See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/332636825

Research of the wrinkling elimination of stainless steel SUS304 by viscous

pressure

Article  in  Engineering Review · January 2019

DOI: 10.30765/er.39.2.3

CITATIONS READS

2 182

4 authors, including:

Hepeng Zhang
Jilin University
18 PUBLICATIONS   148 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Hepeng Zhang on 07 October 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

141 T. Gao, K. Yu et al.: Research of the wrinkling elimination of …
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

RESEARCH OF THE WRINKLING ELIMINATION OF

STAINLESS STEEL SUS304 BY VISCOUS PRESSURE
Tiejun Gao 1* –Kun Yu2 –Xiaojun Liu1 –Hepeng Zhang1

1
Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, No. 37 Daoyi South Avenue, Shenyang 110136
Liaoning, China
2
AECC Shenyang Liming Aero engine co., LTD, No.6 East Street, Shenyang 110043 Liaoning, China

ARTICLE INFO Abstract:

Article history: Wrinkling is one of the most important factors
Received: 16.8.2016. influencing a forming precision of sheet metal,
Received in revised form: 6.3.2017. which brings difficulties to the forming process of
Accepted: 27.3.2017. sheet metal. In order to eliminate the wrinkling
Keywords: during the forming process, an accurate prediction
Wrinkling is necessary. In this paper, the wrinkling
YBT elimination process was investigated based on the
Viscous pressure forming principle of the Yoshida Buckling Test (YBT) and
Wrinkling elimination viscous pressure forming. The experimental device
DOI: http://doi.org/10.30765/er.39.2.3 was designed, and evaluation method of the
wrinkling elimination rate was presented by the
stainless steel SUS304. On this basis, the wrinkling
elimination experiment was carried out, the
influences of both the viscous medium molecular
weight and the tensile state of wrinkle under the
viscous pressure on the wrinkling elimination were
obtained.

1 Introduction criterion, strain rate catastrophe criterion, and

appropriate forming parameters or forming methods.
With the energy-saving and emission reduction Meanwhile, wrinkling is caused by the compression
requirements, lightweight technology has been instability, which is influenced by many factors such
widely used in the fields of aviation, aerospace, and as forming craft, material property, and stress state.
automotive. The application of the sheet structural The wrinkling of the sheet metal with complicated
components has been the main approach to shape is difficult to predict accurately during the
lightweight goal according to its characteristics of forming process. Methods for avoiding wrinkling
light weight and strong loading ability. However, are various depending on different forming
due to the influence of the material properties and processes. A blank holder is employed to prevent
geometry of parts, sheet metal is easy to produce wrinkling in the flange area during the drawing
defects such as wrinkling or fracturing during the process, while for the wrinkling during the tube
forming process. Therefore, the way to control the bending, an adding filler inside the tube can
forming parameters to avoid wrinkling or fracturing effectively prevent wrinkling [5-8]. If wrinkling is
has become the key to improve the forming quality allowed at certain conditions during the forming
of a sheet with complicated shape [1-4]. process, as long as the change of a wrinkle can be
Generally, fracture is caused by the tensile controlled to fit the mold before the end of
instability during forming process, which can be deformation, the size precision can meet the
solved through prediction methods such as forming requirements. In recent years, tube-compression by
limit diagram, maximum thickness thinning rate viscous pressure forming aims at controlling the

*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +8613504999851;
E-mail address:[email protected].
Engineering Review, Vol. 39, Issue 2, 141-147, 2019. 142
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

variety of wrinkling states and eliminating the 2.2 The experimental device
wrinkles of tube-blank, forming parts with large
deformation accordingly. Therefore, the study on The experimental device was designed (Fig.2),
the wrinkling elimination process and the ultimate which can eliminate wrinkles by viscous pressure.
elimination ability are of great significance for the The biaxial tension was loaded along the X and Y
optimization of the forming process parameters and directions on the wrinkling specimen by the drive
the improvement of the ultimate deformation ability ball screw controlled by a servo motor. The viscous
of sheet metal [9-14]. pressure was loaded along the Z direction by a servo
The YBT (Yoshida Buckling Test) is a method motor.
which can use the diagonal tension to evaluate the
ability of resisting wrinkling under non-uniform
tension This has an important representative of
resisting wrinkling in the forming process of the
sheet metal. In this paper, based on the principle of
the YBT and viscous pressure forming, the
wrinkling elimination process and the degree of
ultimate elimination were analyzed under different
tensile forces and viscous properties. This study can
provide a reference for the ability of the wrinkling
elimination of sheet metal characterized with
complicated shape by viscous pressure forming [15-
18].
2 The experimental Scheme and Materials

2.1 The experimental scheme

Figure 2. The experimental device.
During the forming process of sheet metal, stress
state and location of wrinkles are difficult to control, 2.3 The experimental materials
which brings difficulties to get the wrinkles of same
morphology. In order to simplify the research, the The sheet metal of stainless steel SUS304 with the
morphology similar to the wrinkle is formed thickness of 0.7mm was used in the experiment. The
through the mold with a die cavity length of 60mm tensile test was carried out according to GB/T228.1-
and width of 20mm as shown in Fig.1, and the shape 2010. In the experiment, the tensile speed is
of wrinkle can be controlled by the forming pressure. 10mm/min. The experiment was repeated three
times as shown in Fig.3. The tensile test data are
shown in Table 1. It can be seen that the average
load of the specimen, the tensile strength, the yield
strength and the elongation are 9.4 kN, 588.3 MPa,
235.1 MPa and at 67%, respectively.

Figure 1. Wrinkling specimen. Figure 3. Tensile specimens.

143 T. Gao, K. Yu et al.: Research of the wrinkling elimination of …
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 1. Stainless steel SUS304 tensile test data

Maximum load Tensile strength Yield strength Fracture elongation

Sample
(kN) (MPa) (MPa) (%)
Sample 1 9.5 597.3 239.3 66.7
Sample 2 9.3 582.3 230.7 68.4
Sample 3 9.3 585.5 235.3 65.9
Average 9.4 588.3 235.1 67.0

Methyl vinyl silicone rubber is used as viscous wrinkling elimination process. Considering the force
medium in the experiment. It is the viscous plastic transmission process, only the tensile forces along
linear polymer which is copolymerized with length and width directions were analyzed. (The
dimethyl siloxane and little vinyl silicone. The tensile force along the length direction is
molecular structural formula of the methyl vinyl represented by FL and the tensile force along the
silicone rubber is illustrated in Fig.4. The main width direction is represented by FW).
chain is composed of silicon and oxygen atoms The
pendant groups connected with silicon are methyl 3.2 The wrinkling elimination method
and vinyl. The molecular weights of viscous
medium are 40, 50, 60 and 70×104 g/mol In the process of wrinkling, the evaluation method
respectively. The relationships between the shear of wrinkle depends on the maximum height of
strain rate and the shear stress of the viscous
medium are shown in Fig.5. Moreover, when the
8
molecular weight of the viscous medium is higher,
the viscous medium will become more sensitive.
Shear stress (kPa)

The shear viscosity with different molecular weights 6

is shown in Fig.6. The lowest shear viscosity is 12.8
kPa·s when the molecular weights of viscous 4
medium is 40×104 g/mol, and the shear viscosity is 40×104g/mol
increased to 25.3 kPa·s when the molecular weights 50×104g/mol
2 60×104g/mol
is 70×104 g/mol. It can be seen that the shear
70×104g/mol
viscosity increases with the increasing of molecular
weight of the viscous medium. 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Shear strain rate (1/s)
CH3 CH=CH2 CH3 CH3

CH2 = CH Si O Si O Si O Si CH=CH2 Figure 5. Relationship between shear strain rate

and shear stress of the viscous medium.
CH3 CH3 CH3 N CH3
M
M: 10~20 N: 6000~11500 28

Figure 4. Molecular structure of viscous medium.

Shear viscosity/( kPa ·s )

24

3 Analysis of wrinkling elimination 20

3.1 The stress strain state analysis 16

The stress and strain state of the wrinkling under 12

viscous pressure is shown in Fig.7. Besides the
viscous pressure, wrinkling was also influenced by a 40 50 60
4
70
Medium molecular weight / (10 g/mol)
tensile or compression stress along length and width
directions of the specimen during the
Figure 6. Shear viscosity with different medium
molecular weights.
Engineering Review, Vol. 39, Issue 2, 141-147, 2019. 144
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

wrinkling Hmax, the maximum tilt angle θmax, the 4 The results and discussions
change of tilt angleΔθ and the minimum curvature
radius ρmin as shown in Fig. 8 [19-20]. In the process 4.1 Influence of the molecular weight of viscous
of wrinkling elimination, some wrinkles can be medium on the wrinkling elimination
eliminated completely, but others still have residual
height. Considering the macroscopic characteristics The results of the wrinkling elimination without
and the surface quality factor after the wrinkling tensile force under different molecular weight
elimination, height change of wrinkle is used as the conditions were measured by height gauge, as
evaluation criteria of wrinkling elimination rate in shown in Fig. 9. The height of the wrinkle is 4 mm,
the process of research. and the viscous pressure for wrinkling elimination is
30 MPa. The relationship between the molecular
 HH (1) weight and the wrinkling elimination rate is shown
max in Fig.10. The maximum displacement of wrinkling
peak is 3.43 mm, and the wrinkling elimination rate
where β is wrinkling elimination rate, H is residual is 85.8% at the molecular weight of 40×104 g/mol.
height after wrinkling elimination (mm) and Hmax the The maximum displacement of peak of the wrinkle
maximum height of wrinkle (mm). is 3.56 mm, and the wrinkling elimination rate is
89.2% at the molecular weight of 70×104 g/mol.

(a) 40×104g/mol (b) 50×104g/mol

Figure 7. Stress and strain state of the wrinkling by

the viscous pressure.

(c) 60×104g/mol (d) 70×104g/mol

Figure 9. Wrinkling elimination specimens with

different molecular weights of viscous
medium.

Figure 8. The evaluation method of wrinkle Relatively, the wrinkling elimination rate is
morphology. increased by 3.4%. It can be seen that the wrinkling
elimination rate will be increased when the viscous
145 T. Gao, K. Yu et al.: Research of the wrinkling elimination of …
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

medium with larger molecular weight is used. wrinkling elimination, under the experimental
Therefore, the viscous medium with molecular condition, different forces were applied directly
weight of 70×104 g/mol will be used in the along the length and width directions, and viscous
following experiment. pressure was loaded to 30 MPa. The process
parameters of the wrinkling elimination under the
90 biaxial tension condition are shown in Table 2.
The specimens of the wrinkling elimination are
Wrinkling elimination rate β （ %）

shown in Fig.11. The wrinkling elimination rate is

88
96% when FW=140 N and FL= 56 N. When FW=140
N and FL=112 N, the wrinkling elimination rate is
96.6%, which is increased by 0.6%. The wrinkling
elimination rate is 94.6% when FL=140 N and
86 FW=56 N. When FL=140 N and FW=112 N the
wrinkling elimination rate is 95.7%, which is
40 50 60 70
increased by 1.1%. The relationships between the
Medium molecular weight （ 104g/mol） wrinkling elimination rate and the variations of
tensile forces are shown in Fig.12. It can be seen
Figure 10. Relationship between the molecular
that the tensile force along the width direction has a
weight of viscous medium and the
more significant influence on the process of the
wrinkling elimination rate.
wrinkling elimination. It is because the tensile force
is easier to transmit and wrinkling is easier to extend
4.2 Influence of tensile state on the wrinkling
along the width direction, which is helpful in the
elimination
wrinkling elimination.
Considering the influence of tensile state on the

(a) FL=140 N, FW=56 N (b) FL=140 N, FW=112 N (c) FL=140 N, FW=112 N

(d) FL=56 N, FW=140 N (e) FL=84 N, FW=140 N (f) FL=112 N, FW=140 N

Figure 11. The wrinkling elimination specimens with different tensile forces along the length and width
directions.
Engineering Review, Vol. 39, Issue 2, 141-147, 2019. 146
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 2. The process parameters of the wrinkling elimination under biaxial tension

Viscous Tensile force along the length Tensile force along the width The wrinkling
pressure direction of wrinkle direction of wrinkle elimination rate
P/ (MPa) FL / (N) FW / (N) β/ (%)
30 140 56 94.6
30 140 84 95.3
30 140 112 95.7
30 56 140 96.0
30 84 140 96.3
30 112 140 96.6

FL =140N
96.5
Wrinkling elimination rate β（ %）

FW=140N

96.0

95.5

95.0

94.5
56 84 112

Tensile force（ N）
Figure 12. The relationships between the wrinkling elimination rate and tensile state of wrinkle.

5 Conclusion tensile force becomes greater, the wrinkling

elimination rate is higher.
Aiming at the problem of wrinkling of sheet metal, a (3) Compared with the length direction of the
certain geometrical wrinkle was formed according wrinkle, the tensile force exerted at the width
to the principle of the YBT, and the wrinkling direction is beneficial to the transmission of
elimination under the condition of viscous pressure tension, which has a more significant influence
was investigated. The results can be extracted as on the wrinkling elimination.
follows:
(1) At the same condition of viscous pressure, Acknowledgments
when the molecular weight is larger, the
viscous medium becomes more sensitive, and The financial support provided by the National
higher wrinkling elimination rate can be Natural Science Foundation of China (51205260)
obtained. and supported by Program for Liaoning Excellent
(2) At the same condition of viscous pressure, the Talents in University (LJQ2015083) are gratefully
tensile state of wrinkle plays a great influence acknowledged.
on the wrinkling elimination rate. When the
 147 T. Gao, K. Yu et al.: Research of the wrinkling elimination of …
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

References [11] Cao, J., Wang, X., Mills, F.J.: Character-

ization of sheet buckling subjected to controlled
[1] Hsu, C.W., Ulsoy, A.G., Demeri M.Y.: boundary constraints. Journal of
Development of process control in sheet metal Manufacturing Science & Engineering, 124
forming, Journal of Materials Processing (2002), 3, 493-501.
Technology, 127 (2002), 3, 361-368. [12] Cheng, H.S., Cao, J., Yao, H.: Wrinkling
[2] Bao J., Liu H., Xing Z.: Springback of hot behavior of laminated steel sheets. Journal of
stamping and die quenching with ultra-high- Materials Processing Technology, 151(2004),
strength boron steel. Engineering Review, 1, 133-140.
33(2013), 3, 151-156. [13] Schleich, R., Albiez, C.: Investigation on
[3] Liu N., Yang H., Li H.: Plastic wrinkling simulation of buckling of aluminium sheet
prediction in thin-walled part forming process: alloys, 7th European LS-DYNA Conference,
A review. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 29 2009.
(2016), 1, 1-14. [14] Limam, A., Lee, L.H., Corona, E.: Inelastic
[4] Gao, T.J., Liu, Y., Wang, Z.J.: Research on wrinkling and collapse of tubes under
process window diagrams of tube-compression combined bending and internal pressure.
by viscous pressure forming. Journal of International Journal of Mechanical Sciences,
Materials Engineering and Performance, 23 52 (2010), 5, 637-647.
(2014), 6, 2020-2024. [15] Grizelj, B., Cumin, J., Ergić, T.: Application of
[5] Wang, Z.J., Li, Y., Liu, J.G.: Evaluation of Hydroforming Process in Sheet Metal
forming limit in viscous pressure forming of Formation. Strojarstvo Časopis Za Teoriju I
automotive aluminum alloy 6k21-T4 sheet. Praksu U Strojarstvu, 51(2009), 4, 333-340.
Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 17 (2007), [16] Wang, Z.J., Gao, T.J.: Inner and outer pressure
6, 1169-1174. forming of nickel based super-alloy thin-walled
[6] Foudeh, M.R., Daneshmand, S., Demirci, HI.: part with variable diameter sections. Trans.
Investigating aluminum sheet wrinkling during Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 18 (2008), 2, 285-
the deep drawing process, Transactions of 290.
Famena, XXXVII (2013), 4, 43-54. [17] Li, M., Brazill, R.L., Chu, E.W.: Initiation and
[7] Wang, C.T., Kinzel, G., Altan, T.: Wrinkling growth of wrinkling due to nonuniform tension
criterion for an anisotropic shell with in sheet metal forming. Experimental
compound curvatures in sheet forming. Mechanics, 40 (2000), 2, 180-189.
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, [18] Hayashi, H., Hirata, M., Yoshida, K.: Buckling
36 (1994), 10, 945-960. behavior of a square specimen in the diagonal
[8] Wang, X., Cao, J.: An Analytical prediction of tensile test and its application. Journal of the
flange wrinkling in sheet metal forming. Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity.
Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2 (2000), 24(1978), 275, 1298-1304
2, 100-107. [19] Yoshida, K.: Purposes and Features of the
[9] Lin, Y., Yang, H., Li, H.: Influences of Yoshida Wrinkling Test. Journal of the Japan
Forming Parameters on Wrinkling in NC Thin- Society for Technology of Plasticity, 272
walled Tube Bending. Acta Aeronautica et (1983), 24, 901-908
Astronautica Sinica, 24 (2003), 5, 456-461. [20] Wan, M., Yang, Y.Y., Ma, L.X.: Expression,
[10] Kim, J.B., Yang, D.Y.: Finite Element Analysis Measurement and Calculation of the Sidewall
of the Wrinkling Initiation and Growth in Wrinkle for Axisymmetrical Curved Parts.
Modified Yoshida Buckling Test. Metals and Material Science & Technology, 3(1995), 4,
Materials International, 4(1998), 4,640-647. 100-103.

View publication stats