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What Is PHP

PHP is a server-side scripting language that is used to manage dynamic content, databases, and more. It is embedded within HTML and uses .php files. PHP code is executed on the server and the output is returned to the browser as HTML. The document discusses PHP variables, data types, operators, control structures like if/else statements and loops, and provides examples of basic PHP syntax and use.

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Aniket Singh
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

What Is PHP

PHP is a server-side scripting language that is used to manage dynamic content, databases, and more. It is embedded within HTML and uses .php files. PHP code is executed on the server and the output is returned to the browser as HTML. The document discusses PHP variables, data types, operators, control structures like if/else statements and loops, and provides examples of basic PHP syntax and use.

Uploaded by

Aniket Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is PHP

PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor.


PHP is an interpreted language, i.e., there
is no need for compilation.
PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting
language
PHP scripts are executed on the server
PHP is free to download and use
PHP is a server side scripting language that
is embedded in HTML. It is used to manage
dynamic content, databases, session
tracking, even build entire e-commerce
sites.
It is integrated with a number of popular
databases, including MySQL, PostgreSQL,
Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft
SQL Server.
What You Should Already Know
Before you continue you should have a basic
understanding of the following:

 HTML

 CSS

 JavaScript

What is a PHP File?


 PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS,
JavaScript, and PHP code
 PHP code are executed on the server, and the
result is returned to the browser as plain
HTML
 PHP files have extension ".php"

What Can PHP Do?


 PHP can generate dynamic page content
 PHP can create, open, read, write, delete,
and close files on the server
 PHP can collect form data
 PHP can send and receive cookies
 PHP can add, delete, modify data in your
database
 PHP can be used to control user-access
 PHP can encrypt data
With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You
can output images, PDF files, and even Flash
movies. You can also output any text, such as
XHTML and XML.

Why PHP?
 PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux,
Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)

 PHP is compatible with almost all servers used


today (Apache, IIS, etc.)

 PHP supports a wide range of databases

 PHP is free. Download it from the official PHP


resource: www.php.net

 PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the


server side

Basic PHP Syntax


A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document.

A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:

<?php
// PHP code goes here
?>
The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".
A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and
some PHP scripting code.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My first PHP page</h1>
<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>
Note: PHP statements end with a semicolon (;).
As you can see in the diagram above, we always start with a
browser making a request for a web page. This request is going
to hit the web server. The web server will then analyze it and
determine what to do with it.

If the web server determines that the request is for a PHP file
(often  index.php ), it’ll pass that file to the PHP interpreter. The
PHP interpreter will read the PHP file, parse it (and other included
files) and then execute it. Once the PHP interpreter finishes
executing the PHP file, it’ll return an output. The web server will
take that output and send it back as a response to the browser.

Install PHP
To install PHP, we will suggest you to install AMP
(Apache, MySQL, PHP) software stack. It is
available for all operating systems. There are many
AMP options available in the market that are given
below:
o WAMP for Windows

o LAMP for Linux

o MAMP for Mac

o SAMP for Solaris

o FAMP for FreeBSD

o XAMPP (Cross, Apache, MySQL, PHP, Perl) for Cross


Platform: It includes some other components too such as
FileZilla, OpenSSL, Webalizer, Mercury Mail etc.
If you are on Windows and don't want Perl and other features of
XAMPP, you should go for WAMP. In a similar way, you may use
LAMP for Linux and MAMP for Macintosh.

PHP Variables
A variable in PHP is a name of memory location that
holds data. A variable is a temporary storage that is
used to store data temporarily.

In PHP, a variable is declared using $ sign followed by


variable name.

Syntax of declaring a variable in PHP is given below:

$variablename=value;  

PHP Variable: Declaring string, integer and float


<?php  
$str="hello string";  
$x=200;  
$y=44.6;  
echo "string is: $str <br/>";  
echo "integer is: $x <br/>";  
echo "float is: $y <br/>";  
?>  
<?php  
$x=5;  
$y=6;  
$z=$x+$y;  
echo $z;  
?>  

PHP Variables
Rules for PHP variables:

 A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name


of the variable

 A variable name must start with a letter or the


underscore character

 A variable name cannot start with a number

 A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric


characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )

 Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are


two different variables)
Remember that PHP variable names are case-sensitive!

Comments in PHP
// This is a single-line comment

# This is also a single-line comment

/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple
lines
*/

PHP Operators
Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

PHP divides the operators in the following groups:

 Arithmetic operators

 Assignment operators

 Comparison operators

 Increment/Decrement operators

 Logical operators

 String operators

 Array operators

PHP If Else
PHP if else statement is used to test condition. There are various ways to use if statement in
PHP.

o if

o if-else

o if-else-if

o nested if
PHP If Statement
PHP if statement is executed if condition is true.

Syntax

if(condition){  
//code to be executed  
}  

<?php  
$num=12;  
if($num<100){  
echo "$num is less than 100";  
}  
?>  

PHP - The if...else Statement


The if....else statement executes some code if a condition is true and another code if that
condition is false.

Syntax
if (condition) {
    code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
    code to be executed if condition is false;
}

The example below will output "Have a good day!" if the current time is less than 20, and "Have
a good night!" otherwise:

Example
<?php
$t = date("H");
if ($t < "20") {
    echo "Have a good day!";
} else {
    echo "Have a good night!";
}
?>

PHP - The if...elseif....else Statement


The if....elseif...else statement executes different codes for more than two conditions.

Syntax
if (condition) {
    code to be executed if this condition is true;
} elseif (condition) {
    code to be executed if this condition is true;
} else {
    code to be executed if all conditions are false;
}

Example
<?php
$t = date("H");

if ($t < "10") {
    echo "Have a good morning!";
} elseif ($t < "20") {
    echo "Have a good day!";
} else {
    echo "Have a good night!";
}
?>

PHP - The switch Statement


The switch statement is used to perform different actions based on different conditions.

Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed.


Syntax
switch (n) {
    case label1:
        code to be executed if n=label1;
        break;
    case label2:
        code to be executed if n=label2;
        break;
    case label3:
        code to be executed if n=label3;
        break;
    ...
    default:
        code to be executed if n is different from all labels;
}

Example
<?php
$favcolor = "red";

switch ($favcolor) {
    case "red":
        echo "Your favorite color is red!";
        break;
    case "blue":
        echo "Your favorite color is blue!";
        break;
    case "green":
        echo "Your favorite color is green!";
        break;
    default:
        echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor green!";
}
?>

PHP Loops
Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over and
over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal code-lines in a
script, we can use loops to perform a task like this.

In PHP, we have the following looping statements:

 while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is


true
 do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the
loop as long as the specified condition is true

 for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times

 foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array

The PHP while Loop


The while loop executes a block of code as long as the specified condition is
true.

Syntax
while (condition is true) {
    code to be executed;
}

The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the while loop
will continue to run as long as $x is less than, or equal to 5 ($x <= 5). $x will
increase by 1 each time the loop runs ($x++):

Example
<?php 
$x = 1; 

while($x <= 5) {
    echo "The number is: $x <br>";
    $x++;
} 
?>

The PHP do...while Loop


The do...while loop will always execute the block of code once, it will then
check the condition, and repeat the loop while the specified condition is true.
Syntax
do {
    code to be executed;
} while (condition is true);

The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the do while
loop will write some output, and then increment the variable $x with 1. Then
the condition is checked (is $x less than, or equal to 5?), and the loop will
continue to run as long as $x is less than, or equal to 5:

Example
<?php 
$x = 1; 

do {
    echo "The number is: $x <br>";
    $x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>

Notice that in a do while loop the condition is tested AFTER executing the
statements within the loop. This means that the do while loop would execute
its statements at least once, even if the condition is false the first time.

The example below sets the $x variable to 6, then it runs the loop, and then
the condition is checked:

Example
<?php 
$x = 6;

do {
    echo "The number is: $x <br>";
    $x++;
} while ($x <= 5);
?>

PHP for loops execute a block of code a specified number of times.

The PHP for Loop


The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script
should run.

Syntax
for (init counter; test counter; increment counter) {
    code to be executed;
}

Parameters:

 init counter: Initialize the loop counter value

 test counter: Evaluated for each loop iteration. If it evaluates to TRUE,


the loop continues. If it evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends.

 increment counter: Increases the loop counter value

The example below displays the numbers from 0 to 10:

Example
<?php 
for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {
    echo "The number is: $x <br>";
} 
?>

The PHP foreach Loop


The foreach loop works only on arrays, and is used to loop through each
key/value pair in an array.

Syntax
foreach ($array as $value) {
    code to be executed;
}

For every loop iteration, the value of the current array element is assigned to
$value and the array pointer is moved by one, until it reaches the last array
element.

The following example demonstrates a loop that will output the values of the
given array ($colors):
Example
<?php 
$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow"); 

foreach ($colors as $value) {
    echo "$value <br>";
}
?>

The foreach loop statement


The foreach statement is used to loop through
arrays. For each pass the value of the current array
element is assigned to $value and the array pointer is
moved by one and in the next pass next element will
be processed.
Syntax
foreach (array as value)
{
code to be executed;
}

<html>

<body>

<?php

$array = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

foreach( $array as $value )

echo "Value is $value <br />";


}

?>

</body>

</html>
PHP - Arrays
There are three different kind of arrays and each array value is accessed
using an ID c which is called array index.

 Numeric array − An array with a numeric index. Values are stored and
accessed in linear fashion.
 Associative array − An array with strings as index. This stores element values
in association with key values rather than in a strict linear index order.
 Multidimensional array − An array containing one or more arrays and values
are accessed using multiple indices

Numeric Array
These arrays can store numbers, strings and any object but their index will
be represented by numbers. By default array index starts from zero.

Example
Following is the example showing how to create and access numeric arrays.

Here we have used array() function to create array.

<html>

<body>

<?php

/* First method to create array. */

$numbers = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

foreach( $numbers as $value ) {

echo "Value is $value <br />";

/* Second method to create array. */

$numbers[0] = "one";
$numbers[1] = "two";

$numbers[2] = "three";

$numbers[3] = "four";

$numbers[4] = "five";

foreach( $numbers as $value )

echo "Value is $value <br />";

?>

</body>

</html>

Get The Length of an Array - The


count() Function
The count() function is used to return the
length (the number of elements) of an array:
Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo count($cars);
?>
Loop Through an Indexed Array
To loop through and print all the values of an indexed
array, you could use a for loop, like this:

Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
$arrlength = count($cars);
for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++) {
    echo $cars[$x];
    echo "<br>";
}
?>

Associative Arrays
The associative arrays are very similar to numeric
arrays in term of functionality but they are different
in terms of their index. Associative array will have
their index as string so that you can establish a
strong association between key and values.
To store the salaries of employees in an array, a
numerically indexed array would not be the best
choice. Instead, we could use the employees names
as the keys in our associative array, and the value
would be their respective salary.
<html>

<body>
<?php

/* First method to associate create array. */

$salaries = array("Ajay" => 55000, "Sunil" => 19000, "Vijay" =>


5000);

echo "Salary of Ajay is ". $salaries['Ajay'] . "<br />";

echo "Salary of Sunil is ". $salaries['Sunil']. "<br />";

echo "Salary of Vijay is ". $salaries['Vijay']. "<br />";

/* Second method to create array. */

$salaries['Ajay'] = "high";

$salaries['Sunil'] = "medium";

$salaries['Vijay'] = "low";

echo "Salary of Ajay is ". $salaries['Ajay'] . "<br />";

echo "Salary of Sunil is ". $salaries['Sunil']. "<br />";

echo "Salary of Vijay is ". $salaries['Vijay']. "<br />";

?>

</body>

</html>

Salary of Ajay is 55000


Salary of Sunil is 19000
Salary of Vijay is 5000
Salary of Ajay is high
Salary of Sunil is medium
Salary of Vijay is low
<html>
<body>
<?php
$salaries = array("Ajay" => 55000, "Sunil" => 19000,
"Vijay" => 5000);
foreach($salaries as $x => $x_value)
{
echo "Name=" . $x . ", Salary=" . $x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

Name=Ajay, Salary=55000
Name=Sunil, Salary=19000
Name=Vijay, Salary=5000
<html>
<body>
<?php
$salaries = array("Ajay" => 55000,
"Sunil" => 19000, "Vijay" => 5000);
$keys = array_keys($salaries);
$round = count($salaries);
for($i=0; $i < $round; ++$i) {
echo "name=". $keys[$i] . ' ' . "Salary=" .
$salaries[$keys[$i]] .

"</br>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
name=Ajay Salary=55000
name=Sunil Salary=19000
name=Vijay Salary=5000
Multidimensional Arrays
A multi-dimensional array each element in
the main array can also be an array. And
each element in the sub-array can be an
array, and so on. Values in the multi-
dimensional array are accessed using
multiple index.
Example
In this example we create a two dimensional array to
store marks of three students in three subjects −
<html>

<body>

<?php

$marks = array(

"Ajay" => array (

"physics" => 35,

"maths" => 30,

"chemistry" => 39

),

"Sunil" => array (

"physics" => 30,

"maths" => 32,

"chemistry" => 29

),

"Vijay" => array (


"physics" => 31,

"maths" => 22,

"chemistry" => 39

);

/* Accessing multi-dimensional array values */

echo "Marks for Ajay in physics : " ;

echo $marks['Ajay']['physics'] . "<br />";

echo "Marks for Sunil in maths : ";

echo $marks['Sunil']['maths'] . "<br />";

echo "Marks for Vijay in chemistry : " ;

echo $marks['Vijay']['chemistry'] . "<br />";

?>

</body>

</html>

This will produce the following result −


Marks for Ajay in physics : 35
Marks for Sunil in maths : 32
Marks for Vijay in chemistry : 39

PHP Sorting Arrays


The elements in an array can be sorted in alphabetical or
numerical order, descending or ascending.

PHP - Sort Functions For Arrays


In this chapter, we will go through the following PHP array
sort functions:

 sort() - sort arrays in ascending order

 rsort() - sort arrays in descending order

 asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order,


according to the value

 ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order,


according to the key

 arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order,


according to the value

 krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order,


according to the key

Sort Array in Ascending Order -


sort()
The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array
in ascending alphabetical order:

Example
<html>

<body>

<?php

$cars=array("san","dan","tan","jan");

sort($cars);

$clength = count($cars);
for($x = 0; $x < $clength; $x++) {

echo $cars[$x];

echo "<br />";

?>

</body>

</html>

The following example sorts the elements of the $numbers


array in ascending numerical order:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2, 22, 11);
sort($numbers);

$arrlength = count($numbers);
for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++) {
    echo $numbers[$x];
    echo "<br />";
}

</body>
</html>

Sort Array in Descending Order -


rsort()
The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array
in descending alphabetical order:

Example
<html>

<body>

<?php

$cars=array("san","dan","tan","jan");

rsort($cars);

$clength = count($cars);

for($x = 0; $x < $clength; $x++) {

echo $cars[$x];

echo "<br />";

?>

</body>

</html>
The following example sorts the elements of the $numbers
array in descending numerical order:

Example
<html>
<body>

<?php
$numbers = array(4, 6, 2, 22, 11);
rsort($numbers);

$arrlength = count($numbers);
for($x = 0; $x < $arrlength; $x++) {
    echo $numbers[$x];
    echo "<br>";
}
?>

</body>
</html>

Sort Array (Ascending Order),


According to Value - asort()
The following example sorts an associative array in
ascending order, according to the value:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<body>
<?php

$age = array("Peter"=>"45", "Ben"=>"67", "Joe"=>"43");

asort($age);

foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {

echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;

echo "<br>";

?>

</body>

</html>

Key=Joe, Value=43
Key=Peter, Value=45
Key=Ben, Value=67

Sort Array (Ascending Order),


According to Key - ksort()
The following example sorts an associative array in
ascending order, according to the key:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
ksort($age);
foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {
    echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;
    echo "<br>";
}
?>

</body>
</html>

Key=Ben, Value=37
Key=Joe, Value=43
Key=Peter, Value=35

Sort Array (Descending Order),


According to Value - arsort()
The following example sorts an associative array in
descending order, according to the value:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
arsort($age);

foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {


    echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;
    echo "<br>";
}
?>

</body>
</html>
Sort Array (Descending Order),
According to Key - krsort()
The following example sorts an associative array in
descending order, according to the key:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
krsort($age);

foreach($age as $x => $x_value) {


    echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;
    echo "<br>";
}
?>

</body>
</html>

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