Power Transmission Systems

Chapter 13

Sag and Tension Analysis

1
 Introduction
Conductor sag and tension analysis is an important consideration in OH distribution line design as
well as in OH transmission line design.
Thus, the designing engineer must determine in advance the amount of sag and tension to be given
to the wires or cables of a particular line at a given temperature.
The factors affecting the sag of a conductor strung between supports are:
1. Conductor load per unit length
2. Span, that is, distance between supports
3. Temperature
4. Conductor tension
In order to determine the conductor load properly, the factors needed to be taken into account are:
1. Weight of conductor itself
2. Weight of ice or snow clinging to wire
3. Wind blowing against wire
Conductor tension pulls the conductor up and decreases its sag. At the same time, tension elongates
the conductor, from elastic stretching, which tends to relieve tension and increase sag. The elastic
property of metallic wire is measured by its modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity of a
material equals the stress per unit of area divided by the cross sectional area. That is, since

𝑻
𝝈= 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑨
2
𝝈: 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔.
𝑻: 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔.
𝑨: 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔.
𝒄𝒎𝒊𝒍
𝒊𝒏𝟐 = 𝟏,𝟐𝟕𝟑,𝟎𝟎𝟎.
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒆 = 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚.

The stress in the conductor is the parameter on which everything else is based. But the stress itself is
determined by the sag in the conductor as it hangs between adjacent poles or towers. Since the stress
depends on sag, any span can be used provided the poles or towers are high enough and strong
enough.
Effect of change in temperature:
Sags and stresses vary with temperature on account of the thermal expansion and contraction of the
conductors.

A temperature rise increases conductor length, with resulting increase in sag and decrease in tension.
A temperature drop causes reverse effects.

The change in length per unit of conductor length per degree Fahrenheit of temperature change is the
temperature coefficient of linear expansion.

If the conductor is unstressed or the conductor stress is constant while the temperature changes, the
change in length of the conductor is : 3
 ∆𝒍 = 𝒍𝟎 𝜶∆𝒕; ∆𝒕 = 𝒕𝟏 − 𝒕𝟎

𝒕𝟎 : 𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆.
𝒍𝟎 : 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝟎 .
𝒍𝟏 : 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝟏 .
𝜶: 𝑪𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑭𝒂𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆.
∆𝒕: 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆.
∆𝒍: 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒕.

If the temperature is constant while the conductor stress changes (i.e., loading), the change in length
of the conductor is :

∆𝑻
∆𝒍 = 𝒍𝟎 ; ∆𝑻 = 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟎
𝑴𝑨

𝑻𝟎 : 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔.

∆𝑻: 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒔.
𝑴: 𝑴𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒍𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔.
𝑨: 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔.

4
 Sag and Tension Analysis
Line Sag and Tension Calculations:

In distribution systems, determining accurate values of sag is not so important as it is in

transmission systems. Nevertheless, even in the distribution lines, if the conductor is strung with too
low tension, the resultant sag will be excessive, with the likelihood of wires swinging together and
short-circuited. The usual tendency, however, is to pull the conductor too tight, which causes the
conductor to be overstressed and stretched when the heaviest loading takes place and the normal sag
after this loading becomes excessive. Then the excessive sag needs to be pulled out of the
conductor, a process that also causes the conductor to be overstressed on the heaviest loading. This
process of overstressing and pulling up may cause the conductors, especially the smaller ones, to be
broken. This can be eliminated by measuring the line tension more accurately.

Supports at the same level

Catenary Method:

5
0 : lowest point on the catenary curve
L :length of the conductor between two supports in (ft)
w: weight of the conductor per unit length in (lb/ft)
T : tension of the conductor at any point P in the direction of the curve in (lb).
H: tension at origin O in (lb)
s: length of the curve between points 0 and P in (ft)
ws : weight of the portion in (lb)
T = Tx + Ty

2𝐻 𝑤𝐿 𝐿 𝐻
Length of Conductor in (ft): 𝑙 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ = 2𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ ,𝑐 =
𝑤 2𝐻 2𝑐 𝑤
𝑤 2 𝐿2
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦: 𝑙 ≅ 𝐿 1 +
24𝐻2

𝐻 𝑤𝐿 𝐿
Sag in (ft): 𝑑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ − 1 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ −1
𝑤 2𝐻 2𝑐

Minimum and Maximum Conductor Tension ( Tmin and Tmax) in (lb):

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑤 𝑐 + 𝑑 , 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤𝑐

6
Supports at the Same level: Parabolic Method

In the case of short spans with small sags, the curve can be considered as a parabola.
Since the sag by the parabola solution is smaller than the sag by the catenary solution
for the same horizontal tension, the angle θ will be smaller. Thus, the vertical
component of tension is smaller for the parabola solution than for the catenary.
8𝑑 2
Length of Conductor in (ft): 𝑙 = 𝐿 1 + 2
3𝐿
𝑤𝐿2
Sag in (ft): 𝑑 =
8𝑇
𝑤𝐿2
Tension in (lb): 𝑇 ≅
8𝑑

7
Example:
A sub-transmission line conductor has been suspended freely from two towers and has
taken the form of a catenary that has c = 1600 ft. The span between the two towers is
500 ft., and the weight of the conductor is 4122 lb/mi. Calculate the following:
1. Length of conductor using catenary and approximated method.
2. Sag.
3. Maximum and minimum values of conductor tension using catenary method.
4. Approximate value of tension by using parabolic method.

Solution:
𝐿 500
1. Catenary method: 𝑙 = 2𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ = 2 ∗ 1600 ∗ sinh( = 502.032 𝑓𝑡.
2𝑐 2 ∗ 1600
𝐿2 5002
Approximated method: 𝑙 ≅ 𝐿 1 + = 500 1 + = 502.0345 𝑓𝑡.
24𝑐 2 24 ∗ 16002
𝐿 500
2. 𝑆𝑎𝑔: 𝑑 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ − 1 = 1600 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ − 1 = 19.6 𝑓𝑡.
2𝑐 2 ∗ 1600
4122
3. 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑤 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 1600 + 19.6 = 1264.4 𝑙𝑏.
5280
4122
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑤𝑐 = ∗ 1600 = 1249.1 𝑙𝑏.
5280
4122 2
𝑤𝐿2 5280 ∗ 500
4. 𝑇 ≅ ≅ ≅ 1244.7 𝑙𝑏.
8𝑑 8 ∗ 19.6 8
Supports at Different Levels:
Unsymmetrical Spans:
Consider a span L between two
supports, as shown in the Figure,
whose elevations differ by a distance
h. Let the horizontal distance from
the lowest point of the curve to the
lower and the higher supports be xl
and x2, respectively.

dl and d2 sags can be found as:

𝒘𝒙𝟐𝟏
𝒅𝟏 =
𝟐𝑻
𝒘𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝟐 =
𝟐𝑻
𝒘
𝒉 = 𝟐𝑻 𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐𝟏 : Elevation Distance
𝒘𝑳
𝒉= 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
𝟐𝑻 𝟐
9
 𝐿 𝑇ℎ 𝐿 𝑇ℎ
𝑥2 = + & 𝑥1 = −
2 𝑤𝐿 2 𝑤𝐿

𝐿 𝑇ℎ
𝐼𝑓 > , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥1 > 0.
2 𝑤𝐿

𝐿 𝑇ℎ
𝐼𝑓 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥1 = 0.
2 𝑤𝐿

𝐿 𝑇ℎ
𝐼𝑓 < , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥1 < 0.
2 𝑤𝐿

10
 Sag and Tension Analysis
Effects of ice and wind loading:
The span design consists in determining the sag at which the line is constructed so that heavy

winds, accumulations of ice or snow, and excessive temperature changes will not stress the

conductor beyond its elastic limit, cause a serious permanent stretch, or result in fatigue failures

from continued vibrations. In other words, the lines will be erected under warmer and nearly still-

air conditions and yet must comply with the worst conditions.

Effect of ice:
In mountainous geographic areas, the thickness of ice formed on the conductor becomes very
significant. Depending on the circumstances, it might be as much as several times the diameter of
the conductor.
Ice accumulations on the conductor affect the design of the line.
1. By increasing the dead weight per foot of the line.
2. By increasing the projected surface of the line subject to wind pressure. 11
 For the sake of simplicity, it can be assumed that the ice coating, of thickness ti inches,
is uniform over the surface of a conductor, as shown in figure below.

𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒:

𝜋
𝐴𝑖 = 𝑑𝑐 + 2𝑡𝑖 2 − 𝑑𝑐2
4
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡: 𝑤𝑖 = 1.25𝑡𝑖 𝑑𝑐 + 𝑡𝑖 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ:

𝑤𝑇 = 𝑤 + 𝑤𝑖

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑤𝑇 : 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ.

𝑤: 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ.

𝑤𝑖 : 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ.

12
Effect of Wind:

It is customary to assume that the wind blows uniformly and horizontally across the projected
area of the conductor covered with no ice and ice, respectively. The projected area per unit length
of the conductor with no ice is:
𝑆𝑛𝑖 = 𝐴𝑛𝑖 ∗ 𝑙. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.

1 1
𝑆𝑛𝑖 = 𝑑 ∗ 𝑙. : 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
12 𝑐 12
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑆𝑛𝑖 : 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑛𝑜 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ.

𝐴𝑛𝑖 : 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑛𝑜 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡.

𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ. 13

With Ice: 𝑆𝑤𝑖 = 𝐴𝑤𝑖 ∗ 𝑙. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.

𝑑𝑐 + 2𝑡𝑖
𝑆𝑤𝑖 = ∗𝑙
12

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑆𝑤𝑖 : 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ.

𝐴𝑛𝑖 : 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡.

𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ.

14
The horizontal force exerted on the line as a result of the wind pressure with no ice is:

𝑃 = 𝑆𝑛𝑖 ∗ 𝑝 𝑙𝑏/𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 1 − 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ: 𝑃= 𝑑 ∗ 𝑝 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
12 𝑐
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝑃: 𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡.

𝑝: 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡.

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒊𝒄𝒆: 𝑃 = 𝑆𝑤𝑖 ∗ 𝑝 𝑙𝑏/𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝑑𝑐 + 2𝑡𝑖
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 1 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: 𝑃 = ∗ 𝑝 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
12
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠: 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑃2 + 𝑤 + 𝑤𝑖 2 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡

By replacing w by we in the previously equations for tension and sag of the line in still air:
𝑤𝑒 𝐿2
𝑑= 𝑓𝑡
8𝑇 15
Example:

A stress-crossing OH sub-transmission line has a span of 500 ft over the stream. The
line is located in a heavy-loading district in which the horizontal wind pressure is 4
Ib/ft2, and the radial thickness of the ice is 0.50 in. Use an ACSR conductor of 795
kcmil having an outside diameter of 1.093 in., a weight of 5,399 lb/mi, and an ultimate
strength of 28,500 lb. Also use a safety factor of 2 and 57 Ib/ft3 for the weight of ice.
Using the parabolic method, calculate the following:

1. Weight of ice in pounds per feet.

2. Total vertical load on conductor in pounds per feet.
3. Horizontal wind force exerted on line in pounds per feet.
4. Effective load acting on conductor in pounds per feet.
5. Sag in feet.
6. Vertical sag in feet.

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Solution:

1. 𝑤𝑖 = 1.25𝑡𝑖 𝑑𝑐 + 𝑡𝑖 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 =1.25*0.5*(1.093+0.5)=0.9956 lb/ft.

5399
2. 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: 5399 𝑙𝑏/𝑚𝑖 = = 1.0225 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
5280
𝑤𝑇 = 𝑤 + 𝑤𝑖 = 1.0225 + 0.9956 = 2.0181 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑐 + 2𝑡𝑖 1.093 + 2 ∗ 0.5
3. 𝑃 = ∗𝑝= ∗ 4 = 0.6977 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡
12 12
4. 𝑤𝑒 = 𝑃2 + 𝑤 + 𝑤𝑖 2 = 0.69772 + 2.01812 = 2.135 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡

28500
5. 𝑇 = = 14250 𝑙𝑏
2
𝑤𝑒 𝐿2
2.1315 ∗ 5002
𝑑= = = 4.68 𝑓𝑡
8𝑇 8 ∗ 14250
2.0181
6. 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑔 = 𝑑 ∗ cos 𝜃 = 4.68 ∗
2.135
= 4.42 𝑓𝑡

17