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The document discusses the origins and development of the ARPANET, which was the precursor to the modern internet. It describes how in the 1960s, Paul Baran developed the idea of packet switching to make communication networks more resilient. This concept was then applied by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to create the ARPANET, connecting four research institutions in 1969. The ARPANET utilized packet switching and served as a testbed for technologies that became core aspects of today's internet, fundamentally changing how people communicate globally.

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Skirk Fallen
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44 views

Script For STS

The document discusses the origins and development of the ARPANET, which was the precursor to the modern internet. It describes how in the 1960s, Paul Baran developed the idea of packet switching to make communication networks more resilient. This concept was then applied by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to create the ARPANET, connecting four research institutions in 1969. The ARPANET utilized packet switching and served as a testbed for technologies that became core aspects of today's internet, fundamentally changing how people communicate globally.

Uploaded by

Skirk Fallen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Today, the internet is a huge part of our daily lives.

 We communicate with Zoom, like posts on Instagram, and watch videos on


YouTube.

 Even though we rely on this global network of computers, many netizens don't even
know how the internet came to be, or even how it works.

 To understand this, we have to go back 60 years.

 We are going to go on an important journey to one of the key periods of


communication in history.

 We are going to visit the ARPANET era.

Personal vid

 In the 1960s, the Advanced Research Projects Agency, or ARPA, developed a


revolutionary method of communication called packet switching.

 In 1969, they applied this technology in a new computer network called ARPANET.

 The network grew and evolved to become the internet, adding features like TCP
slash IP, the domain name system, and the worldwide web.

 Today, the internet is a huge part of our daily lives, making the creation of the
ARPANET among the most important parts of communication in history.

Done.

 It all started around the year 1959, when a computer scientist named Paul Baron
joined RAND, a corporation focused on Cold War-related military issues.

 One of their major concerns was how to make communication systems resilient to a
nuclear attack.

 At the time, the sharing of computer data between remote locations was done over
phone lines or other cables using circuit switching.

 It needed to be accomplished in one uninterrupted transmission.

 Any break could result in failure.

 Even if individual nodes remained undamaged during an attack, central switching


facilities may not, rendering entire networks useless in the moment of greatest need.
 Baron came up with a strategy to by pass this issue.

 He called his method hot potato routing.

 It would later be renamed to packet switching.

 By splitting larger messages up into packets and sending them separately, speed
and reliability are increased.

 They do not have to travel in sequence or follow the same path.

 A disruption to a circuit is not fatal, as packets can be routed any number of ways.

 At the destination, a modem reads their identification header and reassembles the
message in order.

 Although the packet switching method was revolutionary, the U.S. military rejected
Paul Baron's idea and the published paper describing the method was classified and
locked away.

 At the same time, the U.S. military created ARPA, the Advanced Research Projects
Agency.

 ARPA's purpose was to keep U.S. technology ahead of the Soviets.

 In 1962, computer scientist J.C.R. Licklider joined ARPA as the head of computer
research.

 He wanted to connect military and research personnel in real time over a robust
computer network.

 One problem was that these computers were still rare and too expensive for
personal use.

 Licklider's solution was time-sharing, a method that would, quote, divide the
computer's time among many users.

 Individuals could go to a public place like a library to access the host computers
remotely.

 He helped with research along these lines that would make a network possible.

 However, J.C.R. Licklider left ARPA in September of 1964,

Done by the first narrator.


 and it wasn't until his second successor, Robert Taylor, took up Licklider's mantle
that the process of realizing a computer network finally began.

 Paul Baron's packet-touching method had been recently uncovered, and along with
Licklider's time-sharing approach, it made the end goal of a cross-country network
attainable.

 On October 9th and 10th, 1967, meetings were held at the Pentagon between upper
representatives and commercial contractors.

 Topics discussed include communication facilities, routing procedures, network


protocols, interface message processor or IMP specifications, IMP to host computer
interfacing, and control of access to the network.

 Once a plan was established, the Department of Defense put out a call for
competitive bids in the September of 1968, Bolt, Berenek, and Newman of
Cambridge, Massachusetts, won the $1 million contract.

 Once BBN was given the go-ahead, work on ARPANET began immediately.

 The network was the first to use packet-switching, and would be able to function
without a central control facility using existing cables.

 As of away the packets were split up, information could travel faster by using less
bandwidth and avoiding busy pathways.

 For the first phase of ARPANET development, only four locations would be
connected.

 They were UCLA, the Stanford Research Institute, or SRI, the University of
California, Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah.

 All of these computers were different models and different brands running different
operating systems, a significant departure from previous computer networks that
needed everything to be the same.

 This was possible thanks to new hardware technology in the form of interface
message processor or IMP microprocessors.

 These were smaller, uniform devices that worked in tandem with the larger and more
varied computers on the network.
 The IMPs would format outgoing messages in a way that all the other IMPs could
understand, and they would transfer incoming messages into a codec that the host
computer could.

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