CHAPTER13:

STRENGTHDESIGN) ALTERNATE DESIGN METHODS(WORKING 317

THEUNCRACKED CROSs SECTION

132
Thecross-Sectionalarea of a reinforced concrete beam that is effective in carrying flexural stresses varies
with
the magnitude of the moment. At small loads, the tensile bending stresses in the concrete fe is smaller
the modulus of rupture f, (the bending tensile stress at
than which the concrete begins to crack) and n0
erackingof concrete occurs. For this condition, the entire cross-section of the beam
the
stresses, with compression on one side and tension on the other. carries the flexural

102.3.1 Modulus of rupture, fr, for concrete shall be

calculated by:
f, =0.621f
> 13.2.1 THE TRANSFORMED UNCRACKED SECTION

Inthisstransformedi section,the actual area of the reinforcement is replaced with an cquivalent concrete area
equalto(n-1)4, located at the level of the steel. The modular ratio n used in the transformed area
conceptisthe ratio of the modulus of elasticity of steel to the modulus of elasticity of
Usedto the nearest whole number but may not be less than 6. concrete. It may be

n=
Es
Ec
Done the transformed section has been obtained, the location of the neutral axis and the moment of inertia
Cthe transformed section are calculated and the stresses in the concrete and the steel are computed with
the flexure formula.
b
Ecc

Ycc
N.A

Yct
(r-1)A,
Ect fet
Cross Section Transformed Strain Diagram Stress Diagram
Uncracked Section

Area of Transformed Uncracked Section:

Aur = Ag + (n-1)A,

SIMPLIFIED REINFORCED MJBCASTRO

CONCRETE DESIGN (2ND EDITION)
 METHODS (WORKINC
CHAPTER 13: ALTERNATE DESIGN
318 STRENGTHDESIGN)
Critical Stresses:

Mù
foc =

M(h- )
fct =
lyT

nMys

Cracking moment:
=
Mo,(h- y)
luT

Mcr =
(h- )
Note: Section isconsidered uncracked as long as fct < fr

13.3 THECRACKED CROSS SECTION

If the moment is large and the maximum tensile stresses in the concrete ft exceed the modulus of rupture
fr, cracking occurs. Once the beam cracks, it isassumed that allof the concrete on the tensile side of the
beam is ineffective in resisting tensile stresses and must be neglected in the flexure calculations. The
cracking of the beam does not necessarily mean that the beam is going to fail, only the longitudinal steel in
the tension zone carries the tensile stresses caused by the applied moment.

13.3.1 THETRANSFORMED CRACKED SECTION

To compute stresses, the concept of the transformed section can still be used, One need only take account
of the fact that all of the concrete that is stressed in tension is assumed cracked, and therefore ineffective in
resisting tensile stresses. The transtormed section then consists of the concrete in compression on one side
of the axis and m times the steel area on the other. The distance to the neutral axis in this
case is expressed
as a fraction kd instead of c (typically associated with the neutral axis at ultimate) but both will yield the
same result. Todetermine the location of the neutral axis, the moment of area aboveN.A is set equalto the
moment of area below N.A.

MJBCASTRO SIMPLIFIED REINFORCED

CONCRETE DESIGN (2ND EDITION)
CHAPTER 13: ALTERNATE DESIGN METHODS (WORKING
STRENGTH DESIGN) 319

C,
C= kd

d
h jd

nA,

Transformed
Cross Section Cracked Section Stress Diagram
Moment of area above N.A=Moment of area below N.A

bc()=nA,(d - c)
bc² = 2nA,d - 2nAgc
bc?+ 2nA,c 2nA,d = 0
Using Quadratic formula

-2nA, + /(2nA,)2 4(b)(-2nA,d)

C=
2(b)
-2nA, t /(2nA,)2 4(b)(-2nA,d)
C=
2(b)

Adopting the + sign,

-2nA, + /(nA,)2 + 2nA,bd
C= kd=
b
1
jd =d-kd
3 1
j=1-k
Considering the strength of concrete:
Cp = T
1
5f(kd)(b) = Asf,
A,fs <0.45fc
fe= 1
(kd)(b)
M, = Ccjd
1
M, =(kd) (6)· jd
1
M. =fej kb d²

SIMPLIFIED DESIGN
REINFORCED
(2ND EDITION)
MJBCASTRO
 320
BALANCED
DESIGN
13.4
TRO
STRENGTH
DESIGN)
CHAPTER
Since Multiply
Eç/Eç:by From The
Section
Cross Considering
n the
alternative
= A b
E,/Eç strain 13:
the
diagram: moment ALTERNATE
d
strcngth
=Tjd
M,M,fs= 1 C
=T
capacity =
z(kd)
A,fs of
k=
felEc kd
¿f.(kd)(b) stecl:
k k= kd j A, (6)
= is d
fe/E, Cracked
Section the = DESIGN
f(E/E,)f+ fe/Ec
f/E, + Transformed A,f,
f:/E,
+ fc/E, smaller
/E, nA, allowable <
nf,+f, +
fs/E, of METHODS
nf \EÇ)
M,
and stress
M,
IED
CED in
Diagram
Strain steel
(WORKING
kd
//E.
ND
)
 21
.0.45fc ..(3/8)/F...(1/11)/f.
.(1/11)\f .(1/6)\fe
.(1/12)(1
+
2/Be)Wfe .0.30fe 140
MPa MPa span.0.50fy
..170 MJBCAS
fabric
(plain m
4
than
more
13:
(WORKING
429.4)
v,. not
following: wire
SECTION reinforcement, of
slabs
welded
the one-way
METHODS
2015 following: exceed
shear and
(NSCP in
plus not greater less,
the concrete shall
DESIGNSTRESSES
SERVICE
LOADexceed footings: or
mm
compression. f
vc. Vc. reinforcementOr Ø10
not V by
and concrete, concrete, concrete, reinforcementMPa.
shall carried footing: v,. reinforcement, EDIT
ALTERNATE
JAPTER
CHA slabs than, reinforcement.
area. 200
concrete in shear by
stress
by
one-way and by greater loaded in than SIMPLIFIE
REINFO
DESIGN)
STRENGTH carried carried
PERMI13.5 SSIBLE
carried stress
Maximum slabs greater (2ND
in fiber not on 420deformed).
flexural
Stresses and Shear Shear Two-way
Shear Tensile280 DESIG
Flexure:Extreme But Bearing
Grade not
Shear: Beams Joists: Grade
:429.4.1 429.4.2 For but
CONCRE
1. 2 3.
1. 2.
RO ILLUSTRATIVE
PROBLEMS:
420 PROBLEM
caused effective CHAPTER
DESIGN)
depth 13.A1: STRENGTH
reinforCed
Solving Section
Cross AssumeSolution: MPa.
Solvingforù: by
a f
for
bending concrete
lyr y uncracked 13:
Iyr Ayrù = (n-1)4, Ag
the (210000
=317.450 mn 28 of
= =) = tmoment MPa.530mm
350(600)³ transformed
7142853556 35O(600) d rectangular ALTERNATE
12 (+ (n-)A,d
A,(5)+ section,
+ = f is
17241.060)ù M=60=3,28
reinforced
Ad') (8 =
the
uncracked - beam
350(600)(317.450
mm 1)(4210000 stress kNn. MPa
having
with
DESIGN
= (28)²) mm? on and
moment
21000o+17241.060(530) 428unQ
Uncracked
Section the
Transformed n a
= 1)A,
(n'- tension
of 8. width METHODS
600 17241.060
inertia:
- ZOne Determine of
300)2 tension
350m
of
+ mm? the
IED
CED17241.060(530- concrete
the bars.
(WORKING
N d stresses total a
Diagram
Stress Materal
depth
fet in
(2ND fer
<fr concrete
strengths of
N) 317.450)" 600mm
anà are
and
D
IED
SIMPL
caused eftective
420 PROBLEM 13.A2:
renforced
Using SameSolution: MPa, Stress
steel:in concrete:
Stress in Then,
ALTERNATE
by
f28 a depth
STRENGTH
DESICHAPTERGN) 13:
theproblem bending concrete
Jct Sct = results of fs fce fcc = fct fct =
= 530mm = = =
in MPa.
momentrectangular 14. nMys lñr Mù 2.373 M(h )-
4.747 M(h )- of 14.1 2.667
lñr 283
ù f is
MPa<f’
MPa>f and but reinforced
=3.28M 60x10(317.450)
MPa
MPa
8(60x10)(530 7142853556
Iyur M
120 beam 60x10(600
317.450) -
= MPa
120x10(600-
317.450) in 120 7142853556
’ kNm. 7142853556
METHODS
DESIGN
problem having
with Assumption
7142853556
beam kNm and
n= 4 a -317.450)
is 14.1:
28mm0 width
cracked! 8.
is
Determine of correct,
350mm
tension

the beam (WORKING

bars.
stresses total a
is
Material depth uncracked!
in
concrete
strengths of
600mm
RO
and are
and
steel fy
an
323
TRO STRENGTH
DESIGN)
Section
Cross CHAPTER
Stress
steel: in concrete:
Stressin Since Solvingfor c:
A,.
c
= 13:
kd

d ALTERNATE
fs= f=7.576MPa M= k= 194.391mm
C=
A,f,)d =
M j=1-5=l bc(;)=nA,
350c
Ajd jkbd? 1 194.391
104. M 2M 530 C=
kd
(;)
700
(0.878)(530)
(28)
(47 0.367 = DESIGN
MPa (0.878)(0.367)(350)
(530)² Cracked
Section
0.367 Transformcd
&(4;(28)) = (d-
3
120x106 c) nA,
2(120x10) 0.878 =
METHODS
(530
-o)
d (WORKING
DED
Diagram
Stress jd
(2
NP
) fe
T
C
LIFIED
ETE a.
b Solution:
Resisting Since Solvingfor Moment
c: Balance condition:
balancedFor
folDetoewirninreegPROBLEM
tihne fwiothrced5 A13.3: CHAPTER 13:
STRENGTH
DESIGN)
The The 28mp
c
GN
CED = moment balanced concrete
monent
moment kd
capacity
Material
tension ALTERNATE
capacity beam
(2ND of capacity moment usng
k= 300c
221.420C=
mm M= M =1-=1 j k=
)
M terms in j=1 bc() the M bars.
having
=
= 221.420 beam =5(0.45) 1 1 nfe fs+ working
1 182. of of
capacity
of 520 3 nfc the
3 zejkb d? the k
concrete:
6)=a(528)2) =nA, a
=1 235 300nm
width
and
beam: beam
0.426 = srengtlh
design METHODS
DESIGN
(d (27)(0.856)
kNm 8(0.45)(27)
0.432 128 + of
of
0.426 - tstrengths
he
3 3
8(0.45)(27)
c) beam
0.858 = 0.856 =
(0.432) are
(s20
f an
(300) efTeotive
128
c) 0.432 =
(520)2 MPa. (WORKING
depth
f27 MPa
iof530nm

RO

and is
reinforced

325
 326

TRO
using bean1PROBLEM
with 134:A
STRENGTH
DESIGN)
aThe reinforced CHAPTER
concrete:
Stressin Since SolvingforSolution:
c: 5-20mmois
working Thus, Resisting
subjected
The
c the
= strength corncrete
maxmum
maxmun moment moment 13:
kd
toa
tension
bending beam
design
ALTERNATE
M= k= 167.020mm
C= bc suess stress capacity in
Se6.287MPa =1-3=1 3 j bars.having Afjd M,
M, M, = terms M, M
jkbd2 167.020
300c(;) = = =
500 G)=nA,(d- c) m nmoment
Maternial 175.823
5(28) -;(0.45)(27)(0.858)
(300)(520)²
(0.426)
180.124
of
jkjkhd'2M concrete
stee is
a M steel:
width =
0.334)(300)(500)2 0.334 = o
8(s;(20)) = strengtbs
70 175.823 kNm kNm DESIGN
0.334 of (128)
KNm. 300mm
2(70x109) 0.889 = (0.858)
f28MPa, fo
Assumc
are kNm
(500 and METHODS
(520)
-c) oracketcective an

DED secton (WORKING

epth
Deternine
followingthe 27 of
5O0nm
MPa
D
and
) n is
reintorsod
-8.
The
IED
ED 9.
Determine
PROBIEM13.5:
Solving Solvingfory: Note: Solution: Ststeel:
STRENGTH
ressCHAPTER
in 13:
the
Formulas monent
INA =
for 167.919y=
mm
IN DESIGN)
=
Moment 400) ALTERNATE
derived 100 capacity
1097989403 400(167.919)3 A,fjM=
d
of 100.255
fs=MPa
12 Inertia: are A_jd
200(100)(y- of M
100
not the
- beam
mm applicable DESIGN
(400)(167.919) +
+9(5(20)
(200)(100)(167.919
200 section (0.889)(500)
4(20)2)
50) 20mmp
for 70x106
= shown (WORKING
METHODS
(400 ) 9(5;(20)) non-rectangular 100
44
if
- f
167.919)2 50)2
(400 138
section. 400mm
MPa,
200(100)3 y) Use
12 f
the
21
RO flexure
MPa
formula and
n
327
TRO
STRENGTH
DESIGN)
CHAPTER
Thus, steel:In concrete: In N.A 100

the
moment 13:
Transformed
Cracked
Section 100

capacity
ALTERNATE
nA, 200
M,= M
of
the ny, 0.45(21)(1097989403)
fclNA
beam M, M, 100
= INA n =
= f=
DESIGN
is 72.543
(138)(1097989403)
167.919)
9(400 61.792
M
= INA M.y.
kNm 167.919
61.792 kNm METHODS
E 400
kNm

IORCED
FIED Diagram
Stress (WORKING
IGN
(2ND
ION)
CED
LIFIED
TE 8.

Solution:
DePROBLEM
termine the 13.6: STRENGTHCHAPTER 13:
Transformed
Cracked
Section
N 150
moment DESIGN) |
800mm
(2ND nA, 200 ALTERNATE
DESIGN
apacity of
) 4

150
150 the
beam
100y- 100 500mmn 5-32mm
200 section

150 showD (WORKING

METHODS
725
iff
75 425 |200 100
=165
Diagram
Stress
725 MPa,
f=
TRO 27.6
MPa
and
n
=
329
 330
RO
CHAPTER13:
STRENGTH
DESIGN)
moment
Thus,the steel:In concrete: In Solving Solving
fory: Note:
Formulas
for 264.730y=
mm
=430.598
kNm M, M,
=fsMy, M, INA
M f= Moment
= = = so0y() ALTERNATE
ny, fNA INA 450.826 felNA INA Myc 9609272240 500(264.730)3 derived
capacity
of
12 Inertia:
(9609272240)
264.730)
8(725- (165) kNm
0.45(27.6) 2009 - are
of not
the -
mm
+8(5;(32)°
(200)(264.730 applicable
beam 264.730 + 10)(= - DESIGN
(96092722 (500
is
M
= (264.730)(0/3U200(264.730 1001\ for
430.598 ) non-rectangular METHODS
40) (725 -
100)(
kNm 264.730)2 (264.730100 - 8(s;82)
IED
CED 2
section.(WORKING

(25
(2 2 Use
-9) the
12
) flexure
100)3: - formula
D Strength
esign.PROBLEM
Fmd 13.2: PROBLEM
3.1 13.1: STRENGTH
the einforced
DESIGN)
SUMPaP, LEMENTARY CHAPTER
nmoment find
the
concTete 13:
capacity stresses .
PROBLEMS:
ALTERNATE
beani
of in
the concreteshówa
beam
shown and is
subjected (WORKING
METHODS
DESIGN
28mmo44- steel.in
300mm 300mm
iff
to
= Use
28 bending a
MPa, Ans: working
450mm fs fee moment
385mm
=138 3.701 strength
of
MPa 450mm design, 41
Ans:
MPa KNm.
and
M= n &f
Ifn
=8.Use
RO 102.424 18.953
9and
working
KNm MPa fr
TRO
8 STRENGTH
DESIGN)
PROBLEMI34:
Determine PROBLEM
MPaT-beam
138shown 13.3:
A CHAPTER

the andof
monent n 13:
650mm
8. inALTERNATE
capacity Detesmine the
figure

150 of the is
the reinforced
450mm 4-32mmg beam 4-25mnt
300mm noment
800mm DESIGN
150
section
capacity
with
150
shown 425mn METHODS
if the
150
section
575 165 ,Ssrab.
IED
CED 100mm using (WORKING
MPu
r= Assume
Ans: 600mm Ans: workitg
(2ND M- 27.6 M= f
228.118 strength
N) MPa 151011 28
and design MPa,
kNn n kNrn
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333
 334

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connection to weight been 402.3)
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335
 336
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337
 338

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339