Give a reason for your answer. (2marks)
b) Draw a labeled diagram for the energy profile diagram for this reaction showing:
the reactants , products, activation energy and ΔН. (3marks)

40
7. Benzene undergoes a reaction with chlorine in the presence of iron (III) chloride
a) Write an equation for reaction. (2marks)
b) What is the role of iron (III) chloride? (1mark)
c) Give the mechanism for reaction of benzene with chlorine in the presence of FeCl3. (3marks)

8.a) State two factors which affect lattice energy. (2marks)

b) Briefly explain which of the two compounds KBr and NaF has greater lattice energy. (2marks)

9. Dinitrogen tetraoxide, N2O4(g), decomposes according to the following equation

N2O4(g) ⇌2NO2(g)
a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant Kc, for the above reaction. (1mark)
b) Explain the effect on the composition of the equilibrium mixture when pressure is
doubled. (2marks)

10. a) Explain what is meant by the term ‘base’ according to the Bronsted –Lowry theory of
acids and bases. (1mark)
b) Identify the acid –base conjugate pair for reaction:
CH3COO- + H2O ⇌ CH3COOH + OH- (2marks)

11. Nylon 6, 6 has a structure containing the following repeat unit:

O O H H
— C— (— CH2—)4— C—N— (CH2)6 —N—
a) What type of polymer is this? (1mark)
b) Give the structural formulae of the monomers of this polymer. (2marks)
c) What natural polymer has the same linkage group as Nylon 6,6? (1mark)

12. a) What is meant by a “buffer solution”? (1mark)

b) Calculate the PH of a buffer solution containing 0.10moldm-3 propanoic acid
(CH3CH2COOH) and 0.20moldm-3 sodium propanoate (CH3CH2COO –Na +).
[ka of CH3CH2COOH =1.35 x10-5 moldm-3]. (3marks)

13. One of the complex ions formed by chromium is [Cr(NH3)4 Cl2]+

a) What is the oxidation state/number of Cr in the complex ion? (1mark)
b) What is the co-ordination number of Cr in the complex ion? (1mark)
c) State or draw the shape of the above complex ion. (1mark)

14. a) Steel is one of the alloys of iron . 1.40g of a sample of steel was dissolved in dilute acid
to convert all iron into Fe2+(aq) . The solution was made up to 100cm3 using distillled
water. 10cm3 of this solution was acidified and titrated with 0.0167moldm-3 potassium
dichromate.(K2Cr2O7) using a suitable indicator. 24.2 cm3of potassium dichromate were

41
needed to reach the end point. The reduction of the dichromate ion is represented by the
equation:
2−
Cr2𝑂7(𝑎𝑞) + 14H+(aq) + 6e-   2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
a) What is meant by the term “alloy”? (1mark)
2+ 3+
b) Write an equation to show the oxidation of Fe to Fe . (1mark)
2−
c) Write the overall balanced equation for the reaction between Cr2𝑂7(𝑎𝑞) and Fe .
2+
(2marks)
2−
d.) Calculate the number of moles Cr2𝑂7(𝑎𝑞) in 24.2cm3 of the dichromate solution. (1mark)
e) Calculate the number of moles of Fe2+ in 100cm3 of original solution. (2marks)
f) Calculate the percentage of iron in the sample of steel. (Fe=56)
g) One way of prevention of rusting is to convert iron into stainless steel.
i. State the two conditions necessary for iron to rust. (2marks)
ii. State the name of the transition metal present in stainless steel. (1mark)
iii. Describe two other methods of preventing of rust. (2marks)
h) Give the electronic configuration of Fe3+(atomic number of Fe=26). (1mark)

SECTIONB: Attempt only three questions.

15. The scheme below shows some reactions starting with methylbenzene.
CH3 CH3 CH2Cl CH2OH
| | | |
III I II

NO2 FeCl3 Cl2

IV
CH3 A
|

NH2

a) Give the reagents and conditions used to carry out reactions steps below:
(i) I (ii) II (iii) III (6marks)
b) What type of reaction is involved in step IV? (1mark)
c) Give the structural formula for compound A. (1mark)
d) What is the name of the mechanism involved in
(i) Step I? (1mark)
(ii) Step II? (1mark)

42
16 .This question concerns the chemistry of chlorine and the hydrides of group VII
elements of the periodic table.
a) Chlorine forms several compounds in which it shows different oxidations states
(numbers). Write down the formulae of Chlorine compound in which chlorine shows its
i. Lowest oxidation state.
ii. Highest oxidation state.
Show the oxidation state of chlorine in each case. (2marks)
b) Chlorine is used to treat water to make safe for drinking
i. Write a balanced(reversible) equation for reaction of chlorine with water. (2marks)
ii. Explain how a lowering PH affects the position of equilibrium of the reaction in (i) (2marks)
c) Briefly explain the following observations concerning hydrides of halogens
i. the boiling points increase in the order HCl<HBr<HI (2marks)
ii. the acidity of aqueous solutions increase in the order HCl<HBr<HI (2marks)

17. Use the data below to answer the questions that follow:
Ag+ + e ⇌ Ag EƟ= +0.8V
Fe2+ + 2e⇌ Fe EƟ= -0.44V
Draw a labeled diagram to show a electrochemical cell consisting of silver and iron
half-cells/electrodes
In the diagram show. (3marks)
i. A salt bridge
ii. The direction of electron flow by using an arrow(→).
b) Calculate the standard cell voltage for the above electrochemical cell. (1mark)
c) Write a balanced equation for the cell reaction. (2marks)
d) On which electrode does oxidation occur. (1mark)
e) A constant current is passed through an electrolyte of copper (II) sulphate using
copper electrodes. After one hour, the mass of copper cathode increased by 15.24g.
Calculate the current in amperes. [F=96500Cmol-1, Cu=63.5] (3marks)

18. Nitrogen monoxide reacts with bromine as shown by equation below.

2NO(g) + Br2(g)   2NOBr(g)
The variations of concentration of reactants and rate at a constant temperature and pressure are
shown in the table below.

Experiment Intial [NO] Intial [Br] in Intial rate in

-3 -3
in mol dm mol dm mol dm-3s-1
-2 -3
1 2.00 x 10 2.50 x 10 1.60 x 10-3
2 2.00 x 10-2 5.00 x 10-3 3.20 x 10-3
-2 -3
3 4.00 x 10 5.00 x 10 1.30x 10-2
a) Deduce the order of reaction with respect NO and the order of reaction with respect to
Br2. Give reasons for your answers. (3mark)

43
b) Write an expression for the rate equation for the above reaction. (1mark)
c) Calculate the rate constant using experiment 1 and give its units. (2marks)
d) Briefly explain the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. (2marks)
e) Using the concept of activation energy briefly explain how a catalyst affects the rate
of reaction. (2marks)

19. Propanal is a liquid at room temperature with a boiling point of 49oC. It is prepared
from compound Z as follows:
It is mixed with dilute sulphuric acid and potassium dichromate (VI) and heated to a
temperature of 50oC to ensure that propanal vaporizes as fast as its formed.
a) Give the name or the structure of compound Z. (1mark)
b) Why propanal distilled off as fast its formed. (1mark)}
c) What colour change would observe in the above experiment. (1mark)
d) What reagent would you use to confirm the presence of the functional group in
propanal? What is the expected observation for a positive result? (2marks)
e) Propanal was reacted with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and the product is hydrolysed
by heating with a dilute acid.
i. Name the type of reaction between propanal and HCN and give the structural formular
for the product. (2marks)
ii. What type of isomerism is shown by the product in (i) Give a reason for your answer.(2marks)
iii. Give the structural formular of the organic compound obtained by hydrolysis of the
compound in (i). (1marks)

44
 RWANDA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
Chemistry II

019
06 Nov.2009 8.30 to 11.30 am
P.O.BOX 3817 KIGALI. TEL/FAX:586871

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2009

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY II

COMBINATIONS: - PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-MATHS: PCM

-PHYSICS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY: PCB

-MATHS-CHEMISTRY-BIOLOGY: MCB

DUREE: 3 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS:
This paper consists of two sections: A and B.

Section A: Answer all questions. (70 marks)

Section B: Attempt any three questions . (30marks)

- You do not need the Periodic Table.
- Calculators may be used.

45
SECTION A: Answer all the questions. (70marks)
232
1. An element X represented as 90𝒳 emits two alpha particles and three beta particles
to form element Y.
a) Calculate the number of neutrons in the nucleus of X. (1mark)
b) Write the mass and atomic number of Y. (2marks)
c) Assuming that the half life of element X is 400 years, how long does it take 50g of
X to change to 3.125g. (2marks)

2. Explain the following trends in atomic or ionic size.

a) The size of Mg2+ is less than that of Mg. (2marks)
b) The size of O2- is larger than that of O. (2marks)

3. The atomic number of manganese (Mn) is 25.

a) Write the electronic configuration of Mn, using s,p..notation. (1mark)
b) In terms of electronic structure explain which of the ions Mn2+ or Mn3+ is more
stable. (2marks)
c) States one property of Mn which is typical of transition elements.

4. An organic compound has molecular formula of C4H8O2.

a) Give the structural formulae of its two possible isomers with different fuctional
groups. (2marks)
b) What chemical test would you use to distinguish between the two isomers.
Describe the expected observations. (2marks)

5) A reaction scheme is shown below.

NO2 NH2 NH — C — CH3
O
 Step
 1   Step
2   Step
 3 

a) State the reagents and conditions for step 1. (2marks)

b) What type of reaction is involved in step 2? (1mark)
c) Give the structural formula of the reagents in step 3. (1mark)

6. The oxides of period 3 of the periodic table show a trend in properties across the
period. Using MgO and SO3 as examples.
a) Explain, using equations, the difference in the acid-base character of the two
oxides . (2marks)
b) Which of the two oxides has a higher melting point ?
Give a reason. (2marks)
7. Give a brief explanation of each of the following trends below.

46
a) The ionization energy of group II elements (Be to Ba) decreases down the group. (2marks)
b) Electronegativity increases across the period 3 from Na to Cl. (2marks)

8. Deduce the shape and bond angle of molecule BF3. (2marks)

(Atomic number of B=5, Atomic of number F=9)
b) How does the bond angle change when H2O forms H3O+?
Explain your answer (Atomic Number of O=8)

9. Some organic reactions are shown in the diagram below

K2Cr2O7 /H+
CH3CH=CH2  Step
 1  CH CHBrCH
3 3
 Step
2  CH3CH(OH)CH3  Heat
 X

a) State the name or formula of the reagent used in step1. (1mark)

b) What type of reaction is involved in step 2? (1mark)
c) Give the structural formular of compound X. (1mark)

10.a) what is meant by standard enthalpy change of combustion? (2marks)

-1
b) Given that enthalpy change of combustion of butane is -2877kJmol , Calculate the
amount of heat produced during the burning of 5g of butane. (C=12, H=1). (2marks)

11. A complex ion has formula [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+

a) Calculate the oxidation number of Co in the complex ion. (1mark)
b) The complex ion exists as two isomers. Draw the shapes of the two isomers. (2marks)
c) Given that the atomic number of Co=27, Write the full electron configuration of Co. (1mark)

12. An organic compound has the structure .

OH

HO— — CH — CH2 — NH2

a) Name the fuctional groups present in the compound. (3marks)

b) Write the structural formular of the organic product when the above compound
reacts with sodium hydroxide. (1mark)

13. a) What is meant by the term “first ionization energy ”? (2marks)

b) Why is third ionization energy of Mg much higher than the second ionization energy(2marks)
(atomic number of Mg =12)
14. Explain the following observations in terms of bonding:
a) SiCl4 is a volatile liquid at room temperature whereas SiO2 is a solid with high
melting point. (2marks)
b) Diamond is a poor conductor of electricity. (1mark)

47
15. a) With help of an equation, explain the meaning of the term “lattice energy” of
sodium bromide. (2marks)
b) Explain why the lattice energy of sodium bromide is more exothermic than that of
potassium bromide. (2marks)

16. Nylon is a condensation polymer. It is formed from two monomers represented as

NH2-X-NH2 and HOOC-Y-COOH.
a) What is a condensation polymer? (1mark)
b) Draw a structure to represent the repeat unit of the nylon polymer from two
monomers. Draw a ring around the linkage group. (2marks)
c) What name is given to the linkage group in nylon polymer. (1mark)

17.a). Write a balanced equation to show the thermal decomposition of magnesium

nitrate. (2mark)
b) In terms of products formed , how is the thermal decomposition of sodium nitrate
different from that of magnesium nitrate. (1mark)
c) Why are nitrates often used as fertilizers? (1mark)

18. The amino acid “serine” has the structure.

NH2 — CH — COOH
CH2OH
a) Show the structure of the zwitterion of the above amino acid. (1mark)
b) What name is given to the polymers formed by aminoacids. (1mark)
c) Show the structure formed when the above aminoacid is dissolved in acidic solution (1mark)

SECTION B: Choose three questions from this section. (30 marks)

19.a) Aluminium hydroxide is described as “amphoteric” . Use two relevant balanced

equations to explain what is meant by term “amphoteric”. (3marks)
b) A solution of aluminium ions was contaminated with iron (III) ions. Outline how
you would remove the iron (III) ions to leave a solution containing aluminium ions
free from this impurity.Describe the expected observations each stage. (4marks)
c) Explain why the melting point of Al is higher than that of Mg.
(Atomic Numbers of Al and Mg are 13 and 12 respectively) (3mark)

20.a. Compound A undergoes the following reactions

Bromine
A I  CH3CHBrCHBrCH3 II  CH3CH(OH)CH(OH)CH3
i. Suggest the structural formular of A. (1mark)

48
ii. What type of reaction is Step 1? (1mark)
iii. Suggest the reagents and conditions necessary to carry it out. Step II. (3marks)
b) Using suitable examples , choose one reaction to illustrate your answer each
mechanism below.
i. Nucleophilic addition.
ii. Electrophilic addition
for each reaction, give a full mechanism. (6marks)

21. This question concerns the chemistry of group VII elements.

a) Describe and explain the trend in the volatility of halogens down the group from
chlorine to iodine. (2marks)
b) Describe what is observed when aqueous silver nitrate is added to
i. Cl- ions ,
ii. I- ions
Write ionic equations for the reactions which occur. (4marks)
c. How does the oxidizing power of halogens change down the group?
Predict which reactions below is likely to occur and give its products.
Br2 + KCl →
Cl2 + KBr→
Br2 + KI→ (4marks)

22. a) What reagents and conditions are used to convert benzene into methylbenzene? (2marks)
b) The sequence below shows a series of reactions starting with methyl benzene.
CH3 CH3 CH2Cl CH2OH CH2OOCCH3
Cl Cl Cl Cl

I II III IV
.

For each of the reaction steps I to IV, give the reagents and conditions. (8marks)

23.a) By means of balanced equations, outline the steps involved in the manufacture
of sulphuric acid from sulphur in the contact process. (4marks)
b) Briefly explain how the manufacture of sulphuric acid may affect the environment. (2marks)
c) How would you distinguish by chemical tests between magnesium sulphate and
magnesium sulphite. Describe the expected observations. (2marks)
d) Using “dot and cross” diagrams, show the type of bonding present in sodium sulphide
Show electrons in the outer shell only. (atomic numbers of Na and S are 11
and 16 respectively. (2marks)

49
 RWANDA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

Chemistry I

032
11 Nov.2008 8.30 am-11.30 am
P.O.BOX 3817 KIGALI. TEL/FAX:586871

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATION 2008

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY I

OPTION: BIOLOGY – CHEMISTRY

TIME: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

This paper consists of THREE sections: A, B and C.

-Answer all questions in section A. (55 marks)

-Answer any three questions in section B. (30 marks)
-Answer any one questions in section C. (15 marks)

- You do not need the Periodic Table.

50
SECTION A: Answer all questions. (55 marks)
1. An element has the electronic configuration
1s22s22P63S23P64S23d104P5
a) What is the atomic number of X? (1mark)
b) To which group of the periodic table does X belong? (1mark)
c) To which period of the periodic table does X belong? (1mark)
d) In terms of Mg and X, write the formula of the compound formed between Mg and X. (1mark)

2. Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, are widely used commercially.

a) Give one use of CFCs. (1mark)
b) Explain one environmental problem caused by CFCs. (2marks)
c) One CFC has a molecular fornula C2H2F3Cl.
Give the structural formular of two isomers of this CFC. (2marks)

3. An organic commercial product has the following structure.

O
O- C- CH3
O
—C-OH

a) Give the names of two functional groups present in the above structure. (2marks)
b) Give the structure of reagent used to prepare the above compound from
O
O- C- CH3
O
—C
Cl

4. Write balanced ionic equations to represent the reactions described below:

(a) the reaction between Br2 and KI(aq). (1mark)
b) the reaction between Fe3+and potassium hydroxide solution. (1mark)
c) the reaction between chromate(VI) ions , CrO42- , and H + ions. (1mark)

5. This question concerns sulphur dioxide, SO2 , and carbon dioxide, CO2
(atomic number = C: 6, S:16)
a) Draw the shape of the two molecules, showing lone pairs of electrons If any ,
on the central atom. (2marks)
b) Explain why CO2 is non-polar whereas SO2 is polar. (2marks)

6. The table below gives some properties of oxides of period 3 in the periodic table.

51
 Oxides Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO3

Melting point (oC ) 1275 2827 2017 1607 580 33

a) In terms of bonding and structure, explain the difference in the melting points
of MgO and SO3. (2marks)
b) Write equation to show the reaction of
i. P4O10 with water.
ii. Na2O with water . (2marks)

7. Cobalt (II) ion forms two complex ions with H2O and Cl- which are
interchangeable
[Co(H2O)6]2+ +4Cl- ⇌ [CoCl4]2-+ 6H2O
Pink Blue

a) What is the electronic configuration of cobalt in the complex ion? (2marks)

(Atomic number of cobalt =27)
b) Briefly explain the cause of colour in the complex ions of transition metals. (2marks)

8. Some reactions of propan-1-ol are shown in the scheme below:

B
O
heat H-C-OH/H+
Conc H2SO4
C  
Na
CH3 ─ CH2 ─ CH2 ─ OH A
Heat
PCl5

D
Give the structural formulae of the organic products A,B,C and D. (4marks)
CH3
9. The mechanism for the reaction between CH3-C-CH3 and aqeous NaOH is
described as SN1 . Br
a) What does the term SN1 represent? (1mark)
b) Give the full mechanism for the above reaction. (2marks)

10. a) State the meaning of the term lattice enthalpy or lattice energy. (2marks)
b) Briefly explain which of the two oxides, Na2O and MgO has a greater
magnitude of lattice energy. (2marks)

52
11. Part of the polymer called ‘Kevlar’ is shown below:

O O O O
— C— —C-N— —N-C— —C—
H H

a) Give the structural formulae of the monomers of the above polymer. (2marks)
b) What type of polymer is ‘Kevlar’ ? (1mark)

12.a) What is meant by the term half-life of a radioactive isotope. (1mark)

b) The half-life of carbon-14 is 5600 years. Analysis of a fossil from the historical site
Showed that 6.25% of carbon-14 was present compared to living materials.
Calculate the age in years of the fossil. (3marks)

13. a) Explain the difference between a strong electrolyte and a weak electrolyte. (1mark)
b) Why does the molar conductivity of weak electrolyte increase with dilution? (1mark)
c) Using the electrode potentials
Zn2+ + 2e → Zn EƟ= -0.76V
Fe2+ + 2e → Fe EƟ= -0.44V
Sn2+ + 2e → Sn EƟ= -0.14V
Explain briefly why Zn is better at protection of Fe against rusting than Sn. (2marks)

14. This question concerns the chemistry of amines.

a) Using CH3CH2NH2 as an example with an equation explain how amines behave
as bases. (2marks)
b) Explain briefly which of the two amines is a stronger base CH3- CH2-NH2 and
NH2

15. a) How does the relative stability of +2 or +4 in group 4 of the periodic table
change down the group? (1mark)

b) Use oxides of C and Pb to illustrate your answer in (a) above. (1mark)

53
Section B: Choose three questions from this section.( 30 marks)
16. (a) The structure of two isomers, X and Y, are shown below:
CH2-NH2 NH2
H-C -COOH

COOH
X Y

i. Give the name of two functional groups present in each isomer. (2marks)
ii. State which of the two isomers is chiral /shows optical isomerism.
What physical property can be used to distinguish between them. (2marks)
iii. What reagent would be used to convert X into Z below?
CH2-NH2

COCl

b) Molecules of Z (shown in (iii) above) can undergo polymerization.

Draw the structure of the polymer formed showing two repeat units and any (3marks)
other product formed.
c) Compound Y can exist as a zwitterion. Draw the structure of the zwitterion of Y
at PH Close to 7. What would be the structure of zwitterions at PH of 2? (2marks)

17. a) The reaction between oxygen and nitrogen monoxide:

O2+2NO(g)   2NO2(g)
is known to be first order with respect to oxygen and second order with respect to
nitrogen monoxide.
i. Write an expression for the rate equation for the reaction. (1mark)
ii. What are the units of the rate constant ? (2marks)
-2 -3 -2 -3
iii. When the initial [O2]=1.0x10 moldm and [NO] =3.0x10 mol dm , the initial
rate is 6.3x10-4 mol dm-3 S-1 Calculate the numerical values of the rate constant. (2marks)
b) Nitrogen monoxide react with carbon monoxide and oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide
and carbon dioxide .
NO(g)+CO(g)+O2(g)   NO2(g) + CO2(g)
The results from a series experiments for this reaction are shown below:

54
Experiment [NO] / [CO] / [O2] / initial rate /
. mol dm-3 mol dm-3 mol dm-3 mol dm-3 S-1

1 1.00x10-3 1.00x10-3 1.00x10-1 4.4x10-4

2 2.00x10-3 1.00x10-3 1.00x10-1 1.76x10-3

3 2.00x10-3 2.00x10-3 1.00x10-1 1.76x10-3

4 4.00x10-3 1.00x10-3 2.00x10-1 7.04x10-3

Use the above results to deduce the order with respect to

i. No
ii. CO
iii. O2
Give reasons in each case. Write an expression for the rate equation. (5marks)

18. a) The standard enthalpy change of formation of phenol, C6H5OH, can be determined
indirectly from enthalpies of combustion using Hess’s law.
i. State Hess’s law of constant heat summation. (2marks)
ii. Write a balanced equation to show formation of phenol from its elements. (1mark)
iii. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of phenol from the data below.
∆𝑓𝜃 (CO2) = -394 kJmol-1
∆𝑓𝜃 (H2O) = -286 kJmol-1
∆𝜃𝑐 (C6H5OH)= -3050 kJmol-1 (4marks)
b) Phenol can react as a acid and can also undergo electrophilic substitution reaction.
i. Write an equation to show how phenol can react as an acid. (1mark)
ii. Write an equation to show how phenol undergoes electrophilic substitution. (2marks)

19. a) Methane gas reacts with steam according to the equation given below:
CH4(g) + H2O(l) ⇆ 3H2(g) + CO2(g) △HƟ = +210kJmol-1
i) How does an increase in pressure affect the equilibrium position?
Explain your answer. (2marks)
ii. Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, and state its units. (2marks)
0
b) Ethanoic acid has a Pka of 4.77 at 25 C.
i. What is meant by PKa of the acid? (1mark)
-3 o
ii. Calculate the PH of 0.1mol dm ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) solution at 25 C.
c) A mixture of ethanoic acid and sodium ethanoate acts as a buffer solution.
i. What is a buffer solution? (1mark)
ii. Use an equation to explain how a buffer solution reacts to addition of a small amount
of acid(H+ ions). (1mark)

55
20. Electrolysis is used in a variety of industrial processes.
a) Describe in detail how impure copper is purified by electrolysis, explaining what
happens at each of the electrodes. (4marks)
b) In an experiment to electroplate a metal with copper, a current of 0.5A was passed
through copper sulphate solution for 30 minutes.
i) Calculate the quantity of electricity passed. (1mark)
ii) Calculate the mass of copper deposited on a metal. (3marks)
(CU=63.5, F=96500C mol-1)
c) Sodium is extracted from molten sodium chloride by electrolysis.
i) Why does sodium chloride have to be in molten state? (1mark)
ii) Why would an aqueous solution of sodium chloride be unsuitable for this process? (1mark)

Section C: Answer only one question from this section. (15marks)

21. In each of the following investigations you are required to determine the
percentage of the specified element or compound.
a) A 2.0g sample of iron was reacted with excess dilute acid. The resulting solution
containing Fe2+ ions was diluted to 250cm3 with distilled water. 25cm3 of the solution was
titrated with acidified manganate (VII) (𝑀𝑛𝑂4− ) solution . 26.50cm3 of 0.02 moldm-3
𝑀𝑛𝑂4− solution was needed to react with 25cm3 of the Fe2+ solution. The relevant half
equations for titration are:
𝑀𝑛𝑂4− + 8H+ + 5e →Mn2+ + 4H2O
Fe2+ →Fe3+ + e-
i. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between Fe2+ and acidified 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− . (2marks)
2+ 3
ii. Calculate the amount in mol of Fe in 250cm of the solution. (2mark)
iii. Calculate the percentage of iron in the original sample of iron to 1 decimal place
(Fe=56). (2marks)

b) A Commercial product is known to contain aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3. A 5.000g

sample of the product was dissolved in water and excess of barium chloride was added.
The precipitate of barium sulphate was dried and weighed. The mass of barium sulphate
was found to be 2.33g.
i. Write an ionic equation for the reaction between Ba2+ and 𝑆𝑂42− ions. (1mark)
ii. Use the data provided to calculate the mass of aluminium sulphate in the sample and
hence its percentage by mass in the commercial product. (4marks)
(Ba=137, S=32, O=16, Al=27
c) 1g of an impure sample of ammomium sulphate was boiled with aqueous sodium
hydroxide. The ammonia evolved was nuetraliled by 30cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid.
i.Write a balanced equation for the reaction between ammonium sulphate and

56
sodium hydroxide. (1mark)
ii. Calculate the number moles of ammonia gas evolved. (1mark)
iii. Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in the sample of the salt. (N=14). (2marks)

22. By stating the reagents, conditions, observations and relevant equations, describe
briefly how the following conversions can be made,
a) Zinc into zinc carbonate. (4marks)
b) Propan-1-ol into ethyl propanoate. (4marks)

c) Methylbenzene CH3 into phenyl methanol CH2OH (4marks)

d) Hydrochloric acid into sodium chlorate(I) (NaOCl) (3marks)

57
 RWANDA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL
Chemistry II

033
11 Nov.2008 8.30am-11.30 am
P.O.BOX 3817 KIGALI. TEL/FAX:586871

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2008

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY II

OPTION : MATH-PHYSICS
TIME: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:
This paper consists of THREE sections: A, B and C.

-Answer all questions in section A. (55 marks)

-Answer any three questions in section B. (30 marks)
-Answer any one questions in section C. (15 marks)

- You do not need the periodic table.

58
NB: The questions which are not in this text are similar to those in 2008-Biology chemistry
SECTION A: Answer all questions. (55 marks)

13. Explain the following observations briefly, using the valence shell electron pair
repulsion theory:
a) the shape of PH3 in the pyramidal while that of H2S is bent. (3marks)
b) When H2O is converted into H3O+ the bond angle also changes. (2marks)
(Atomic Numbers: P:15, S:16, O:8, H:1)

Section B: Choose three questions from this section.( 30 marks)

17. Briefly account for the trends shown below

a) the volatility of group VII elements decreases down the group. (2marks)
b) the acidic strength of hydrogen halides increases down the group. (2marks)
c) a solution of aluminium chloride is acidic but that of sodium chloride is neutral. (3marks)
d) Propan-1-ol is miscible with water but propane does not dissolve in water. (3marks)

19. a) Briefly outline the chemical reactions which occur during the extraction of
iron from its ore (Fe2O3). (3marks)
b) What is an alloy? Give one example of an alloy of iron and its use. (3marks)
c) One of the characteristics of transition metals is their ability to form complex ions.
Explain the following observations in terms of the complex ions which are formed.
i. When excess ammonia solution is added to Cu2+(aq), a dark blue solution is observed. (2marks)
ii. Addition of NaOH(aq) to Cr3+(aq) gives a grey green precipitate which dissolves in
excess reagent to give a green solution. (2marks)

20.a) How does a sigma bond differ from a Pi bond?

b) State the number of sigma and pi bonds which are present in molecules below:
i. C2H6
ii. C2H2
iii. C2H4
c) Hybridisation of atomic orbitals of the carbon atom may be used to explain shapes
of molecules containing carbon. The carbon atom shows three types of hybridsations:
SP3, SP2 and SP. State the type of hybridization. Shown by carbon in the following
molecules:
i. H— C≡C — H
H H
ii. C=C
H H

59
 H H
iii.H— C— C— H
H H
d) i. How does a dative covalent bond differ from the usual covalent bond. (1mark)
ii. Draw a structure of the following spiecies to show the type of bonds present: Al2Cl6. (1mark)
Section C: Answer only one question from this section. (15marks)
21. In each of the following investigations you are required to identify the
ions or compounds explaining clearly how you arrive at your answer.
a) A colourlesss solution containing three cations was divided into three portions. To one
portion, sodium hydroxide was added drop wise, followed by excess reagent. A white precipitate
was formed which later dissolved in excess regent to form a colourless solution. To the second
portion , aqueous ammonia was added drop wise, followed by excess reagent. A white
precipitate was observed but part of the precipitate dissolved in excess ammonia. To the
third portion, aqueous potassium iodide was added. A yellow precipitate was observed.
i. Suggest the possible identities of the three cations, explaining your reasoning. (3marks)
ii. What is the yellow precipitate? (1mark)
iii. Write an equation for the formation of the yellow precipitate. (1mark)

b) A organic compound A of molecular formula C5H10O2 was boiled with aqueous

NaOH. The mixture was distilled to give a distillate of compound B of molecular
formula C2H6O. The solution remaining in the distillation flask was acidified with
hydrochloric acid to give compound C of molecular formula C3H6O2. Compound B
reacted with PCl5 to give off fumes of HCl. When aqueous solution of compound C
was mixed with sodium carbonate, bubbles of a colourless gas was observed.
i. Identify the organic compounds A, B and C by writing their structural formulae. (4marks)
ii. Write an equation for the reaction of compound B with PCl5. (1mark)

c) A green solid X was dissolved in water and the solution divided into two portions .
One portion was mixed with aqueous NaOH and gave a green precipitate which
turned brown after one hour’s exposure to air.
A second portion was mixed with hydrochloric acid and warmed.
It gave off a gas Y which turned acidified potassium dichromate (Vl) solution
from orange to green.
i. Identify gas Y. (1mark)
ii. Identify one cation and anion in solid X. (2marks)
iii. Identify the green precipitate and the brown solid which were formed. (2marks)

60
 RWANDA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL
Chemistry I

030
06 Nov.2007 8.30am- 11.30 am
P.O.BOX 3817 KIGALI. TEL/FAX:586871

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2007

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY I

OPTION : BIOLOGY – CHEMISTRY

TIME: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

This paper consists of THREE sections: A, B and C.

-Answer all questions in section A. (55 marks)

-Answer any three questions in section B. (30 marks)
-Answer any one questions in section C. (15 marks)
Calculators may be used

61
SECTION A : Answer all questions. (55marks)

1.a) With reference to sodium, Na , state what is meant by the term ionization energy.
Include an equation with state symbols in your answer. (2 marks)
b) Why is the second ionization energy of Na much higher than the first ionization
energy. (Atomic number of Na=11). (1mark)

2. The ions F-, Na+, and Mg2+ all have the same number of electrons.
(Atomic numbers=F(9), Na(11),Mg(12).
a) Using the s,p,d……notation , write the electron configuration (arrangement) of F-. (1mark)
b)Arrange the obove ions in order of increasing size(ionic radius)
Explain why they in that order of size. (2marks)
c) Briefly explain why F- has a larger size than F. (1mark)

3. Three isomers which are all alcohols are represented by molecular C4H10O.
a) Give the structural formulae of the isomers and name them. (3marks).
b) One of the alcohols does not react with hot acidified potassium dichromate,
K2Cr2O7. Identify the alcohol. (1mark)

4. Hydrogen chloride is a gas at room temperature while sodium fluoride is a solid of

high melting point.
a) State the type of bonding present in each compound. (2marks)
b) Briefly explain in terms of bonding why their melting points are different. (2marks)

5. Give brief explanation for the following trends in the periodic table.
a) Atomic radius decreases across the period . (2marks)
b) Electronegativity decreases down the group. (2marks)

6. State and explain what might be observed in the following reactions.

a) Ethanoic aciod is mixed with magnesium powder. (2marks)
b) Ethanal is warmed with potassium permanganate. (2marks)

7.a) How does the acid-base character of oxides of period 3 (Na-Cl) change across
the period. (1mark)
b) Use balanced equation to support your answer in (a) to show how the oxides MgO,
Al2O3, SO3 react with HCl or NaOH. (4marks)

8.a) One of the characteristics of transition elements is the ability to form complex ions
such as [Cr(NH3))4Cl2]+.
Use this complex ion to explain the terms ligand
i. Ligand.

62
ii. Coordination number. (2marks)
b) State the oxidation number of Cr in the above complex ion. (1mark)

9. Some reaction of phenol are represented in the scheme below.

OH
D HNO3(ConC) H2(g) A
30oC Ni(s), heat

C NaOH(aq) Br2(aq) B

Identify by structural formulae for the products A, B, C and D. (4marks)

10. Some magnesium powder was mixed with excess hydrochloric acid. The temperature rose
by 10oC.
a)Write a balanced equation for the reaction that took place. (1mark)
b) Draw an energy profile/diagram for the reaction clearly showing the energy of the
reactants, the products and activation energy of the reaction. (3marks)

11. The structures of amino acids are given below:

NH2 - CH - CO2H NH2 - CH - CO2H
CH3 CH2OH
Alanine Serine

a) Write equations to show:

i. the reaction between alanine and HCl(aq)
ii. the reaction between serine and NaOH(aq). (2marks)
b) What type of polymer is formed by aminoacids. (1mark)
c) Draw the structure of the linkage group found in the type of polymer mentioned in (b).(1mark)

12. The reaction A+B→C is first order with respect to A and to B.

a) Write a rate equation for the reaction. (1mark)
b) Given that the intial concentration are:
[A] =1.5x10-2 moldm-3, [B]=2.5x10-3 moldm-3 and initial rate is 3.75x10-4mol dm-3s-1:
i) Calculate the rate constant for reaction.
ii) Give the units of the constant. (2marks)

13. Hydrogen and iodine react together to give an equilibrium mixture according to the
reaction:

63
H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)
a) Write an expression for kp for the equilibrium. (1mark)
0
b) 0.5mol of I2 and 0.5 mols of H2 were reacted in a closed vessel at 450 C and 2 atm.
After attaining equilibrium was found to contain 0.11 mol of I2.
i. Calculate the number of moles of I2 which reacted and hence the number of moles
of HI. (1mark)
ii. Calculate the partial pressures I2, H2 and HI in the equilibrium mixture. (2marks)
0
iii) Calculate the value of Kp at 450 C. (1mark)

14. A fruit juice has the PH of 3.5.

a) Define PH using a mathematical expression. (1mark)
b) Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions in the juice. (1mark)

15. Calcium hydroxide has low solubility in water.

a) Write an expression for solubility product(Ksp) of calcium hydroxide. (1mark)
b) A saturated solution of calcium hydroxide has a concentration of calcium hydroxide
of 0.11 mol dm-3. Calculate the solubility product of calcium hydroxide in water. (1mark)

Section B: Choose three questions from this section. (30marks)

16. Some reactions of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid are shown in the scheme below.

X
an ester A
CO2H Ethanol
I CH2OH
OH LiAlH4 OH
II B
Y III
reagents CO2H O
2-hydroxybenzoic acid O—C—CH3
C
IV

Br2(aq)

D
a) Give the names of the functional groups X and Y. (encircled) (2marks)
b) What type of reaction is reaction II. (2marks)
c) Suggest the structural formula of ester A. (1mark)
d) Give the structural formula of the organic compound formed by warming compound

64
C with NaOH(aq). (2marks)
e) Suggest the structural formula of compound D. (2marks)
f) Suggest the intermolecular force that would be between functional groups X and Y. (1mark)
g) Give the reagents and conditions for converting. (2marks)
CH3 CO2H
OH OH
to

17. a) Acidified solution of copper (II) sulphate, CuSO4(aq), was electrolyzed using platinum
electrodes.
Use the standard electrode potentials below to answer the following questions.
2H+ + 2e- → H2 EƟ=0.00V
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu EƟ=+0.34V
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- → 4OH- EƟ=+0.40V
i. Sketch and label an apparatus that can be used in such an experiment. (2marks)
ii. Write an equation for the reaction that occurs at the cathode. (2marks)
iii. Write an equation for reaction at the anode. (2marks)
iv. What happens to the PH of the solution as electrolysis proceeds?
Explain why (2marks)
b) The platinum electrodes are replaced by copper electrodes.
State and explain two differences in the observations that would be made. (2marks)

18. The table below shows three successive ionization energies (IE) of six elements
lettered A, B, C, D and E.

Element 1st IE 2nd IE 3rd IE

A 1060 1900 2920
B 1000 2260 3390
C 1260 2300 3850
D 1520 2660 3950
E 418 3070 4600
F 590 1150 4940
NB: The elements are not in one period.
a) For a given element, M, write equations to represent 1st , 2nd and 3rd ionization
energies. (3marks)
b) From the above table, identify the letter corresponding to the alkaline earth metal.
(Group II) Explain your answer. (2marks)
c) Which of the above elements is a noble gas? Explain your answer. (2marks)
d) Suggest the formula of a compound formed between F and C. Explain your answer. (3marks)

65
e) Suggest from the above table which elements are metals. (1mark)

19. Production of ammonia by Haber process is one of the major chemical industries.
The equation for the reversible exothermic reaction is
N2(g) + 3H2(g)⇌2NH3(g)
(a) State the optimal conditions of temperature , pressure and catalyst which is used in
this process. (3marks)
b) Using the principles of equilibrium, kinetics and economic costs, justify the use of
the above conditions in(a) (3marks)
c) One of the major uses of ammonia is to manufacture of nitric acid .
Use the equations to outline the how nitric acid is manufactured form ammonia. (3marks)
d) Suggest why potassium nitrate, KNO3 might be a better fertilizer than ammonium
nitrate (NH4NO3). (1mark)

20 a). The enthalpy change of combustion of butane gas is -3000kJmol-1. 1.2dm3 of

butane gas (measured at room temperature and pressure ) was used to heat water
from 20oC to the boiling (100oC).
i. Write a balanced equation for complete combustion of butane. (C4H10). (2marks)
3
ii. 1 mole of a gas has a volume of 24dm at room temperature and pressure. Calculate
the number of moles C4H10 in 1.2dm3. (1mark)
3
iii. If 80% of heat produced by burning 1.2dm of butane was absorbed by water,
calculate the mass of water that was heated up to the boiling point.
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2Jg-1K-1) (4marks)

b) Given that the enthalpies of combustion of hydrogen and carbon are -286kJmol-1 and
-394kJ mol-1 respectively. Calculate the enthalpy change of formation of butane. (3marks)

SECTION C: Answer one question from this section. (15marks)

21. An organic compound, A, of molecular formula C2H4O2 contains two functional

groups two functional groups.
a) The first functional group was tested as follows:
i.The dry compound, A, reacts with sodium to give hydrogen gas and a compound of
molecular formula C2H3O2Na.

ii. When A was heated with ethanoic acid and a few drops of concentrated sulphuric
acid the product, of molecular formula C4 H6 O3, had a good smell.
Give the formula and the name of the first functional group. (2marks)
Give the name of the functional group formed in (a) (ii) above. (1 mark)

66
b) The second functional group was tested as follows:
i. A few drops of A were added to 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine which gave a yellow
/orange precipitate.
ii. One drop of A was mixed with a solution containing [Ag(NH3)2]+ (Tollen’s reagent)
and warmed. A deposit of silver was formed on the inner sides of the test tube.
Give the name and the formula of the second functional group. (2marks)

(c) Give the structural formula for compound A. (2marks)

(d) Give the structural formulae of two possible geometric isomers of molecular formula
C2H4O2. (2marks)

(e) Compound A is oxidized to give an acid of molecular formula C2H2O4. Give the
structural formula of C2H2O4. (2marks)

(f) Compound A is reduced to give a compound of molecular formula C2H6O2.

Give the structural formula of C2H6O2. (1mark)
(g) Suggest the formula of the compound formed by reacting C2H6O2 with excess HBr. (1mark)
(h) Give the structural of possible compound formed when one mole of C2H6O2 reacts
with two moles of ethanoic acid. (2marks)

22. The following experimental method was used in laboratory to determine the
percentage of copper in a sample of impure copper metal:

Nitric acid was added to a sample of impure copper metal. The resulting
copper(II) nitrate solution was reacted with an excess of potassium iodide to produce
iodine. The iodine liberated was titrated with a solution of sodium thiosulphate of
concentration 0.48moldm3. The volume of sodium thiosulphate required was 23.7cm3.
use the following equations in your calculations.
Cu2+(aq) + 4I-(aq)→ 2CuI(s) + I2(aq)
I2(aq) + 2S2O32-(aq) →2I-(aq) + S4O62-(aq)

a) Calculate the number of mole of thiosulphate(S2O32-) in 23.7cm3 of the solution. (2marks)

2+
b) Deduce the number of moles Cu in the copper(II)nitrate solution. (1mark)
c)The mass of impure copper was 0.900g. Calculate the percentage of copper in impure
copper.(Cu=63.5) (3marks)
d) Give the oxidation number and electron configuration of copper in CuI
(Atomic number of Cu=29) (2marks)
e) Using equations and a simplified labeled diagram, describe how impure copper is
purified by electrolysis. (5marks)
f) Copper is widely used in electrical gadgets and also in alloys to make coins.
State two characteristics of copper which are related to the above uses. (2marks)

67
 RWANDA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL
Chemistry II

031
06 Nov.2007 8.30am- 11.30 am
P.O.BOX 3817 KIGALI. TEL/FAX:586871

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2007

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY II

OPTION : MATH-PHYSICS

TIME: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

This paper consists of THREE sections: A, B and C.

-Answer all questions in section A. (55 marks)

-Answer any three questions in section B. (30 marks)
-Answer any one questions in section C. (15 marks)
Calculators may be used

68
NB: The questions which are not in this text are similar to those in 2007-Biology chemistry
SECTION A : Answer all questions. (55marks)

12. The melting points of some group elements are given below.
CO2 melting point:=-78oC
SiO2 melting point=1610oC
Describe the bonding in each of the oxides and how it relates to its melting point. (3marks)

13. a) Write a balanced equation to represent the thermal decomposition of calcium

nitrate, Ca(NO3)2. (2marks)
b)How does the thermal decomposition of group nitrates change down the group?
Briefly explain this trend. (2marks)
c) How does the thermal decomposition of KNO3 differ from that of Ca(NO3)2. (1mark)

14. Draw the expected shape of nitrogen trichloride, NCl3, State the bond angle in NCl3.
(Atomic Numbers= N:7, Cl=7) (2marks)

15. The double bond in C2H4 consists of two different covalent bonds.
Explain the main difference in their formation. (2marks)

Section B: Choose three questions from this section. (30marks)

17. Magnesium oxide, MgO, is awhite solid of high melting point.

a) State one use of magnesium oxide which depends on a high melting point. (1mark)
b) Describe two ways in which magnesium oxide can be prepared. Use a balanced
equation in each case. (4marks)
c) By drawing a suitable dot-and-cross diagram , show the bonding in magnesium oxide.
Use dots to show electrons in the outer shell only.(Atomic numbers=Mg(12), O(8). (2marks)
d) One method used to obtain magnesium in industry is to heat magnesium oxide with silicon
at high temperature in absence of air. The equation for the is:
2MgO + Si →2Mg + SiO2
i. What type of reaction is this? (1mark)
ii. Why must the process be carried out in absence of air? (1mark)
iii. State the structure in SiO2. (1mark)

69
SECTION C: Answer one question from this section. (15marks)

22.A solution of chromate (Cr𝑂42− ) was prepared as follows. Sodium hydroxide solution was
added to aqueous Cr3+ to give a grey green precipitate. Excess sodium hydroxide was added
to dissolve the green precipitate to give a green solution. Aqueous hydrogen peroxide was
added and the mixture was warmed to give a yellow solution containing Cr𝑂42− .

a) Calculate the oxidation number of Cr in Cr𝑂42− .

b) Write balanced ionic equation to show:
i) the reaction Cr3+ to give a grey green precipitate. (2marks)
ii) the reaction of the grey green precipitate to form a green solution. (2marks)

c) What is the role the hydrogen peroxide in the above preparation? (1mark)
d) When an acid is added to Cr𝑂42− it changes to Cr2𝑂72− .
i. State the color of aqueous Cr2𝑂72− .
ii. Write an equation for reaction of Cr𝑂42− with H+ to form Cr2𝑂72− . Is this a redox reaction ?
Give a reason for your answer. (3marks)

e) Acidified Cr2𝑂72− is commonly used as an oxidizing agent.

The relevant half-equation is
Cr2𝑂72− + 14H+(aq) + 6e → 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
Write a balanced equation for the reaction between acidified Cr2𝑂72− and Fe2+. (Fe2+→Fe3+ + e) (2marks)

f) Chromium is used in the manufacture of steel alloys one such as stainless steel.
i. What is an alloy? (1mark)
ii.Give one major property of stainless steel. (1mark)

g. Give the electronic configuration of Chromium(Cr)

(Atomic number of Cr: 24) (1mark)

70
 RWANDA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL
Chemistry I

021
13th Nov.2006 8.30 -11.30 a.m P.O.BOX 3817 KIGALI. TEL/FAX:586871

ADVANCED LEVEL NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2006

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY I

OPTION : BIOLOGY – CHEMISTRY

TIME: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

This paper consists of THREE sections: A, B and C.

SECTION A: Answer ALL questions in section A. / 55 marks

SECTION B: Answer any THREE questions from this section B. / 30 marks
SECTION C: Answer any ONE question from this section /15 marks
Calculators may be used

71
SECTION A: Answer all questions /55 marks
1. The atomic numbers of sulphur is 16.
a) In terms of s, p, d electrons, write the electronic configuration of sulphur. (1mark)
b) In which block of the periodic table is sulphur. (1mark)
c) Explain briefly why the first ionisation energy of sulphur is lower than that of
phophorous. ( atomic number 15). (1mark)

2. 238
92𝑈      A      B      X      Y
  emission   emission   emission   emission

a) Calculate the mass number and atomic numberof element Y. (2marks)

b) State one medical use of radioactve isotopes. (2marks)
c) A radioactive isotope has a half life of 15 days. What fraction of the original
amount of the isotope would remain after 75days? (2marks)

3. The structure of amino acid glycine

O
C—CH2—NH2
HO
a) Write the Zwitterion form of the above amino acid. (1mark)
b) Write the structure of the dipeptide formed when the above aminoacid reacts
with alanine.
H
O ⎹
C — C —NH2
HO ⎹
CH3 (1mark)
c) Show the structure of the organic product formed when glycine is reacted with
nitrous acid. (HNO2). (1mark)

4. Chloroethene, C2H3Cl, is the monomer from the important plastic poly(chloroethene),

PVC, is made.
a) Draw the structural formula of chlorethene. (1mark)
b) Chloroethene can be made in the labaratory using the below. (1mark)
C2H4    C2H4Cl2    C2H3Cl
Step 1 Step 2

i) What reagent is used in step 1. (1 mark)

ii)State the reagent and conditions used in step 2 (2marks)
iii) Give one use of PVC. (1mark)

72
5. Benzene undergoes two reactions below

CH2CH3
B C
Heat AlCl3
Catalyst

A Benzene D
Give the names of the substances A, B, C and . (4marks)

6. Esters are widely used and some esters naturally.

a) Draw the structural formulae of any three different esters that have molecular formular
C5H10O2. (3marks)
b. Write an equation for hydrolysis of esters by hot, aqueous sodium hydroxide. (1mark)

7. The standard enthalpy change of reaction

C2H4(g) + H2O(l)   C2H5OH(l) can be calculated from standard enthalpy changes of
combustion given below.
C2H4(g) ∆НƟС = -1411kJmol-1
C2H5OH(l) ∆НƟС = -1367kJmol-1
a) What is meant by standard enthalpy change for combustion? (2marks)
b) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of the above reaction. (2marks)

8.a) Write a balanced equation to show the thermal decomposition of calcium nitrate,
Ca(NO3)2. (2marks)
b) Which one has a higher thermal stability Mg(NO3)2 or Ca(NO3)2
Give a reason for your answer. (2marks)

9.A common medical drug as a pain killer has the following structure

CH3CONH— —OH

a) Name two funtional groups in the above molecule. (2marks)

b) The medical drug can be produced by using the reaction

H2N— —OH + X 


i. Suggest the identify of X. (2marks)

ii. What reagent would you use to convert ethanoic acid CH3COOH, into X

73
10.a) State and explain the trend of acid strength of hydrogen halides HCl, HBr and HI. (2marks)
b) A test tube containing hydrogen chloride gas is inverted in water. Describe what you
will observe. (2marks)

11. Explain the following observations. Clearly showing chemical pricinples involved.
a) Ammonia forms complex ions with cobolt (II) ions but methane does not. (1mark)
b) A blue solution of copper (II) sulphate turns green , then yellow when conetrated
hydrochloric acid is added. (2marks)

12. A rection between A and B was investigated to determine its rate equation. The
results of the investigation are shown in the following table. The temperature was kept
constant during the investigation.

[A] (moldm-3) [B] (moldm-3) [intial rate] (moldm-3S-1)

0.2 0.2 3.2 x 10-4
0.4 0.2 1.3 x 10-3
0.4 0.4 1.3 x 10-3
a) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to
i) A ii) B (2marks)
b) Write the rate equation for reaction. (1mark)

13. Ka for propanoic acid (CH3CH2COOH) is 1.3 x 10-5 mol dm-3.

a)Write an equation for reaction for the dissociation of propanoic acid in aqueous
solution. (1mark)
b) Calculate the PH of a 0.10mol dm-3 (0.10M) solution of propanoic acid. (2marks)

14. The decomposition of dinitrogen tetraoxide is represented by equation .

N2O4(g) ⇌2NO2(g)(ΔН is positive )
a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for this reaction. (1mark)
b) Explain the effect on the equlibrium mixture when the pressure is doubled at a constant
temeperature. (2marks)

15. An electrochemical cell is represented as shown below

Mn(s)|Mn2+(aq) ||Ni2+(aq)| Ni(s)
Use the following data to answer the questions
Mn2+(aq) + 2e ⇌ Mn(s) EƟ=-1.18V
Ni2+(aq) + 2e ⇌ Ni(s) EƟ=-0.23V
a) Calculate the emf of the cell (EƟ cell). (1mark)
2+
b) State and explain how the cell e.m.f would change if the concentration of Mn (aq) is
increased in the left hand half-cell. (2marks)

74
Section B: Answer THREE questions from this section /30marks
16. Dyes can be made from aromatic amines and are widely used in textile industries .
One synthetic route for making a dye is shown as follows.

I II
X ─ NH2

III

IV

dye ─N2+Cl-
+ a phenol

a) Draw the structural formula of the intermediate compound X. (1mark)

b) State the reagents and conditions for
i. Step I (2marks)
ii. Step II (2marks)
c) Phenyl amine ──NH2 is a weak base.
i. Write an equation to show phenylamine acting as a base. (1mark)
ii. Which one is a stronger base, phenyl amine or ammonia.
Explain your reasoning. (2marks)
d) State the reagent for step III. (1mark)
e) Give the structural formular of the dye formed when benzene diazonium chloride
reacts with phenol. (1mark)

17. Zinc is extracted from zinc sulphide in a series of steps. The first step is to roast
the sulphide ore in air.
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
The final step is to convert ZnO to Zn.
a) Use the data to calculate ΔHƟ for the above reaction .
∆Н𝑓Ɵ [ZnS(s)]= -200kJmol-1
∆Н𝑓Ɵ [ZnO(s)]= -348kJmol-1
∆Н𝑓Ɵ [SO2(s)]= -297kJmol-1 (3marks)
b) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? (1mark)
c) What enviromental problem could arise from the process of extraction. (1mark)
d)Suggest one method that can be used to eliminate this environment problem. (1mark)
e.) Suggest a compound or an element which can reduce zinc oxide to zinc. Write an
equation for the reaction. (2marks)
f) You are provided with a solution containing zinc ions and lead ions. Suggest a
reagent you could use to separate the two ions.
Explain the chemical principles involved in separation (2marks)

18. Two organic compounds X and Y both have the molecular formular C4H8O. Both

75
compounds give yellow precipitate when added to 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
(Brady’s regent)
a) What can you deduce about X and Y? (1mark)
b) Compound X gives a red precipitate when warmed with fehlings solution but Y
shows no reaction when treated this way.
i. What further deductions can you make about the natures of X and Y? (1mark)
ii. Give the name or formula of the red precipitate. (1mark)
c) Draw the structural formula of compound Y and give its sysematic name. (2marks)
OH
⎸
d) The compound CH3— C— CN is a product of the reaction between an organic
|
CH3
compound between an organic compound and hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
i. Give the structural formula of the original organic compound. (1mark)
ii. Give the mechanism for the reaction between HCN and the original organic
compound. (3marks)

e. Give the structural formular of the organic compound formed when

OH
⎸
CH3— C— CN is reated with lithium aluminium tetrahydride (LiAlH4). (1mark)
|
CH3

19. a) What is meant by the term acid according to the Bronsted –Lowry theory of
acids and bases? (1mark)
b) Identify two substances acting as acids in the following reaction:
+
CH3NH2 + H2O ⇌ CH3NH3 + OH-
c) Write an expression for solubility product(Ksp) of calcium hydroxide. (1mark)
3 3
d) A 20.0cm sample of saturated, aqueous calcium hydroxide required 18.2cm of
0.050 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid for neutralisation. Calculate:
i. the concentration of OH- in the saturated solution. (2marks)
ii. A value of the solubility product of calcium hydroxide stating units. (3marks)
e) Explain why calcium hydroxide is more soluble in water than in potassium hydroxide.(1mark)

20. Electrolysis has many applictions in industry. One such application is the
manufacture of hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide by electrolysis of brine
(concentrated sodium chloride)
a) Briefly outline, using relevant equations how the above products are formed by
electrolysis of brine. (5marks)
b) A current of 0.200A is passed through copper (II) sulphate solution for 10 hours.
i. Caculate the mass of copper deposisted on the cathode. ( Cu=63.5, F=96,500Cmol-1) (3marks)
ii. Calculate the volume of oxygen evolved at the anode
( measured at room temperature and pressure). You may use the following data.

76
4OH- → 2H2O + O2 + 4e
Molar volume of a gas a r.t.p.=24dm3. (2marks)

SECTION C:Answer ONE question from this section 15marks

21.a) What mass of potassium iodate (V) (KIO3) would be required to make 250cm3 of a
solution containing one-sixtieth(⅙0) of a mole per dm3. (k=39, I=127, O=16)
b) When 25cm3 of the solution of potassium iodate (V) of the above concetration in (a)
was added to excess of acidified potassium iodide solution, the iodine produced reacted
with 20 cm3 of sodium thiosulphate. Use these equations to answer the question that follow.
I𝑂3− + 5I- + 6H+ →3I2 + 3H2O
I2 + 2S2𝑂32− →2I- + 𝑆4 𝑂62−
i. Calculate the number of moles of iodate (𝐼𝑂3− ) ions in 25cm3 of the solution. (1mark)
ii. Deduce the number of moles of 2S2O32- ions in 20cm3. (1mark)
iii. Calculate the concetration of thiosulphate solution in mol dm-3. (2marks)
iv. Give the name of suitable indicator to use in the titration of iodine solution with the
thiosulphate solution. (1mark)

c) Concetrations of chlorine in treated water for domoestic use can be monitored by

testing water samples. In one such test, excess potassium iodide (KI) was added to
1000 cm3 sample of water . The liberated iodine reacted with 14.0cm3 of 0.00100mol dm-3
sodium thiosulphate solution (0.00100M)
i. Calculate the number of moles of sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3, used in the reaction
and hence the number of moles of iodine liberated. (2marks)
ii. Write an equation for the reaction between Cl2(aq) and I-(aq) ions . Identify the reducing
agent in this reaction. (2marks)
iii. Calculate the number of moles of Cl2 and hence the mass of chlorine molecules in
the original sample of water. (Cl=35.5) (2marks)
iv. Write an equation for the reaction between Cl2 and water and show that this is a
disproportionation reaction. (2marks)

22. Describe a chemical test to distinguish between each of the pairs of the following
compounds. Include in your description the expected observation and give relevant
equations for reactions involved.
a) NH4NO3 and Mg (NO3 )2 (3marks)
b) CH3CH2 COCH2CH 3 and CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2CHO (3marks)
O
b) CH3CH2 CH2Cl and CH3CH2 C— Cl (3marks)
c) CH3CH=CH2 and CH3 CHBrCH3 (3marks)
d) Cu2O and CuO (3marks)

77
 RWANDA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL
Chemistry I

021
22 Nov.2005 8h30- 11h30 am
P.O.BOX 3817 KIGALI. TEL/FAX:586871

NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2005

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY I

OPTION : BIOLOGY – CHEMISTRY

TIME: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

This paper consists of THREE sections: A, B and C.

- Answer ALL questions in section A.

- Choose THREE questions section B.

- Choose ONE question section C.

Calculators may be used

78
SECTION A: Answer all questions /55 marks
1. The percentage abundances of stable isotopes of chromium:
50 52 53 54
24𝐶𝑟 : 4.31%, 24𝐶𝑟 :83.76% , 24𝐶𝑟 :9.55%, 24𝐶𝑟 : 2.38% .

a) What is meant by the term “isotopes” and why do isotopes of chromium show similar
chemical properties? (2marks)
b. Calculate the relative atomic mass of chromium , correct to three significant figures. (1mark)
c. Calculate the number of neutrons of the most abundant isotope of chromium. (1mark)

2. This question concerns the following oxide.

Na2O, MgO, SiO2, SO3.
From the list above identify the oxide that best fits the description given.
a) An oxide that is insoluble in water. (1mark)
b) An oxide that has a simple molecular structure at room temperature and pressure. (1mark)
c) An oxide that reacts with water forming a strongly alkaline solution . (1mark)
d) An oxide that is slightly soluble in water forming a weakly alkaline solution. (1mark)

3. A possible synthetic route from benzene to benzoic acid is shown below.

CH2Cl CH2OH

Cl2, UV
+ CH3Cl A
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Step 4
O O
C—OH C
H
Step 5

a) Give the formulae of suitable catalyst for step 1 and a give the structural formular of
compound A. (2marks)
b) Give the name of the reagent used and type of reaction in step 3. (2marks)
c) Name the reagent used in step 4. (1 mark)

4. Use the bond enthalpies / bond energies in the table below to answer the question that
follow.

Bond Average bond energy/kJmol-1

F-F 158
C-H 412

79
Cl-Cl 242
H-Cl 432
C-Cl 338
a) Calculate the enthalpy change for reaction.
C3H8 + Cl2   C3H7Cl + HCl
b) By considering the bonds broken and bonds formed. (2marks)
Calculate the average value for the S-F bond energy.
SF4(g) + F2(g)   SF6(g) ΔH=-438 kJmol-1
(3marks)

5a) i. Explain what is meant by the standard enthalpy change of formation of a

compound.(1mark)
ii.Write a balanced equation which represents the standard enthalpy of formation of
propane.
b) Calculate enthalpy change of formation of propane from the standard enthalpy
changes of combustion given below. (3marks)

△HƟ/kJmol-1
Carbon -393
Hydrogen -286
Propane -2220

6. This question concerns some reactions of compound X which has the structure:
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2OH
a) Give the systematic name of compound X. (1mark)
b) Is X a primary, secondary or tertiary alcohol. (1 mark)
c) What name is given to the intermolecular forces in compound X. (2marks)
d) Give the structural formulae for two organic compounds which could be obtained
by reacting X with a hot mixture of potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid. (2marks).

7. Boron, Nitrogen and oxygen form fluorides with molecular formulae. BF3, NF3
and OF2.
a) Draw the shape of each molecule and show the position of lone pairs of electrons
if any. (3marks)
b) Give the bond angle in each case, explaining your reasons. (3marks)

8.a) Write down the electron configurationof calcium atom and of calcium ion in terms
of s,p……orbitals. ( the atomic numbers of calcium =20) (2marks)
b) Why is the atomic radius calcium significantly greater than the ionic radius of
calcium ion. (1mark)
2+
c) Explain why the hydration energy ( enthalpy change of hydration) of Mg is more

80
exothermic than that of Ca2+? (1mark)

9. Over one million tons of manganese are produced in the world each year.
a) Write the electron configuration (atomic number=25) and use it to explain why
manganese is a transition elements. (2marks)
b) State, with specific examples, two properties of manganese or its compounds which
are typical of transition metals elements. (2marks)
2−
c) calculate the oxidation number of manganese in the ion 𝑀𝑛𝑂4 . (1mark)

10. Explain the following

a) The boiling points of water (H2O) is higher than that of hydrogen sulphide (H2S).
b) The boiling points of ethane , water and sodium hydride increase in the order:
C2H6<H2O<NaH (2marks)

11. Consider the following equilibrium reactions:

Reaction I: 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g)⇌ Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
Reaction II: CO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ COCl2(g)
a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant , Kp
i. for reaction I.
ii. for reaction II. (2marks)
b) State, giving reasons, how an increase in pressure affects the position of equilibrium
in each reaction above. (2marks)

12. A radioactive isotope X decays by emitting beta particles. It was found that
1
only 32 of the original isotope remained after 100 days,
Calculate the half-life of the radioactive isotope. (2marks)

13. A electric current was passed through two beakers containing aqueous silver nitrate and
aqueous copper (ii) sulphate connected in series. After 30 minutes 0.100g of silver was
deposited in the first beaker.
a) Write an equation for the deposit of silver. (1mark)
-1
b) Calculate the current passed (Ag=108, F=96500 C mol ) (2marks)

SECTION B: Choose three questions from this section / 30 Marks

14. Some foodstuffs contain “acidity regulators” which have a buffering action on the pH.
Mixtures of citric acid and sodium salt are often used for this purpose.
C5H7O4COOH ⇌ C5H7O4COO- + H+
Citric acid ka =7.4 x 10-4 moldm-3.
a) The concentration of citric acid in lemonjuice is 0.23moldm-3. Assuming that no other acid
is present. Calculate the pH of lemon juice. (3marks)

81
b) Write equations to show how citric acid and sodium citrate buffer system regulates
the acidity on addition of:
i. H+ ions
ii. OH- ions. (2marks)
c) Calculate the pH of a solution containing 0.20 mol dm-3 citric acid and 0.3 mol dm-3
sodium citrate. (2marks)
d) Define the term Kw and explain why , at 25oC, water has pH of 7. (3marks)
15. a) Give the formulae of the three structural isomers of C4H8 which are non-cylic.
b) One of these isomers shows a type of stereoisomerism.
i. Give the structure of stereoisomers and name them. (2marks)
ii. Give a chemical test for the functional group present in the isomers and describe
the expected observation. (2marks)

c) One of the isomers of C4H8 in (a) reacts with HBr to give two different products,
the major one of which is a chiral molecule.
i. Identify this isomer. (1mark)
ii. Give the mechanism for the reaction of this isomer with HBr. (2marks)
16.a) What reagents and conditions are used to prepare nitrobenzene from benzene. (2marks)
b) The reaction in (a) is described as an electrophilic substitution reaction
Describe the mechanism of this reaction, clearly indicating how the electrophile is
formed and its role in all the steps. (2marks)
c) The local pain killer labeled as X below is synthesized from aromatic compound 4-
nitromethylbenzene as shown in the following steps.
Step I Step II
O2N— —CH3 O2N— —COOH O2N— —COOC2H5

Step III

H2 N— —COOC2H5

(X)
Suggest reagents and conditions for
step I
Step II
Step III (6marks)

17. The reversible reaction 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3 is used in the contact process for
the manufacture of sulphuric acid ,using V2O5 catalyst.
a).i. Calculate the enthalpy of reaction ∆H, of the forward reaction , assuming it goes to
completion . You are given enthalpies of formation of SO2(g) and SO3(g) which are

82
-297 and -395 kJmol-1 respectively. (2marks)
ii. State and explain the effect of raising the temperature on the position of equilibrium
of this reaction. (2marks)
o
iii. The optimum temperature used in this industrial processes reaction is 450 C. Basing your
answers on economics and chemical principles, suggest two reasons which determine the choice
of operating temperature. (2marks)
iv. What is the effect of the catalysts on the position of equilibrium in this reaction. (1mark)

b) i.Write the expression for the equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction. (1mark)
ii. What is the effect of increasing the concentration of oxygen (at the same temperature) on
I: the equilibrium constant, Kc.
II: the position of equilibrium. (2marks)

18. The following list gives standard electrode potentials for various half-cell.
EƟ/volts
−
I2(aq) + 2e- → 2𝐼(𝑎𝑞) ) +0.54
+
𝐴𝑔(𝑎𝑞) + e -→ Ag(s) +0.80
−
F2(g) + 2e →
-
2𝐹(𝑎𝑞) +2.87
+
O2(g) + 4𝐻(𝑎𝑞) +4e ⇌ 2H2O(l) +1.23
2+
𝑀𝑔(𝑎𝑞) +2e → Mg(s) - 2.36
2+
𝐶𝑢(𝑎𝑞) + 2e → Cu(s) +0.34

a) Draw a labeled diagram of a cell which can be used to measure the standard
electrode potential of Cu2+/Cu half cell. (4marks)
b) From the list above, identify the.
i. Strongest reducing agent.
ii. Strongest oxidizing agent. (2marks)
Ɵ
c) Calculate the standard cell e.m.f (E cell) corresponding to the cell reactions.
2Cu2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2Cu(s) + O2(g) + 4H+(aq) (1mark)
d) When a constant current was passed through an aqueous solution of copper (ii) nitrate
for one hour the mass of the copper cathode increased by 15.24g.
Calculate the current in amperes which was used.
(F=96500C mol-1, Cu=63.5) (3marks)

SECTION C: Answer ONE question from this section/ 15 marks

19. For each of the following pairs of compounds identify the chemical test which can be used to
distinguish between them. State clearly the expected observations and write relevant equations
for the reactions involved.

83
a) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH and CH3CH2CH2CHO
b) CH3CH2CH2CO2H and CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3
CH3
⎹
c) CH3CH(OH) CH3 and (CH3 — C — OH) or (CH3)3COH
⎹
CH3
d) Zn(NO3 )2 and Pb(NO3 )2
e) Na2SO3 and Na2SO4 (3marks each)

20. A 25.0cm3 portion of a solution containing Fe2+ ions and Fe3+ ions was acidified
and titrated against potassium manganate (VII) (potassium permanganate) solution.
15cm3 of a 0.0200mol dm-3( 0.0200M) solution of potassium manganate (VII) were
required . In this titration only Fe2+ ions react with 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− ions in acidic solution .
A second 25.0cm3 portion was reacted with zinc to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+. After the
reduction, the sample of 25.0cm3 portion was titrated against the same manganate
(VII) solution. 19.0cm3 of the manganat (VII) solution were required.

a) Explain why no indicator is required in this titration. (1mark)

b) Use the half –equations below to write the overall redox equation for the reaction
between Fe2+ and 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− in an acidic medium.
𝑀𝑛𝑂4− + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O
Fe2+ → Fe3++ e-
c) Calculate the number of moles of 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− in 15.0 cm3 of 0.0200 moldm-3 solution
of KMnO4. (1mark)
-3 2+
d) Calculate the concetration in moldm of Fe in original sample of solution . (3marks)
−
e) Calculate the number of moles of 𝑀𝑛𝑂4 in 19.0cm of 0.0200moldm (0.0200M)
3 -3

KMnO4. (1mark)
2+ -3 3+
f) Calculate the total concentration of Fe in moldm after reduction of Fe in second
portion of solution. (3marks)
3+ -3
g) Hence calculate the concetration of Fe in original sample of solution in moldm . (1mark
h) Calculate the ratio of concentrations of Fe3+:Fe2+ in original sample. (2marks)
3+ 2+
i) The final ratio of concetrations of Fe :Fe in higher after several hours of exposure
of the solution to the atmosphere. Suggest an explanation for this. (1mark)

84
 RWANDA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL
Chemistry I

021
12 0ct.2004 8h30- 11h30
P.O.BOX 3817 KIGALI. TEL/FAX:586871

NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2003/2004

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY I

OPTION : BIOLOGY – CHEMISTRY

TIME: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

This paper consists of THREE sections: A, B and C.

Answer ALL questions in section A.

Choose THREE questions section B.

Choose ONE question section C.

Calculators may be used

85
SECTION A: Answer ALL questions.
1.a) The diagram below shows the mass spectrum for naturally occuring gallium(Ga).

Percentage 60
abundance 40

67 68 69 70 71 72 73
relative mass
Calculate the relative atomic mass of naturally occuring gallium. (2marks)
79 81
b) Bromine (Br) has two isotopes Br and Br. If bromine is used in the mass
spectrometer there are three peaks of Br2+ at 158, 160 and 162. Show which molecular
ions are responsible for these peaks. (1½marks)

2.a) State Hess’s law. (2marks)

-1
b) The standard enthalpy change for the combustion of carbon is -394kJmol , and that
of carbonmonoxide is -111kJmol-1. Calculate the enthalpy change for reaction.
2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g) . (3marks)
c) Which of the reactions below is more likely to take place.
Give a reason for your answer.
2C(s) + O2(g) → CO(g)
2C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) (1mark)

3. The compound C2H4Br2(l) can be made by reacting ethene with bromine.

a) Show the mechanism for the reaction.
b) What observations would you make at the end of the reaction.
c) If C2H4Br2 is refluxed with aqueous sodium hydroxide, an organic product B is
formed . Write the structural formula of the organic product B and give its systemactic
name. (1mark)
4. An alcohol (Alkanol) has relative mass of 74 and has the following compoistion by
mass C,64.9%; H, 13.5% ;O, 21.6%
a) Show that its emprical formula is the same as the its molecular formular. (3marks)
b) Draw the structural formulae of four possible isomers of the alcohol. (2marks)
c) One of the isomers F can be oxidised to form a ketone, G
Show the structure of F and G. (1mark)

5. The table below gives some data about the chlorides of elements of period 3.
Formula NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3 SiCl4 PCl3 S2Cl2 Cl2
0
Boiling point C 1465 1418 423 57 76 136 -34

86
PH of aqeous solution 7 6 2 2 2 1 1
a) Explain why the boing point of NaCl is higher than that of MgCl2. (2marks)
b) Explain why the PH of NaCl is 7 and that of AlCl3 is 2. (2marks)

6. When dilute sulphuric acid is added to copper I oxide , a pink solid X and a blue
solution Y is formed . The Pink solid X conducts electricity.
a) Identify X and Y. (1mark)
b) Write an equation for reaction. (1mark)
c) Using examples from the reaction above explain the meaning disproportionation. (1½ marks)

7. When 1 mole of cyclohexene C6H10 is reduced by 1 mole of H2 to form 1 mole of

cyclohexane the enthalpy change of hydrogenation is -119kJmol-1, but when 1 mole of benzene
C6H6 is reduced by 3moles of H2 to cyclohexane , the enthalpy of hydrogenation is not -
357kjmol-1 but -207 kj mol-1.
a) Why is benzene reduced by 3 moles of H2 is but cyclohexene reduced by 1 mole H2? (1mark)
b) Explain the difference between the thoeretical enthalpy of hydrogenation of
benzene and the experimentally determined value. (2marks)

8. NH3 reacts with H2O according to the following reaction

NH3 + H2O⇌ NH4+ + OH-
a) Which of the species in the above reaction is a lewis base and which is a Lewis acid. (1mark)
b) Draw the structures of NH3, H2O and NH4+ and explain which of the spiecies has
the least bond angle. (2marks)

9. Butane C4H10 reacts with Cl2 in the presence of sunlight to form a mixture of
products including C4H9Cl which is formed as shown in an equation below.
C4H10 + Cl2 → C4H9Cl + HCl
a) Write the equations for the following stages in the mechanism of reaction
i. Equation for the intiation stage.
ii. Equation for the propagation stage.
iii. Equation for the termination stage. (1½ marks)
b) Compound A which is one of the isomers of C4H9Cl was reacted in sequence as shown below.
A OH-/H2O B Cr2O 72-/H+ C Cr2O 72-/H+ CH CH CH COOH
3 2 2
Reflux Heat Reflux

i. Write the structural formulae of A,B and C. (1mark)

ii. What chemical test would you use to show that compound C has formed. (1½ marks)

10. The table below shows some bond enthalpies. Study the table below and answer the
questions that follow.

87
Bond Average bond energy/kJmol-1
F-F +158
Cl-Cl +244
H-F +568
H-Cl +432
Given that the enthalpy change for reaction
H2(g) + Cl2(g)→ 2HCl(g) -184kJmol-1
a) Caculate the bond enthalpy of the H-H bond. (2 marks)
b) Caculate the enthalpy change of reaction for the formatiom of HF from its elements.
H2(g) + F2(g)→ 2HF(g)

11. The graph below shows the Boltzmann distribution curve for the same amount of a gas
sample at two different temperatures.

a) State what you would label on X and Yaxis. (1mark)

b) What does the shaded part represent. (1mark)
c) Explain why a small increase in temperature increases the rate of a chemical reaction
tremendously. (1mark)

12. The solubility of calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 is 0.0011g per 100g of water at 250C.
a) Caculate the solubility product of calcium phosphate.
(Ca=40, P=31, O=16) (4marks)
b) What would be the effect on the solubility of calcium phosphate when a solution of
sodium phosphate is added to a saturated solution of calcuim phosphate? (2marks)

13. The table below shows the rates of reaction between substances A and B at different
concentrations.

Experiment [A]moldm-3 [B] moldm-3 Intial rate of reaction

in moldm-3S-1
1 0.50 0.50 2.0 x 10-2
2 1.00 0.50 8.0 x 10-2
3 1.00 1.00 16.0 x 10-2

88
a) Determine the overall order of the reaction. (2½ marks)
b) Caculate the rate constant for the reaction showing clearly the units. (2 marks)

14. Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.

Enthalpy change kJmol-1

Atomisation of potassium +90
Atomisation of iodine +107
1st Ionisation energy of potassium +420
st
1 Electron affinity of iodine -314
Formation of potassium Iodide -328
a) Construct a Born Haber’s cycle and calculate the lattice energy of potassium Iodide. (5marks)
b) Given that: K+(g) + (aq) → K+(aq) ΔH=-304 kJmol-1
I-(g) + (aq) → I-(aq) ΔH=-306 kJmol-
K+(g) + I-(g)→ KI(s) ΔH=-631kJmol-1
i. Caculate the enthalpy of solution of potassium iodide. (3marks)
ii.How would you confirm presence of Iodide ions in aqueous solution (2marks)

15. The flow chart below shows a synthetic route for the preparation of compound Z
starting with compound Y.
HNO3 +D C H NO E + F C H NH HNO2 +HCl
Y 6 5 2 6 5 2 Z
Heat heat ice cold
a) Name compounds Y, D, E, F and Z. (5marks)
b) Show the reaction mechanism in the formation of compound C6H5NO2 from
compound Y. (3marks)
c) Explain why compound Y undergoes electrophilic substitution reaction more readily
than C6H5NO2. (2marks)

16. The boiling point of hydrides of group VII elements are given below.

Compound HF HCl HBr Hl

o
Boiling point C +19.9 -85.0 -66.7 -35.4
a). Explain the trend in the boiling points of the hydrides. (5marks)
b) Suggest why a solution of HCl in methylbenzene doesn’t conduct electricity but its
solution in water conducts. (2marks)
c) With reasons suggest which of the hydrides above is the strongest acid. (3marks)

17. In Haber’s process for the manufacturing ammonia.

N2(g) + 3H2(g)⇌ 2NH3(g) 46kJ of energy is given out per mole of ammonia formed.
a) If 1.02 x 106kg of ammonia produced per day, calculate how much heat energy is
given out each day. (2marks)
3
b) An equilibrium mixture in a sealed 2dm container at700K and pressure of 200Kpa

89
contains o.6mol of nitrogen and 2.0mol hydrogen.
i. Calculate the equilibrium constant Kc including the units. (3marks)
ii.Calculate the pressure equlibrium constant Kp including units. (5marks)

18. Use the data below to answer the questions below.

2− + 3+
Cr2𝑂7(𝑎𝑞) + 14𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 6e ⇌ 2𝐶𝑟(𝑎𝑞) + 7H2O(l) EƟ = +1.33V
3+ 2+
𝐹𝑒(𝑎𝑞) + e ⇌ 𝐹𝑒(𝑎𝑞) EƟ = +0.77V
− + 2+
Mn𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) + 8𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 5e ⇌ 𝑀𝑛(𝑎𝑞) + 4H2O(l) EƟ = +1.52V
2− + 3+
Fe𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) + 8𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 3e ⇌ 𝐹𝑒(𝑎𝑞) + 4H2O(aq) EƟ = +2.2V
− + 2+
V𝑂3(𝑎𝑞) + 4𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + e ⇌ 𝑉𝑂(𝑎𝑞) + 2H2O(aq) EƟ = +1.0V
a) Which transition metal spiecies (Ions) above is the most powerful oxidising agent
and which is the most powerful reducing agent. (2marks)
b) Identify one metal species that can reduce acidified dichromate ions. (2marks)
c) Write an overall equation to show the reaction between acidified dichromate
ions and the identified spicies in 18(b). (2marks)
d) Work out the oxidation state of Cr in Cr2𝑂72− , and V in V𝑂3− . (2marks)
e) Suggest why acidified Fe𝑂42− will oxidise Fe2+ and write the overall equation. (3marks)

19. For each of the following pairs of compounds identify the chemical test that can
be used to distinguish them stating clearly the observations and writing relevant
equations where possisble.
O
a) CH3CH2 ─ C ─ CH2CH3 and CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2CHO
b) C6 H5 CH2COH and C6H5OH
c) CH3 CH= CH2 and CH3 CH2 CH3
d) Al(NO3 )3 and Cu(NO3 )2
e) FeCl2 and FeCl3 (3marks each)

20. 0.9875g of an impure potassium manganate (VII) was dissolved in 250cm3

water solution. 20cm3 of this solution was acidified with dilute sulphuric acid
and titrated against sodium ethanedioate (Oxalate) solution Na2C2O4 and the volume
of Na2C2O4 reqiured was 24.4cm3.
Given that 1.675g of Na2C2O4 had been dissolved in 250cm3 of aqueous solution,

a) Calculate the percentage purity of potassium permaganate (manganateVII). (8marks)

b) Given only the solutions of KMnO4, of Na2C2O4 and of H2SO4 mentioned in this
question, a stop watch, Na2CO3 solution, conical flasks, a burette and a pipette ,
how would you determine the order of reation between KMnO4 and Na2C2O4? (7marks)

90
21.Sodium hydroxide solution was added to 25cm3 of 0.1M ethanoic acid and PH
of the solution was measured at intervals of time.
The results are tabled below.

Volume of 0 4 8 12 16 20 22 22.5 23 24 28
NaOH(cm3)
PH of the 2.8 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.1 5.8 7.0 9.0 10.5 11.4 12.3
mixture
a)Plot a graph PH (yaxis) against volume of NaOH. (7½ marks)
b) Explain the shape of the graph. (3½ marks)
c) Using the graph , determine the volume of the of NaOH required to neutralise the acid and
hence calculate the molarity of NaOH. (3marks)

91
RWANDA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL

021

P.O.BOX 3817 KIGALI. TEL/FAX:586871

NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2002/2003

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY I

OPTION : BIOLOGY – CHEMISTRY

TIME: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

This paper consists of THREE sections: A, B and C.

Answer ALL questions in section A.

Choose THREE questions section B.

Choose ONE question section C.

Calculators may be used

92
SECTION A: Answer all questions in this section
1.a) Explain the origin of line spectrum of hydrogen. (2marks)
b) The diagram below shows part of the series in the hydrogen spectrum.

n=∞
n=5
n=4
n=3

n=2
n=1 Y

X
i. Identify spectral series X and Y. (1mark)
ii. Which of the two series gives rise to visible spectrum. (1mark)
231
2. A thorium atom 90𝑇ℎ disintegrates by emission of a beta particle to form an isotope
of protactinium of (Pa) whereas a uranium atom 238 92𝑈 disintegrates by emission of alpha
particle to isotope of thorium atom.
a) What are isotopes? (2marks)
b) Write balanced nuclear reactions showing disintegration of throrium and Uranium
respectively. (2marks)
c) Give one reason why radio isotopes must be handled with care. (1mark)
3. Given that the atomic numbers of boron, fluorine, hydrogen and sulphur are 5,9,1
and 16 respectively.
a) Skecth and name the shapes of the following molecules.
i. BF3 (1mark)
ii.H2S. (1mark)
b) Explain why BF3 is considered a Lewis acid. (2marks)
4. The ionization energies (expressed in electron volts, eV) of elements period 2 of the
periodic table. Li : 5.4, Be: 9.3, B: 8.3, C: 11.3, N: 14.5, O: 13.6, F: 17.4, Ne: 21.6
a) Give reasons for the general trend in ionisation energy across the period. (2marks)
b) Explain why Be has a higher ionisation energy than B. (2marks)
(Atomic numbers of Be and B are 4 and 5).
5. Study the table below and the questions that follow
Bond Bond dissociation energy(kJmol-1)
C-H 413
C-C 345
H-H 436
enthalpy of atomisation of carbon(C) is 721 kJmol-1
a) Why is the bond dissociation energy for C-H bond greater than that of C-C bond? (2marks)
b) Caculate the enthalpy of formation of cyclohexane. (3marks)

93
6. The table contains a list of polymers.
a) Complete the table.

Type of polymer Example of artificial polymer One use

Polyalkene

Polyester

Polyamide

b) Draw the structures to show how the monomers are linked to form the polyamide
named in (a) above. (1mark)

7. a) Write the structural formula and name of the product in each of the following reactions.
Conc H2SO4
i. CH3CH2OH
1400C
HBr
ii. CH3CH=CH2
room temperature
b) Write the mechanism of reaction in a(ii) above. (2marks)
8. For the each of the reactions choose from A to E the most appropriate reaction type.
A. nucleophilic addition. D. electrophilic substitution
B. electrophilic addition. E. free radical substitution
C. nucleophilic substitution. (2½ marks)

Reaction Reaction type.

CH2=CH2 + HBr   CH3CH2Br

AlBr
C6H6 + Br2     C6H5Br + HBr
3

H
CH3CHO + HCN 

KCN
CH3-C-OH
CN

CH4 + Cl2  light

  CH3Cl +HCl

C6H6 + Cl2  light

  C6H6Cl6

94
9. Aluminium is extracted from its purified ore electrolysis
a). Give one essential condition for this electrolysis. (1mark)
b) Write down a balanced equations for reactions occurring on each electrode. (2marks)
c) Explain why aluminium is more expensive to extract than iron. (2marks)

10. The simplified diagram below diagram below represents the industrial fractional distillation
of crude oil.

a) Identify fraction A (1mark)

b) What property of fractions allows them to be separated in the column. (1mark)
c) Write an equation for possible cracking of an alkane C16H34, given that ethane
and propane are in molar ratio 2:1 and only one other product. (2marks)

11. 2-hdroxy propanoic acid (latctic acid) CH3CH(OH)COOH is found in sour milk
a) Why does the acid show optical isomerism? (1mark)
b) Show the structural relationship between the two optical isomers. (2marks)
c) How can the two isomers be distinguished. (1mark)
12. The table below shows the rates of the reaction between substances A and B at different
concentrations.

Experiment Initial concentration Intial rate

mol dm-3 mol dm-3s-1

A B

1 0.50 0.50 2.0 x 10-2

2 1.00 0.50 8.0 x 10-2

3 1.00 1.00 16.0 x 10-2

95
a) Determine the order of reaction with to A and B, and hence the overall order of the
reaction. (2½marks)
b) Write an expression for the rate of reaction and hence. (3marks)
Calculate the rate of reaction showing units clearly.

13. Given the following electrode potentials.

+
𝑁𝑎(𝑎𝑞) + e → Na(s) E = -2.71V
2+
𝐶𝑢(𝑎𝑞) + 2e → Cu(s) E = +0.34 V
2+
𝑍𝑛(𝑎𝑞) +2e → Zn(s) E = -0.76 V
+
𝐴𝑔(𝑎𝑞) + e → Ag(s) E = +0.80 V
a) Arrange the electrodes in order of reducing power starting with the most reducing. (1mark)
b) Calculate the E.M.F of a cell formed between zinc and silver electrodes. (1mark)
c) Write the overall cell reaction. (1mark)
d) State the direction of the current when the two electrodes are connected by a
conductor. (1mark).

SECTION B: Choose only 3 questions.

14. Write equations to show each of the following conversions can be carried out.
In each step indicate the reagents and the conditions of the reactions.
a) C6H6 to C6H5NH2 (4marks)
b) CH3CH2OH to CH2 CH2 (3marks)
⎹ ⎹
Br Br
c) CH3COOH to CH3CH2Cl (3marks)

15.a) State and explain the trend in oxidising ability of the elements down the group
VII of the periodic table. (3marks)
b) With the help of relevant equations, explain how an aqueous solution of chlorine can
be used to distinguish NaBr and NaI. (3marks)
c) Show how chlorine reacts with the following
i. H2O
ii. FeCl2
iii. NaOH (4marks)

16.a) Write an equation to show the relationship between conductivity K and molar
conductivity. (1mark)
b) Sketch a graph to show how molar conductivity of sodium chloride varies with dilution
and explain the shape of the graph. (5marks)
0
c) The ionic radii and molar conductivities at infinite dilution at 18 C of two ions are

96
given below.

Li+ Cs+

Ionic radius (nm) 0.06 0.17

Molarconductivity 33.5 68.0

Explain why the molar conductivity of lithium ions is lower than that of caesium. (4marks)

17. A saturated solution of barium sulphate (BaSO4) contains 1.1 x 10-5moles/dm3 of

the salt.
a) Calculate the solubility product of BaSO4. (4marks)
b) Calculate the solubility of barium sulphate in moles\dm3 in one litre 0.1M barium
chloride. (4marks)
c) Explain the effect of barium chloride solution on the solubility of barium sulphate. (3marks)

18. Ethane can be cracked at high temperature according to the equation.

C2H6(g) ⇌ C2H4(g) + H2(g)
If the standard enthalpy of formation of ethene is positive.
a) Explain the effect on the position of equilibrium of increasing temperature and
pressure. (4marks)
b) Calculate the value of equilibrium constant Kp of the reaction, given that starting
with 1.0 mol ethane under an equilibrium pressure of 180Kpa at a temperature 1000K,
0.36 mol of ethene are produced during cracking. (6marks)

SECTION C: Answer ONE question.

19. Name the reagent (chemical test) that could be used to distinguish each of the
following pairs of compounds. In each of the following pairs of compounds. In each
case state the observations that would be made and write relative equations.
a) CH3CH2OH and CH3CH2 CH2OH
b) CH3CH2Cl and C6H5 CH2Cl
c) C6H5 COOH and C6H5 OH
d) Na2CO3 and NaCl solutions
e) Pb(NO3)2 and Ba(NO3)2 solutions.

20. You are supplied with distilled water, dilute hydrochloric acid , solid samples
of sodium carbonate , zinc metal and magnesium sulphate. Using no other chemicals,

97
describe with the help of chemical equations how you could prepare solid samples
of zinc carbonate and magnesium chloride. (15marks)

21. 0.987g of impure potassium permanganate (KMn04) were dissolved in 250cm3 of

aqueous solution . 20cm3 of aqueous of acidified potassium permanganate required
24.4cm3 of sodium ethanedioate ( sodium oxalate Na2C2O4) in titration . Given that
1.675g of Na2C2O4 had been dissolved in 250cm3 of aqeous solution .
a) State the colour change(s) at the end of titration . (1mark)
- 2-
b) Work out the oxidation states of Mn in MnO 4 and C in C2O 4. (1mark)
- 2-
c) Write a redox equation between MnO 4 and C2O 4. (2marks)
d) Calculate the percentage purity of KMnO4 in the sample. (12marks)
K=39, C=12, O=16, Mn=55

98
RWANDA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL

021

P.O.BOX 3817 KIGALI. TEL/FAX:586871

NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2001/2002

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY I

OPTION : BIOLOGY – CHEMISTRY

TIME: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTION:
This paper consists of three sections: A, B and C.

Answer all questions in section A.

Choose three questions section B.

Choose one question section C.

Calculators may be used

99
SECTION A: ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

1. Compound A contains the following substances by mass 22.4% carbon , 3.175%

hydrogen and 74.05% bromine.
a) Calculate the empirical formular of compound A. (2marks)
b) If the relative formular mass of is 215.8. what is the molecular forrmular of A. (1mark)
c) Draw the structural formular for anyone of the branched chain isomers of
compound A and give it a name. (1mark)

2. Draw diagrams to show the shape of molecule of each of the following compounds
and in the each case state the name of shape.
BeCl2, BCl3, SiCl4 (3marks)
You may use the following atomic numbers.
(Be=4, B=5, Si=14, Cl=17)

3. a). Complete the following table below. (2marks)

Relative mass Relative charge

A alpha particle
A beta particle
b) The decomposition of Hydrogen peroxide 2H2O2  2H2O + O2 is found to be first order
reaction.
i. Write a rate equation for the reaction. (1mark)
-4 -1
ii Given that the rate constant for the above reaction is 8.25 x 10 s , calculate the
half life t½ for the reaction. You may use kt½ = ln2 where k is the rate constant. (2marks)
iii. How long will it take for the concentration of H2O2 to reduce to 25% of its original
value? (1mark)
4.a.What do you understand by the standard enthalpy of formation. (1mark)
b. Use the standard enthalpies of formation in the table below to calculate the
standard enthalpy of combustion of ethane. (C2H6) (2mark)

Compound C2H6 CO2 H20

Standard enthalpy of formation in kjmol-1 -85 -394 -286

5 a) Draw and name the structural formula of an isomer CH3CH2CH=CH2 which show
geometrical isomerism. (1mark)
b) Draw the structural of the geometrical isomer of the named isomer in 5(a) (1mark)
c) Write a mechanism of reaction between CH3CH2CH=CH2 reacts with HCl gas.

6. The table below shows the ralative abundance of the element titanium Ti.
46 47 48 49 50
Isotope Ti Ti Ti Ti Ti

100
% abundance 8.02 7.31 73.81 5.54 5.32
a) Using the information above . Calculate the relative atomic mass of Ti. (2marks)
b) State two dangers of radioactive isotopes. (1mark)
79 81
c) Bromine gas contains isotopes Br and Br. State and explain the the number of
peaks in the spectrum of the bromine molecular ion. (2marks)

7. Explain the following

a) Phenyl amine (C6H5NH2) is weaker base than ethylamine (CH3CH2NH2). (2marks)
b) Chloroethanoic acid (ClCH2COOH) is a stronger acid than ethanoic acid
(CH3COOH). (2marks)

8. The table below shows the melting points of period 3 elements. Use the table below to answer
the questions that follow.

Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Melting 98 650 660 1407 44 119 -101 -189
point/0C
a)Why does magnesium have a higher melting point than sodium. (2marks)
b) Explain the trend (variation) in first ionisation energy across period 3 (2marks)

9. Given the organic compound A

H H H
⎹ ⎹ ⎹
C= C— C — C— COOH
⎹ ⎹⎹
H O
a) Name any two fuctional groups present in A. (1mark)
b) What would you observe when compound A was reacted with
i. Sodium carbonate (1mark)
ii. Brady’s reagent (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) (1mark)
iii. Fehling’s solution (1mark)

10.a.) Write the electron configuration of

i. Chromium (1mark)
ii. Copper (1mark)
Atomic numbers of chromium and copper are 24 and 29 respectively.
b) Why are compound of copper blue? (2marks)

11. Sodium hydride reacts with water according to the following equations.
NaH(s) + H2O(l) →NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
1g of a sample of sodium hydride was added to water and the resulting solution was

101
diluted to a volume of 250cm3.
Calculate the concentration in g\dm3 of sodium hydroixide formed .
Relative atomic masses: Na=23, O=16, H=1. (3marks)

12. In an experiment to determine the order of a reaction between substance A and B, the
following results are obtained.

Experiment [A]/moldm-3 [B]/moldm-3 Rate of reaction

moldm-3min-1
1 1.0 x10-3 1.0 x10-3 2.0 x10-4
-3
2 2.0 x10 1.0 x10-3 4.0 x10-4
3 2.0 x10-3 2.0 x10-3 8.0 x10-4
a) State the order of reaction with respect to A and B. (1mark)
b) Write the rate expression for reaction. (1mark)
c) Calculate the rate constant for reaction showing clearly the units. (2marks)

13. Study the following values for standard electrode potentials and answer the questions
that follow.
Electrode reaction Electrode potentials(EƟ/V)
Mn (aq) + 2e ⇌ Mn(s)
2+
-1.18
Fe (aq) + 2e ⇌ Fe(s)
2+
-0.44
Ni (aq) + 2e ⇌ Ni(s)
2+
-0.25
Sn (aq) + 2e ⇌ Sn(s)
2+
-0.14
2H (aq) + 2e ⇌ H2(g)
+
0.00
a) Using the electrochemical cell set up below.
Ni(s)⎡Ni2+ ⎡⎡Sn2+(aq) ⎡ Sn(s)
i. Caculate the emf of the cell. (1mark)
ii. Write an equation to show the overall reaction of the cell. (1mark)
b) Using the standard electrode potentials, explain whether or not you would expect
this reaction to occur if a piece of tin were added to test tube containing aqueous iron II
sulphate. (1mark)

14. Ammonia is manufactured by the haber-Bosch process according to the following

eqaution.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌2NH3(g) ΔH=-92kJmol-1
State and explain the effect of high temperatures on:
i. The rate of the above reaction. (2marks)
ii. The yeild of ammonia. (2marks)
SECTION B: Answer any three questions
15. The Born haber’s cycle below represents the formation of sodium bromide from its elements
in their natural state.

102
Na(g) + ½ Br2(g)
H4

Na(g) + Br(g)
H3 H5
Na(g) + ½ Br2(l) Na +
(g) + Br(g) + e
H2 H6
. Na(s) + ½ Br2(l) Na +
(g) + Br -
(g)

H1 H7
NaBr(s)

a) Name the enthalpy changes from H1 to H7.(4 marks)

b) Given that H1=-361kJmol-1 H2=+107 kJmol-1
H3= x kJmol-1 H4=+97 kJmol-1
H5=+498 kJmol-1 H6=-375 kJmol-1
H7=-753kJmol-1
Calculate the value of H3. (3marks)
c) Explain why the enthalpy change H7 for NaBr is greater than that of KBr.
NB potassium is below sodium in group I of the periodic table. (3marks)

16.a) Suggest the synthesis routes showing conditions and reagents for the following
conversions.
i. Benzene into 2,4,6-trinitromethylbenzene. (5marks)
ii. Methanol into ethanol. (5marks)

17. Explain the following observations

a) The reducing power of elements of group VII generally increases down the group. (2marks)
b) The solublity of hydroxides of group II elements increases down the group. (3marks)
c) The boiling points of hydrides of group VI generally increases down the group but
.H2O has a higher boling point than expected. (3marks)
d) Lead IVchloride is covalent compound but lead II chloride is ionic. (2marks)

18. Phenopthalein is an indicator which is a weak acid . Its pka value is 9.3 and its PH
range is 8.3-10.0. Methyl orange indicator has a Pka value of 3.7. and PH range of
3.1-4.4.
a) State and explain which indicator that be used in the titration of NaOH and HCl. (4marks)
b) Sketch a titration graph to show the variation of PH NaOH against the addition of
HCl solution and explain the shape of the graph. (4marks)
c) Explain how a mixture of CH3COONa and CH3COOH acts a buffer. (3marks)

103
19. 2000cm3 of sulphur dioxide was mixed with 1000cm3 of oxygen at 3000C and 10
atmosphers pressure in presence of a catalysts . When equilibrium was attained, it
was found that 1333cm3 of sulphur dioxide remained.
a) Write a balanced equation for reaction between sulphurdioxide and oxygen. (1mark)
b) State the name of a catalyst. (1mark)
c) Write an expression for pressure of each of the gasses at equilibrium. (4marks)
e) Calculate the constant for the reaction. (3marks)

SECTION C. Answer only one question.

20. With the aid of equations where possible , describe a chemical test you would
carry out to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds. In each case
state the conditions of reactions if any and observations that would be made.
a) CH3CH2NH2 and CH3CONH2 b) CH3COCH3 and CH3CHO
2+ 2+
c) Pb (aq) and Zn (aq) d) Cu2+(aq) and Al3+ (aq)
e) Cl2(g) and HCl(g) (3marks each)

21. A solution of potassium tetraethanedioate has the following formular

(K2C2O4)x (H2C2O4)y(H2O)z where x, y and z are whole numbers.
25cm3 of the salt solution of potassium tetraethanedioate were titrated with NaOH
solution of concetration 0.1moldm-3. 23.6cm3 of NaOH solution was required for
complete nuetalization.
25cm3 of the same potassium tetraethanedioate were titrated with potassium
permanganate of 0.02moldm-3 in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid.
Given that NaOH only reacts with H2C2O4 in the compound and 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− reacts with
all the C2𝑂42− ions in the compound.
Given further that the total concentration of the salt is 8gdm-3
a) Calculate the number of moles of ethanedioate ions C2𝑂42− present in the salt. (4marks)
b) Calculate the number of moles of oxallic acid H2C2O4. (4marks)
use the following eqautions.
C2𝑂42− → 2CO2(g) + 2e
𝑀𝑛𝑂4− + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O
c) Calculate the ratio x:y:z. (7marks)
relative atomic masses are K=39, C=12, O=16, H=1
22. In the order to determine the rate of reaction between CaCO3 and HCl, the loss in mass of the
reaction between CaCO3 and HCl, the loss in mass of the reaction mixture was measured at
different intervals. The results are obtained were as follows.

Time in seconds 0 10 25 50 100 150 200 250 300

Mass lost in dg 0 0.32 0.6 0.83 1.04 1.13 1.19 1.2 1.2

104
a) Skecth a diagram of complete apparatus that can be used to measure the loss in mass at
intervals of time. (3marks)
b) Using the above results, plot a graph of loss in mass versus time.(time on the x-axis) (7marks)
c) What causes the loss in mass during the reaction. (1mark)
d) Why is the mass lost the same in the last two results. (1mark)
e) From the graph determine rate of reaction after 80 seconds. (2marks)
f) Deduce the order of reaction. (1mark)

105
REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
021

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL
B.P. 3817 Kigali

NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS 2000/2001

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY I

OPTIONS: BIOLOGY – CHEMISTRY

PCB, PCM, BCG, BAC

DURATION: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:
This paper consists of three sections: A, B and C.

Answer all questions in section A.

Choose three questions section B.

Choose one question section C.

Calculators may be used

106
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions.
1.a) A series of radioactive decays can be represented as
232
90𝑇ℎ     
  emission   emission
X   emission
 Y    Z
State the mass and atomic number of Y and Z. (2marks)
63 63
b) If the radioactive decay of Ni to Cu has a half life of 120 years, how long will it
take for three-quarters of nickel to change to copper? (2marks)

2.a) Write a balanced equation for the neutralization of sodium hydroxide solution by
Sulphuric acid. (1mark)
3 -3
b) What volume (in cm )of 0.250 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution is required to
neutralize 25.0cm3 of 0.150mol dm-3 sulphuric acid. (2marks)

3.a) Explain why an aqueous solution of aluminum chloride is acidic. (3marks)

b) Explain why the PH of a solution mixture of ammonium chloride and ammonia
doesn,t change when small amounts of HCl solution are added. (3marks)

4. a) .What is the ground state electronic configuration of boron and nitrogen. (1mark)
b) Explain why the spatial arrangement (shape) in BF3 is different to that in NH3
(Atomic number is=1 ,B=5, N=7,F=9) (3marks)

5. a).Work out the oxidation number of cations in the following complex ions. (3marks)
3- 2+ 2-
[Fe(CN)6 ] , [Cu(NH3)4] ,Cr2O7
b) Suggest two factors that determine the stability of a complex ion. (2marks)
c) Using a specific ion or compound of your choice as an example. State one biological
importance of complex compounds. (1marks)

6. Silver chloride is sparingly soluble in water. It is even less soluble in dilute

hydrochloric acid and much more soluble in aqueous ammonia.
Explain how the solubility of AgCl is affected by addition of:
a) Dilute HCl. (2marks)
b) Aqueous ammonia. (2marks)
c) The solubility product of silver chloride at 250 c is 1.44x10-10 mol2 dm-6.
Calculate its solubility in g/dm3 at 250c. (atomic masses Ag=108 ,Cl=35.5) (3marks)

7. a) The ions Na+ , Mg2+ and Al3+ have the same electronic configuration, arrange the
Ions in order of increasing ionic radii and explain your answer
(Atomic numbers: Na=11 ,Mg=12 ,Al=13) (3marks)

8) It is deduced from the mass spectrum that a pure white organic liquid, X, has a

107
relative molecular mass of 58. From combustion analysis, it’s empirical formula is
C3H6O. (Relative atomic mass:C=12, H=1, O=16.)
a) What is the molecular formula of X. (2marks)
b) Suggest two possible structures for X. (2marks)
c) An orange precipitate was formed when X reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine
but there was no reaction with ammoniacal silver nitrate solution (Tollen’s reagent)
What is exact molecular structure of X? (1marks)

9.) Sketch a graph to show the successive ionization energies of magnesium vary with
the number of electrons removed, and explain the shape of the graph. The atomic
number of magnesium is 12. (3marks)

10) Show the mechanism of the reaction between methane and chlorine in sunlight. (3marks)

11.a) There are three common isotopes of oxygen with mass number :16,17,18.
Identify the possible peaks that would be observed in a mass spectrum corresponding
to O2+ Ions. (3marks)
b) Calculate the relative atomic mass of chlorine, given that the relative abundance
of 35Cl and 37Cl is 75% and 25% respectively. (2marks)

12). 3-phenyl propenoic acid C6H5CH=CHCOOH has two geometric isomers.

a) Write the structural formulae of the isomers. (2marks)
b) Write the structural formulae of two isomers obtained when the acid is treated with
hydrogen bromide. (2marks)
c) Label the asymmetric carbon in each isomer in 12(b) and state which type of
isomerism. (2marks)

SECTION B:
Answer THREE questions in this section
13) This question concerns the group IV elements: carbon, silcon, germanium, tin
and lead .
a) Give the electron configuration of silicon. The atomic number of silicon is 14. (1mark)
b) Although tetrachloromethane does not react with cold water, the tetrachlorides of
other elements in group IV are rapidly hydrolysed.
i. What is the nature of bonding of in these chlorides?
ii. Give the molecular shape of the tetrachlorides.
iii.Write an equation for the reaction of SiCl4 with water.
iv. How do you account for the fact that CCl4 does NOT react with water where as other
chlorides do? (5marks)
c) Although the bonding is covalent in both CO2 and SiO2, carbon dioxide is a gas

108
whereas silicon dioxide is a solid of high melting point.
i. How do you explain this difference in melting point.
ii.Give the structure of the two oxides. (4marks)

14. a) For each of the following reactions A and B.

i. Identify the two acids and bases present.
ii.Suggest, with reasons, which ion or molecule is the stronger acid, and which is
stronger base.
A. NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH- Kc=1.8 x 10-5 moldm-3
B. C6H5O- + CH3CO2H ⇌ C6H5OH + CH3CO2- Kc=1.3 x 106 moldm-3 (5marks)

b) i. The PH of a 0.1 mol dm-3 solution of CH3CO2H is 2.4, whereas the PH of a 0.1 mol
dm-3 solution of HCl is 1.0. Calculate the ration of hydrogen ion concentration in these
two solutions.
ii. However, when 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 CH3CO2H is reacted with an excess of
zinc powder, the same volume of hydrogen is evolved as when 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3
HCl is used . Explain why this is so. (5marks)

15.a) Describe the physical states and the colours of chlorine, bromine and iodine at
room temperature, and explain the observed trend in their volatilities. (4marks)
- - -
b) Describe what is observed when each of the halide ions Cl , Br and I reacts with
aqueous silver nitrate followed by aqueous ammonia. (5marks)
c) Of what economic and social importance are Halogen compounds. (1mark)

16.a) Equilibrium is established in the reaction.

A(aq) + B(aq) ⇌ 2C(aq)
If the equilibrium concentration are [A]=0.25, [B]=0.40, and C=0.50 mol dm-3.
What is the value of Kc? (2marks)
b) Hydrogen is used in large quantities in industry to convert nitrogen into ammonia for
use in fertilizers. One method of manufacturing hydrogen is to pass methane and steam
over a heated nickel catalyst.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CO + 3H2(g) ΔH1=+206KJmol-1
i. Calculate the total bond energy in the carbon monoxide molecule. (2marks)
-1
(bond energy value C-H=410, O-H=460, H-H=436kJmol
ii. Predict and explain the effect of separately increasing the pressure and increasing
temperature on the above equilibrium. (4marks)

c) The carbon monoxide further reacted with more steam over a copper/zinc catalysts.
CO(s) + H2O ⇌ CO2(g) + H2 △H2=-41kJmol-1
i. Suggest and explain a method whereby the carbon dioxide could be removed from the
product gas stream. (1mark)

109
ii. What is the role of catalysts in each of the above reactions. (1mark)

17. The main component of cinnamon oil cinnamaldehyde.

—CH=CH—CHO

a) Using this compound as the starting material , State suitable reagents and conditions
to carry out the following types of reaction.
i. nucleophilic reaction
ii. reduction.
iii. oxidation of the aldehyde group. (6marks)
b. Suggest simple chemical tests (one in each case) you could use to distinguish
cinnamaldehyde from compounds A and B. For each tests, give reagents and describe
what you would see.

—CH2CH2-CHO —CH=CH-CH2OH

A B (4marks)

SECTION C
Answer only one question in this section.
18. Describe with the aid of equations where possible a chemical test you would carry out
distinguish between the following pairs of compounds. In case, state what you would see.
a) CH3COCH3 and CH3CH2COCH2CH3
b) C6H5OH and C6H5COOH
c) C6H5Cl and C6H5 CH2Cl
d) [Fe(H2O)6]2+ and [Cr(H2O)6]3+
e) 𝐶𝑂32− and 𝑆𝑂42− (3marks each)

19. 4.99g of hydrated copper II sulphate CuSO4.XH2O was strongly heated until all
water of crystallization was eliminated. The mass of an hydrous copper sulphate was
found to be 3.19g.
a) Describe an experiment you would carry out to determine the mass of water of
crystallization contained in 4.99g of CuSO4.XH2O. (4marks)

b) Calculate the number of moles of water of crystallization contained in one mole of

CuSO4.XH2O ( Cu=63.5, S=32,O=16,H=1) (3marks)
c) In order to determine the concentration of sodium thiosulphate Na2SO3, Excess of KI
solution was added to 25cm3 of 0.1M CuSO4 solution. The liberated iodine was titrated
with Na2S2O3 solution . The volume of Na2S2O3 solution required was 12.5cm3.
i. Calculate the mass of Na2S2O3 dissolved in 1000cm3 of solution (Na=23, S=32, O=16)

110
The necessary equations required of reactions are:
Cu2+(aq) + 4I-(aq)   2CuI + I2(s)
2S2O32- + I2   S4O62- + 2I-
d) With the help of the reaction c(ii) above , how would you use titration method to
follow up the rate of the reaction below.
IO3-(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 5I-(aq)   3I2(aq) + 3H2O(l)

20. A current of 3.21 A was passed through fused aluminum oxide for 10 minutes.
The volume of oxygen collected at the anode was 112 cm3 measured at standard
temperature and pressure.(s.t.p)
a) Calculate the mass aluminium obtained at the cathode (relative atomic mass of
O=16, Al=27, molar volume of a gas at stp 22.4dm3), faraday =96500mol-1 (4marks)
b) The same quantity of electricity was passed through a fused chloride of a divalent
metal M. ( relative atomic mass=137.3).
Calculate the mass of M obtained at the cathode. (4marks)
c) State the applications of electrolysis. (3marks)
d) The standard electrode potentials of three metals X,Y and Fe -0.14V, -0.76V and
-0.44V respectively.
i. Explain which one of X or Y would be a more effective protection against
corrosion of iron. (2marks)
ii. Draw a cell representation (cell diagram) between Fe and X electrodes for a
spontaneous reaction. (1mark)
iii.What is the Emf of the above cell? (1mark)

111
2016:

1(a) Isotopes are atoms of an element with the same proton number but different mass number.
(b)Total height of peaks(abudance) = 1.5 + 23.6 + 22.6 + 52.3 = 100
1.5𝑥 204+23.6 𝑥 206+22.6 𝑥 20+52.3 𝑥 208
R.A.M = 100
=207.24
2) 22688𝑅𝑎 → 5α + 4β + X
226 4 0 𝑏
88𝑅𝑎 → 5( 2𝐻𝑒 ) + 4( −1𝑒) + 𝑎𝑋
226 = 5x4 + 0 + a
a = 206
88 = 10- 4 + b
b = 82
206 𝟐𝟎𝟔
82𝑋 ( 𝟖𝟐𝑷𝒃)
3)(a) Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O→ 2NaAl(OH)4
𝑚
(b) 𝑛𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 =𝑀𝑚 , Mm of Al2O3; 27 x2 + 16 x3 = 102
4.5
= 102
= 0.0441moles
1 mol of Al2O3 → 2 mols of NaAl(OH)4
0.0441 mosl of Al2O3 → 2 x 0.0441 mols of NaAl(OH)4
= 0.0882 mols of NaAl(OH)4
m = n x Mm, Mm of NaAl(OH)4; 23 + 27 + (16 +1) x4 = 118
= 0.0882 x 118
= 10.41g
4(a) Methyl propan-1-ol surface of contact between molecules is smaller due to branching and
this reduces the intermolecular forces of attraction while in butan-1-ol the surface area of contact
is higher due branching.
(b)Reagent.
Add concentrated sulphuric acid and heat at 1800C, then
add acidified water.
Followed by Lucas reagent.
observation: OH
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐.𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐻 + /𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
CH3CH-CHOH→ 0 CH3C= CH2→warm CH3 –C-CH3→ Immediate cloudness
180 C
CH3 CH3 CH3
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐.𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐻 + /𝐻2 𝑂 𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH→ 0 CH3CH2CH=CH2→ CH3 CH2CHCH3→ cloudness
180 C
OH After 5 mins

© CH3CH(CH3)CH2OH: 2-methylpropan-1-ol
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH: butan-1-ol

aq
5(a) CaF2(s) ⇌ Ca2+(aq) + 2F-(aq) let [CaF2] be S
S S 2S
ksp = [Ca2+][F]2
= S (2S)2

112
 3.2 x 10-11 = 4S3
3 3.2 𝑥10−11
S =√ 4
S = 2 x 10-4 M
(b) conc in gl-1 = Molarity x Mm ; Mm of CaF2: 40 + 19x2 =78
= 2 x10-4 x 78
= 1.56 x 10-2gl-1.
𝑚𝑣
Mass in 200ml = 1000
1.56𝑥 10−2 𝑥 200
= x 1000
1000
-3
= 3.12 x 10 mols in 200ml.
6(a) CnH2n +2 + (3n+1)O2 → nCO2 + (n+1)H2O
1:n = 50:350
350
n= 7 =7
Molecular formula = C7H16 or for cylic alkanes we use C7H14
𝐶𝑠
(b) PH = Pka + log𝐶𝑎
𝐶𝑠
4 = 4.2 + log0.012
𝐶𝑠
-0.2 = log0.012
Cs = 0.012 x 10-0.2
= 7.56 x 10-3mollitre-1
Mass of sodium benzoate = 144 x 7.56 x 10-3
= 1.09gl-1
7.(a)(i) d-block.
(ii) Copper forms a giant metallic structure in with strong metallic bonds due to unpaired
electrons.
-The cations are small and therefore pack more closely, hence difficult to break.
(iii) Ductile : Electrons in copper are mobile so the cation in the structure slide over each other
upon exertion of a certain force.
(b) Cu+: 1S22S22P63S23P63d10
8.(a)Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract bonding electrons.
(b) LiF or Li2O
(c) HF
9.(a) Trigonal planar
(b) Al3+ + 6H2O ⇌ [Al(H2O)5OH]-+ H+
Or Al3+ + 6H2O ⇌ [Al(H2O)4(OH)2]2- + 2H+
Or Al3+ + 6H2O ⇌ [Al(H2O)3(OH)3]3-+ 3H+
(c) uses-electric cables
-body air crafts
-alloys
-cooking untesils
-food packing
-used in construction.
10. (a) Energy required to remove the outtermost electron from a gaseous atom to form a
positively charged atom.

113
b.(i) Trend: Decreases down the group.
Explanation:
Down the group effective nuclear charge decreases due to increase in the number of shells and
screening effect.
(ii) P has a vaccant d-orbital as a result of sp3d hybridisation while N doesnot have the 3d
subshell.
11.(a) The various components of crude oil have different boiling points.
The less volatile components liquefies first and is removed to leave the more volatile component
more higher in the fractionating column.
(b) Cracking
(c) Cataltytic reforming is subjecting linear alkane chain to certain conditions so that they
transform into branched /cyclic /aromatic compounds.
(d) Lead or S
𝑚 𝑥 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 1000
12.Mm = 𝑤 𝑥 ∆𝑇
0.0173 𝑥 37.7𝑥 1000
= 042 𝑥 8.4
= 184.87gmol-1
13. Mn2+ + 4H2O → MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e │x 2
BiO-3 + 6H+ + 2e → Bi3+ + 3H2O │x 5
2Mn2+ + 8H2O → 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e
5BiO-3 + 30H+ + 10e → Bi3+ + 15H2O
2Mn2+ + 5BiO-3 + 14H+ → 2MnO4- + 5Bi3+ + 7H2O
14.(a) emf of cell = Ecathode – Eanode
= 0.88 – 0.52
= 0.36V
(b) Ni(OH)2 + 2OH- → NiO2 + 2H2O + 2e Eθ = -0.52V
Cd(OH)2 + 2e → Cd + 2OH- Eθ = +0.88V
Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2 →NiO2 + 2H2O + Cd Eθ = +0.36V
15.(a) 35 + 1 = a +1 17 + 0 = 16 + 1
a =35 b =16
(b) 7 + 2 = C + 1 3+1=d
c =8 d=4
SECTION B:

16.(a) (i) The order of reaction with respect A

Using exp 1 & 2
[NaOH] is constant
[A] multiplies by 1.5
Initial rate multiplies by 1.5
hence is 1st order with respect to A.
The order of reaction with respect NaOH
Using exp 2 & 3
[A] is constant
[NaOH] multiplies by 1.5
Initial rate multiplies by 1.5

114
hence is 1st order with respect to NaOH
(ii) The value of the rate constant K
K(0.04)(0.03) = 4 x 10-4
K = ⅓S-1
(iii) Rate = K[A][NaOH]
=⅓ x 0.12 x 0.06
= 2.4 x 10-3moldm-3S-1
b.(i) Rate = k[A][NaOH]0
=K[A]
9 𝑥 10−3
(ii) k = 0.02
= 4.5 x 10-1S-1 , units for k is S-1=
(iii) Zero order reaction has a rate that is independent to the concentration of reactants.
17.(a) Q = MC∆T
= 50 x 4.18 (45.4 - 18.1)
= 5705.7J
𝑚
(b) n = 𝑀𝑚
(208.8−208.58)
= (4𝑥12+10+16)
0.22
= 74
=2.9729 x 10-3 mols
−𝑄
(c)∆H = 𝑛
5705.7
=2.9729 𝑥 10−3
=1919kJmol-1.
(d) ∆Hc = ∑∆Hfpdts -∑∆Hfrcts
= -394 x4 + -286x5 – -360
= -2646kJmol-1.
18.(a) (i) S in SO2 (ii) S in H2SO4
X + (2x-2) = 0 2x1+ X + -2 x4 = 0
X=+4 X=+6
(ii) –Chlorine accepts electrons or Chlorine is reduced or Chlorine gains electrons.
b.(i) KI + H2SO4 + SO2 → KHSO4 + I2 + H2O
𝑆𝑂42− + 6e + 8H+ → S + 4H2O
6I- → 3I2 + 6e
𝑆𝑂42− + 8H+ + 6I- → 3I2 + S + 4H2O
(ii) 2I- → I2 + 2e
(iii) 8KI + 9H2SO4 → 8KHSO4 + 4I2 + H2SO4 + 4H2O
𝑆𝑂42− + 10H+ + 8e → H2S + 4H2O
c. yellow precipitate remains or no observable change.
19.(a) i. A Bronsted Lowry acid is a proton donor.
(ii) Br- is less electronegative than Cl- and hence HBr bond is weaker than HCl.
so its easier to break a H-Br bond than HCl to get H+ ions.
b(i) A lewis acid is a lone pair acceptor.
(ii) AlCl3, FeCl3 , BCl3, BF3.
c(i). Because the alkyl group pushes electrons to NH2 group (positive inductive effect) to

115
increase the electron cloud on NH2, this results increase in ethylamine to pick H+.
(ii) To keep the pH of blood constant so that enzymes function in the body.
-To regulate the acidity level of soil.
-used in fermentation process.
-pH meter calibration.
-manufacture of medicine to make drugs.
-food preservation.
-manufacture of cosimetics.eg. lotions, Vaseline.
-manucfacture of foods beverages.
20.(a) T : HCl
S: Sn
(b) NH2 O
C-CH3

(c)V : NaNO2
W: HCl
(d) phenol
(e) white solid, crystalline solid.
Characteristic smell, Almost soluble in water.
(f) Reagent: Bromine water
observation:
C6H5NH2-white precipitate.
CH3(CH2)3-NH2- no observable change.

116
2015:
SECTION A

1.a. 1S22S22P63S23P6 3d104S2 4P3

b. A2O3 , A2O5
c.i. A2O3 is amphoteric.
A2O5 is acidic.
ii. A2O3 is amphoteric because it reacts with both acids and bases.
A2O3 + 3NaOH →Na3AO3 + 3H2O
A2O3 + 6HCl →2ACl3 + 3H2O
A2O5 is acidic because it dissolves in water to give an acidic solution
A2O5 + 3H2O →2H3AO4
2. a. A: CH3-CH2-C=CHCH2CH3
CH3
B: (CH3)2 CH-CH2-CH2CH=CH2
b. A:3-methylhex-3-ene
B:5-methylhex-1-ene
3.a. IE = h⋎
= 6.6 x 10-34 x 32.8 x 1014 S-1
=2.16 x 10-18Hz
1 1
b. √ = RC (𝑛2 -𝑛2) n=2, n = 6
1 2
1 1
= 1.09 x 107 x 3 x 10 8 (4 -36)
= 7.267 x 1014 Hz
4.a. Total intensity = 1+ 0.127 + 0.139 = 1.266
24 𝑥 1+25 𝑥 0.127+26 𝑥 0.139
R.A.M of A =
1.266
= 24.32
b. i. Acceleration of ions.
ii Electric field accelerates the ions.
c. Electron gun: produces electrons which ionizes the sample.
Magnet: Deflects the ions according to mass/charge ratios.
5. a. A buffer solution is a solution that resists change in pH when a small amount acid or base is
added.
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
b. pH = pka + log[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
4.47 = 4.75+ log[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
log [𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑] = -0.28
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
.[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑] = 10-0.28 = 0.52
To prepare 1dm3 of a buffer solution of pH =4.47, we need 0.52mole of the salt and 1 mole of acid.
0.06 [𝑟𝑒𝑑]𝑎
6.a. i.E = E0 + 𝑛
log[𝑜𝑥𝑑]𝑏
0.06 [𝑀𝑛𝑂4− ][𝐻 + ]8
E = E0 + 5
log [𝑀𝑛2+]
ii. pH =-log[H+]
[H+] = 10-pH= 10-6
0.06 0.1 𝑥 (10−6 )8
E = 1.51 + 5
log 0.1
0.06
E = 1.51 + 5
log (10)-48 = +0.934V

117
b. No, because nickel will dissolve in the solution containing Fe3+ ions according to the reaction
below. i.e emf is positive hence reaction between Fe3+ and Ni is possible.
2Fe3+ + 6e → 2Fe -0.04V
3Ni → 3Ni2+ + 6e 0.231V
2Fe3+ + 3Ni → 3Ni2+ + 2Fe +0.191V.
c. The two metals form a cell with saliva as the electrolyte and one metal will dissolve.
7.a.PV =nRT
P = 98.3 x 103Pa
V = 54.5 x 10-6m3
R = 8.314JK-1mol-1
T = 208 + 273 = 481K
𝑚 0.1 𝑥 8.314 𝑥 481
PV =𝑀𝑚 = = 74.65gmol-1
983 𝑥 103 𝑥 54.5 𝑥 10−6
(C4H10O)n = 74.65
(12x4 + 10x1 +16)n =74.65
74𝑛 74.65
74
= 74
n=1
b. CH3
CH3 -C - OH
CH3
2-methyl propan-2-ol (terbutylalcohol)
C. CH3 CH3
CH3 -C - OH + conc. HCl    2 ZnCl
  CH3 -C – Cl + H2O
(s)

CH3 CH3
mechanism
HCl →H+ + Cl-
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3 -C - OH → CH3 – C – +OH2 → CH3 –C + + H2O
CH3 H+ CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3
CH3 – C + Cl- → CH3 – C – Cl
CH3 CH3

8.a. Standard enthalpy of formmation is the enthaply change of the reaction when a substance is
formed from its elements in their standard states.
b.Hess law states that the enthalpy of reaction is the same irrespective of the number of stages
passed through but depends on intial and final products.
ΔHf
c. 2C + H2 → C2H2
2O2 ½O2 5 O2
2
2ΔH1 ΔH2 ΔH3
2CO2 + H2O
ΔHf = 2ΔH1 + ΔH2 + ΔH3
= 2 x 393.5 -285.8 +1300
= 227.2kJmol-1.
9.a.i. Lewis base – NH3
Lewis acid – BF3
ii.Boron trifluoride is a lewis acid because is accepting a pair of electrons.
Ammonia is a lewis base because is lone pair donor.

118
b. VSEPR theory states that electron pairs repel themselves and molecules adjust their shapes so
that the valence-electron pairs are as far apart as possible.
c. F
𝑁̈
B H H
F F H
Triagonal planar Triagonal pyramidal
𝐶
10.a. ln𝐶𝑜 = kt
𝑡
𝐶𝑜
𝐶𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝐶𝑡 1 1
𝐶𝑜
= 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = −3
𝑒 1.32 𝑥10 𝑥30
= 0.961
Percentage of SO2Cl2 remaining after 30 mnutes = 96.1%
Percentage of SO2Cl2 dissociated after 30 mnutes = 100% - 96.1% =3.9%
b. The percentage of SO2Cl2 not dissociated = 100% -90% = 10%
𝐶
ln 𝑜 = kt
𝐶𝑡
100
ln = 1.32 x 10-3xt
10
t =1742 min
𝑙𝑛2
c. t½ = 𝑘
𝑙𝑛2
=
1.32 𝑥 10−3
= 525min
11.a.
CH2-O-CO(CH2)14CH3
CH-O-CO(CH2)16CH3
CH2 -O-COCH=CHCH=CH-CH3
b.i.
CH2-O-CO(CH2)14CH3 CH2OH + CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+
CH-O-CO(CH2)16CH3 + 3NaOH → CHOH + CH3CH=CHCH=CHCOO-Na+
CH2 -O-COCH=CHCH=CH-CH3 CH2OH + CH3(CH2)16COO-Na+
ii. Making soap
12.a. The hydrogen bonds which hold together the molecules in CH3CH2CH2NH2 are much stronger
than the Van der waals forces which hold together the molecules in (CH3)3N.
b.Moisted air contains water which reacts with acyl chlorides to give HCl gas which are white
fumes.
c. Diamond does not contain free electrons.
13. a. Sn and Pb.
b.i. CCl4 does not react with water.
ii. MCl4 + 2H2O → MO2 + 4HCl
The solution is acidic.
The decreasing order to hydrolyse.
SiCl4 > GeCl4> SnCl4 > PbCl4
14. a. Complex ion: is an ion containing a central metal atom bonded to atoms or group of atoms
through a dative bonds
b. let X be the oxidation state of Cr and Y be the oxidation state of Cu.
X + (0x5 + (-1) = +2
X = +3
Y + (-1)4 = + 2

119
Y = +2
ii Cr co-ordination number is 6.
Cu co-ordination number is 4.
15.a.i. Monomer: CH2 = C-CH=CH2
CH3
Rubber: [CH2 - C=CH-CH2 CH2 - C=CH-CH2 CH2-C=CH-CH2]n
CH3 CH3 CH3
ii. To improve on the elasticity and strenght of rubber.
b. Nylon 6 is formed by one monomer with 6 carbon atoms.
Nylon 6,6 if formed from 2 different monomers each with carbon atoms.
ii. Nylon 6. O O O
[NH – (CH2)5- C - NH – (CH2)5- C - NH – (CH2)5- C ]
Nylon 6,6
O O O O O O
[ C - (CH2)4 -C-NH -(CH2)6-NH- C –(CH2)4 -C-NH -(CH2)6-NH- C –(CH2)4 -C-NH -(CH2)6-NH ]

16.a.i. 108 104 4

52𝑇𝑒 → ⋎ + 50𝑆𝑛 + 2𝐻𝑒
ii. 253 4 1 256
99𝐸𝑠 + 2𝐻𝑒 → 0𝑛 + 101𝑀𝑑
14 1 14 1
iii. 7𝑁 + 0𝑛 → 6𝐶 + 1𝐻
𝑙𝑛2
b. k = 𝑡
½
𝑙𝑛2
= 5730
= 1.209 x 10-4year-1
𝑁
ln 𝑜 = kt
𝑁𝑡
60
ln = 12.09 x 10-4t
4
t = 22390 years

Section B:

17.a .i. Zinc container: anode

Graphite rod : Cathode.
ii. It is an electrolyte.
iii. Oxidation: Zn → Zn2+ + 2e
reduction: 2NH4+ + 2e →2NH3 + H2
b. i. Anode: oxidation
Cathode: reduction
ii. Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4→ 2PbSO4 + 2H2O
iii. 2PbSO4+ 2H2O → Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4
18.a. A dynamic equilibrium is a chemical equilibrium between a forward reaction and the reverse
reaction where the rate of the reactions are equal.
2
𝑃𝑁𝐻
b. i. Kp = 𝑃 3
3
𝑥𝑃𝐻
𝑁2 2
𝑎𝑡𝑚2
ii.
units Kp =𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑚3 = atm-2
c.i. Increasing the pressure favours forward reaction which produces fewer molecules of a gas.
ii. Increasing the temperature favours reverse reaction which is endothermic.

120
d. Iron.
e.i. The catalyst decreases activation energy.

Reaction path way showing how a catalyst

lowers activation energy.
ii. A catalysts does not affect the equilibrium position and the equilibrium but speeds up the rate of
attainment of equilibrium.
Therefore there is no change on the concentrations of the reacting substances at equilibrium.
19.a. i.

A. -CH=CH-

B. -C≡C-

C. –CH=CH-

D. -CH2CH2-

ii. A. 1,2-diphenylethene.
B. 1,2-diphenylethyne.
C. 1,2-diphenylethane.
D. 1,2-diphenylethene.
ℎ𝑣,𝐶𝑙2 𝐶𝑙2 , 𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙3
b.i. C6H5CHClCH3 + HCl ← C6H5CH2CH3→ C6H4ClCH2CH3 + HCl
𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐/ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
ii. C6H5CH2CH2CH3→ C6H4COOH + 2CO2 + 3H2O
ℎ𝑣,𝐶𝑙2
c. C6H5CH2CH3 → C6H5CHClCH3 + HCl
Mechanism:
Intiation
Cl2 → 2Cl•
propagation
C6H5CH2CH3 + Cl• → C6H5CH•CH3 + HCl
C6H5CH•CH3 + Cl2 →C6H5CHClCH3 + Cl•
Termination
C6H5CH•CH3 + Cl• → C6H5CHClCH3
2Cl• → Cl2
20. Born-harber cycle

121
Cu2+(g) + 2Br(g) + 2e
1st EA x2
2nd IE Cu2+(g) + 2Br-
Cu+(g) + 2Br(g) + e

1st IE
Cu(g) + 2Br(g)

∆HƟ atm(Br)x2

Cu(g) + Br2(g)

∆HƟ atm(Br) lattice energy (∆HƟlat)

Cu(s) + Br2(g)

∆HƟ f

CuBr2(s)

∆HƟ f(CuBr2) = ∆HƟ atm(Cu) + ∆HƟ atm(Br) x2 + 1st IE + 2nd IE + 1st EA x2 + ∆HƟlat
= 338.3 + 2x (324.6) + 746 + 1958 +- 324.6 x2 + -2763
= -146kJmol-1.

b.i. Atomisation energy .

It is the enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of a gaseous atom is formed from its element.
ii. Lattice energy
It is the enthalpy change that occurs when 1mole of a crystal lattice is formed from its constituent
gaseous ions.
21.a. The volme of HCl at equilivalent point .
𝑀 1 𝑥10
Va = 𝑎𝑉𝑎 = = 10cm3
𝑀𝑏 1
Before equilivalence point, the solution is basic , then
𝑀 𝑉 −𝑀 𝑉
pH = 14 + log 𝑏𝑉 𝑏+ 𝑉 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
T equivalence point pH at end point is 7(strong acid –strong bae titration.
𝑀 𝑉 −𝑀 𝑉
pH =- log 𝑎𝑉𝑎+ 𝑉 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏

122
 Volume of HCl added during the titration pH of the solution in the titrated solution
0.0ml 𝑀 𝑉 −𝑀 𝑉
pH = 14 + log 𝑏𝑉 𝑏+ 𝑉 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
10−0
= 14 + log
10
= 14
2.00ml 𝑀 𝑉 −𝑀 𝑉
pH = 14 + log 𝑏𝑉 𝑏+ 𝑉 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
10−2
= 14 + log
12
= 13.82
5.00ml 13.52
8.00ml 13.04
9.90ml 11.70
9.99ml 10.70
10.00ml 7.00
10.01ml 𝑀 𝑉 −𝑀 𝑉
pH =- log 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
𝑉𝑎 + 𝑉𝑏
10.01−10
=-log 20.01
= 3.3
10.10m 2.30
15.00ml 0.70
18,00ml 0.55
20.00ml 0.48

A graph of variation pf pH against volume of acid added

b.

C.i. A
ii. Because is pH range is out of the steepest part of the pH variation.

123
2014
SECTION A:

1. 131
53𝐼 : Protons = 53
Neutrons = 131-53 = 78
127
53 𝐼 : Protons = 53
Nuetrons = 127-53 = 74
b. Because they have the same number of electrons in the outer most shell/ energy level.
2. a. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p2.
b. Group IV.
It has 4 electrons in the outer most shell.
c. GeF4
(70x 20)+(71 x27)+ (72 x8)+(73x37)+(74x8)
d. R.A.M of Ge = 100
= 71.89
3.a. It is a state of reversible reaction when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of
the backward reaction.
b. The position of equilibrium shifts to the left
Because the concentration of Cl- increases, hence the reverse reaction occurs to decrease the
amount Cl-
c. PH = 1.8
PH =-log [H+]
-log[H+] =-1.8
[H+] = 0.0158M
4. a. Step A: Reagent :aq-NaOH or KOH
conditions warm/heat
b. Step D: nucleophilic substitution reaction.
c. step C: Ammonia.
d. Regent: Conc. H2SO4 or ConC H3PO4.
Condition: heat.
2
[C ]
5. a. Kc = 2
[ A] [B ]
3 2
( moldm )
units = 3 2 3
= mol-1dm3.
( moldm ) ( moldm )
b. Increase temperature favours the backward reaction which is endothermic.
hence the yield of C decreases.
c. 2A + B ⇌ 2C. let x be the number of moles of B that reacted.
initially: 2 1
moles reacted: 2x x
moles at
equilibrium 2-2x 1-x 2x
but, 2-2x = 0.6
1-x = 0.3
x = 0.7
i. number of moles of A that reacted.
= 2-0.6
= 1.4moles
ii. number of moles of C produced = 2x
= 2x0.7 = 1.4 moles.

124
 2
[C ]
Kc = 2
moles of B at equilibrium = 1-x = 1-0.7 =0.3 moles
[ A] [B ]

2
(1 . 4 )
= 2
= 18.1 mol-1 dm3
( 0 .6 ) ( 0 .3 )
6.a. Triangular planar .
bond angle 120o
b. Acidic oxide.
c. Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) → 2NaAl(OH)4(aq)
7.a. i. Trend : Acidic strength increases from HF to HI.
Explanation:
Down the group electronegativity of halogens decreases, bond strength decreases and the halides
ionize more easily in solution hence acidity increases.
or Down the group, size of halogens increases, bond length increases and the halides ionize more
easily in solution hence acidity increases.
ii.Trend: Reducing power increases from HF to HI.
Explanation:
Down the group electronegativity of halogens decreases, bond strength decreases and the reducing
power increases.
or Down the group size of halogens increases hence lose electrons more easily.
b. High electronegativity of F, hence stronger hydrogen bonding.
8.Enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mole of a substance completely burns in oxygen under
standard conditions.
1
 327 kJmol
b. 2C(s) + 3H2(s) + ½ O2 (g)       C2H5OH(l)
2(-394) kJmol-1 3(-286)kJmol-1 ΔHθC
02 02 02
2CO2 + 3H2O
-327 + ΔHcθ = 2(-394) + 3(-286)
ΔHcθ = 327 -788-858
ΔHf θ = -1319kJmol-1
c. ΔHr =   H bondsbroke n -   H bondformed
= C-H + Cl-Cl –(H-Cl + C-Cl)
= 413 + 243 – 346 – 432
=-122kJmol-1.
9. a. CH3
CH3 -C- OH
CH3
C is a Tertiary alcohol is not easily oxidized.
O
b. D is CH3CH2 CH2 C – H
O
F is CH3- CH2 - C-CH3
C. A = primary alcohol. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
B = secondary alcohol. CH3CH2CHCH3
OH
10.a. heating with a solution Fehling solution or benedicts solution.

125
 observation :
Reducing sugar-blue solution changes to red precipitate.
non- reducing sugar- blue solution remains.
or using tollens reagent.
b.i. hydrochoric acid or H2O/H+
heat.
ii. O
NH2 – CH- C - OH
CH3
O
NH2- CH2- C – OH
11.a. PCl5 or PCl3 or SOCl2
b.i. O
CH3CH2 CH2CH2 -C – NH2
ii. O
CH3CH2 CH2CH2C – OCH2CH3.
iii. O
CH3CH2 CH2CH2C – NHCH3
12. a. A buffer solution is a solutiom that resists change in PH when a small amount of acid or base
is added.
b. PH = PKa + log [ acid ]
[ salt ]

= -log (1.35 x 10-5) + log 00 .. 25

= 4.87 + 0.398
= 5.27
c. H+ ions from acid reacts with excess CH3CH2COO- from salt, thus preventing PH change
CH3CH2COO- + H+ → CH3CH2COOH
13.a. CH3Cl + AlCl3 → +CH3 + AlCl4
CH3 CH3
+CH3
+
→ H → + H+

H+ + AlCl4- → AlCl3 + HCl

b) CH2Cl CHCl2 CCl3

or or

c) Sun light provides energy that dissociates Cl2 to give free radicals.
14. a. 231
9𝟢𝑇ℎ 

231 𝑜
91𝑃𝑎 + −1𝑒
238 234
92𝑈   90𝑇ℎ + 42𝐻𝑒

b.
ln 2
k=
t
1
2

ln 2
 = 6.9245 x 10 -3 yr-1
100 . 1

126
 Nt Nt 3 1
ln  t 1- 
No , No 4 4
1 3
ln   6 . 9245 x 10 xt
4
t= 200.2 years.

SECTION B:

15.a. molar mass of (NH4)2SO4. FeSO4. 6H2O

= (14+4)x2 + 32+16x4 + 56 + 32 +16x4 + 6(2 +16)
= 392
56
% of Fe x 100 = 14.3%
392
b. MnO-4 (aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e  Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O (l)
5(Fe2+(aq) 5Fe3+(aq) + e)
5Fe2+(aq) + MnO-4 (aq) + 8H+ (aq) 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O (l)
25
c. number moles of MnO4- = x 0 . 02
1000
= 0.0005 moles.
d. Number of moles of Fe2+
= 5 x 0.005
= 0.0025 moles.
mass of Fe2+ = 0.0025 x 56
= 0.14g
0 . 14
e. % of Fe x 100 = 9.33%
392
f. Fe2+:1s22s2 2p23s23p63d6
Fe3+: 1s22s2 2p23s23p63d5
Fe3+ is more stable because it has a half filled 3d orbital which is stable.
while the 3d orbital in Fe2+ neither half filled nor partially filled.
16.a. N2(g) +3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3
Optimum conditions.
Pressure: 200-500atm.
Temperature: 450 -5000C.
Catalyst: finely divided iron.
b. A low temperature would give a higher yield but the rate would be too slow, hence not
economical. A higher temperature of 4500C increases the rate.
A high pressure increases the yield but if it is higher than 200 atm, it becomes very expensive
because of the higher cost of repairing broken parts.
The catalyst increases the rate of reaction because it provides an alternative pathway for lower
activation energy hence reducing the cost.
c . Catalytic oxidation of ammonia in the presence of Pt.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
Oxidation of NO to NO2.
2NO + O2(g)   2NO2(g)
Dissolving NO2 in water in the presence of O2.
4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g)   4HNO3 (aq)

127
d. Colour changes from ‘dark brown’ to light brown .
Because high pressure favours reverse reaction where there decrease in number of moles.
17. a. Catalyst: lowers activation energy of reaction. hence more molecules particles are able to
collide effectively to form products.
b. A homogeneous catalyst is a catalyst that has the same physical state as reactants .
Transition ions metals easily change oxidation states due to their partially filled d-orbitals.
C. i. using experiment 1&2.
[X] is kept constant.
[Y] is doubled.
The rate is multiplied by 4.
hence second order with respect to Y
.using experiment 3&4.
[Y] is kept constant.
[X] is doubled.
The rate is doubled.
hence first order with respect to X.
ii. Rate = k[X][Y]2.
rate
iii. Rate = 2
[ X ][ Y ]
3
2 moldm
= , units = 3 3 2
= mol-2dm6s-1.
( 0 . 5 )(. 1 ) ( moldm )( moldm )
= 4 mol-2dm6s-1.
d. The rate remains constant.
18. a.i. NO2

ii. reagent: Conc: HNO3

condition: Conc H2SO4 and heat (55O C)
iii. Sn/HCl plus NaOH and heat or LiAlH4.

iv. N=N OH.

b. i. Carboxylic acid.
ester.
ii. O
C –O-Na+.
O
O-Na+ and CH3 -C - O-Na+

19.a. Strong electrolyte is fully ionized /dissociated in aqueous solution while a weak electrolyte is
partially ionized in aqueous solution.
b. molar conductivity increases with dilution.
Explanation: When dilution increases, ionisation increases hence the number of conducting ions
increases which increases molar conductivity.

c. i.

128
 e
V
anode (-) (+)cathode
Mn electrode Fe electrode

Salt bridge
Mn2+ (aq) Fe2+(aq)

ii. E0 cell = E0 right -E0 left

= -045V -0.119V
. = + 0.74v
Mn(s)   Mn2+(aq) + 2e
2 Fe2+ (aq) + 2e   Fe(s)
Mn(s) + Fe2+(aq)   Mn2+ (aq) + 2Fe(s)
d. Cu2+(aq) + 2e   Cu(s)
MmassxIT
Mass =
nf
63 . 5 x 5 x 40 x 60
=
2 x 96500
= 3.95g

129
2013
Section A:

1.a) From right to left of the periodic table, nuclear charge increases, which leads to the increase in
nuclear attraction. electrons are more attracted to the nucleus which decreases the atomic radius
from lithium to fluorine.
b) Down the group hydration energy decreases, lattice energy also decreases however hydration
energy decreases more than lattice energy.
Therefore solubility decrease down the group.
c) lead(ii) chloride has a smaller charge and bigger size hence lower polarizing power hence high
ionic charater.
lead(iv) chloride has higher charge and smaller size hence higher polarizing power hence high
covalent charater.
2.a) i. 1s22s22p63s2
1s22s22p63s23p5
ii. Mg(s) + Cl2(g) → MgCl2(s)
b)
Soaps Detergents
Biodegradable Non-biodegradable
Forms scum with hard water. Does not form scum with hard water.
Less effective More effective.
More economical in terms of manufacture. Less economical in terms of manufacture.
3. a) 4Fe(s) + 10HNO3conc   4Fe(NO3)2 + NH4NO3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
b) 3Cu(s) + 8HNO3conc   3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

4.a) Enthalpy of solution is the heat change that occurs when one mole of solute is dissolved in
sufficient amount of solvent until there is no further heat change.
b) MCQ = 400g x 4.2 x (100-25)
= 126000J
= 126kJ
5. a)mass of copper
Number of charges = 3 x 280 x 60
= 504000 coloumbs.
50400
Number of moles of copper(Cu) deposited =
2 𝘹 96500
= 0.261 moles.
Mass of copper deposisted = 0.261 x 63.5
= 16.573g
or
𝘮𝘰𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝑡
mass = 𝑛𝑓
63.5𝑥3𝑥280𝑥60
= 2𝑥96500
= 16.573g
b)
50400
Number of moles of oxygen = 4 𝘹 96500
= 0.13 moles.
Volume of oxygen = 0.13 x 24
= 3.12dm3

130
 𝑀𝑣 𝑥 𝐼𝑡
or volume = 𝑛𝑓
24𝑥3𝑥280𝑥60
= 4𝑥96500
=3.12dm3
6.a) PV = nRT
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑅𝑇
molar mass = 𝑃𝑉
1 . 1 x 0 . 082 x 298
molar mass = 3
0 . 1 x 3 . 93 x 10
=68750g/mole

k f xbx 1000
b) i. Mass = where b –mass of solute, a-mass of solvent.
ax  T
20 . 2 x 295 x 1000
=
100 gx  6 . 5  4 . 18 
= 256.85 g
ii) (S)n = 257
(32)n = 257

32 n 257
=
32 32
.
n=8
7.a) O O
CH3CH2CH2C CH3CH-C
OH CH3 OH
O O O
CH3CH2C CH3C HC
OCH3 OCH2CH3 OCH2CH2CH3
OH O OH O OH OH
CH3-CH –C -CH3 CH3-CH–CH2-C CH3 C = CCH3
H
O O
CH3-O-CH2-CH2-C CH3-O-CH2-C-CH3
H
b). 3Cl2(g) + 6NaOH(aq)   NaClO3(aq) + 3H2O(l) + 5NaCl(aq)

8.a) The position of equilibrium will shift to the left where there is increase in volume.
b) The position of equilibrium will shift to the right because its an exothermic reaction.

9.a. ) CH2 = CH2 

 CH2Br - CH2+ 
 CH2Br-CH2Br
     
Br -Br :Br
b) CH2 – CH2 ― Cl   CH2=CH2 + Cl- + H2O
H
-OH

131
10. a)
C H O
66.6 11.1 22.2
12 1 16
5.55 11.1 1.3875
1.3875 1.3875 1.3875
4 8 1
Emprical formular of A = C4H8O
b) (C4H8O)n = 72
(4x12 + 8 x1+ 16)n = 72
72
n =72
=1
(C4H8O)1
C4H8O
11 .a) CH3CH2CH2OH  ConcH
    CH3CH=CH2 + H2O
170oC
SO 2 4

CH3CH=CH2 + HCl   CH3CHClCH3

b) CH3CH2CH2OH + PCl5   CH3CH2CH2Cl + POCl3 + HCl
CH3CH2CH2Cl + KCN  alcohol
   CH3CH2CH2CN + KCl

CH3CH2CH2CN + 2H2  
  CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2
Pt (s)

2 

OR: CH3CH2CH2OH  warm    CH3CH2CH2CHO

Cr 2O 7 /H

OH
CH3CH2CH2CHO + HCN   CH3CH2CH-CN
OH
CH3CH2CH-CN  ConcH
heat   CH3CH2CH=CHCN
SO 2 4

CH3CH2CH=CHCN+ 3H2     CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2

Pt (s)

12. a) alloy formation.

paramagnetic
form complexes.
Coloured compounds
many oxidation states.
Catalytic activity.

b) Because it has a full 3d orbital.

1S22S22P63S23P6 3d104S2.
c) Transition metals are coloured because they have partially filled d-orbital that allows them to
absorb light in the visible region of spectrum.
13. a) i. acid.
Zn2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)   Zn(OH)2(s) + 2OH-(aq)  acid
  [Zn(OH)4]2-(aq)

ii. base.
Zn2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)   Zn(OH)2(s) + 2H+(aq)  base
  Zn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

b) i. C(s) + 2H2SO4(aq)   2SO2(aq) + CO2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

ii. S(s) + 6HNO3(aq)   H2 SO4(g) + 6NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

132
14. a)
carbon anode

carbon cathode
steel
aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6)

molten aluminium

b) Cathode: Al3+ + 3e → Al(l)

Anode: 2O2-→ O2(g) + 4e
15. a) F
.. F F
N ..O.. I..
H H H H F F
H
Triagonol pyramidal V-shape square pyramidal
SECTION B:

16.a)
OH CH3 CH3 COOH
0 

+ Zn   
300 C CH
FeCl
 
3
3 Cl ConCHNO
ConcH
 
2SO4
3
KMnO
heat
  4 /H

NO2 NO2

b)i. NO2 NH2 N2+Cl- OH OH

HCl / NaNO H 2O Br 2 Br
   
O 
 
 
Sn / HCl 2

Heat <10 C warm FeBr3

[ salt ]
17. a) i. PH = Pka + log
[ Acid ]
[ salt ]
2 = 2.1 + log
0 .1
[ salt ]
2-2.1 = log
0 .1
[ salt ]
0.794 =
0 .1
[salt] = 0.0794M
b) i. The order of reaction with respect to A.
choose experiment (s) 1 and 2.
[B] is constant , [A] doubles and the rate multplies by 4.
Hence second order with respect to A.
The order of reaction with respect to B.
choose experiment (s) 2 and 3.
[A] is constant , [B] doubles and the rate multplies by 2.
Hence first order with respect to B.

133
 Overall order is = 1+2 = 3.
ii. Rate constant
8.0 x 10-2 = K (1)2 (0.5)1
2 3 1
8 . 0 x 10 moldm s
K = 2 1 3 2 3
(1 . 0 ) x ( 0 . 5 ) ( moldm ) moldm
K = 0.16 mol-2dm6 S-1 or M-2S-1
c) - electrolysis of water.
- reaction of carbon and water.
- reaction of steam and methane.

18. a) i. asymmetrical carbon.

ii) NH2 NH2

C C
H3C COOH HOOC CH3
H H

b) i.
H Cl Cl Cl
C=C C= C
H Cl H H

ii. CH3
CH2 = C – CH = CH2 isoprene.
iii. Vulcanisation.
Copolymerisation.
Addition of filler like carbon.
iv. O O
HO – C- - C –OH , HOCH2CH2OH
benzene-1,4-doic acid ethane-1,2-diol
or
O O
Cl– C- - C –Cl benzene-1,4-dioyldichloride.
.
O O
CH3O– C- - C–OCH3 dimethyl terephalate.

19.a)i. Hess law states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is the same is irrespective of
the steps taken but depends on the initial and final states of reactants and products.
ii. CO2(g) + 2H2(g) X  CH3OH
3 3
O2 ΔH1 ΔH2 O2
2 2
CO2 + 2H2O
X = ΔH1 - ΔH2
= -204.2 –(-182.5)

134
 = -21.7kJmol-1
b)i. order of reaction with respect to I-
4
x 7 . 56 x 10
=
( 0 . 14 )
4
( 0 .1) 5 . 4 x 10
1.4X = 1.4
x = 1, order with respect to I- is 1.
order of reaction with respect to BrO3-
4
y 5 . 4 x 10
=
( 0 . 18 )
4
( 0 .1) 3 . 0 x 10
1.8y = 1.8
y = 1, order with respect to BrO3- is 1.
order of reaction with respect to H+
1 1 Z 4
( 0 . 31 ) ( 0 . 18 ) ( 0 . 2 ) k (1 . 67 x 10 )
1 1 Z
= 4
( 0 . 1) ( 0 . 1) ( 0 . 1) k ( 3 . 0 x 10 )
3.1x1.8x2z = 5.66
5 . 56
2z = =1
5 . 56
2z = 2o
Z = 0, order with respect to H+ is 0
ii. overall order of reaction = 1+1+0 = 2
iii. rate = k[I][BrO3-] using experiment 3
(5.4 x10-4) = k (0.1) x(0.18)1
4
5 . 4 x 10
=k
0 . 018
k = 0.03mol-1dm3s-1
20.a) i.
CH3 CH3
CH3CH-CH CHCH3
CH2CH3
CH3
CH3CH-CH CHCH3
OH CH3
b) i. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 → CH3CH2CH2CH3 + CH3CH=CHCH3
Or CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 + CH3CH=CH2
Or CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 + CH2=CH2
C)i. Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 → [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2
Because of formation of a stable complex.
ii. Ca3(PO4)2(s) ⇌ 2Ca2+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq)
The H+ from nitric acid reacts with PO43-ions to give phosphoric acid.
3H+(aq) + PO43-(aq) → H3PO4(aq)
The equilibrium shifts to right because of formation of phosphoric acid which is soluble in water
hence increasing solubility.

135
2012
Section A:

1. a) Isomers are compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural
formulae.
O
b) CH3-CH2 - C -H Propanal.
O
CH3 - C- CH3 Propanone.
c) Heat each compound with Fehling’s solution.
O
CH3 - CH2 - C-H - red –brown precipitate.
O
CH3-C- CH3 - No observable change
or Using tollens reagent.
or acidified potassium permanganate.
or acidified potassium dichromate.

2. a) Mn = 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2 or 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d5

b) MnO4- / KMnO4 / Mn2O7.

c) i. Mn in MnO2 is reduced to Mn2+ in MnCl2

Cl- is oxidized to Cl2 .
ii. Cl2 gas bleaches wet litmus paper (red or blue litmus paper).

3. a) Isotopes are atoms having the same atomic number but different mass number.
or Isotopes are atoms having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.

b) R.A.M = Σ% abundance x isotopic mass.

(28x 92) +(29 x5) + (30 x3)
R.A.M of Si = 100
= 28.11
c) SiO2 forms a giant covalent structure in which atoms are joined together by strong covalent
bonds which is broken at higher hence higher melting point.

4.a) A is CH3-CH=CH2 or Propene

O
B is CH3-CH2- C-H or Propanal
O
C is CH3-CH2-C- OH or Propanoic acid
D is CH3-CH2-CH2-Br or 1-Bromopropane.
E is CH3-CH2-CH2-O-Na+ or Sodium propoxide .

b) On addition to van der Waals forces, alcohols are held together by hydrogen bonds while
alkanes are held together by only weak van der Waals’s forces .
Since hydrogen bonds are stronger than van der Waals forces alcohols show higher boiling point
than alkanes.

5. a) Standard enthalpy change of formation is the heat change when 1mole of a compound is
formed from its elements under standard condition / or 1atm and 250c .

136
 
 Hf
b) 2C(s) + 3H2(s) + ½ O2 (g)    C2H5OH(l)
2(-394) kJmol-1 3(-286)kJmol-1 -1368kJmol-1
02 02 02
2CO2 + 3H2O
ΔHf θ – 1368 = 2(-394) + 3(-286)
ΔHf θ =1368-788-858
ΔHf θ = -278kJmol-1
6.a) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)
2
[ SO 3 ]
(b) Kc = 2
[ SO 2 ] [ O 2 ]
2
1 .2
Kc = 2
0 .4 x 0 .2
= 45 mol-1dm3

2 6
mol dm
Units = 2 6 3
mol dm moldm
. = mol-1dm3

7.a) Rate = k[A]2[B]

b). Overall order = 2+1= 3 / 3rd order

Rate
c) Rate constant , k = 2
[ A] [B ]

3 1
moldm s
Units = 2 6 3
mol dm moldm
= mol-2dm6s-1
d) Rate will change by a factor of
 (2x 1)2(2x1) = 8

8.a) MgCl2 has ionic bond with strong attraction between Mg2+ and Cl – ions resulting high boiling
point ,whereas PCl3 is discrete molecule with weak van der waal’s forces hence low boiling point.

b) Al2Cl6 has two molecules of AlCl3 joined by dative covalent bonds. Within AlCl3 consist of
covalent bonds.

9. a) Let oxidation number of I in IO3- be x .

X + (3 x-2) = -1
X = -1 + 6 = +5

b) 2IO3- (aq) + 12H+(aq) +10e-   I2(aq) + 6H2O(l)

5 x (2I- (aq)  I2(aq) + 2e- )
2IO3-(aq) + 12H+(aq) + 10I- (aq) →6I2(aq) +6H2O(l)
Eθcell = Eθ reduction - Eθ oxidation
Eθcell = 1.19 – 0.54

137
 = + 0.65v
c) No reaction between I2 and Cl-
Reason: Cl2 is a stronger oxidizing agent / more reactive than I2
OR Eθ cell would be negative, hence a non–spontaneous.
10. a) NH4+ : Acid Acid –base conjugate pair
NH3: Base
H2O: Acid Acid –base conjugate pair
OH- : Base


[ NH ][ OH ]
b) .i Kb = 4

[ NH 3
]
At equilibrium [NH4+] = [OH-]
2
[ OH ]
Kb =
[ NH 3
]
2
[ OH ]
1.20 x 10-5 =
0 .1

[OH-] = 1.20 x10 x 0.1

-5

= 1.1 x10-3moldm-3
 14
Kw 1 x 10
[H+] = 
 3
= 9.09 x 10-12moldm-3
[ OH ] 1 . 1 x 10
PH = -log [H+]
= -log(9.09 x 10-12 ) = 11.04

OR [OH-] = 1.20 x10-5 x 0.1

= 1.1 x10-3moldm-3
POH = -log [OH-]
= -log(1.1 x 10-3) = 2.96
PH = 14- POH = 14-2.96 = 11.04

11.a)
O O
O-CH2 - CH2-O- C C
n
b) Condensation polymer or polyester
c) Polyethene –is non-biodegradable hence it causes pollution .
d) Reagent: CH3-OH / Methanol
Conditions: Heat, catalyst (Conc. H2SO4)
1 1 1 1 1
12. a) simple method 1 

5 .2 Y


5 .2 Y


5 .2 Y


5 .2 Y


5 .2 Y

2 4 8 16 32
5.2 yrs x 5 = 26 years
1
Hence fraction remaining =
32
or 100%   50%   25%   12.5% 
 6.25%   3.125%
Hence 3.125% remaining
or

138
 ln 2
t½=

ln 2
 = 0.133297534 yr-1
5 .2
Nt
ln  t
No
Nt
ln   0 . 1333 x 26
No
Nt
 0.03125
No
= 3.125%

b) It is used for treating cancer or it is used in radiotherapy for cancer treatment.

c) let the oxidation state of Cobalt be X
 X + 4 x 0 + 2 x -1 = +1
 X -2 = +1
 X = +1 + 2  X = + 3
Shape of complex ion is Octahedral.

13. a) Equilibrium position shifts to the left (back wards reaction is favoured ) .This is because
increase in pressure favours the side with few number of moles (lower volume) of gas which is the
left side.

b) Equilibrium position shifts to the right (forwards) .This is because the forward reaction is
endothermic /absorbs heat.

c ) Equilibrium position shifts to the left (back wards reaction is favoured) .Concentration of CO is
increased ,so the system opposes that by decreasing the amount of CO.

SECTION B:

14. a) Reagent : CH3Cl or Chloromethane condition : Catalyst AlCl3 or FeCl3

b) Reagent: Acidified KMnO4
condition : Heat / Reflux
c) i.
CH2Cl CHCl2 CCl3

or or

ii. CH3 CH3

Cl

and

Cl

139
d) i. a weak acid is an electrolyte which partially ionised /dissociated in aqueous solution.
ii. C6H5COOH(aq) ⇌ C6H5COO- (aq) + H+(aq)

[ C 6 H 5 COO ][ H ]
Ka =
[ C 6 H 5 COOH ]
 2
[H ]
6.4 x 10-5 =
0 .1

[ H+ ] = 5
6 . 4 x10 x 0 . 1
= 2.53 x 10-3moldm-3
PH = -log[H+]
PH = 2.60

15. a) Number of moles of S2O32-

1000cm3 of S2O32- contains 0.1mol
0 .1
50cm3 0f S2O32- contains x 50 = 0.005mol.
1000
b) Number of moles of I2 = ½ x 0.005mol = 0.0025mol.

c) Number of moles of Cu2+ in 40cm3

1mol of I2 produced by 2 moles of Cu2+
0.0025mol of I2 → 2 x 0.0025mol = 0.005mol of Cu2+
d) Number of moles of Cu in 400cm
2+ 3

40cm3 of Cu2+ contains 0.005mol

0 . 005
400cm3 of Cu2+ contains x 400
40
= 0.05mol

e) Actual mass of Cu = 0.05mol x 63.5g = 3.175g

Actual  mass
% of copper = x 100
Original  mass

3 . 175
% of copper = x 100
4
= 79.38%

f) A pale blue-precipitate soluble in excess ammonia to give a dark blue solution.

- [Cu(NH3)4]2+
- [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2 ]2+

g) Let the oxidation number of S in S2O32- be x.

2 x + 3 X-2 = -2
2 x -6 = -2
2 x = -2 + 6

140
 2x 4

2 2
x = +2.

16.a) In conc. NaCl : ions are Na+, Cl- ,H+ ,OH-

Anode: Cl2 formed
2Cl-(aq)   Cl2(g) + 2e-
Cathode: H2 formed
2H+ (aq) + 2e-   H2 (g)
Remaining solution is NaOH
Hence products are: Cl2 (g), H2 (g) and NaOH

b)i. Q = Ix t
Q= 0.5 x 2.5x 60x60 = 4500 C
ii. Anode : Cl2
2Cl-(aq)   Cl2(g) + 2e-
2 faradays deposit 1 mol of Cl2(g)
2x 95600C deposit 2x 35.5 g
2 x 35 . 5 x 4500
4500 C 

2 x 96500
= 1.66g of Cl2(g)
Cathode:
2H+ (aq) + 2e- H2 (g)
2 faradays deposit 1 mol of H2(g)
2x 95600C deposit 2g
2 x 4500
4500 C 

2 x 96500
= 0.0466g of H2(g)

c) PH increases as the solution because of formation of more NaOH/ more OH- in solution.

17. a) To both compounds separately add bromine water or bromine dissolved in an organic
solvent .
Observations
CH3-CH=CH2: decolourises Br2 / Bromine colour changes from red-brown to colourless .
CH3-CH2-CH3: No observable change
OR To both compounds separately add acidified potassium permanganate.

b) Heat both compounds with separately with acidified acidified potassium dichromate
Observations
CH3-CH2-CH-CH3:Orange solution turns green
OH
CH3
CH3-C-OH -: The orange solution remains.
CH3
or Using acidified potassium permanganate

141
or a mixture of anhydrous zinc ii chloride and concentrated hydrochloric acid. (Lucas reagent)

c) To both compounds separately add sodium carbonate solution.

Observations
O
CH3-C-O-CH3 : No observable change
CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH : bubbles of a colourless gas (CO2) that turns lime water milky.
Or: using sodium hydrogen carbonate solution or sodium metal

d) To both solutions separately add sodium hydroxide solution dropwise until excess.
Observations:
FeSO4 : gives dirty green precipitate insoluble in excess and turns brown on standing in air.
CuSO4 : gives pale blue precipitate insoluble in excess .
or: Using ammonia solution or potassium iodide or potassium hexacyanoferrate II

e) To both compounds separately add H2O (water) , then test PH of mixture /use litmus paper.
Observations:
O
CH3-CH2-CH2-C-Cl: fumes of HCl- litmus paper turns red /pH will be 1 to 3.
CH3-CH2-CH2-Cl: a mixture of two layers or No observable change.
or: Using ethanol.

18. a) PCl3
P2O3
b) PCl5(s) + 4H2O (l)  H3PO4 (aq) + 5HCl(aq)
c) P2O5 (s) + 3H2O(l)  2H3PO4(aq)

d) H3PO4 (aq) + 3NaOH(aq)  NaH2PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)

1000cm3 of NaOH contains 0.6mol
0 .6
25cm3 of NaOH will contain = x25
1000
= 0.015moles

1
Number of mol of H3PO4 (aq) = x 0 . 015
3
=0.005moles.
25cm3 of H3PO4 contains 0.05moles
0 . 005
1000cm3 of H3PO4 will contain x 1000
25
. = 0.2 moldm-3
e) Trigonal bipyramidal
Bond angle 1200 or 900

142
2011
SECTION A:

1.a) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH butan-1-ol

CH3-CH-CH2-CH3 butan-2-ol
OH
CH3
CH3-C-OH 2-methylpropan-2-ol
CH3

CH3
CH3-CH- CH2-OH
b) i. CH3-CH-CH2-CH3 . .

OH
ii .CH3-C-CH2-CH3
O

2.a) 2Mg(NO3)2(s) 

heat
2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

b) 2mol of Mg (NO3)2 produce 2Mg

mass
Number of moles MgO =
molarmass
14 . 8
= = 0.1 mole
148
Mass of MgO = 0.1 x (24 +16) = 4.0g
OR:
148g of Mg(NO3)2  40g of MgO
14 . 8 x 40
14.8g of Mg(NO3)2  = 4.0g of MgO.
148

3.a) As = 33 : 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p3
or.1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p3.
b) Chloride shows +3 and +5 oxidation states of As
Hence :
AsCl3 and AsCl5.
c) AsCl3
Shape : Trigonal pyramidal or
..
As
Cl Cl
Cl
Bond angle about 1070
compared to that of NH3.

4. a) KBr (aq) increases concentration of Br-(aq) hence equilibrium position shifts to the right .

143
b) NaOH(aq) provides OH- ions which react with H+ to form H2O. This decreases
concentration of H+ hence equilibrium position shifts to the left.

c) Equilibrium position shifts to the left. Increase in temperature favours an endothermic

reaction which is the back ward /reverse reaction since the forward reaction is exothermic.

5. a) Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract a pair of electrons in a covalent bond.

or It is the tendency of an atom to become negatively charged in a covalent bond.

b) Electronegativity increases a cross period 3. Explanation: Nuclear charge increases a cross

the period and also atomic radius decreases hence attraction for electrons increases.

c) The molecules become less polar. Down the group electronegativity decreases: F<Cl<Br<I
hence F has the greatest attraction for electrons and I has the least attraction.

6.a) CH2SH H CH2SH H CH2SH

O O
H2N – C C N C C N C COOH

H H H
b)
CH2SH CH2SH O
H3N+ C - COO- or H3N+ C C
H H O-

c)
i. CH2SH ii. CH2SH O iii. CH2SH O
Cl-H3N+-C – COOH H2N- C C H2N - C C
H H O-Na+ H OCH2CH3

7.a) Electrophilic substitution or sulphonation

b) Step 1: Conc.HNO3 and Conc.H2SO4 at 30oC .

Step2: Conc.H2SO4 or fuming H2SO4.

Heat or reflux
Step 3: Tin and Conc.HCl
Heat or under reflux.

c) H2SO3 ⇌ H2O + SO3

CH3 CH3 CH3
NO2 O𝛿 − NO2 H+ NO2
S𝛿+ + Shift
O𝛿− O𝛿−
SO3- H SO3H

144
8.a) Aqueous NaOH or KOH
Nucleophilic substitution
b) D H H O
CH3 C CH3 or CH3 C - O-C- CH3
O CH3
O C CH3
D is also [ CH-CH2]n
CH3

c) Conc.H2SO4 or Conc.H3PO4
Heat1800
d) SN1 or SN2
NaOH   Na+ + OH
CH3 - CH –CH3   CH3 –+CH – CH3 + Br-
Br
CH3 – +CH – CH3   CH3 – CH –CH3
-OH OH
Na + Br
+ - 
  NaBr

9.a) A Bronsted-lowry acid is a proton donor.

CH3COOH + H2O ⇌ CH3COO- + H+
orCH3COOH + OH- → CH3COO- + H2O

b) The mixture contains a large amount of CH3COO- (from the salt and acid )
When a small amount of acid is added :
CH3COO- + H+  CH3COOH.
This prevents an increase in [H+]; hence PH remains almost constant.
When a small amount of base is added:
CH3COOH + OH-  CH3COO- + H2O
Hence the [ OH-] does not increase and PH is kept constant .

salt
c) PH = Pka + log 
acid
0 . 250
PH= -log( 1.75 x 10-3) + log
0 . 200
PH = 2.757 + 0.0969
= 2.854.

10. a) MgO forms giant ionic structure in which atoms are held together by strong ionic bonds
resulting high boiling points while SO3 has covalent bonding with simple molecular structure,
molecules are held together by weak vanderwaal’s forces; hence low boiling point.

b) SiO2 forms a giant covalent structure in which atoms are held together by strong covalent
bonds hence high melting point while P4O10forms a simple molecular structure in which molecules
are held together by weak van der waal’s forces between molecules; hence low melting point.

11. a) Cu2+ reacts with a small amount of NH3 to form a pale blue precipitate.

145
 Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Cu(OH)2(s)
With excess NH3(aq) the blue precipitate dissolves to give a dark blue solution .
Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3(aq)  [Cu(NH3)4]+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
Dark blue

12. a) The first ionization energy generally increases across the period 3.
Reason : Nuclear charge increases as proton number increases ,hence , the nucleus pulls /attracts
electrons in outer most shell closer to nucleus hence increases ionization energy .

b) This caused by different electronic structures of the two atoms

P= 15 : 1s22s22p63s23p3.
S= 16: 1s22s22p63s23p4
-Sulphur forms a partially filled 3p-orbitalswhich is less stable than the halfilled 3p-orbitals therefore
easier to remove an electron.
Section B:

13.a) 5x (Sn2+  Sn4+ + 2e-)

2x(MnO4 + 5e- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O
5Sn2+ (aq)+2MnO4-(aq) +16H+(aq)  5Sn4+(aq) +2Mn2+(aq)+ 8H2O(l)
b) MnO4-  Mn2+
+7 +2

Change in oxidation number of manganese decrease by 5 units of oxidation number.

c ) 1000cm3 of MnO4- contain 0.02 mol

0 . 02 x 24 . 0
24.0 cm3 of MnO4- contain -

1000
=4.8x10-4mol. d) Number of moles of Sn2+
4
5 x 4 . 8 x 10
= = 1.2 x 10-3mol.
2
25cm3 of Sn2+ 
 1.2 x 10-3 mol
4
1 . 2 x 10 x 1000
1000cm3 of Sn2+  
.
25
=0.048moldm-3

e) Mass of tin (sn) = 0.048 x 119g in dm3

= 5.712g
% of Sn in the original sample of tin
5 . 712
= x 100 = 81.6%
7

f) CO2 is acidic reacts with alkalis only .

SnO2 is amphoteric reacts with acids and alkalis. Hence the oxides become more basic down the
group.
 NH 3 
2

14. a) Kc =
 N 2 . H 2 
3

b) N2(g) + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3(g)

146
Initial conc. 0.20 0.20 0
At eqm 0.20 – x 0.20 -3x 2x -

2x = 0.060
0 . 060
x = = 0.03 mol.
2
At equilibrium [N2] = 0.20 – 0.03 = 0.17 mol
At equilibrium [H2] = 0.20 – 3x0.20 = 0.11 mol
 0 . 06 
2

Kc = = 15.9
 0 . 17  0 . 11 
3

moldm  3 2
1
Units : =
moldm moldm 
3 2 6
3 3
mol dm
=mol-2dm6

c) An increase in pressure favours the forward reaction, thus the yield of ammonia (NH3) increases.
Because high pressure favours the direction where the number of moles decreases ( le chatelier’s
principle).

d) A low temperature would give a higher yield but the rate would be too slow, hence not
economical. A higher temperature of 5000C increases the rate .
A high pressure increases the yield but if it is higher than 200 atm,it becomes very expensive
because of the higher cost of repairing broken parts .

e) Manufacture of fertilizers
Manufacture of nitric acid .

15.a) Aq.NaCl: ions Na+, Cl-

H2O: ions H+ , OH-
Na+ and H+ move to cathode but H+ discharge in preference to Na+
CATHODE : 2H+ + 2e-  H2(g)
OH- and Cl- move to anode but OH- discharges in preference to Cl- (dilute solution).
ANODE:
4OH-(aq) 2H2O(l) +O2(g) + 4e-
The PH of solution increases (becomes basic )

b) i. Hydrogen gas (cathode)

Oxygen gas (anode)
ii. Mg2+ +2e  Mg (cathode)
6
Number of moles of Mg =
24
= 0.25mol .

Or calculate the total quantity of the two cells

2 faradays of Mg2+ deposits 1mol of Mg
24 g of Mg deposited by 2x96500 C of Mg2+
2 x 96500 x 6
6g of Mg deposited by
24

147
 =48250C
Second half-cell
Cathode : 2H2+ + 2e-  H2(g)
Mol of H2 = 0.25 mol ( For the same quantity of electricity )
Mass of H2 = 0.25molx 2gmol- = 0.5g

Or
At Cathode:
2 faradays of H+ produce 2g of H2
2x96500C of H+ produce 2g of H2
2g
1C of H+ produce of H2
2 x 96500 C
2 gx 48250 C
48250C of H2+ produce
2 x 96500 C
= 0.5g of H2 .
At anode: 4OH-(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 4e-
4 faradays of OH- produce 1 mole of O2(g)
4x96500C of OH- produce 32 g of O2 (g)
32 g
1C of OH- produce of O2 (g)
4 x 96500 C
32 gx 48250 C
48250C of OH- produce
4 x 96500 C
= 4g of O2

Or 2OH-  H2O + ½ O2(g) + 2e-

For the same quantity of electricity ,the number of mol of O2 = ½ x 0.25 mol= 0.125mol.
Mass of O2 = 0.125 x 32g = 4g

c) Electrolysis of aq.CuSO4 using impure copper as anode and pure copper as cathode.

Impure(Cu) pure copper

CuSO4

Anode dissolves and impurities drop to the bottom.

Cu  Cu2+ + 2e-
Pure copper deposits on the cathode
Cu2+ +2e-  Cu(s)

148
 16.a) i. O OH
CH-CH2C ii. CH=CH-C-C  N
OH H H

iii. O
CH - CH-C
Br Br H

b) To confirm A: as an aldehyde
React with 2,4 –dinitrophenylhydrazine
Observation :
A : gives a yellow orange precipitate
B: No observable change.
Alternative: use Fehling’s solution or Tollens’s reagent .
To confirm B : as an alkene
Add bromine water.
Observation: B decolourises bromine water from red/brown to colourless
A: No observable change
Alternatively: add Na metal or add acidified potassium permanganate (KMnO4)

c) –Fermentation
-Reaction of ethene with steam.

17.a)Sulphur is burnt into oxygen to produce sulphur trioxide .

S(s) + O2(g)   SO2(g)
Sulphur dioxide is then burnt into oxygen to produce SO3 in presence of V2O5 catalyst.
SO2(g) + ½ O2(g) ⇌ SO3(g)
Sulphur trioxide is the reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to produce oleum.
SO3 (g) + H2SO4(aq) 
 H2S2O7(l)
Oleum is then dissolved in water to give sulpuric acid .
H2S2O7(l) + H2O(aq)   2H2SO4(l)

b) HBr is a stronger reducing agent than HCl.

Hence conc.H2SO4 oxidises HBr to Br2
2HBr (aq) + H2SO4(aq)  Br2(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

c) H2O is more polar than H2S since the Oxygen is more electronegative than S. Hence H2O has
intermolecular hydrogen bonding while H2S has weak van der Waal’s forces .
Hence boiling point of H2O is higher than that of H2S.

d) Sulphur burns to form SO2 which dissolves in rain water to give acid rain.
Effect of acid rain :
- Destroys vegetation
-Damages concrete /marble
-Causes corrosion

149
2010
SECTION A

1.a) +7 or +VII
b) It has partially filled d sub-energy level.

c)The electronic configuration

Mn2+ -1s22s22p63s23p63d5
Mn3+ -1s22s22p63s23p63d4
The 3d sub-energy level in Mn2+ is half-filled thus thermodynamically more stable where as in Mn3+
the 3dsub-energy level is neither half-filled nor fully-filled hence less stable.

2.a) CH3-CH2-CH-CH3
OH
b) –C=O or ketone
c) 1-butene and 2-butene
or but-1- ene and but-2-ene)

3. a) Cl
120o
B

Cl Cl

b) BCl3 is able to form a bond with NH3 because the lone pair of electrons on NH3 is donated into
vacant orbital of BCl3 .The type of bond formed is coordinate bond or dative covalent bond.
c) SiCl4(l) + 2H20(l) → SiO2(s) + 4HCl(aq)

4.a) PH= -log[H+]

b) CH3COOH(aq) ⇌ CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)
 
[ CH COO ][ H ]
c) Ka = 3

[ CH 3
COOH ]
At equilibrium [CH3COO -] ≃ [ H+ ]
 2
[H ]
1. 8 x 10-5 =
0 .1
1. 8 x 10-6 = [ H+ ]2
6
[ H+ ] = 1 . 8 x10 = 1.34 x 10-3moldm-3
PH= -log[H+] = -log[1.34 x 10-3 ]
PH= 2.872

5.a) C6H5OH(s) + 7O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

b) C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) -394kJmol1…….…i

H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  H2O -286kLmol-1……ii
C6H5OH(l) +7O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)-3050kJmol-1.iii
6C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  C6H5OH (l)……..…..iv
From data above eq iv = 6(i) + 3(ii) -iii

150
 H = 6(-394) + 3(-286) – (-3050)
 H = -3222 + 3050 = -172 kJmol-1

or use Haber cycle process


H
6C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½ O2 (g)    f
C6H5OH
[O] 6(-394) kJ [O] 3(-286)kJmol-1 [O] -3050kJmol-1

6CO2 + 3H2O
ΔHf θ – 3050 = 6(-394) + 3(-286)
ΔHf θ = -172kjmol-1

6.a) Amount of C and D would decrease .This is because the reaction is exothermic hence increase
in temperature favours the backwards reaction.

b) A labeled diagram showing the energy profile diagram for the given reaction (exothermic)

energy

activation energy

A+B
reactants ↕∆H C +D
products

reaction progress

7.a) Cl
+ Cl2    + HCl
FeCl 3

b) Catalyst or halogen carrier.

c) FeCl3 + Cl2 ⇌ FeCl4- + Cl+

Cl Cl
Cl+ 
 + H 
 + H+

H+ + FeCl4-   HCl + FeCl3

8.a) - Ionic radius

- Charge on the ion

b) NaF has a greater lattice energy than KBr . This is because of ionic radius of Na+ and F- are small
than that of K+ and Br- respectively.
Due to the smaller ionic sizes of Na+ and F-,it result into stronger electrostatic force of attraction
between Na+ and F- resulting into stronger bond hence higher lattice energy for NaF than KBr.

2
[ NO 2
]
9.a) Kc =
[ N 2O 4 ]

151
b) From boyles law and Avogadro’s law, increase in pressure favours side with less number of
moles therefore if the pressure is doubled, the backwards reaction will be favoured. NO2 Will
decompose into N2O4.

10.a) According to Bronsted lowry theory a base is a proton acceptor

b) Acid-base conjugate pair is

H2O: Acid
OH- : Base
or :CH3COOH /CH3COO- Acid –base conjugate pair.

11. a) Condensation polymer or polyamide.

b) O O
C-(CH2)4-C and H2N-(CH2)6-NH2
HO OH

c ) Proteins

12. a) A buffer solution is a solution which is resistant to PH change when a small amount of acid or
base added.

[ salt ]
b) PH = Pka + log
[ acid ]

[ 0 .2 ]
PH= -log (1.35 x 10-5) + log
[ 0 .1]
PH= 5.17

13.a) let oxidation state of Cr be x

x + (4x0) + (2x-1) = 1
x-2 = 1
x= +3
b) Coordination number is 6
c) Octahedral shape or

+
Cl
H3N NH3

Cr

H3N NH3
Cl

14.a) An alloy is a combination of two or more elements of which at least one is a metal.
or an alloy is a combination of two or more metals

152
b) Fe2+ (aq) 
 Fe3+ (aq) + e

c) Cr2𝑂72− (aq)+14𝘏+ 2+ 3+
(𝘢𝘲) +6𝘍𝘦(𝘢𝘲) →2Cr (aq)+7H2O(l)+ 6𝘍𝘦(𝘢𝘲)
3+

d) 1000cm3of contain 0.0167 mole of Cr2O72-

0 . 0167
24.2 cm3of solution will contain x 24.2 = 4.0414 x 10- 4moles of Cr2O72-
1000
e) From the equation
1mole of Cr2O72- react with 6moles of Fe2+
4.04 x 10- 4moles of Cr2O72- react with 6 x 4.04 x 10-4 = 2.4284 x 10-3 mole of Fe2+
10cm3 of solution contain 2.42484 x 10-3 mole of Fe2+
3
2 . 42484 x 10
100cm3 of solution contain s x 100 = 2.42484x10-2moles of Fe2+
10

f) Fe2 +(aq) → Fe(s) + 2e

From the equation: 1mole of Fe2+ is produced from 1mole of Fe.
2.4284 x 10-2 mole of Fe produced from 2.4284 x 10-2 Fe2+
Mass of Fe = number of moles x atomic mass of Fe
. = 2.4284 x 10-2 x 56 = 1.36g
actualmass
Percentage purity of Fe = x100
Samplemass

1 . 36
Percentage purity of Fe = x100
1 .4
= 97.14% .

g) i. Oxygen
Moisture
ii. Iron
iii. Galvanizing
Tin-plating
h) The electronic configuration of Fe3+ is1s22s22p63s23p63d5
15. a)
Reagent Conditions
i. Cl2 (Chlorine gas) Sun light or U.V
ii. NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) Heat
iii. Conc.HNO3 in presence of 300C
Conc.H2SO4
b)Reduction.
c) CH3
Cl

d) Free radical mechanism

e) Nucleophilic substitution bimolecular (SN2)
153
16.a) i. HCl or (any ionic chloride where Cl has an oxidation state of -1
The oxidation state of Cl in HCl is -1

ii. Cl2O7 (Dichlorine heptaoxide ) or ( any perchlorate , ClO4-

Let oxidation state of Cl be X.
2x + 2x-7 = 0
2x -14 = 0
X = +7

b) i. Cl2(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)

ii. Lowering the PH hinders the forward reaction because the concentration of acid will increase
hence the equilibrium shifts to left.

c) i. The atomic radius of halogens increases in order Cl< Br< I .Thus the molecular size of their
corresponding hydrides increase in the order HCl< HBr < HI. The larger the molecular size, the
stronger the vanderwaal’s forces attraction and hence boiling point increases in the order
HCl<HBr<HI .

ii. The acid strength depends of hydrogen halides depends on the ease to release a proton which
depends on both bond strength.
The bond strength decreases from HCl to HI due to decrease in electronegativity from Br toI. Hence,
increase in the ease of release of a proton.

17.a) e
V

Fe electrode Ag electrode

Salt bridge
Fe2+(aq) Ag+(aq)

b) E0 cell = E0 right -E0 left

= 0.80-0.44
. = + 1.24v

c) Fe(s) +2 Ag+(aq)   Fe2+ (aq) + 2Ag(s)

d) On the Iron electrode. (left hand electrode).

e) Cu2+(aq) + 2e   Cu(s)
1mole of Cu is deposited by 2F
63.5g of Cu is deposited by 2 x 96500C.
2 x 96500
15.24g of Cu is deposited by x 15.24
63 . 5
= 46320 C.
Using Q = It

154
46320 C = Ix 60x60
46320 = 3600I
46320
I= = 12.87A
3600

18.a) Using experiment 1 and 2.

[NO] is constant and [Br] is doubled, rate is also doubled, the order is 1 with respect to Br2.
Using experiment 2 and 3
[Br] is constant and [NO] is doubled, rate is increased by a factor of 4 the order is 2 with respect to
NO

Or let the order of respect to NO and Br2 be x and y respectively.

Then Rate = k[NO]x[Br2]y
Using experiments 1and 2,
x y
3 2 3
3 . 2 x 10 2 . 00 x 10 5 . 00 x 10
3
 2 3
1 . 6 x 10 2 . 00 x 10 2 . 50 x 10

21 = 1x x 2y
y = 1; The order with respect to Br2 is 1.
Using experiments 2 and 3,
x y
3 2 3
1 . 3 x 10 4 . 0 x 10 5 . 00 x 10
3
 2 3
3 . 2 x 10 2 . 00 x 10 5 . 00 x 10

4 = 2x x 1y
22 = 2x
x = 2; The order with respect to NO is 2
b) Rate=k[NO]2 [Br2]
c) Using experiment 1,
Rate = k[NO]2 [Br2]
= 1.60x10-3moldm-3s-1=k(2.00x10-2moldm-3)2(2.50x10-3moldm-3)
3 3 1
1 . 60 X 10 moldm s 1 1
k   1600 mol
3
6 2 6
dm s .
1 . 00 X 10 mol dm

d) The rate of endothermic reaction increase with an increase in temperature because the number
of molecules with activation energy thus increase in effective collisions

e) A catalyst provides an alternative route of low activation energy so that more particles can
acquire low activation energy to make effective collision.

155
18. a) Z is propan -1-ol .
b) To prevent further oxidation of propanal to propanoic acid .

c) Orange acidified potassium dichromate (vi) changes to green.

d) Tollens reagent and heat
observation: silver mirror.

e) i. Nucleophilic addition reaction.

The product formed is OH
CH3CH2C-CN
H
ii. Optical isomerism the product contains chiral centre/ asymmetric carbon atom.
iii. By hydrolyzing with a dilute acid (it means H+ /H2O) the compound formed is
OH
CH3CH2 -C-COOH
H
OH O
or CH3CH2 – C - C- NH2
H

156
 2009:
SECTION A

1.a) Neutrons in X are 232-90 = 142

X 
232
90

b) Mass number of Y is 224

Atomic number of Y is 89

c) simple method:
50g      25g      12.5g      6.25g      3.125g
400 years 400 years 400 years 400 years

t = 4x 400years = 1600years
Alternative method:
ln 2
t½=

0 . 693
=

0 . 693 No
  = = 1.7325 x 10-3 year-1  In =  t
400 Nt
50
 In = 1.7325 x 10-3 year-1 x t
3 . 125
 2.772588722 = 1.7325 x 10-3 year-1 x t
2 . 772588722
 t = 3
1 . 7325 x 10 .
 t = 1600years

2. a) The electronic configuration of Mg is 1s22s22p63s2 whereas that of Mg2+ is 1s22s22p6.

Mg looses two electrons to form Mg2+ resulting into an increase in effective nuclear charge and a
decrease in shielding effect thus the valence electrons in Mg2+ are strongly attracted resulting into a
smaller size for Mg2+ than Mg.

b) The electronic configuration of O is 1s22s22p4 where as that of O2- is 1s22s22p6.

O gains two electrons to form O2- resulting into a decrease in effective nuclear charge thus valence
electrons in O2- are weakly attracted resulting into a larger size of O2- than O.

3.a) Mn = 25. 1S2 2S2 2p6 3S2 3p6 4S2 3d5 or 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 3d5 4S2.
b) The electronic configuration of Mn2+ is 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3p63d5.
While that of Mn3+ is 1S2 2S 2 2P6 3S2 3P6 3d4.
The 3d sub-energy level in Mn2+is half-filled thus thermodynamically stable whereas in Mn3+ the 3d
sub-energy is neither half-filled nor fully-filled hence less stable .

c) -Partially filled d sub-energy level

-variable oxidation states

157
4.a) O O
CH3CH2CH2C and CH3C
OH OCH2CH3
b) By adding sodium carbonate or Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution.
Observations:
For CH3CH2CH2COOH , a colourless gas which turns lime water milky is observed
CH3COOCH2CH3 – No observable change.

5.a), Conc. HNO3 , Conc.H2SO4 ,55oC/warm

b) Reduction
O
c)CH3C
Cl

6.a) MgO is a basic oxide and dissolves in water to give a basic solution.
Mg(s) + H2O(l)  Mg(OH)2 (aq) ,
SO3 is an acidic oxide and dissolves in water to an acidic solution.
SO3 (g) + H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq) ,

b) MgO has a higher melting point due to stronger ionic bonding whereas SO3 forms a simple
covalent structure in which molecules are held together by weak Van der Waals forces of attraction
which are easily broken hence low melting point.

7.a) Down the group, an extra shell electron is added from one element to another.
This increases the screening effect which out weighs the increasing nuclear charge and thus the
valence electrons are weakly attracted resulting into a decrease in ionization energy down the
group .

b) A cross the period ,an extra proton is added from one element to another .This results into an
increase in nuclear charge reducing the screening effect and thus the valence electrons are strongly
attracted hence electronegativity increase across the period.

8.a) F

B
F F
1200
b) The bond angle increases when H2O forms H3O+ . H2O has a v-shape and there are two lone
pairs of electrons on oxygen atom which strongly repel with the two bonding electrons decreasing
the bond angle whereas in H3O+ has a trigonal pyramidal shape with only one lone pair electrons on
the oxygen atom which weakly repel the three bonding electrons hence increasing the bonding
angle.
9.a) Hydrobromic acid (HBr)
b) Nucleophilic substitution reaction or SN1
O
c) CH3 –C-CH3

158
10.a) This is the enthalpy change that occurs when one mole a compound is completely burnt in
oxygen under standard conditions (temperature of 298k and 1atm pressure).

b) Molar mass of butane = 4x12 + 10

= 58g/mol
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
moles =
𝑀𝘰𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
5
=58 moles
1 mole of butane produces -2877kJ
5   2877 x 5 
58
moles of butane will produce   = -248.01kJmol-1
 58 

11.a) Let the oxidation number of Co be y.

y + (4x0) + (2x-1) = 1
y -2 = 1
y = 1+ 2= +3. +
NH3 NH3 +
H3N Cl H3N Cl

Co Trans Co Cis

Cl NH3 H3N Cl
NH3 NH3

c) Co is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7.

12. a) -Phenol group

-alcohols
-Amino group
b)
OH
Na+O CH-CH2-NH2

13 .a) First ionization energy is the minimum enthalpy change required to remove the outer most
electron from a gaseous atom to form one of a positive charged gaseous ion with unit charge.
X(g)  X+(g) + e-.
b) For third ionization energy of magnesium, an electron is removed from Mg2+,1s22s22p6 which
has a higher effective nuclear charge hence stronger attraction of outmost electrons resulting into
very high third ionization energy
Mg2+(g)  Mg3+(g) + e-
For second ionization energy, an electron is removed from Mg+,1s22s22p63s1 with higher
screening effect and less effective nuclear charge hence low second ionization energy .
Mg+(g)  Mg2+ (g)+ e
14.a) SiO2 forms a giant covalent structure held by strong covalent bond hence a solid while SiCl4
forms a simple covalent structure held by weak intermolecular bonds hence a volatile liquid and

b) All electrons in diamond are bonded and thus it has no delocalized electrons which are mobile to
conduct electricity.

159
15.a) Lattice energy is the enthalpy change when one mole of a crystal lattice energy is formed
from its constituent gaseous ions .
Na+(g) + Br-(g)  NaBr(s).
OR : Lattice energy is the enthalpy change when one mole of a solid crystal lattice is broken into its
constituent gaseous ions .
NaBr(s)Na+(g) + Br-(g)

b) Na+ has a smaller ionic radius compared to K+. This resulting into stronger electrostatic attraction
between Na+ and Br- hence lattice energy for NaBr is more exothermic. Since K+ has a big ionic
radius ,there is weak electrostatic attraction between K+ and Br-hence low lattice energy for KBr.

16. a) A condensation polymer is a polymer formed from the combination of two or more
monomers with different fictional groups followed by loss of small molecules such as water.
H H O O
b) [ N-X-N - C-Y- C ]

Linkage group
c) Amide group.

17.a) 2Mg(NO3)2(s)  2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

b) 2NaNO3(s)  2NaNO2(s) + O2(g) .
c) Nitrates contain nitrogen which is one of the main nutrients required by plants .
18.a) +NH3-CH-COO-
CH2OH
b) Condensation polymers
c) +NH3-CH-COOH
CH2OH

Section B

19. a) An amphoteric compound is substance which has both acidic and basic properties. E.g.
Al(OH)3(aq) + OH-(aq) ⇌ Al(OH)-4(aq)
Al(OH)3(aq) + 3H+(aq) → Al3+(aq) + 3H2O(l).

b) By addition of excess sodium hydroxide solution .A brown precipitate of Iron(III) hydroxide and
a colourless solution of the aluminate complex will be formed .
The mixture is then filtered and the brown precipitate removed as a residue.

c) Aluminium and magnesium are both metals thus they form metallic bonds
However aluminium contributes 3 electrons in the metallic bond while magnesium contributes 2
electrons . Therefore aluminium forms a stronger metallic bond hence higher boiling point than
magnesium.

160
20.a) i. CH3CH=CHCH3
ii. Electrophilic addition
iii.Sodium hydroxide and heat

b)i. Nucleophilic addition reaction. Occurs in aldehydes and ketoknes t o give a single product.
O OH
CH3 –C-CH3 + HCN   CH3-C-CH3
CN
Mechanism:
HCN   H+ + CN-
O O- OH
CH3-C-CH3   CH3-C-CH3 H   CH3-C- CH3
+ -

- CN CN CN
ii. Electrophilic addition reaction accurs in alkenes and alkynes to form single (saturated products.
CH2=CH2 + HBr   CH3CH2Br
Mechanism :
CH2=CH2   CH3-+CH2   CH3-CH2-Br
H-Br Br -

21.a) Trend: Volatility of Group VII elements (halogens )

Reason: Down the group the sizes of molecules increase hence increase in van der Waal’s forces
holding the molecules, hence decrease in the volatility.

b)i. White precipitate of silver chloride .

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)   AgCl(s)
ii. Yellow precipitate of silver iodide.
Ag+(aq) + I-(aq)   AgI(s)
c) The oxidizing power of halogens decreases down the group because electronegativity decreases
down the group.
Br2 + KCl   No reaction.
Cl2 + 2KBr   Br2+ 2KCl
Br2 + 2K I   I2 + 2KBr

22.a) CH3Cl in the presence of FeCl3 or AlCl3

or CH3Br in the presence of FeBr3 or AlBr3

b) Step I reagent is Cl2 in the presence of FeCl3 (or AlCl3 or Fe or FeCl3 ) at room temperature .
Step II reagent is Cl2 in the presence of U.V light (or sun light )
Step III reagent is NaOH in presence of heat.
Step IV reagent is CH3COOH in the presence of an acid catalyst (sulphuric acid) and heat.

23. a) Sulphur is burnt into oxygen to produce sulphur trioxide .

S(s) + O2(g)   SO2(g)
Sulphur dioxide is then burnt into oxygen to produce SO3 in presence of V2O5 catalyst.
SO2(g) + ½ O2(g)   SO3(g) .
Sulphur trioxide is the reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to produce oleum.
SO3 (g) + H2SO4(aq)   H2S2O7(l)

161
Oleum is then dissolved in water to give sulpuric acid .
H2S2O7(l) + H2O(aq)   2H2SO4(l)

b) Manufacture of sulphuric acid produces green house gases such as sulphur dioxide which can
destroy the ozone layer leading to global warming hence green house effect.
c) By using barium nitrate and nitric acid ( or barium chloride and hydrochloric acid ).
For Magnesium sulphate a white precipitate insoluble in the acid is observed .
Magnesium sulphite, white precipitate soluble in the acid .

d) Na2S
+
Na o xx xx 2-

x S x + o o

Na o xx xx

162
2008-Biology chemistry.
SECTION A:

1.a) The atomic number of x is 2+2+6+2+6+2+10+5 = 35

b) X belongs to Group VII since last orbital contains 4s24p5 .Thus 2+5 = 7.
c ) X has 4shells ,therefore it is in period 4.
d) MgX2

2.a)
- used as refrigerants e.g. dichloro difluoro methane
-used as propellants in pressured cans.
-used in fire extinguishers

b) CFCs are very light and move to the stratosphere and form free radicals which breake down of
the ozone layer.
O3 + Cl. → O2 + ClO.
Ultra violet radiations from the sun then reach the earth hence causing
- skin cancers
- green house effect (global warming)
c) F F F F
H- C- C-Cl F- C- C-Cl
H F F H

3. a) -carboxylic acid
- ester

b) The reagent used is H2O

4. a) Br2(aq) + 2I-(aq) 2Br-(aq) + I2(aq)

b) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH- (aq) Fe(OH)3 (s)
c ) 2CrO42-(aq) + 2H+(aq)  Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l)

5. a) CO2 is O=C=O linear shape

180o
SO2 is ..
S
O O
120O

b) Carbon dioxide is linear, O=C=O so that the polarity in one side cancels with the polarity on
opposite side resulting in a zero net dipole moment thus non-polar.
While SO2 forms a v-shape and hence the effect of polarity remains.

6. a) MgO froms giant ionic structure with a stronger ionic bond which requires a lot of energy to
be broken thus high melting point.
SO3 is simple molecular structure and consists of weak vanderwaal’s forces of attraction hence
lower melting pont.
b) i. P4O10 (s) + 6H2O (l)  4H3PO4 (aq)
ii. Na2O(s) + H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq)

163
7.a) Considering [Co(H2O)6]2+ , the oxidation number of Co is ;
X + 6x0 = 2
X = +2 Thus it is Co2+ .
Considering [CoCl4]2- ,the oxidation number of Co is X+4x-1 = -2,
X= +2 also Co2+ .
If the atomic number of cobalt = 27 Co2+ is 25 ,thus the electronic configuration of Co2+ is
1s22s22P63s23P63d7

b) Complexes are coloured because of the partially filled d-orbitals which permits electron
transitions from lower energy level to high energy level after absorption of the visible light.

8. A is CH3CH=CH2
O
B is H-C-O-CH2CH2CH3 .
C is CH3CH2CH2O-Na+
D is CH3CH2CH2Cl.
9. a) SN1 - substitution nucleophilic unimolecular or substitution nucleophilic first order.
b) NaOH   Na+ + OH-
CH3 CH3
CH3 - C Br   
slow
CH3 -C+ + Br-
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3
CH3-C+  
fast
CH3-C-OH
CH3 CH3
- OH

Na+ + Br   NaBr
10.a) Lattice energy is the enthalpy change when one mole of an ionic compound is formed from
gaseous ions.
i.e Na+(g) + Cl-(g) →NaCl(s)
OR Lattice energy is the enthalpy change when one mole of crystal lattice solid dissociates into its
gaseous ions.
i.e NaCl(s) → Na+(g) + Cl-(g)
b) MgO has greater lattice energy than Na2O because of the greater charge and smaller ionic size of
Mg2+ than Na+.
11.a)
O O O O
HO-C- -C-OH or Cl -C- C -C-Cl and H2N- -NH2

b) Condensation polymer or polyamide or Aramid

12.a) Half life is the time taken for half of the radioactive element to decay .
0 . 693 0 . 693
b)   = = 1.2375x10-4 year-1
t1 5600
2

No
 t  2 . 303 log( )
Nt

2 . 303 100
t  4
log( )
1 . 2375 x 10 6 . 25

164
 = 22408.8 years
13.a) Strong electrolyte is fully ionized /dissociated in aqueous solution whereas weak electrolyte
is partially ionized in aqueous solution.
b) When dilution increases, ionisation increases hence the number of conducting ions increases
which increases molar conductivity.
c) Zn is a stronger reducing agent than tin(Sn). Zn will be more rapidly oxidized than Sn hence
offering the sacrificial protection to Fe.
14. a) CH3CH2NH2 + H+(aq) ⇌ CH3CH2+NH3 (aq)
or CH3CH2NH2 + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3CH2+NH3(aq) + OH-(aq)
b) Ethylamine is a stronger base than phenylamine.
In phenylamine the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom interacts with the delocalized pi-
electrons in benzene ring making the lone pair less available.
: NH2 +NH
2

CH3CH2NH2 has a methyl group which has a positive inductive effect releasing electrons to nitrogen
atom increasing the availability of the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atom thus a stronger base
than amino benzene.
15.a) There is a steady increase of +2 oxidation state as you move down the group.
The relative stability of +4 oxidation state decreases as the group descends.
b) In carbon the +4 oxidation state is very stable relative to +2 for example CO is thus less stable
than CO2.In lead the +2 is more stable than +4 oxidation state due to the inert pair effect .i.e PbO is
more stable than PbO2
SECTION B:

16.a) i. -Carboxylic acid group

- Amine group.
ii. Y is chiral because it has a carbon atom bonded to four different groups and it rotates the plane
of polarised light. iii. PCl5 or SOCl2 or PCl3.
H O H O
b) [N−CH2− −C−N−CH2− −C ] + 2HCl

c) Zwitterion of Y at PH close to 7 (neutral) A

H
H3N+- C- COO-

At PH of 2
H
H3N+- C- COOH

17.a) i. Rate = k[ O2 ][ NO]2

165
 Rate
ii. K = 2
[ O 2 ][ NO 2
]
3 1
moldm s
Units of k = 3 3 2
( moldm )( moldm )

= mol  2 dm 6 s  1
4
6 . 3 x 10 s
iii. K = 2 2 2
(1 . 0 x 10 )( 3 . 0 x 10 )

K= 70 mol  2 dm 6 s  1
b. i. Using results of experiments t 1 and 2
[CO] and [O2] are constant, [NO] is doubled and rate quadrupled (4times ).
3
1 . 76 x 10
4
= 4 The order is 2 with respect to NO.
4 . 4 x 10
ii. Using experiments 2 and 3 ; when [CO] is doubled ,keeping [NO] and [O2] constant no change in
rate the order is zero with respect to Co.
iii. Using experiments 2 and 4
When [NO] is doubled, [O2] is doubled and rate is quadrupled (4times) but order with respect to NO
is 2 changing [O2] has no effect on rate thus the order is zero with respect to O2 .
Rate = k[NO]2[CO]0[O2]0 = k[NO]2 .
18. a) i. Hess’s law states that for any chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure the
enthalpy change from reactants to products is the same independent of route taken .
ii. 6C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  C6H5OH (l) ………..…I
iii. C(s) + O2 (g)  CO2(g) -394kjmol-1………….II
H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  H2O -286kjmol-1………..III
C6H5OH (l)+7O2(g)  6CO2(g)+3H2O(l)-3050kjmol-……IV
From data above eq I = 6(II) + 3(III) - (IV)

H fC 6 H 5 OH = 6(-394) + 3(-286) – (-3050)

H = -3222 + 3050 = -172 kjmol-1
fC 6 H 5 OH
OR:Use Haber cycle process

H
6C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½ O2 (g)    C6H5OH (l)
f

[O] 6(-394) Kj [O] 3(-286)kj [O] -3050kj

6CO2 + 3H2O
∆𝐻𝑓𝜃 – 3050 = 6(-394) + 3(-286)
∆𝐻𝑓𝜃 C6H5OH= -172kjmol-1
b.i. OH O-Na+

+ NaOH   + 3H2O

OH OH
ii. CH3
+ CH3Cl FeCl
   3
+ HCl

166
19.a) i. There is increase in moles of gas (volume) in the forward reaction . Increase in pressure
favours the back ward reaction or shifts equilibrium position to the left where there are a few
moles of gas.
3
[ H 2 ] [ CO ]
ii. kc = 2
units mol2dm-6
[ CH 4
][ H 2 O ]
b)i. Pka = -logka
ii. Pka= 4.77 ka= log-1(-4.77) = 1.69 x 10-5 moldm-3
CH3COOH(aq) ⇌ CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)
 
[ CH 3 COO ][ H ]
Ka =
[ CH 3 COOH ]
At equilibrium [CH3COO -]=[ H+ ]
[H+]= kax [ CH 3 COOH ]
5
[H+]= 1 . 69 x10 x 0 . 1
[H+]= 1.3 x 10-3
pH= -log[H+] = -log(1.3 x 10-3 )
pH = 2.88

c).i. Buffer solution is a solution which resists change in PH when a small amount of acid or base is
added.
ii. The mixture contains a large amount of CH3COO- (from the salt and acid )
When a small amount of acid is added :
CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH. This prevents an increase in [H+];
hence PH remains almost constant.
When a small amount of base is added:
CH3COOH + OH-  CH3COO- + H2O
Hence the [ OH-] does not increase and PH is kept constant .

20.a) Electrolysis of aq.CuSO4 using impure copper as anode and pure copper as cathode . bio-chem

Impure Cu(s) Pure Cu(s)

CuSO4(aq)
Anode dissolves and impurities drop to the bottom
Cu(s)  Cu2+ (aq) + 2e-
Pure copper deposits on the cathode
Cu2+(aq) +2e-  Cu(s)

b) .i. Q = It = 0.5 x 30x 60 = 900C

ii. Cu2+(aq) + 2e-  Cu(s)
2 faradays deposited 63.5g Cu
2x96500C deposited 63.5g Cu
63 . 5 g
1C deposits of Cu
2 x 96500 C

167
 63 . 5 gx 900 C
900C deposited = 0.296g of Cu.
2 x 96500 C

c. i. To make ions free to move

ii. In aqueous solution, H+ would be discharged in preference to Na+ hence no sodium would be
formed.

21.a) .i. 5Fe2+(aq) + MnO-4 (aq) + 8H+(aq)  5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O (l)

ii. 1000cm3 of MnO4- contain 0.02 mol

0 . 02 x 26 . 50
26.50 cm3 of MnO4- contain = 5.3 x10-4moles.
1000
4
5 x 5 . 3 x 10
Number of moles of Fe2+ =
1
= 2.65 x 10-3mol.
25cm3 of Fe2+ contain 2.65 x 10-3moles of Fe2+
3
2 . 65 x 10 x 250
250cm3of Fe2+ contain
25
= 2.65x10-2 moles of Fe2+
iii. actual mass of Iron(Fe) = 2.65x10-2 x 56g in dm3
- = 1.484g

actualmass
% of Fe in the original sample of Iron = x 100
samplemass

1 . 484
. % = x 100 = 74.2 %
2
b).i. Ba2+(aq) + SO42- (aq) BaSO4(s)

ii. Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3BaCl2 3BaSO4(s) + 2AlCl3(aq)

mass
Number of moles of BaSO4 produced = molar mass of BaSO4 =137 + 32 + 16 x 4 =233
molarmass

2 . 33
=
233
= 0.01 mole of BaSO4
Using mole ratio 1: 3
3moles of BaSO4(aq)  1mole of Al2(SO4)3
1 x 0 . 01
0.01moles of BaSO4(aq)  = 3.33 x10-3 moles of Al2(SO4)3(s)
3
Actual mass = n x molar mass, molar mass of Al2(SO4)3 = 27 x2 + (32 + 4 x16)x3 =342
= 3.33 x10-3 x 342 = 1.13886 g

1 . 13886 x 100
% age mass = = 22.8% .
5
c ) .i. (NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH  Na2SO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O .

168
ii. Number of moles of HCl  3.0 x 10-3 moles .
Therefore the number of moles of NH3 = 3.0 x 10-3 moles due to mole ratio.
ii. Number of moles of mole (NH4)2SO4 = (½ x 3.0 x10-3) according to the mole ratio.
. = 1.5 x 10-3moles of (NH4)2SO4
 Number of moles of nitrogen = 2x1.5 x 10-3moles = 3.0 x 10-3moles

Mass of Nitrogen = 3.0 x 10-3 x14.

= 0.042g .

0 . 042 x 100
% age mass = =4.2 %
1 .0

22. a) Zn(s) + HCl(aq)   ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Observation : Bubbles of a gas/ effervescence with a “ pop sound “
ZnCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)   ZnCO3(s) + NaCl(aq_)
Observation :White precipitate.
2 

b) CH2CH2CH2OH      CH3CH2COOH
Cr 2 O 7 /H

heat

Observation: The orange solution of potassium dichromate turns green.

O
H+
CH3CH2COOH + CH3CH2OH ⇌ CH3CH2C + H2O
OCH2CH3
Observation: Fruity smell of an ester,

c) CH3 CH2Cl CH2OH

+Cl2  UVlight
 + NaOH  heat


d) 4HCl(aq) + MnO2(s)  heat

 Cl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + MnCl2(aq)
Observation: greenish yellow gas with chocking smell that bleaches litmus paper.
Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq)   NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + NaOCl(aq)

169
2008- Physics -math:

13 .a) PH3 has one lone pair of electrons on p which does not exert greater repulsion force between
three hydrogen bond electrons equally and hence a pyramidal shape.
..
P
H H
H

In H2S, has a bent shape due to two lone pairs of electrons on sulphur atom which exerts the greater
repulsion force between two bond pair electrons making V-shape.
:S :
H H

b).
The bond angle decreases from H2O to H3O+
Water has two lone pairs electrons while H3O+ has one lone pair of electrons and the more the
lone pairs of electrons the greater the repulsion hence smaller bond angle.
Therefore H2O will have smaller bond angle than H3O+

17. a) Group VII elements exist as non-polar diatomic molecules held together by weak vander
Waal’s forces .
As you move down the group, the size of the atoms increase hence increase in the magnitude of van
der Waal forces holding them.
This lowers the volatility down the group.

b)The acid strength of hydrogen halides depends on the ease to release a proton which depends on
the bond strength. The bond strength decreases from HF to HI due to decrease in electronegativity
from F toI. hence increase in the ease of release of a proton.

c) Aluminium iii chloride is hydrolysed by water.

The Al3+ has small size with big charge hence high polarizing power.
Al 3+ hence has high attraction for oxygen atom in water molecules.
This weakens the O-H bond hence releasing hydrogen ions in solution
AlCl3 →Al3+ + 3Cl-
Al 3+ + 6H2O(l) ⇌ [Al(H2O)6]3+(aq)
[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) ⇌ [Al(H2O)33OH)] + 3H+(aq)
The acidity is due to the release H+ in solution.

NaCl dissolves is water to form a neutral solution.

NaCl  aq
 Na+ + Cl-
The Na+ has a small size and cannot polarize water and hence no release of H+ ions therefore the
solution remains neutral.

d) In propan-1-ol is miscible with water because it is polar and forms hydrogen bonds with water
molecules .

170
 H
CH3CH2CH2-O-H O-H
Hydrogen bond
In propane CH3CH2CH3 , the bonds are non-polar thus cannot dissolve in a polar solvent such as
water.

19.a) Haematite , lime stone and coke are added from the top of blast furnace hot air is fed from the
bottom .The energy and reducing agent are obtained by combustion of coke .
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g)
CO2 (g) + C(s)  CO(g)
CO reduces Haematite to spongy iron.
Fe2O3 (s) +3 CO(g)  2Fe + 3CO2(g)
Limestone then decomposes to calcium oxide which reacts with sandy impurities .
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)
CaO(s) + SiO2 )  CaSiO3(s)
The molten slag and iron trickle down the blast furnace and the slag floats on top of molten Iron
preventing oxidation of Iron by hot air ..

b) An alloy is a combination of two or more elements of which at least one is a metal

-Steel is an example of an alloy of iron .
-Steel is used for making sheets and wires
-Steel is used in building and general engineering.

c ).i. A dark – blue solution is due to the formation of tetra aminocopper ii ion.
Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq)  [Cu(NH3)4] 2+(aq)
Dark blue solution .
ii. Cr3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)  Cr(OH)3(s) grey-green precipitate
Cr(OH)3 + 3OH-(aq)  [Cr(OH)4]-(aq)
Green solution.
20. a) Differences between sigma and pi bond.
Sigma bond Pi-bond

It is the end to end overlapping of atomic It is formed by sidewise overlapping of

orbitals. atomic orbitals.

Stronger. Weaker.

It is formed alone. It exists in association with sigma bond.

S & P atomic orbitals participate in bonding. Only P atomic orbitals participate in

bonding.

b).i. 7sigma bonds and no pi bonds

ii. 3 sigma bonds and 2 pi bonds
iii. 5 sigma bonds and 1pi bond.

c) i. SP
ii. SP2

171
 iii. SP3.

d) i. A dative bond is formed when the shared electrons comes from only one atom while in the
usual covalent bond the shared electrons come from both atoms.
ii.
Cl Cl Cl

Al Al

Cl Cl Cl
21. a)
i. For a white precipitate soluble in excess ammonia .
The soluble cation is Zn2+ confirmed
Insoluble cations are: Pb2+, Al3+ (Sn2+ or Sn4+ suspected)
On addition of KI, a yellow precipitate is observed, Pb2+ confirmed .
The three cations are Zn2+, Pb2+, Al3+ .(Sn2+ or Sn4+ suspected)
ii.Pb2++ 2I-(aq)  PbI2(s) yellow ppt.
iii. PbI2(s)

b) O
i. A is CH3CH2C -OCH2CH3
B is CH3CH2OH
O
C is CH3CH2C- OH
ii. CH3CH2OH + PCl5  CH3CH2Cl + HCl + POCl3.

c) i. Gas y is SO2 .
ii. Cation is Fe2+ and anion SO32-
iii.Green precipitate is Fe(OH)2 .
Brown precipitate is Fe(OH)2.
Fe(OH)2 + O2(g) + 2H2O  4Fe(OH)3(s)

172
2007- BIOLOGY- CHEMISTRY.
SECTION A:

1.a) Ionisation is the minimum energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole
free gaseous atoms or cations to form one mole of positively charged gaseous cations for example
Na(g)   Na(g)+ + e

b) The second electron is closer to the nucleus and experiences greater nuclear attraction.
On addition the second electron is removed from a stable full 3p orbital.

2 a) F – : 1s22s22p6
b) The order of increasing ionic radius is Mg2+,Na+ ,F-
From Mg2+ to F- effective nuclear charge decreases due to decrease in the number of protons hence
decrease in attraction of the outside electrons.
This leads to an increase in size from, Mg 2+ , Na+ then to F-.

c) F- has a larger size than F because there is an extra electron gained by F- resulting into increased
screening effect and thus larger size.

3. a) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 1- butanol
CH3CH2CH2-CH-CH3 2- butanol
OH
CH3
CH3-C-OH 2- methyl propan-2-ol
CH3
CH3
b) CH3-C-OH 2- methyl propan-2-ol
CH3

4. a) Hydrogen chloride has covalent bonding

Sodium fluoride has ionic bonding .
b) Hydrogen chloride associates through van der Waal’s forces of attraction easily broken at room
temperature thus the lower melting point.
While sodium fluoride associates through a strong ionic bond which is hard to break and thus
higher melting point.

5. a) Across the period, increase in nuclear charge outweighs increase in screening effect hence
effective nuclear charge increases.
The electrons are therefore more attracted to the nucleus which decreases atomic radius. (size).

b) As you move down the group, an extra shell of electrons is added, hence screening effect
outweighs nuclear charge resulting to less attraction of electrons thus a decrease in
electronegativity.

6. a) Effervescence of a colourless gas which neutral to litmus and burns with a “ pop” sound in
presence of a glowing splint.
2CH3COOH(aq) + Mg(s) →(CH3COO)2Mg (aq) + H2(g)
b) The purple colour of potassium permanganate is discharged .
 

CH3CHO CH3COOH
MnO /H
 
4
 .

173
 heat

7. a) The acid-base character increased as you move across period .

b) The basic character decreases as you move a cross period .
MgO is a basic oxide it reacts with acids. e.g.
MgO (s) + 2HCl (aq)   MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

Al2O3 is an amphoteric oxide and it reacts with both acids and bases.
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl (aq)   2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) +3H2O(l) ⇌ 2NaAl(OH)4(aq
SO3 is an acidic oxide and reacts with NaOH
SO3 + NaOH(aq)   NaHSO4 (aq)

8.a).i. A ligand is a molecule or ion or group of atoms that donate a lone pair of electrons to the
central metal ion to form a complex.
For example in [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+ the ligands are NH3 and Cl-.
ii. Coordination number is the number of coordinate bonds from ligands to the central ion.
For example, since there are six bonds from the ligand to the central metal ion in [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]+, the
coordinate number is 6.

b) Let the oxidation number of Cr be X.

X+ (4x0) + 2x-1 = 1
X + 0 -2 = 1
X= 1+2 = +3

9. A. OH B: OH C: O-Na+ D: OH
Br NO2

10 a) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)   MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

b) Since the temperature rose by 100C the reaction is exothermic and thus we have the energy
diagram like below. Energy profile diagram

Energy /kJmol-1

- activation energy
Mg + HCl
↕H MgCl2 + H2

Reaction progress

11.a).i. NH2- CH-COOH + HCl(aq)   +NH3-CH-COOH(aq)+ Cl-(aq)

CH3 CH3

ii. NH2-CH-COOH + NaOH (aq)   NH2CHCOO-Na+ (aq) + H2O(l)

CH2OH CH2OH

174
b) Condensation polymer

H O H O
c) N – CH-C-O-N-CH-C-O
CH3 CH2OH

Linkage group
12. a) R = k[A][B]
R 
b)i. K =
 A  B 
4 3 1
3 . 75 x 10 moldm s
K=
1 . 5 x10 2 . 5 x10 moldm 
2 3 3 2

K= 10 mol-1dm3s-1
ii.units of K : mol-1dm3s-1

2
P HI
13.a) Kp=
P I xP H
2 2

i. H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)

Intial amount 0.5 0.5 0
Amount reacted α α 2α
Amount at eqm 0.5-α 0.5- α 2α
Total amount in moles at equilibrium
But at equilibrium ,there was 0.11 moles of I2
Thus , 0.5-α = 0.11
α = 0.5-0.11 = 0.39 moles
Number of moles of I2 = 0.11mole
Number of moles of H2 = 0.11mole
Number of moles of HI = 2 x 0.39
= 0.78moles

ii. Total moles = 0.11 +0.11 + 0.78 =1 moles.

partial pressure = mole fraction x pressure of system.
0 . 11
PI2 = x2 = 0.22atm
1
0 . 11
PH2 = x2 = 0.22atm
1
0 . 78
PHI= x2 = 1.56atm
1
1 . 56 
2

Kp = = 50.28
 0 . 22  0 . 22 

14. a) PH= -log10[H+]

b) 3.5 = -log10[H+]
[H+] = 0.000316 moldm-3

175
 15. a) Ca(OH)2(s) ⇌ Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
Ksp = [ca2+][OH+]2
b) At equilibrium , [Ca(OH)2]= [Ca2+]
[Ca2+] = 0.11 moldm-3
[OH-] = 2x0.11= 0.022 moldm-3
Ksp = (0.011)(0.022)2 = 5.3x10-5 mol3dm-9

SECTION B:

16. a) X is carboxylic acid group

Y is phenol
b) Reduction
c) O
C-OCH2CH3
OH

d) O
C-O-Na+
O-C-CH3
O

e) CO2H
OH

Br
f) intra molecular hydrogen bonding
g) MnO4-/ H+ and heat.
17.a)
i.
Pt electrodes.

Acidified copper (ii) sulphate

ii. Cathode: Cu2+(aq) + 2e   Cu(s)

iii. Anode: 4OH- (aq) ⇌ O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e-
iv. The PH of the solution reduces. i.e. the solution becomes more acidic.
The discharge of OH ions leaves H+ ions in solution hence reacting with the remaining SO42-
forming sulphuric acid.
2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)   H2SO4(aq)
b)
Pt electrodes Cu electrode
The blue colour of copper ii sulphate fades. The blue colour of copper ii sulphate remains
because the anode continues to breake down.
The anodes does not change in size. The anode redues in size brcuase it breakes
down.
Bubbles of a colouress gas at the anode No bubbles of a gas at the anode.
because hydrogen is evolved.

176
18. a) M(g)   M+(g) + e 1st ionization energy
M+(g)   M2+(g) + e second ionization energy
M2+(g)   M3+(g) + e third ionization energy

b) F is in group II due to a large difference between the second and third ionization energy.
This means that the third electron comes from a stable energy level.
c) D is mostly likely to be a noble gas due to the highest value of first ionization energy caused by its
stability.
d) FC2 .
This is because F is group II of the periodic table.
e) E and F

19. a) Optimum conditions :

Pressure of 200atm.
Temperature of 450 0C.
Catalyst is finely divided iron.
b) A low temperature would give a higher yield but the rate would be too slow, hence not
economical. A higher temperature of 4500C increases the rate.
A high pressure increases the yield but if it is higher than 200 atm, it becomes very expensive
because of the higher cost of repairing broken parts.
The catalyst increases the rate of reaction because it provides an alternative pathway for activation
energy hence reducing the cost.
c) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
2NO + O2(g)   2NO2(g)
4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 2O2(g)   4HNO3 (aq)
d) KNO3 contains potassium and nitrogen minerals which are needed by soil.
NH4NO3 contains basically nitrogen as the mineral required by the soil.

13
20. a) i. C4H10 (g) + O2 (g) 
 4CO2 (g) + 5H2O(l)
2
ii. 24dm3of C4H10 at r.t.p contains 1 mole
1 x1 . 2
1.2 dm3 of C4H10 at r.t.p contains = 0.05moles.
24
80
iii. ( Heat produced by C4H10 ) x = Heat absorbed by water
100
1 mole of C4H10 produces 3000 kJ
3000 x 0 . 05
0.05mole of C4H10 produces = 150kJ
1
80
x 150kJ= MC∆θ where M = mass , C= specific heat capacity
100
120 kJ = Mx 4.2 x(100-20) , 1KJ= 1000J
120 x 1000J = 336 x M
120000
M= = 357g = 0.357Kg
336
Mass of water is 0.357Kg.
b) C + O2   CO2 -394 ………….(i)

177
 H2 + ½O2 
 H2O -286…………(ii)
13
C4H10(g) + O2(g) 
 4CO2 + 5 H2O -3000………(iii)
2
Solution
4C(s) + 5H2(g)   C4H10(g)………………………………………..(iv)
Iv= 4(ii) +5(i)- (iii)

4C + 4O2 
 4CO2 -394 x4
5
5H2 + O2 
 5H2O -286x5
2
13
4CO2 + 5H2O 
 C4H10 + O2 3000
2
4C(s) + 5H2(g)   C4H10(g) ∆𝐻𝑓Ɵ = -6kJmol-1
∆𝐻𝑓Ɵ= -6kjmol-1
The enthalpy change of formation of butane is -6kjmol-1
21. a) first functional group ;
-Alcohol O
In a(ii) An ester is formed -C-O-
b) O
-C-H aldehyde group

c) O
H-C - CH2OH is A
d)HO- CH=CH-OH
Isomers
H OH HO OH
C=C and C=C
HO H H H

e) O O
C=C
HO OH
f) HO-CH2-CH2-OH
g) Br- CH2-CH2-Br
O O
h) CH3 -C-OCH2CH2 –C-OCH3

178
22. a) 1000cm3 contain 0.48moles of S2O32-
0 . 48 x 23 . 7
23.7cm3contain -

1000
. = 0.011376 moles of S2O32-
b)
2moles of S2O32- react with 1mole of I2
1 x 0 . 011376 NB:
0.011376 moles of S2O32-react with of iodine.
2 This equation was not balanced
. = 0.005688 moles of I2 in the original question.
But 1mole of iodine is produced by 1mole of Cu2+ Cu2+(aq) + 4I-(aq)→ 2CuI(s) + I2(aq)
1 x 0 . 005688
0.005688 mol of I2 are produced by of Cu2+
1
. = 0.005688 moles .
c) Cu2+(aq) + 2e-   Cu(s)
1mole of Cu2+ produce 1 mole of Cu
0.005688moles of Cu2+ produce 0.005688 moles of Cu.
Mass of pure copper = number of moles x malar mass of copper.
Mass of pure copper = 0.005688 mol x 63.5g/mol = 0.36g
puremass
Percentage purity = x 100
impuremass
0 . 361
Percentage purity = x 100 = 40.132%
0 . 900
d) The oxidation state is +1
Electronic configuration of Cu+ is 1s22s22p63s23p63d10.
e) Electrolysis of aq.CuSO4 using impure copper as anode and fine strips pure copper as cathode .

pure Impure(Cu)
(Cu) CuSO4

Anode dissolves and impurities drop to the bottom

Cu(s)  Cu2+ + 2e-
Pure copper deposits on the cathode
Cu2+ +2e-  Cu(s)
f) Copper has mobile electrons thus can conduct electricity and has thermal conductivity hence is
malleable, ductile and able to form alloys.

179
2007-PHYSICS MATH
NB: The answers which are not in this text check in 2008-Biology chemistry answers:
SECTION A

12. CO2 is a discrete molecule which is simple structure with weak van der Waal’s force of
attraction which broken with less energy resulting to low boiling points.
SiO2 has a giant covalent structure with strong covalent bonds which broken at high energy hence
resulting high boiling points .

13. a)
2Ca(NO3)2(g) 
 2CaO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

b) Trend: thermal stability increases down the group.

Explanation: Down the group the size of the cation increases and charge is constant hence
polarizing power decreases.
Decrease in polarizing power increases ionic character. The ions are therefore more strongly held
hence increase in their thermal stability.

c) 2KNO3   2KNO2(s) + O2(g)

Decomposition of Ca(NO3)2 is differ from that of KNO3 due their products formed for KNO3
there is formation of nitride which is not in decomposition of Ca(NO3)2 .

14. ..
N
Cl Cl
Cl

15. Sigma bond is formed by overlapping of two atomic orbits head to head while the pi bond is
formed by overlapping of two p- orbits side by side.
17. a) MgO is used for the manufacture of glasses .
b) preparation
i. By heating a metal (Mg) in air or oxygen.
2Mg(s) + O2(g)     2MgO(s)
heat

ii. by heating of carbonates or nitrates.

MgCO3(s)     MgO(s) + CO2(g)
heat

2Mg(NO3)2(s)    2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g)+O2(g)

heat

c) MgO
o xx 2+ xx 2-

Mg x x Mg x O x

o xx xx

d) i. reduction reaction
ii. To avoid oxidation.
iii. Giant covalent structure.

180
19. a) ..
P -bond angle is about 1070(actual bond angle 93.2O)
H H -The shape is pyramidal.

H
b) Nitrogen is more electronegative atom than phosphorus. NH3 molecules are held together by
stronger hydrogen bonds while PH3 molecules are held together by weak van der Waals forces
which require less energy to break resulting lower boiling point than NH3.

c) i. The oxidation state of P in P2O5 is +5.

ii. PCl5(s) + 4H2O(l)   H3PO4(aq) + 5HCl(aq)
iii. Molecular shape is triagonal bipyramidal.

22. a) let oxidation state of Cr in CrO42-be x

X + 4x-2= -2
X = -2+8 = +6.

b).i Cr3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)   Cr(OH)3(s) grey green precipitate.

ii. Cr(OH)3(s) + 3OH-(aq)   [Cr(OH)6]3-(aq) green solution .

c) Hydrogen peroxide acts as an oxidizing agent.

d) i. it is orange.
ii. In the presence of an acid chromates are converted to orange solution of dichromate.
2Cr O42-(aq) + 2H+aq)   2Cr2O72-(aq) + H2O(l)
Yellow orange
No because the oxidation state of chromium is the same.

e)Cr2O72-(aq)+14H+(aq)+6Fe2+(aq)   2Cr3+(aq)+6Fe3+(aq)+7H2O(l)

f) i. An alloy is a combination of two or more elements of which at least one is a metal.

(or an alloy is a combination of two or more metals )
ii. It does not rust .

g) Cr : 24 = 1S22S22P63S23P63d54S1

181
2006
Biology –chemistry
Section A

1.a) S=1s22s22p63s23p4

b) P-block

c) This caused by different electronic structures of the two atoms

P= 15 : 1s22s22p63s23p3.
S= 16: 1s22s22p63s23p4
In sulphur, the outer most electron is removed from a partially filled 3p -orbital which is less
stable.
While in phosphorus an electron is being removed from a half filled 3p orbital which is more
stable and will require high energy to remove hence a high first ionization energy.

2 .a) U  2 He  A e B e X  2 He  Y
238 4 234 0 234 0 234 4 230
92 90 1 91 1 92 90

Mass number of y is 230

Atomic number of y is 90
b) Radioactive isotopes are used in x-rays
Radioactive isotopes are used in sterilization of medical equipment instruments

T
c) t ½ = , T= time taken , t ½ = half-life , n = number of half- life
n

T 75
n= = =5
t1 15
2

N
from Nt = O
n
where Nt = amount remained after decay , No = original amount
2

Nt 1 1
= 5
=
No 2 32

3.a) O
C-CH2-+NH3
-O

b) O H O H
C-CH2-N-C- C- NH2
HO CH3
c)

O
C-CH2-OH + N2 + H2O
HO

4.a) CH2=CHCl
b)Chlorine\CCl4
c) NaOH, alcohol and heat.

182
or CH3CH2O-Na+ and heat.

d) PVC is used in electrical insulation.

making pipes, sports equipments, footwears, carpets…

5.a) A is cyclohexane
B is hydrogen
C is chloro ethane
D is ethyl benzene

6. a) O
CH3CH2C-OCH2CH3
O
CH3C-OCH2CH2CH3
O
H-C-OCH2CH2CH2CH3
O
CH3CH2CH2CH2-C-O-CH3
O O
b) CH3CH2C-OCH2CH3 + NaOH   CH3CH2C-ONa+ + CH3CH2OH

7.a) Standard enthalpy of combustion is the enthalpy change when one mole of substance is
completely burnt in oxygen at standard conditions.
(at temperature of 298K and a pressure of 1atm )

b) C2H4(g) + H2O(l)   C2H5OH …………………...…….I

C2H4(g) + 3O2(g)   2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)………...………II
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2   2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)……...............III
The standard enthalpy change for (I)Equation I= II –III
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g)   2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)………… -1411 kJmol-1
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)   C2H5OH(l) + 3O2 ……......1367 kJmol-1
C2H4(g) + H2O(l)   C2H5OH -44KJmol-1

8.a) 2Ca(NO3)2(g) 
 2CaO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

b) Ca(NO3)2 is more thermal dynamically stable.

Ca2+ has larger ionic radius than Mg2+ and both cations have the same charge.
Ca2+ has a lower polarizing power than Mg2+ and the lower the polarizing power the greater the
ionic character. Therefore, Ca(NO3)2 is more ionic and more thermal dynamically stable.

9.a) -Phenols
- Amide
O
b).i. X is CH3 –C - Cl
ii. PCl5 or SOCl2

10.a) The acidic strength of hydrogen halides increases down the group.

183
The acidic strength depends on the ease of release of a proton which depends on the bond strength.
The bond strength of hydrogen halides decreases from HF to HI due to a decrease in
electronegativity from F to I.
Therefore since bond strength decreases there will be an increase in the ease of release of H+ ions.

b) Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water forming a solution which turns blue litmus red.
Water will rise inside the inverted test tube.

11. a) Ammonia forms complexes with Cobalt (II) due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons in
ammonia which is donated to the empty orbitals of cobalt (II) to form a complex .
While methane does not have any lone pair of electrons.

b) There is first formation of CuCl2 which is green then finally formation of tetrachlorocopper(ii)
complex.
Cu2+ (aq) + 2Cl-(aq)   CuCl2(aq) -green
CuCl2(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) ⇌ [CuCl4]2-(aq) – yellow.

12. a) i. Using experiment 1and 2 ,doubling the concentration of A and the concentration of B is kept
constant multiplies the rate by 4 the order of reaction with respect to A is 2.
ii. Using experiment 2and 3 , doubling the concentration of B and the concentration of A is kept
constant i.e. does not have any effect on the rate .The order of reaction with respect to B is 0.

b) . R=K[A]2[B]0 where R is rate and k is rate constant.

R= K[A]2

13.a) CH3CH2COOH ⇌ CH3CH2COO-(aq) + H+(aq)

 
[ CH 3 CH 2 COO ][ H ]
b) Ka =
[ CH 3 CH 2 COOH ]
At equilibrium, [CH3CH2COO-] = [H+]
 2
[H ]
Ka =
[ CH 3 CH 2 COOH ]
 2
[H ]
1.3x10-5 =
[ 0 . 10 ]
[H+]2 = 1.3x10-5x0.10 =1.3x10-6
6
[H+] = 1 . 3 x10 = 1.14x10-3 moldm-3
PH = -log[H+] = -log(1.14x10-3) = 2.94

2
P NO 2
14. a) Kp =
PN
2O 4

b) Using Boyle’s law and Avogadro’s theory , increase in pressure favours the direction which has
less volume and thus doubling the pressure at constant temperature favours the backward reaction
15. a) Eөcell = Eөright - Eөleft
= -0.23-(-1.18) = + 0.95V

184
b) From the cell reaction
Mn(s) + Ni2+(aq) ⇌ Mn2+(aq) + Ni(s)

Thus increasing the concentration of Mn2+ shifts the equilibrium position to the left.
Hence the value of emf decreases.

SECTION B:

16. a) NO2

b) .i. Conc. HNO3 and H2SO4 with heat (55O C)

ii. Sn/HCl plus NaOH and heat

c)i. NH2 + H+ 
 +NH3

ii. ammonia is stronger base than NH2

Basic strength of amines depends on the availability of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen
atom. In phenylamine the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom interacts with the delocalized
pi-electrons in benzene ring making the lone pair less
available.
Ammonia has three hydrogen atoms bonded to nitrogen and hydrogen atoms have no inductive
effect thus no effect on availability of the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen atom .

d) NaNO2/ Conc. HCl at 0 0C.

e) N=N OH

17. (a) 2ZnS (s) + 3O2 (g)   ZnO(s) + 2SO2 (g) ….i
ZnO(s)   Zn(s) + ½ O2 (g) ……………………………….ii
Given ;
Zn(s) + S(s)   ZnS(s) -200kJmol-1………..……..iii
Zn(s) + ½ O2 (g)   ZnO(s) -348kJmol-1……...…...iv
S(s) + O2(g)   SO2(g) -297kJmol-1……………….v
(i)=- 2(iii) + 2(iv) + 2(v)
(i)= -2x-200 + 2x-348 + 2x-297
(i) = -890kJ per 2 mols
For one mole -445kJper mol.
b) It is exothermic because enthalpy change is negative.
c) Sulphur dioxide pollutes the environment and can lead to green house effect which rises the
global warming.

185
It also leads to acidic rain.

d) Treatment of waste gases before disposal by dissolving the sulphur dioxide gas in alkalis.

e) Carbonmonoxide
ZnO(s) + CO(g)   Zn(s) +CO2(g)

f) Reagent used to distinguish Zn2+ and Pb2+ is Potassium iodide (KI)

Pb2+- yellow precipitate observed .
Zn2+ : No observable change .
Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq)   PbI2(s)
Or use aqueous ammonia

18.a) X and Y are carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones)

b) . i. X is an aldehyde
Y is a ketone
ii. Copper i Oxide or Cu2O
O
c) CH3CH2 – C-CH3 butanone

d) .i. O
CH3 - C- CH3 H+
ii. HCN →H+ + CN-
O O- OH
CH3 –C- CH3 → CH3-C-CH3 H+ → CH3-C-CH3
CN CN
CN-

e) OH
CH3- C-CH2NH2
CH3

19. a) Acid is proton donor according to Bronsted –Lowry theory of acids and bases .
b) H2O and CH3 +NH3 are acting as acids .
c) Ksp = [Ca2+][OH-]2

d)i.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq)   CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
1000cm3 contain 0.050 moles of HCl
0 . 050 x 18 . 2
18.2cm3contain
1000
= 0.00091 moles of HCl
2moles of HCl → 1mole of Ca(OH)2
1 x 0 . 00091
0.00091 moles of HCl → of Ca(OH)2 = 0.000455mol Ca(OH)2
2
20cm3 contain 0.000455 mol of Ca(OH)2
0 . 000455 x 1000
1000cm3 will contain = 0.02275M of Ca(OH)2
20 . 0

186
 But 1mole of Ca(OH)2 is produce by 2mole of OH-
Thus concentration of OH- = 2x0.02275 moldm-3
. = 0.0455 moldm-3.
ii. [Ca ] = 0.02moldm
2+ -3

[OH-] = 0.0455moldm-3
Ksp = [Ca2+][OH-]2
Ksp = (0.02275moldm-3)(0.0455moldm-3)2
= 4.7 x10-5mol3dm-9.

e) Calcium hydroxide is less soluble in Potassium hydroxide due to the common ion effect of OH-
which reduces the solubility of Calcium hydroxide.

20.a) During electrolysis of conc. NaCl the ions present in solution are Na+, Cl- ,H+ ,OH-
Anode: Cl2 formed because Cl- is being discharged preference to OH-
2Cl-(aq)   Cl2(g) + 2e-
Cathode: H2 formed because H+ is being discharged preference to Na+
2H+ (aq) + 2e-  H2 (g)
Remaining solution will form NaOH.
Hence, products are: Cl2 (g), H2 (g) and NaOH

b)i. Total quantity (Q) = Ixt = 0.200x10x60x60= 7200C

At cathode: Cu2+(aq)+ 2e   Cu(s)
2 faradays deposit 1mole of Cu
2x9600C deposit 63.5 g of copper
63 . 5 gx 7200 C
7200C deposit of copper = 2.36g of copper.
2 x 96500 C

ii) 4 faradays liberates 24 dm3 of O2 (g)

4 x 95600C liberates 32 g
24 x 7200
7200C liberates of oxygen
4 x 96500
= 0.448dm3 or 448cm3
SECTION C:

1
4. 21.(a) concentration /molarity = = 0.017M
60
1000cm3 contain 0.017moles of KIO3.
0 . 017 x 250
250cm3contain = 0.00425 moles of KIO3.
1000
mass
Number of moles = , molar mass of KIO3 = 39 +127 + 3x16 = 214g/mole
molarmass
Mass = n x Molar mass = 0.00425 moles x 214g/mol = 0.9095g of KIO3 .

b) i. 1000cm3 contain 0.017moles of IO3-.

0 . 017 x 25
25cm3contain = 0.000425moles of IO3-.
1000

187
 ii. 1mole of IO3- liberated 3mole of I2
0 . 000425 x3
0.000425 of IO3- liberated of iodine = 0.001275moles of I2
1
But 1mole of iodine is reacted with 2moles of S2O32-
2 x 0 . 001275
0.001275 moles of I2 reacted with of S2O32- = 0.00255 moles of S2O32-
1
iii. 20cm3 contain 0.00255moles of S2O32-
0 . 00255 x 1000
1000cm3contain = 0.1275 moldm3- of S2O32-
20
iv. starch indicator

c.i. 1000cm3 contain 0.001moles of S2O32-.

0 . 001 x 14 . 0
14.0 cm3contain = 0.000014moles of S2O32-.
1000
2mole of of S2O32 reacted with 1mole of I2
0 . 000014 x1
0.000014 moles of S2O32reacted of iodine = 0.000007moles of I2 .
2
ii. Cl2(g) +2I-(aq)   I2 + 2Cl-(aq)
Iodide ion is reducing agent since it has reduced Cl2 from oxidation state of 0 to -1

iii. 1 mole of I2 liberated by 1 mole of Cl2

0.000007 moles of Iodine liberated by 0.000007 moles of Cl2
Mass of pure chlorine = number of moles x molar mass of chlorine.
Mass of pure chlorine = 0.000007mol x (35.5 x2) g/mol = 0.000497g of Cl2
iv. Cl2(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)
(o) (-1) (+1)
Cl2 undergoes both oxidation and reduction in the same reaction i.e. disproportionation reaction.
Or Add NaOH.

22. a) Reagent used is aqueous sodium carbonate .

For Mg(NO3)2 , a white precipitate is observed and no observable change with NH4NO3 .
Mg2+(aq) + CO32-(aq)   MgCO3(s) (white precipitate )
Or using sodium hydroxide solutions.

b) Reagent ammoniacal silver nitrate (Tollen’s reagent)

No observable change with CH3CH2COCH2CH3.
Silver mirror observed with CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO
Equation:
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO(aq) + 2NH4OH + 2AgNO3   CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH + 2Ag(aq) +2NH4NO3(aq)
Or using fehlings solution or acidified potassium dichromate or permanganate

c) To both compounds separately add H2O (water) , then test PH of mixture /use litmus paper.
Observations:
CH3-CH2-COCl: fumes of HCl and turns litmus paper turns red /pH will be 1 to 3.
CH3-CH2-CH2Cl: solution of two layers.

188
or Using silver nitrate and ammonia.

d) To both compounds separately add bromine solutions (Br2 dissolved in an organic solvent)
Observations:
CH3-CH=CH2 : decolourises bromine solutions (red-brown to colourless)
CH3-CHBr-CH3 : No observable change
Equation : CH3-CH=CH2 +Br2  CCl
  CH3CHBrCH2Br
4

OR To both compounds separately add acidified permanganate or Using silver nitrate and
aammonia.

e) Using sulphuric acid

Observations:
For Cu2O- The red –brown solid gives a blue solution and a brown solid.
For CuO The black solid gives a blue solution.
Cu2O(s) + H2SO4(aq)   CuSO4(aq) + Cu(s) + H2O(l)
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq)   CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

189
2005: Biology-chemistry.
SECTION A:

1.a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different mass
number.
Isotopes of chromium show similar chemical properties because they have the same atomic
number.

abundance
b) R.A.M =  100
X isotopic mass.

50 x 4.31 + 52 x 83.76 + 53x 9.55 + 54x2.38


100
= 52.06 ≃ 52.1
c) Number of neutrons = mass number –atomic number
= 52-24
= 28

2. a) SiO2
b) SO3

c) Na2O
d) MgO

3. a) Catalyst AlCl3 or FeCl3.

CH3

b)Sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide

Nucleophilic substitution reaction or SN1
c) Acidified potassium dichromate or Acidified potassium permanganate.

4. a) Δr = ∑ΔHreactants - ∑ΔHproducts or (∑ΔHbonds broken) - ∑ΔHbonds created)

where, ΔHr is the enthalpy change for reaction.
and ΔH is the enthalpy change.
H HH HH H
∑ΔHreactants = H-C-C-C-H + Cl-Cl ∑ΔHproducts = H-C-C-C-Cl + H-Cl
HHH H HH
= 8(C-H) + 2(C-C) + (Cl-Cl) = 7(C-H) + 2(C-C) + (C-Cl) + H-Cl
=8 x412 + 242 + 2(C-C) = 7x412 + 2(C-C) + 338 + 432
= 3538 + 2C-C = 3654 + 2C-C
𝜃
Hence, ∆𝐻𝑟 = ( 3538 + 2C-C) - (3654 + 2C-C)
= -116kJmol-1

b) ΔHf = ∑ΔHreactants - ∑ΔHproducts

= 4(S-F) + 158 -6(S-F)
-438 = 4(S-F) + 158 -6(S-F)
-438 -158 = -2S-F

190
 596  2S  F
=
 2  2
S-F= +298kJmol-1
Assumption: The C-C bond is broken.

5.a)i. The standard enthalpy change of formation is the enthalpy change that occurs when one
mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements under standard conditions.
ii.3C(s) + 4H2(g)   not C3H8(g) ∆𝐻𝑓Ɵ

b) C + O2   CO2 -393 x3
H2 + ½O2   H2O -286x4
C3H8 + 5O2   3CO2 + 4 H2O -2220x-1

3C + 3O2   3CO2 -393 x3

4H2 + 2O2   4H2O -286x4
3CO2 + 4H2O   C3H8 + 5O2 2220
3C(s) + 4H2(g)   C3H8(g) -103kJmol-1
∆𝐻𝑓Ɵ= -103kJmol-1

6.a)butan-1-ol or 1-butanol
b)X is a primary alcohol
c) Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces
O O
d. CH3-CH2-CH2-C and CH3-CH2-CH2-C
H OH

7. a) F ..
N
B F F :O:

F F F F F

b) BF3- has a bond angle of 1200 because it has three bond pairs and no lone pair of electrons
NF3 - has a bond angle of about 107O because it has three bond pairs with one lone pair of
electrons.
OF2- has a bond angle of about 104.50 (102o actual) because it has two bond pairs and two lone
pairs of electrons.

191
8. a) Ca = 1S22S22P63S23P64S2
Ca2+ = 1S22S22P63S23P6

b)Calcium ion has lost two electrons which reduces the shielding effect and increases the
effective nuclear charge on the outtermost electrons hence reduced ionic radius.

c) Both Mg2+ and Ca2+ have the same charge but Mg2+ has a smaller ionic radius which cause a
higher charge density(polarising power).
Therefore Mg 2+ will have a greater attraction for water molecules (higher hydration energy) than
Ca2+.

9. a) 25Mn: 1S22S22P63S23P64S23d5
or: 1S22S22P63S23P63d54S2
Mn is a transition element because it has a partially filled 3d-orbital.

b)- Mn has variable oxidation states. E.g +2, +4, +6, +7.
-Mn shows different colors in its compounds.

E.g. Mn2+ solutions are pink and MnO4- solutions are purple.
- Mn is capable of complex ion formation. E.g. MnO4-, MnO42-, [Mn(H2O)6]2+
c) let oxidation state of Mn
X + 4x-2 = -2
X=+6

10.a) Oxygen is more electronegative than sulphur.

Water molecules are therefore held together by stronger hydrogen bonds which are broken at
higher temperature while hydrogen sulphide molecules are held together by weak van der waals
forces which are broken at lower temperature.

b) The boiling points depends on bonding and structure.

Ethane has a simple molecular structure held together by weak van der wals force hence the least
boiling point.
Water consists of stronger hydrogen bonds hence higher boiling point than ethane.
Sodium hydride has the highest boiling point because it forms a gaint ionic structure held
together by strong ionic bonds.

4
P H
11.a) i. kp =
2

4
P H 2
o
PCOCl
ii. kp = 2

PCO xP Cl
2

b). Recation I: Increase in pressure will shift to the right where there is a few nnumber of moles .

192
Reaction II: Increase in pressure has no effect on on the equilibrium position since the number of
moles of gases on the left hand side is equal to the number of moles on the left hand side.

12. By simple method.

1t 1 1 2t 1 1 3t 1 1 4t 1 1 5t 1 1
1 2

2  
2  
2  
2 
2 4 8 16 32
T
t1 = where, n- number of half lives and T-time
2 n
100
=
5
= 20 days.

No T
OR. From Nt= but, t 1 =
2
n 2 n
Nt 1 100
= n
=
No 2 5
1 1
= n
= 20 days
32 2
1 1
5
= n
2 2
n = 5

13. a) 2Ag+(aq) + 2e   2Ag(s)

b) using the general formular.
Mm x I x t
M= nxf
where M-mass, Mm- molar mass, I-current(A), t-time(s), f-farady constant

Mxnxf
I= Mm x t
0.1 x 2 x 96500
= 108 x 30 x 60
= 0.099A per two moles of silver.
= 0.0495A for one mole of silver.

SECTION B:

14.a) PH = -log[H+]
[H+] = √𝑘𝑎 𝑥 𝐶𝑎
4
= 7 . 4 x10 x 0 . 23
4
= 1 . 72 x10
= 1.305 x 10-2moldm-3.
∴ PH = -log( 1.305 x 10-2)
= 1.88

b) i. The addition of H+ reacts with excess C5H7COO- to form C5H7COOH to maintain the equilibrium
hence the PH remains constant.
eqn: C5H7O4COO- + H+   C5H7O4COOH

193
ii. The addition of OH- reacts with C5H7COOH to form C5H7COO- and water to maintain the
equilibrium hence the PH remains constant.
eqn: C5H7O4COOH + OH-   C5H7O4COO- + H2O

[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
c) PH = Pka + log[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
0.3
= -log(7.4 x10-4) + log0.2
= 3.131 + 0.176
= 3.3.

d) Kw is the dissociation constant for water

kw = [H+][OH -]
Water has PH of 7 because it is a neutral molecule.

15. a) CH3CH2CH=CH2
CH3CH=CHCH3
CH3C=CH2
CH3

b) Using bromine water or bromine in an organic solution.

Observations: Bromine water is decolourised. i.e. changes from brown to colourless.
c) i. CH3CH2CH=CH2

CH3CH2CHCH3
ii. CH3CH2CH=CH2 + HBr Br
CH3CH2CHCH2Br
Mechanism(major product)
CH3CH2CH = CH2   CH3CH2CH+-CH3   CH3CH2 CHCH3
   
H - Br Br_ Br
16.a) Reagents: Conc. HNO3
Conditions: Conc. H2SO4 and 550C.
NO2
b) Conc. HNO3
+ H2O
Conc. H2SO4, 550C

mechanism:
H2SO4   H+ + HSO4-
HO-NO
.. 2 H+   H2O+- NO2   H2O + +NO2

NO2 NO2
+NO2 
 H   + H+


H+ + HSO4-   H2SO4
+NO2-isthe electrophile that substitutes H atom in benzene.

194
c)
Steps Reagents Conditions
Step I H+/ KMnO4 or H+/ K2Cr2O7 Heat
Step II CH3CH2OH Heat/H+
StepIII Sn/HCl heat
LiAlH4

17.a)i.Enthaply of reaction = ∑ΔHproducts - ∑ΔHreactants

=2x -395 –(2x-297 + 0)
= -196kJmol-1
ii. The equilibrium position shifts to the left such as to reduce temperature because the reaction is
exothermic.
ii. A low temperature would give a higher yield but the rate would be too slow, hence not
economical. A higher temperature of 4500C because it increases the rate .

iv. Catalyst has no effect on equilibrium position but increases the rate of attainment of equilibrium.

2
[ SO 3 ]
b). i. Kc = 2
[ SO 2 ] [ O 2 ]
ii.I: Increase in concetration of oxygen has no effect on the value of Kc.
II: Increase in concetration of oxygen shift the equilibrium position to the right so as to reduce its
concentration on the left hand side, according to lechateir’s principle.

18.a) e v

H2(g)

Cu electrode

Salt bridge
-- - -- --- ------ -- -- --- - --- - - - ---
Pt electrode
1M H+(aq) 1M Cu2+(aq)
b) i. Strongest reducing agent is Mg.
ii. strogest oxidising agent is F2.

c)Emf = EƟright - EƟleft

= 0.34 -1.23.
= -0.89 V
d) Using the general formular.
Mm x I x t
M= nf
where M-mass, Mm- molar mass, I-current(A), t-time(s), f-farady constant.
Mxnxf
I= Mm x t
15.24 x 2 x 96500
=
63.5 x 3600
= 12.8 A

195
SECTION C:

19.a) Reagent: Ammoniacal silver nitrate solution (tollens reagent)

Condition: Heat.
Observations:
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH- No observable change.
CH3CH2CH2CHO- Silver mirror at the sides of the testtube.
Equations:
CH3CH2CH2CHO   AgNO
3

heat   CH3CH2CH2COOH + Ag(s)
/ NH 3

Or Using fehlings solutions, bradys reagent, Soduim hydrogen sulphite.

b) Reagent: Sodium carbonate.

Observations:
CH3CH2CH2CO2H- bubbles of a colourless gas that turns lime water milky.
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3- no observable change.
Equations:
2CH3CH2CH2CO2H + Na2 CO3   2CH3CH2CH2COO-Na+ + CO2 + H2O

Or Using sodium hydrogen carbonate, acidified potassium permanganate or acidified potassium

dichromate, lucas reagent.

c) Reagent: A mixture of an hydrous zinc (II) chloride and concentrated hydrochloric acid
(lucas reagent)
Observations:
CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3-Cloudiness after 5 minutes at room temperature.
CH3
CH3-C-OH –Immediate cloudiness at room temperature.
CH3
Equations:
CH3CH2CHCH3 + Conc. HCl      CH3CH2CHCH3 + H2O
ZnCl 2(s)

OH Cl
CH3 CH3
CH3-C-OH + Conc. HCl      CH3-C- Cl + H2O
ZnCl 2(s)

CH3 CH3
Or Using acidified potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate.

d) Reagent: Potassium iodide solution

Observations:
Pb(NO3)2 –yellow precipitate.
Zn(NO3)2 - no observable change.
Equations:
Pb 2+ (aq) + 2I-(aq)   PbI2(s)
Or Using ammonia solution.
e) Reagent: Barium chloride and hydrochloric acid.
Observations:
Na2 SO4- White precipitate insoluble in acid.
Na2 SO3 - White precipitate soluble in acid.
Equations:

196
 Ba2+(aq) + SO42-   BaSO4(s)
Ba2+(aq) + SO32-   BaSO3(s)
Or Barium nitrate and nitric acid.
20.a) Because potassium permangate acts as its own indicator.

b) MnO-4 + 8H+ + 5e   Mn2+ + 4H2O

Fe2+   Fe3+ + e x 5
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e   Mn2+ + 4H2O
5Fe2+   5Fe3+ + 5e
MnO4-(aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5Fe2+ (aq)   Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)+ 5Fe3+(aq)
0.0200 ×15
c) moles of MnO4- in 15.0cm3 = 1000
= 3 x 10-4 moles
d) Moles of Fe2+ that reacted = 3 x 10-4 x 5.
= 0.0015 moles.
0.0015 ×1000
Moles/dm of Fe
3 2+ = 25
= 0.06moldm-3.
0.0200 ×19
e) moles of MnO4- in 19.0cm3 =
1000
= 3.8 x 10-4 moles.
f) Moles of Fe2+ that reacted = 3.8 x 10-4 x 5.
=0.0019 moles.
0.0019 ×1000
Moles/dm3 of Fe2+ = 25
= 0.076 moldm-3.
g) Concentration of Fe3+ = 0.076 -0.06
= 0.016 moldm-3
3
Fe 0 . 016
h) 2
=
Fe 0 . 06

4
=
15
Fe3+:Fe2+ = 4:15 or 1:3.75
j) Fe2+ is unstable and is easily oxidized to Fe3+ in the presence of air.

197
2003/2004 : Biology - chemistry.
SECTION A:

abundance
1. a) R.A.M =  100
X isotopic mass.

60 x 69  71 x 40
=
100
= 69.8
b) Molecular ion responsible for the three peaks are
(79Br-79Br)+ hence 158Br2+
(79Br-81Br)+ hence 160Br2+
( 81Br-81Br)+ hence 162Br2+
2. a)Hess law states that the resultant heat change for reaction is the same weather it is carried in
one or several stages.
Or. This law states that the enthalpy change of chemical reaction is the same irrespective of number
of stages passed through but will depend on initial and final states of the reactants and products.

b) C + O2 
 CO2 -394 x 2
CO +½ O2 
 CO2 -111 x -2

2C + 2O2   2CO2 -788

CO2   2CO + O2 222
2C + O2   2CO -566 kJ /2mols
=-283kJ/mol
c) it is C + O2   CO2
- because it gives out more heat to the surrounding. i.e. It is more exothermic.
3. a) CH2=CH2 + Br2  CCl
  CH2Br-CH2Br
 4

Mechanism:
CH2 = CH2   BrCH2-+CH2   CH2Br-CH2Br

Br   - Br   Br-
b) The bromine (brown)colour will be discharged. i.e. Changes from brown to colourless
(decolourised)
c) CH2OH-CH2OH→ Ethane -1,2- diol or glycol
4.a)
Element C H O

Moles 64.9 13.5 21.6

12 1 16

Simplest ratio 5.408 13.5 1.35

1.35 1.35 1.35

4 10 1

198
 Emprical formular: C4H10O
(C4H10O)n = 74
12 x 4n + 10 x n + 16 x n =74
74n = 74
74 n 74
=
74 74
n =1
(C4H10O)1
C4H10O- which is the same as empirical formula.

b) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2OH

CH3 CH2 CH CH3
OH
CH3 CH CH2OH
CH3
CH3
CH3-C - OH
CH3
c) CH3 CH2 CH CH3 (F)
OH
CH3 CH2 C CH3 (G)
O

5.a) NaCl is more ionic than MgCl2 because the Mg2+ has a higher polarizing power than Na+.
and the higher the polarizing power the lesser than ionic character.

b) NaCl dissolves in water to give a neutral solution of PH 7

NaCl(s)  
aq
Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Since Na+ does not polarize water due to its small size.
AlCl3(s)  
aq
Al3+(aq) + 3Cl-(aq)
While Al3+
has a smaller size and big charge hence high polarizing power. Al therefore has a greater
attraction for the oxygen atom in the water molecules.
This weakens the oxygen hydrogen bond in water hence releasing hydrogen ions in solution and
therefore the solution is acidic with PH of 2.
Al3+(aq) + 6H2O(l) ⇌[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq)
Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) ⇌[Al(H2O)3 3OH](aq) + 3H+(aq)
OR. AlCl3(s) + 3H2O(l)   Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl(aq)

6.a) Y is CuSO4- blue solution.

X is Cu- pink solid.
b) Cu2O(s) + H2SO4(aq)   CuSO4 (aq) + Cu(s) + H2O(l)
c) Disproportionation reaction is a reaction in which there is both oxidation and reduction of the
same chemical specie.
Oxidation
Cu2O(s) + H2 SO4(aq)   CuSO4 (aq) + Cu(s) + H2O(l)
reduction
7. a) Benzene is reduced by 3 moles of H2 because it consists of 3 double bonds while cyclohexene

199
consists 1 double bond.
b) The difference is as a result stabilisation energy or resonce energy as a result of delocalisation
of electrons in the benzene ring that makes it more stable than expected.

8.a)i. lewis base is NH3 and OH-

lewis acid is H2O and NH4+
b) H
..
N :O : N
H H H H H H
107o 109.5o
H 104.5o H

Water has the least bond angle because the more the lone pairs of electrons the higher repulsion
and the lower the bond angle.
9.a). i.intiation stage:
Cl-Cl    2Cl.
UV

ii. Propagation stage:

C4H10 + Cl.   .C4H9 + HCl

.C4H9 + Cl2    .C4H9Cl + Cl.

iii. Termination stage:
.C4H9 + .Cl    C4H9Cl
-Cl + .Cl   Cl2
.C4H9 + .C4H9    C8H18

b) i. A is CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl
B is CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
O
C is CH3CH2CH2C
H
ii Using Tollens reagent and heat
Observations: Silver mirror.

10.a) ∆Hr = ∑Δreactants - ∑ΔHproducts

-184 = H-H + Cl-Cl -2 x H-Cl
-184 = H-H + 244 – 2 x432
-184 = H-H + 244 -864
H-H = -184 + 620
H-H = +436kJmol-1

b) ΔHf = ∑ΔHreactants - ∑ΔHproducts

= H-H + F-F-2H-F
= H-H +214 -2x568
= 436 -158-2x568
= -542kJmol-1

200
Enthalpy Change for formation of H-F
 542
i.e. For one mole of H-F =
2
= -271kJmol-1

11. a. On the Y axis- number of molecules.

On the X axis-kinectic energy

b) Molecules with lower activation energy.

c) Increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the molecules i.e. the speed by which the
molecules collide with each other increases as a result the speed of the reaction increases.
On addition to that, as temperature increases, the number of molecules that gain necessary
activation energy also increase, hence increase in reaction rate.

12. a) Ca3(PO4)2 ⇌ 3Ca2+ + 2PO43- let solubility of Ca2+ be x.

3x 2x
Ksp = [Ca2+]3[PO43-]2
= (3x)3(2x)2
= 108 x5
Solubility of Ca3(PO4)2 in g/l
1g = 1cm3 = 1ml
0.0011 ×1𝟢𝟢0
1000cm3 → 100
=0.011g/l
Solubility of Ca3(PO4)2 in molesdm-3
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑔/𝑙
=
𝑅𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑔/𝑙
Rmm of Ca3(PO4)2 = 40 x3 + (31+16) x2
= 310
0.011
hence, Solubility of Ca3(PO4)2 in molesdm-3 =
310
= 3.55 x 10-5 moldm-3

Solubility of ca2+ which is x is 3.55 x 10-5 moldm-3

Ksp = 108 x5
= 108 (3.55 x 10-5)5
= 6.08 x 10-21 mol-5dm-15

b) The solubility of Ca3(PO4)2 decreases because of common ion effect.

Addition of sodium phosphate increases the concentration of phosphate ions in equilibrium.
So to restore ksp, the excess phosphate ions from Na3PO4 reacts with Ca2+.
3Ca2++ 2PO43- → Ca3(PO4)2
This decreases the solubility of calicium phosphate.

201
13. a) Order with respect to A.
Using experiment 1and 2, let the order with respect to A be X and with respect to B be Y.
X Y
Rate 1
Rate 2
= [ ][ ]A2
A1
B2
B1

X Y
8 x 10
2 x 10
2

2
= [ ][ ]1 .0
0 .5
0 .5
0 .5
4 = 2x x 1y
22 = 2x
X = 2,
It is second order with respect to A.
Order with respect to B.
Using experiment 2 and 3, let the order with respect to A be X and with respect to B be Y.

X Y
Rate 1
Rate 2
= [ ][ ]A2
A3
B2
B3
x Y
16 . 0 x 10
8 x 10
2
2

= [ ][ ] 1 .0
1 .0
1 .0
0 .5
2 = 1 x 2y
21 = 2y

y = 1, it is first order with respect to B.

Overall order = 2 + 1
=3
b) use rate law: Consider experiment 1.
Rate = K[A]2[B]

Rate 1
K= 2
[ A] [B ]
2 3
2 x 10 moldm
=
3 2 3
[ 0 . 5 moldm ] [ 0 . 5 ] moldm
2 3
2 x 10 moldm
= 6 3
0 . 25  0 . 5 mol
2
dm moldm
= 0.16 mol-2dm6S-1

SECTION B

202
14.a)

K+(g) + I(g) + e

+107kJmol-1

K+( g) + ½I2(s) + e -314 kJ mol-1

+420kJmol-1 K+(g) + I-(g)

K( g) + ½I2(s)

+90kJmol-1
K(s) + ½I2(s) △Hlattice

-328kJmol-1

KI(s)

△Hformation. = △Hatm (k) + 1st I.E ( K) + △Hatm(I) + 1stE.A(I2) +△Hlattice

-328 = 90 + 420 + 107 -314 + lattice energy
lattice energy = -328 -303
= -631kJmol-1
b) Draw a born haber cycle.

+ −
KI(s)  Hsolution
    𝐾(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐼(𝑎𝑞)
△Hlattice

△Hhydration (-304-306)
+ −
𝐾(𝑔) + 𝐼(𝑔)

i. △Hsolution = lattice energy + hydration energy

= 631 – (304 +306)
= +21kJmol-1.

ii. Using lead (ii) nitrate.

observation: yellow precipitate.
Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) → PbI2(s)

or Using silver nitrate solution.

203
15.a) Y is benzene.
D is conc. H2SO4 (concentrated sulphuric acid)
E is Sn (tin)
F is Conc. hydrochloric acid.
Z is diazonium benzene salt.
NO2
b) Conc. HNO3
+ H2O
Conc. H2SO4, 550C

mechanism:
H2SO4   H+ + HSO4-
HO-NO
.. 2 H+   H2O+- NO2 
 H2O + +NO2

NO2 NO2
+NO2 
 H   + H+


.
H+ + HSO4- 
 H2SO4

c) C6H5NO2 contains the nitro-group which is an electron withdrawing group that reduces the
availability of pi electrons in the benzene ring while it is absent in Y.

O O
N+ᵟ

16.a) Trend: Boiling point increases from HCl to HI.

Explanation:
From HCl to HI molecular mass increases which increases the magnitude of van der Waals forces
holding the molecules, this leads to increase in boiling points.
However, H-F, has high a boiling point than expected due to very high electronegativity of F that
leads to formation of strong hydrogen bonds.

b) Methyl benzene is non-polar solvent and cannot conduct electricity while water is polar will
dissolve HCl to give a conducting solution.
c) HI is the strongest acid.
I has the least electronegativity and therefore HI, has a weakest bond which easily dissociate in
solution to release hydrogen ions.

204
17a) N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
I mole of NH3 was produced by 46KJmol-1
2 mole of NH3 was produced by 46 x2 KJmol-1
34g of NH3 was produced by 92kJ

92 𝑥 1.02 𝑥 10 9
1.02 X 109g NH3 produces
34
= 2.76 x 109 kJmol -1 each day.
b)i. N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
At equilibrium 0.6 2.0 ??
Total moles on the left hand side = 0.6 +2.0=2.6
4 moles of N2 and H2 produced 2 moles of NH3
2 ×2.6
2.6 moles of N2 and H2 produced 4
= 1.3 moles
0 . 6 mol
[N2] = 3
= 0.3M
2 dm

2 . 0 mol
[H2] = 3
= 1.0M
2 dm
1 . 3 mol
[NH3] = 3
= 0.65M
2 dm
2
[ NH ]
ii. Kc = 3
3
[ N 2 ][ H 2 ]
2
0 . 65
= 3
0 . 3 x1

= 1.4 mol-2dm6
2
P NH
iii. Kp =
3

2 3
P N 2
xP H 2

partial pressure = molar fraction x total pressure.

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
= X x Pt , but X =𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 , tatol number of moles = 1.3 + 0.6 + 2.0
1.3
P NH = x 200kpa = 66.7 kpa
3
3.9
0.6
PN = x 200kpa = 30.8 kpa
2
3.9

2.0
2
66 . 7
PH = x 200kpa = 102.6kpaKp =
2
3.9 30 . 8 x 102 . 6
3

= 1.34 x 10-4 kpa-2

205
18. a) most powerful oxidizing agent FeO42- because of highest electrode potential.
most powerful reducing agent is Fe2+ because of lowest electrode potential.
b) Fe or VO2+
2+

c) Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e   2Cr3+ + 7H2O

Fe2+   Fe3+ + e x 6
CrO72- + 14H+ + 6e   2Cr3+ + 7H2O
6Fe2+   6Fe3+ + 6e
Cr2O72- aq) + 14H+ (aq) + 6Fe2+ (aq)   Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)+ 6Fe3+(aq)
d) let the oxidation state of Cr in Cr2O72- be X
2𝒳 + 7 𝘟 -2= -2
2𝒳 = -2 + 14.
2x 12

2 2
𝒳=+ 6
let the oxidation state of Mn in MnO4- be 𝒳
𝒳 + 3 𝘟 -2= -1
𝒳 = -1 + 6
𝒳= + 5
e) FeO42- is a strong oxidising agent and can oxidise Fe2+
FeO42- + 8H+ + 3e   2Fe3+(aq) + 4H2O
Fe2+   Fe3+ + e x 3
FeO42-+ 8H+ + 3e   Fe3+ + 4H2O 2.2 V
3Fe2+   3Fe3+ +3 e -0.7V
FeO42-(aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 3Fe2+ (aq)   4Fe3+(aq) + 4H2O(l) 1.43V
It also gives a positive electrode potential.
Section C.

19.a) Reagent: Ammoniacal silver nitrate solution (tollens reagent)

Condition: boil.
Observations:
O
CH3CH2-C- CH2CH3- No observable change.
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO- Silver mirror at the sides of the test tube.
Equations:
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO   AgNO
  CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH + Ag(s)
/ NH
 3 3

Heat
Or Using fehlings solution.

b) Reagent: using bromine water.

Observations:
C6H5OH- white precipitate (immediate decolourisation)
C6H5CH2OH- no observable change.
Equations:
C6H5OH + 3Br2   C6H2Br3OH + 3HBr

Or acidified potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate or iron(iii) chloride.

206
c) Reagent: Bromine solution (Br2/CCl4)
Observations:
CH3CH=CH2-bromine solution changes from brown to colourless.
CH3CH2CH3- no observable change.
Equations:
CH3CH=CH2 + Br2     CH3CHBr-CH2Br
CCl4

Or Using acidified potassium permanganate.

d) Reagent: sodium hydroxide solution

Observations:
Cu(NO3)2 –a pale blue precipitate insoluble in excess.
Al(NO3)3 - no observable change.
Equations:
Cu 2+ (aq) + 2OH-(aq)   Cu(OH)2(s)
Or Using ammonia solution.

e) Reagent: Sodium hydroxide.

Observations:
FeC l2- a dirty green precipitate insoluble in excess.
FeCl3- a red-brown precipitate insoluble in excess.
Equations:
Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)   Fe(OH)2(s)
Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)   Fe(OH)3(s)

Mass
20.a)Number of moles of Na2C2O4 = Rmm of Na2C2O4; 23 𝘟2 + 12 𝘟2 + 4 𝘟16 =134g/mole
Rmm
1 . 675
= = 0.0125 moles/250cm3.
134
250cm3 of solution contains 0.0125 mol.
0 . 0125 x 24 . 4
24.4cm3 of solution 

250
= 0.00122 moles of Na2C2O4.
MnO 4 + 8H + 5e   Mn2+ + 4H2O x2
- +

C 2O42-   CO2 + 2e x 5
2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e   2Mn2+ + 8H2O
5C 2O42-   5CO2 + 10e
2MnO4-(aq) + 16H+ (aq) + 5C 2O42- (aq)   2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l)+ 5CO2(g)
2
Moles of MnO4-that reacted = 0.00122 x
5
= 0.000488 mol of KMnO4
20cm3 of MnO4- contains 0.000488 moles
0 . 0125 x 250
250cm3 of solution 

20
= 0.061 mol/250cm3.
Actual mass of KMnO4 = moles x Rmm, Rmm of KMnO4 = 39 + 55 + 4 𝘟16 =158g/mole

207
 = 0.0061 x 158
=0.9638g
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
% purity = x100
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
0.9638
= x100
0.9875

= 97.6%
b)
For this experiment we monitor the rate of disappearance of the purple color potassium permanganate.
[ KMnO ]
Rate is reaction = 4

t
You carry three experiments (titrations) .
-The first trial test is for setting the standard conditions.
-A known concentration of sodium oxalate is put in the burette and potassium permanganate is acidified
with sulphuric acid and then pipetted in the conical flask.
-A titration is done and the time taken for the purple colour of permanganate to disappear is recorded
using a stop watch.
-Using the above the rate of reaction is calculated and recorded in the table.
-The above experiment is repeated twice then by altering the concentrations of potassium
permanganate and sodium oxalate.
Table of results.
Experiment [KMnO4] M [Na2C2O4]M Rate/Mminute-1
1 A A X
2 A B Y
3 B A Z
Using the above data the orders of reaction are calculated.

208
21.a)A graph of PH against volume of NaOH added.
A

21. b) Intially PH of the acid is abit high because is a weak acid and thus not fully ionised in solution
The PH gradually rises as the base is added because the acid is still in excess which together with
the salt formed consitute a buffer that resists change in PH.
- At the end point , a very small amount of sodium hydroxide added gives a sharp rise in PH
- The PH at the end point is greater than 7 because the salt formed undergoes hydrolysis producing
hydroxyl ions that make the solution more alkaline.
- Beyond the end point, the PH rises gradually due to excess sodium hydroxide added.

c) Morality of sodium hydroxidem solution.

Volume of sodium hydroxide used at end poin
t= 22.50cm3.
25.0 ×0.1
moles of CH3COOH that reacted =
1000
= 0.0025moles.
CH3COOH + NaOH(aq) → CH3COO-Na+ + H2O(l)

209
22.5cm3 of NaOH contains 0.0025 moles
0.0025
1000cm3 of NaOH will contain = x 1000
22.5
∴ Molarity of NaOH =0.11M

210
2002/2003
Section A:

1. a) line spectrum consists of separate bright lines.

It is produced when hydrogen gas is put in the discharge tube at low pressure.
When high energy is applied to these hydrogen atoms, electrons in these hydrogen atoms absorb a
particular energy. The electrons hence jump from ground state to excited state.

In the excited state electrons are unstable and they go back to the lower energy levels.
As they go back they emit radiations. When these radiations are passed through a spectroscope
they give rise to the emission spectrum of hydrogen.
b) i. X is Lyman series
Y is Balmer series.
ii. Balmer series.

2.a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different mass
number.

b) 231 
9𝟢𝑇ℎ  
231 𝑜
91𝑃𝑎 + −1𝑒
238
  234 4

92𝑈 90𝑇ℎ + 2𝐻𝑒

c) Radio isotopes are handled with care because they are dangerous to the human body due to high
penetrating power.
They can cause cancer.
They destroy body cells.

3a)
F

B :S :
F F H H
1200 102o
Triagonal planar shape. V –shape or bent shape.

b)BF3 is a lewis acid because it has an empty orbital which can accept a lone pair of electrons.

4a). Ionisation energy increases across the period because

across the period, nuclear charge increases and therefore electrons are more strongly held to the
nucleus. More energy is therefore required to remove these electrons which increases ionization
energy.

b) Be: 1S22S2 B: 1S22S22P1

    
In Be the last electron is removed from a fully filled 2s sub shell which is very stable and requires
high energy to remove this electron hence higher ionization energy.
whiIe, in B the last electron is removed from a partially filled 2p sub shell which is less stable and
requires less energy to remove this electron lower high ionization energy.

211
5a). In the C-H bond there is electronegativity difference while in C-C bond atoms have the same
electronegativity.

b) 4. a) ΔHf = ∑ΔHreactants - ∑HΔproducts

where, ΔHf is the enthalpy of formation of reaction.
and ΔH is the enthalpy change.

∑ΔHreactants = 6H-H + 6C ∑ΔHproducts = 6C-C + 12C-H

= 6 x436 + 6x721 = 6x345+ 12x413
= 6942kJmol-1 = 7026kJmol-1
Hence, ∆𝐻𝑟𝜃 = 6942- 7026
= -84kJmol-1
6.
Type of polymer Example of an artificial Use
polymer
Polyalkenes Polyethene
Packing materials.
Polyester Terylene
Clothes
Polyamide Nylon6,6
Clothes
b)
H H O O H H O O
nH-N-(CH2)6-N-H + nH0-C-(CH2)4-C-OH   [N-(CH2)6-N-C-(CH2)4-C]n 2nH2O
linkage group
7. a)i. 2CH3CH2OH  ConCH
    CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + H2O
SO 2 4

0
140 C

ii. CH3CH=CH2  HBr

 CH3-CH-CH3
room  temperatur e
Br
b) Mechanism.
CH3 -CH = CH2 
 CH3-CH+-CH3 
 CH3- CH-CH3
   
H - Br Br_ Br
8)
Reaction type
B
D
A
E
B

9.a) Cryolite must be added to lower the melting point of Al2O3.

b) At the cathode. At the Anode.
Al3+ + 3e   Al(s) 2O2-(g)   O2(s) + 4e-
c) Because it is purified by electrolysis which is much more expensive than the reduction method
used in extraction of iron.

10. a) A is kerosene
b) differences in boiling point.
c) C16H34   2C2H6 + C3H8 +C9H14

212
11.a) It has a chiral (asymmetrical) carbon atom.
b) H H

C C
H3C COOH HOOC CH3
OH HO

c) Using polarised light- one turns in the clockwise direction and the other in the anticlockwise
direction.

12.a) Using inspection method, Use experimental 1&2, the concetration of A is doubled as the
concentration of B is kept constant, the rate is multiplied by 4., then order is 2 with respect to A.
Using inspection method, Use experimental 2&3, the concetration of B is doubled as the
concentration of A is kept constant, the rate is multiplied by 2, then order is 1 with respect to B.
overall order =2 +1

b) Rate =K[A]2[B]
Using experiment 1.
Rate 1
K= 2
[ A] [B ]
2 3 1
2 x 10 moldm S
= 2
units of K = 2 6 3
[ 0 .5 ] [ 0 .5 ] mol dm moldm
= 16 x10-2 mol-2dm6s-1 = mol-2dm6S-1

13. a)Na, Zn,Cu,Ag.

b) E.m.f = E⍬reduction -E⍬oxidation or E⍬right -E⍬left

= 0.80 – (-0.76)
= 1.56V
c) Zn(s)   Zn2+(aq) + 2e
2Ag+(aq) + 2e   Ag(s)
Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq)   Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
d) From silver electrode to the zinc electrode.

SECTION B:

14. a) C6H6 ConcHNO 3

C6H5NO2 Sn / ConcHCl
C6H5NH2
o
ConCH 2 SO 4 / 55 C heat

b) CH3 CH2OH ConcH 2 SO 4

CH2 =CH2 + Br2 CCl 4
CH2 Br- CH2Br
0
170 C

c) CH3 COOH   4 
LiAlH
CH3CH2OH 
5 
PCl
CH3CH2Cl.

213
15. a) Trend: Oxidising ability of group VII elements decreases down the group .
Nuclear charge decreases down the group hence decrease in electronegativity which leads to
decrease in oxidising power.

b) Cl2(aq) + 2NaBr(aq)   2NaCl(aq) + Br2(l) Observations: brown solution

Cl2(aq) + 2NaI(aq)   2NaCl(aq) + I2(s) observations: black solutions(very dark brown)or vilolet

c) i. Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)

ii. Cl2(g) + 2FeCl2(s)   2FeCl3(s)

iii. Cl2 + 2NaOH(aq)   NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Cold
3Cl2 + 6NaOH(aq)   5NaCl(aq) + NaClO3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Hot
𝐾
16.a) Λc = k=conductancy. C=concentration.
𝐶

b) The graph of molar conductivity of NaCl against with dilution.

Λo

Λ/Ω-1cm2mol-1

1
dilution𝐶

Molar conductivity increases with dilution until at infinte diluition when it nearly becomes
constant.
This because as dilution increases , the ions become further apart (Na+ and Cl-).
This reduce drag on the mobility of the ions thus conductity increases.

c) The molar conductity depends on the charge of the ion and the radius of the ion.
Both Li+ and Cs+ posses the same charge of +1, but Li+ has smaller ionic radius which cause the
greater charge density of Li+ and hence the greater shell of water molecules attracted resulting the
lower mobility of ion . Therefore lowering the molar conductivity of Li+ than Cs+.

17.a) BaSO4(s) + aq ⇌ Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq)

X X
Ksp = [Ba2+][SO42-]
[ Ba2+] = [SO42-]= 1.1 x10-5 moldm-3.
let the solublity of BaSO4 be x.
Ksp = (X)(X)
= X2
= (1.1 x 10-5)2
=1.21 x 10-10 mol2dm-6

214
b) Addition of BaCl2 to BaSO4 cause increase in concetration of Ba2+ .
let the new concetration of BaSO4 be y.
BaSO4(s) + aq ⇌ Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq)
(y +0.1) y
but , (y +0.1) = 0.1 , since y is a very small value.
Ksp = [Ba2+][SO42-]
= 0.1 x y
1.21 x 10-10 = 0.1 x y
y= 1.21 x 10-9 mol dm-3.

c) The addition of BaCl2 to BaSO4 solution decreases the solubility of BaSO4 due to the common ion
effect of Ba2+.
When Ba2+ is added more BaSO4 is precipitated to restore Ksp.

18.a) - Increase of temperature shifts the equilibrium position to the right since the forward
reaction is endothermic.
- Increase in pressure shifts the equilibrium position to the left since increase of pressure favours
the side with few number of moles.

b) C2H6 ⇌ C2H4 + H2
intial 1 0 0
amount
at eqm 1-x x x
1-0.36=0.64 0.36 0.36
tatol moles = 0.64 + 0.36 + 0.36
= 1.36
Partial pressure of C6H6 = molar fraction X total pressure
0 . 64
PC
2 H 6
= x 180 = 84.70kpa
1 . 36
0 . 36
PC
2 H 4
= x 180 = 47.64kpa
1 . 36
0 . 36
PH
2
= x 180 = 47.64kpa
1 . 36
PC xP H
Kp = 2 H 4 2

PC H
2 6

47 . 64 x 47 . 64
=
84 . 70
=26.8kpa.

Section C

19.a)
Reagent: Iodine solution and sodium hydroxide solution.
Condition: Warm
Observations:
CH3CH2OH- yellow precipitate.
CH3CH2CH2OH- no observable change.

215
Equation:
CH3CH2OH NaOH
  2 
/ I
CHI3 + HCOO-Na+

b) To the compounds add conc. ethanol and sodium hydroxide with heat.
Finally add bromine water.
Observations:
CH3 CH2Cl – bromine water is decolourised
C6H5CH2Cl- no observable change.
Equations:
CH3CH2Cl + NaOH  ethanol
   CH2=CH2     CH2Br-CH2Br
/ heat Br / CCl
2 4

Or heat with sodium hydroxide and then carryout iodoform test.

c) Reagent: Using bromine water.

Observations
C6H5COOH- no observable change.
C6H5OH- white precipitate
(immediate decolourisation)
Equations:
C6H5OH + 3Br2   C6H2Br3OH + 3HBr

d) Reagent: Magnesium sulphate solution

Observations:
NaCl - no observable change.
Na2CO3- white precipitate.
Equations:
Mg2+ (aq) + CO32-(aq)   MgCO3(s)
Or Using silver nitrate and hydrochloric acid.

e) Reagent: Sodium hydroxide.

Observations:
Pb(NO3)2- a white precipitate soluble in excess
Ba(NO3)2- a white precipitate insoluble in excess
Equations:
Pb2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)   Pb(OH)2 (s)
Pb(OH)2(aq) + 2OH-(aq)   [Pb(OH)4 ]-(aq)
Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)   Ba(OH)2(s)
Or Using potassium iodide solution.

216
20. Preparation of Zinc carbonate.
Zn metal is dissolved in the hydrochloric acid to form zinc (ii) chloride.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)   ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Zinc (ii) Chloride reacts with sodium carbonate solution to give a white precipitate of zinc (ii)
carbonate.
ZnCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)   ZnCO3(s) + NaCl(aq)
Zinc carbonate is obtained as a residue after filtration.
The zinc carbonate (residue) is washed with distilled water and then dried.

Preparation of magnesium chloride.

Magnesium sulphate is reacted with sodium carbonate to give a white precipitate of magnesium
carbonate.
MgSO4(aq)+ Na2CO3(aq)   MgCO3(s)+Na2SO4(aq)
Magnesium carbonate is obtained as a residue by filtration and is washed with distilled water.
Magnesium carbonate (residue) dissolved with hydrochloric acid.
MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)   MgCl2 + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Magnesium chloride solution is evaporated at very temperature.
The solid that remains is magnesium chloride.

21.a) The color changes from purple to pink then to colourless.

b) let the oxidation state of Mn in MnO4- be X
𝒳 + 4 𝘟 -2= -1
𝒳 = -1 + 8.
𝒳= +7
let the oxidation state of C in C2O42- be X
2𝒳 + 4 𝘟 -2= -2
2𝒳 = -2 + 8
2x 6

2 2
𝒳= +3
c) MnO-4 + 8H+ + 5e   Mn2+ + 4H2O x2
C 2O42-   CO2 + 2e x 5
2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10e   2Mn2+ + 8H2O
5C 2O42-   5CO2 + 10e
2MnO4-(aq) + 16H+ (aq) + 5C 2O42- (aq)   2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l)+ 5CO2(g)
Mass
d) Number of moles of Na2C2O4 = Rmm of Na2C2O4; 23 𝘟2 + 12 𝘟2 + 4 𝘟16 =134g/mole
Rmm
1 . 675
= = 0.0125 moles/250cm3.
134
250cm3 of solution contains 0.0125 mol.
0 . 0125 x 24 . 4
24.4cm3 of solution 

250
= 0.00122 moles of Na2C2O4.
2
Moles of MnO4-that reacted = 0.00122 x
5
= 0.000488 mol of KMnO4

217
20cm3 of MnO4- contains 0.000488 moles
0 . 000488 x 250
250cm3 of solution 

20
= 0.0061 mol/250cm3.
Actual mass of KMnO4 = moles x Rmm, Rmm of KMnO4 = 39 + 55 + 4 𝘟16 =158g/mole
= 0.0061 x 158
=0.9638g
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
% purity = x100
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
0.9638
= x100
0.9875

= 97.6%

218
2001/2002
Biology-chemistry
Section A

1.a)
Element C H Br

% by mass 22.24 3.715 74.05

RAM 12 1 80

Moles 22.24 3.715 74.05

12 1 80

Simplest ratio 1.85 3.715 0.93

0.93 0.93 0.93

2 4 1

Emprical formular: C2H4Br

b)
( C2H4Br)n = 215.8
12 x 2n + 4 x n + 80 x n =215.8
108n = 215.8
108 n 215 . 8
=
108 108
n =2
(C2H4Br)2
C4H8Br2
c)
Br
CH3 C CH2Br
CH3

2) Cl Cl
Cl Be Cl
B Si
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Linear shape Triagonal planar Tetrahedral shape.
3a)
Relative mass Relative charge
An alpha particle 4 +2
A beta particle 0 -1
b) i. Rate = k[H2O2]
ln 2
ii. t½ = where t½ = half life, k-rate constant.


219
 0 . 693
= 4 1
8 . 25 x 10 s
= 840S
No
iii. from Nt = n
2
1
0.25 = n
2
22
= 2n
n =2
then T = n x t½
= 2 x 840
= 1680S

4a) Standard enthalpy of formation is the enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed
from its elements under standard conditions.

b) 2C(s) + 3H2(g) C2H6

[O]
[O] -394 x2 [O] -286 x2 ΔH⍬

2CO2 + 3H2O
-85 + ΔH⍬combustion of C2H6 = -394 x 2 + -286x3
ΔH⍬combustion of C2H6= -788 -858 + 85
= -1561kJmol-1.

5a) CH3 CH = CH CH3

b) H CH3 H3 C CH3
C = C C = C
H3C H H H
c) Mechanism(major product)
CH3CH2CH = CH2   CH3CH2CH+-CH3    CH3CH2 CHCH3
   
H - Cl Cl- Cl

abundance
6a) R.A.M =  100
X isotopic mass.

46 x 8.02 + 47 x 7.31 + 48x 73.81 + 49x5.54  50x 5.32

=
100
= 47.93

b)- cause lung cancer

- can destroy body tissue.
- genectic mutation.

c) 79Br and 81Br have three peaks which is due to the combination of isotopic mass combination in
molecular spectrum.

220
 79 81
79 158 160
81 160 162
Three peaks are corresponding to molecular ions at 158,160 and 162

7a) In phenylamine the lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogen atom become involved with the
delocalised electrons of the benzene ring . This makes the lone pairs electrons less availalable for
reaction.
..
NH2
+б

In ethylamine, the ethyl group has a positive inductive effect making the lone pairs of electrons on
the nitrogen atom more available for reaction .
CH3CH2 NH2

positive inductive effect

b) In chloroethanoic acid , the chlorine atom is more electronegative than the carbon atom.
The chlorine atom attracts bonding electrons(negative inductive effect) towards itself , this
weakens the O-H bond hence releasing hydrogen ions in solution.
O
Cl CH2-C
O-H weaker bond
negative inductive effect

While ethanoic acid contains a methyl group that posses positive inductive effect hence releases
electrons towards the carboxylic acid group. This strengthens the O-H bond making it difficult to
release the hydrogen ions.
O
CH3 C
O-H Stronger bond
positive inductive effect.

8.a)Magnesium has a higher melting point than sodium because it contribuutes two electrons
during mettalic bonding and therefore forms a stronger metallic bond than sodium which
contributes only one electron during metallic bonding.

b) Ionisation energy increases across the period because across the period , nuclear charge
increases and therefore electrons are more strongly held to the nucleus. More energy is therefore to
required remove these electrons which increases ionization energy.

9a) - carboxylic acid group.

- ketone
- alkene

221
b) i. bubbles of a colourless gas that turns lime water milky.
ii. yellow or orange precipitate.
iii. no observable change.

10. a) i. 1S22S22P63S23P63d54S1
ii. 1S22S22P63S23P63d104S1

b) Most of compounds of copper are in the stable oxidation state of +2 in which the 3d-orbital is
partially filled. The electrons in this 3d orbital tend to move to higher energy level and as they
come back they emit radiations falling in the visable region of the spectrum.(Blue colour).

11. a) NaH + H2O 

 NaOH + H2
Mass
n=
Molar  mass
1
=
23  1
= 0.0416 moles
250cm3 of NaH contain 0.0416 mol
0 . 0416
1000cm3 of NaH will contain x 1000
250
= 0.1664M
From the equation moles of NaH = moles of NaOH formed = 0.1664M
Concetration of NaOH in g/l = Moles/l x Rmm
= 0.1664 X (23 +16 +1)
= 6.66g/l

12.a) Using inspection method.

Use experimental 1&2, the concetration of A is doubled as the concentration of B is kept constant,
the rate is multiplied by 2, then order is 1 with respect to A.
Use experimental 2&3, the concetration of B is doubled as the concentration of A is kept constant,
the rate is multiplied by 2, then order is 1 with respect to B.

b) Rate =K[A][B]
Using experiment 1.
Rate 1
K=
[ A] [B ]
4 3 1
2 x 10 moldm S
= 3 3
units of K = 3 3
[1 x 10 ][ 1 x 10 . ] moldm moldm
= 2 x102 = mol-1dm3S-1

13. a)i. Emf = Ecathode - Eanode

= -0.14 – (-0.25)
= 0.11 V
ii. Ni(s) + Sn2+(aq)   Ni2+(aq) + Sn(s)

b) The rection will not occur since the electrode potential of Fe is less than that of tin and the total
emf is negative.

222
i.e. Emf = Eright – Eleft
= -0.44 – (-0.14)
= - 0.3V

14.i) Higher temperature increase the rate of reaction since the kinectic energy of the molecules
increase hence increase in the number of collisions since the number of molecules that obtain
necessary activation energy also increase.

ii. High temperature will decrease the yeild of ammonia since the equilibrium position shifts to the
left due to the forward exothermic reaction.

Section B.

15a) H1- enthalpy of formation of NaBr.

H2- enthalpy of atomization of Na(s)
H3- is enthalpy of vapourisation of bromine.
H4-Atomisation energy of bromine.
H5- First ionization energy of Na(s)
H6- electron affinity of Br2(g)
H7- is the lattice energy NaBr

b) Using hess’ law

H1= H2 + H3 + H4 + H5 + H6 + H7
-361 = +107 + H3 + 97 + 498 -375-753
H3 = 65kJmol-1

16.a) CH3 CH3

O2N NO2
i) CH3Cl excess Conc HNO3
FeCl3 Conc H2SO4,30OC

NO2

ethanol
ii) CH3OH  PCl
  CH3Cl + KCN     CH3CN     CH3COOH     CH3CH2OH
LiAlH H / H 2O
 5 4

heat

Or CH3OH  PCl
  2CH3Cl     CH3CH3
5 2 Na / ether Cl / uvlight
 2    CH3CH2Cl  NaOH
    CH3CH2OH
/ heat

 

Or CH3OH      HCHO  CH
    CH3CH2OH
MnO 4 /H MgI / H O 3 2

17 a) Down the group atomic radius increases due to decrease in effective nuclear charge which
leads to a decrease in electronegativity , the ability of these elements to loose electrons increases
hence increase in the reducing power.

b) Down group II ionic radius increase as charge is constant.

Hydration energy increases more than lattice energy which increases the solublity down the group.

c) There is increase in boiling points from H2S to H2Te because of increase in size which leads to the
magnititude of van der waals forces.

223
However the boiling points of H2O is very high because oxygen is more electronegative and water
forms hydrogen bonds which are stronger than van der waals forces hence higher boiling point.

d) Pb4+ (in PbCl4 )has a higher polarising power than Pb2+ (In PbCl2)because of its very high charge.
Since the higher the polarising power the greater the covalent charater, PbCl4 is covalent and PbCl2
is ionic.

18.a) Both indicators can be used because the PH at end point lies within the range.

b) Titration of NaOH Vs HCl

PH A B

7
C D

Volume of HCl added/cm3

The PH at A is high due to the strong base and gradually decreases along AB as the acid is being
added.
At end-point the PH falls sharply because the all the base has been neutralised along BC.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)   NaCl(aq) +H2O(l)
Along CD the PH decreases as excess acid is being added.

c) The addition of H+ reacts with excess CH3COO- to form CH3COOH to maintain the equilibrium
hence the PH remains constant.
eqn: CH3COO- + H+   CH3COOH
The addition of OH- reacts with CH3COOH to form CH3COO- and water to maintain the equilibrium
hence the PH remains constant.
eqn: CH3COOH + OH-   CH3COO- + H2O

19.a) 2SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2SO3

b) Vanadium pentaoxiode. V2O5

2
P SO 3
c) kp = 2
P SO 2
xP O
2

d) 2SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2SO3
intial amount 2000 1000
at equilibrium 2000-2x 1000-x 2x
amount of SO2 remains = 2000 – 2x = 1333
-2x = 1333-2000
 2x  667

 2  2
X = 333.5
Amount of SO2 at equilibrium = 1333cm3
Amount of O2 at equilibrium = 1000 -333.5 cm3 = 666.5 cm3
Amount of SO3 at equilibrium = 2 x 333.5 cm3 = 667cm3

224
total volume = 1333 + 666.5 + 667 =2666.5 cm3
Partial pressure = Molar fraction x total pressure
1333
P SO = x 10 = 5 atm
2
2666 . 5
666 . 5
PO = x 10 = 2.5atm
2
2666 . 5
667
P SO = x 10 = 2.5 atm
3
2666 . 5
2
2 .5
Kp = 2
5 x 2 .5
=0.1 atm-1

20. a) Reagent: Sodium hydroxide

Condition: Heat.
Observations:
CH3CH2-NH2 no observable change.
CH3CONH2- Fumes of a gas that turns red litmus blue. (ammonia gas)
Equations:
CH3CONH2 + NaOH  Heat
  CH3COO-Na+ + NH3

b) Reagent: Ammoniacal silver nitrate solution (tollens reagent)

Condition: Heat.
Observations:
CH3 CO CH3- No observable change.
CH3CHO- Silver mirror at the sides of the test tube.
Equations:
CH3CHO   AgNO
  CH3COOH + Ag(s)
/ NH
 3 3

or Using fehlings solution .

c) Reagent: potassium iodide

Observations:
Pb2+ –yellow precipitate.
Zn2+ - no observable change.
Equations:
Pb2+ (aq) + 2I-(aq)   PbI2(s)
Or Using ammonia solution.

d) Reagent: Sodium hydroxide.

Observations:
Cu2+- pale blue precipitate insoluble in excess.
Al3+ - a white precipitate soluble in excess.
Equations:
Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)   Cu(OH)2(s)
Al3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)   Al(OH)3(s)

e) Reagent: concentrated ammonia

Observations:

225
 Cl2- no observable change
HCl - a white fumes.
Equations:
NH3(g) + HCl(g)   NH4Cl(g)
21. The question has some missing information.

22.a)

HCl acid
CaCO3

Measuring balance. Stop clock

b) A graph of loss in mass versus time.

c) As the reaction takes calcium carbonate reduces in size.

226
d) All the calcium carbonate has reacted.
 mass
e) rate of reaction =
t
1 . 36  0 . 64
= = 0.004235dg/s
175  5
f) The reaction is first order.

227
2000/2001
SECTION A:

1.a) Mass number of Y is 228

Mass number of Z is 228
Atomic number of Y is 89
Atomic number of Z is 90

N

o
b) use N t n where Nt is amount of Ni remained , No is original amount , n is number of half
2
life
Nt 4 3
   0 . 25
No 4 4
1
0 . 25  n
2
2n x 0.25 = 1
1
2n = 0.25
2n = 4
2n = 22
n= 2
𝑇
Then t1/2 = 𝑛 where T is time taken, t1/2 is half-life T = 120yrs x 2 = 240 years

2.a) 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

1000cm3 of H2SO4(aq) contain 0.150 moles
0.15
25.0 cm3 of H2SO4(aq) will contain X 25 cm3
1000
= 0.00375 mole
1mole of H2SO4 reacted with 2 moles of NaOH
0.00375 moles 0f acid reacted with 2 x 0.00375
= 0.0075 moles of NaOH
0.250 moles of NaOH are in 1000cm3
0.0075
0.0075 moles of NaOH are in x1000
0.25
= 30cm 3

3.a) Aluminium has small size with high charge resulting to high polarizing power of Al3+.
Al3+ attracts oxygen atom in water , this weakens the O-H bond hence releasing H+ or H3O+ ions in a
solution thus the solution becomes acidic .
Equation:
AlCl3(s)   Al3+(aq) +3Cl-(aq)
aq

The aluminium ion then forms hydrated aluminuim ions.

Al3+(aq) + 6H2O(l)   [Al(H2O)6]3+(aq)
[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) ⇌ [Al(H2O)3 3OH](aq) + 3H+(aq)

b) In this solution the salt (NH4Cl) is fully ionized and the ammonia ( ammonia hydroxide) is not
fully ionized .
NH4Cl(aq) → NH4+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)
NH4OH(aq) ⇌ NH4+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

228
When a small amount of H+ is added, it reacts with NH4OH.
NH4OH(aq) + H+(aq) → NH4+ (aq) + H2O(l)
Therefore H+ is removed by of NH4OH hence PH, remains unchanged.

4.a) Boron : 1s22s22p1

Nitrogen: 1s22s22p3

b) BF3 has 3 bond pairs of electrons and no lone pair of electrons hence the shape is trigonal planar.
while ammonia has 3 bond pairs of electrons and one lone pair of electrons hence the shape is
pyramidal.
Cl
..
B N
Cl Cl H H
H

5. a) Let the oxidation state of cations in the complex compounds be y in each case.
[Fe(CN)6]-3 y + 6x-1= -3
y-6 = -3
y= -3 + 6 = +3
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ y + 4x0 = +2
Y+0 = +2
y= +2 -0 = +2.
Cr2O72- 2y + 7x -2 = -2
2y-14 = -2
2 y = -2 + 14
y= 12/2 = +6
b) -Nature of ligands
-The size of the central metal atom

c) Chlorophyll is complex compound found in leaves of plants which is used for the manufacture of
food in plants during photosynthesis.
Heamoglobin is complex compound which consist of Fe as central metal ion which is used for
transportation of oxygen through blood tissue.

6.a) Consider the solubility equation of AgCl in a water .

AgCl(a) + aq ⇌ Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Addition of dilute HCl to the above equilibrium produces Cl- which is common ion and this leads
common ion effect. This increases the concentration of Cl- in the equilibrium so therefore to restore
Ksp the excess Cl- from dilute HCl reacts with Ag+ to precipitate AgCl by the reaction.
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)
This decreases the solubility of AgCl

b) Addition of ammonia solution to the above equilibrium in (a) of sparingly AgCl leads to the
formation of complex formation ion called diamine silver ion, Ag(NH3)2+(aq) according to equation :
Ag+ (aq) + 2NH3(aq) → Ag(NH3)2+(aq)
By this reaction , the concentration of silver ions in the equilibrium decreases in order to restore Ksp
and more AgCl dissolves thus increasing the solubility of AgCl.

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 c) AgCl(s) + aq ⇌ Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
X X
Ksp = [Ag ][ Cl ]
+ -

Let the solubility of AgCl be X

At equilibrium [Ag+] = [Cl-] = X = [AgCl]
Thus , Ksp = X X
ksp =X2
1.44 x 10-10 = X2
X = √(1.44 x 10-10)
= 1.2 x 10-5 moldm-3
[AgCl] = 1.2 x 10-5 moldm-3
Molar mass of AgCl = 108 +35.5 = 143.5gmol-1
Solubility of AgCl in gdm-3 = 1.2 x 10-5 x 143.5
= 1.722 x 10-3 gdm-3

7. a)The order of increasing ionic radius is

Na+> Mg2+> Al3+
Across the period nuclear charge increases therefore there is higher attraction for remaining
electrons hence a decrease in size from Na+ to Al3+

8.a)Molecular formula = (C3H6O)n = 58

12x3n + 1x6n + 16n = 58
36n + 6n + 16n = 58
58n = 58
n= 58/58 = 1

Molecular formula is C3H6O

b) O
CH3CH2C H (propanal)
O
CH3 -C-CH3 (propanone)

c) O
CH3 –C - CH3 ( propanone)

9.a) 12Mg: 1S22S22P63S2

A graph of ionization energy (I.E) against number of electrons removed.

I.E/
kJmol-1
n=1

n=2
n=3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
number of electrons removed
-The two outermost electrons are far from the nucleus and have less nuclear charge hence lower

230
ionization energy.
-The 3rd electron is removed from another energy level which is very stable hence a sharp increase
in ionization energy.
- from the 3rd electron to the 10th electron there is small increase in ionization energies since there
are all in the same energy level
- The 10th electron is removed from another energy level which is very stable hence a sharp
increase in ionization energy.
- The last two electrons have very high values of ionization energy because they closer to the
nucleus and have very high nuclear charge.

10.a) CH4 (g) + Cl2(g) → CH3Cl + HCl

Mechanism
Initiation : Cl−Cl→ Cl∙ + Cl∙
Propagation : CH4 + Cl∙→ .CH3 + HCl
.CH3 + Cl2→CH3Cl + Cl.

Termination : Cl∙ + Cl∙→ Cl2

.CH3 + Cl∙ →CH3Cl
.CH3 + .CH3∙ →CH3- CH3

11. a) The number of peaks are obtained from isotopic mass combination oxygen.
16O 17O 18O
16O 32 33 34
17O 33 34 35
18O 34 35 36
There are five peaks of oxygen corresponding to molecular mass ion 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36.
b) relative atomic mass
abundance
R.A.M =  100
X isotopic mass.

75x35  25x37
=
100
= 35.5
12.a)
H COOH
C=C C=C
H COOH H H

b)
CH2-CHBr-COOH
asymmetrical carbon
CHBr-CH2-COOH

c) Stereoisomerism(Optical isomerism)
Section B:
13. a) Si = 14 : 1s22s22p62s22p2
b) i. The nature of bonding is covalent
ii. The molecular shape is tetrahedral shape.
iii. SiCl4 + H2O(l) → SiO2(s) + 4HCl(aq)

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iv. CCl4 does not react with water due the absence of 3d sub-energy orbital of carbon which can
accept a lone pair of electrons from water molecules.
CCl4 also has very strong C-Cl bonds

c) i. CO2 is discreet simple molecular structure with weak vanderwaal’s forces which requires low
energy to be broken resulting low melting and exist as gas at room temperature
while SiO2 has giant structure with three dimensional net work with strong covalent bond resulting
high melting point and exist as solid at room temperature.
ii. CO2 – simple molecular structure or simple covalent structure
SiO2- giant covalent structure

14. a)i. Two acids are H2O and CH3CO2H

Two bases are NH3 and C6H5O-
ii. CH3CO2H is a stronger acid than H2O because CH3CO2H has a carbonyl group which has negative
inductive effect that in turn weakens the OH bond hence releasing hydrogen ions in solution. This
absent in water.
O
CH3-C weak bond
O-H

NH3 is stronger base than C6H5O- due to the availability of lone pair on nitrogen while those
in C6H5O- interact with the delocalized electrons in the benzene ring.

b) .i. PH = -log [H+]

For CH3CO2H
2.4= -log[H+]
[H+]= 3.98 x10-3 M
For HCl
1= -log[H+]
[H ]= 0.1M
+

[H ] HCl 0 .1
ration = 
= 3
= 251
[H ] CH 3 . 98 x 10
3 COOH

ii. Zn(s) + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2(g)

Zn(s) + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Zn + H2(g)
From the above equation, the same volume of hydrogen gas is evolved because the same mole
ratios.

15.a)

Element Physical state Colour

Fluorine Gas at room temperature Pale yellow

Chlorine Gas at room temperature Greenish yellow

Bromine Liquid at room temperature Red-brown

Iodine Solid at room temperature Black

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As you move down the group the atomic size of diatomic molecule of halogenhence increase in van
der Waal’s forces hence increasing the boiling points thus the volatilities decreases.

b) When Cl- treated with aqueous silver nitrate followed by ammonia a white precipitate that
dissolves in ammonia.
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)
When Br- treated with aqueous silver nitrate followed by ammonia a pale yellow precipitate that
dissolves in conc. Ammonia.
Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq) → AgBr(s)
When I- treated with aqueous silver nitrate followed by ammonia a yellow precipitate insoluble in
ammonia.
Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) → AgI(s)

c)- Both chlorine and bromine are used as disinfectants for sterilization.
- Fluoride can be found in many everyday products, including toothpaste, vitamin supplements,
baby formulas, and even public water. However, overconsumption of fluoride can be fatal

2
[C ]
16 .a) Kc =
[ A ][ B ]
2
0 .5
Kc =
0 . 25 x 0 . 4
Kc = 2.5

b).i. Enthalpy change of reaction = ∑∆H of reactants -∑∆H of products

(Bond broken) – (Bond formed)
∑∆H of reactants = 4(C-H) + 2(O-H)
∑∆H of reactants = 4x410 + 2x460
= +2560kjmol-1
∑∆H of products = CO + 3(H-H)
∑∆H of products = CO + 3(436)= CO + 1308
+206 = +2560 – (CO + 1308)
+206 = +2560 – CO -1308
+206 = +1252 – CO
+206 - 1252 = -CO
-1046 = -CO
CO= + 1046 kjmol-1
ii. Increase in pressure favours the side with few number of moles thus equilibrium position shifts
to the left and no effect on value of Kc.
Increase of temperature shifts the equilibrium position to the left because the forward reaction is
endothermic thus value of Kc will increases .

c) .i By passing the product stream through potassium hydroxide solution.

2KOH(aq) + CO2(g) → K2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
ii. Catalyst increases the rate of forward reaction.

233
17.a.i. reagent is HCN
ii. reagent is LiAlH4 or NaBH4 or H2,Pt
iii. reagent is acidified K2Cr2O7 under warm or MnO4-/H+ under warm
b) Test 1
Using silver nitrate and ammonia (Tollen’s reagent or ammoniacal silver nitrate )
Conditions: heat
Observation s:
A- a silver mirror deposit on walls of test tube.
B – No observable change
or Using Fehling’s solution or brady’s reagent.
Test 2
Using bromine solutions. ( Br2/ CCl4 )
A- no observable change.
B- The brown colour is discharged.
or Using sodium metal.

SECTION C:

18. a) Chemical test: Iodoform test ( Iodine solution in aqueous sodium hydroxide )
Observation : CH3COCH3 -gives a yellow precipitation
CH3CH2COCH2CH3-No observable change
Equation:
CH3COCH3+2I2 ( aq) +2NaOH → CHI3 +CH3COO-Na+

b) Chemical test: neutral Iron(iii) Chloride

Observation:
C6H5OH - a violet colouration
C6H5COOH – No observable change
Equation: C6H5OH + FeCl3 → Fe(C6H5O)+ 3HCl
Or Using sodium hydrogen carbonate
Observation:
C6H5OH - No observable change
C6H5COOH – give s effervescence of colourless gas which turns lime water milky.
Equation:
C6H5COOH +NaHCO3→C6H5COO-Na+ + CO2 + H2O.
or Using Sodium carbonate or bromine water.

c) Chemical test: silver nitrate in aqueous ammonia

Observation: C6H5CH2Cl - a white precipitate .
C6H5Cl– No observable change.
Equation :
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)

d) chemical test: aqueous sodium hydroxide

Observation:
Fe(H2O)6]2+ - gives dirty green precipitate insoluble in excess and turns brown in air.
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ - gives green precipitate soluble in excess to give a green solution.
Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s)

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Cr3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) → Cr(OH)3(s)
e) chemical test: Using magnesium chloride.
Observation:
CO32- - white precipitate.
SO42-- colourless solution
Mg2+(aq) + CO32(aq) → MgCO3(s)

19. a) – Get a container containing the hydrated CuSO4.XH2O and weighing scale to measure the
mass of CuSO4.XH2O .(let it be M grams )
- The hydrated salt (CuSO4.XH2O) then is strongly heated in the crucible on a tripod with a burning
Bunsen burner so that water is evaporated .
- And measure the mass more than once so that you may get a constant mass which does not
change to ensure that all water of hydration has evaporated. lets call the mass obtained after
heating N grams as the mass of the anhydrous CuSO4 .
- To get mass of water of crystallization = (M-N) grams.

XH O massofwate rofcrystal lisation ( CuSO . XH O )  massofanhy drousCuSO

b) =
2 4 2 4

molarmasso fCuSO 4 massofanhy dousCuSO 4

X (18 ) 4 . 99  3 . 19
=
159 . 5 3 . 19
X= 5
OR CuSO4.XH2O   CuSO4 + XH2O
N = mass of CuSO4/ relative mass of CuSO4

3 . 19
N= = 0.02 moles
159 . 5
moles of CuSO4 (anhydrous ) = moles of CuSO4 .XH2O (hydrated )
= 0.02moles
Mass
Rmm of CuSO4 .XH2O =
numberofmo les

4 . 99
Rmm of CuSO4 .XH2O = = 249.5
0 . 02
Rmm of CuSO4 .XH2O = Rmm of CuSO4 + rmm of XH2O
249.5 = 159.5 + X( 2+16)
249.5 -159.5 = 18X
90 = 18X
90
X= =5
18
Then salt is CuSO4 .5H2O
Or:

Compound CuSO4 H2O

Mole 3 . 19 1 .8
160 18

235
 Moles 0 . 02 0 .1
0 . 02 0 . 02

1 5

Waterr of cryatalisation is 5.

c) Number of moles of Cu2+ NB:

1000cm3 of Cu2+ contains 0.1mol
This equation was not balanced
0 . 1 x 25
25cm3 of Cu2+ contains = 0.0025mol. in the original question.
1000
Cu2+(aq) + 4I-(aq)→ 2CuI(s) + I2(aq)
Number of moles of I2 = 0.0025mol.( use mole ratio 1:1)
1mol of I2 reacted with 2 moles of S2O32-
0.0025mol of I2 reacted with 2 x 0.0025mol = 0.005 moles of S2O32-
Number of moles of 1000cm3 of S2O32-
12.5 cm3 of S2O32- contains 0.005mol
0 . 005 x 1000
1000cm3 of S2O32-contains = 0.4 moles/dm3
12 . 5
Mass of Na2S2O3 in 1000cm3
Mass = Number of moles x relative molecular mass
Rmm of Na2S2O3 = 23 x2 + 32x2+ 16x3 = 158
Mass = 0.4 mol x 158g/mol = 63.2 g of Na2S2O3.

20.a) At the cathode Al3+ + 3e- → Al(s)

Using Q = It = 3.21 x 10x60 = 1926C
From the equation
3e- ( 3faradays ) deposit 1 mole of Al
3x 96500C deposit 1 mole of Al
289500C deposit 1 mole of Al
1
1926C deposit X1926 = 0.00067moles of Al
2895000
Mass of Al = molar mass of Al x number of moles
Mass of Al = 27g/mol x 0.00067mol = 0.18g

b) Let the molecular formula of a divalent metal chloride be MCl2

At cathode M2+(aq) + 2e- → M(s)
Total quantity (Q) = 1926C
From the equation
2e- ( 2faradays ) deposit 1 mole of M
2x 96500C deposit 1 mole of M
19300C deposit 1 mole of M
1
1926C deposit X1926 = 0.00998 moles of M
193000
Mass of M = molar mass of Al x number of moles
Mass of M = 137.3g/mol x 0.00998mol = 1.370g
Therefore the mass of a divalent metal = 1.370g

236
c) .i. Electrolysis is used in extraction of metals e.g. Aluminium. Copper.
ii. It is used in electroplating for example copper , gold plating
iii. Electrolysis is used in industrial manufacture of sodium hydroxide.
d .i. It is Y because it most reducing agent due to its more negative electrode potential than Fe.
ii. cell representation is Fe electrode // x electrode
iii. E.M. F of cell = Eө(X electrode) - Eө(Fe electrode
= -0.14 –(-0.44) = +0.3V

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