308301 Control Systems

Dr. Usman Ghafoor

Email: [email protected]
 Class behaviour
• At least 85% attendance policy.
• Late arrivals will be discouraged.

3/9/2023 2
 Assessment

Quizzes/Assignments 10-15%

OHTs 25-30%

Project 10-15%

Final Exam 45-50%

3/9/2023 3
 PLOs’
• PLO-1: Engineering Knowledge; An ability to apply
knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering to the
solution of complex engineering problems.

• PLO-2: Problem Analysis; An ability to identify, formulate

and analyze complex engineering problems.

• PLO-3: Design/Development of Solutions; An ability to

design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design systems, components, or processes that meet
specified needs with appropriate consideration for public
health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
 CLO-PLO Mapping

Level of
No CLO PLO
Learning
1 Apply/Use principles of control system to PLO 1 C-3
solve open loop/closed loop systems
2 Analyze/Examine the different control PLO 2 C-4
systems with respect to test inputs (e.g. step,
ramp etc.).
3 Design/Develop a controller according to PLO 3 C-6
desired specifications for closed loop system.
 CLO/PLO completion
• Some questions will be linked with a specific
CLO.
• Try to secure at least 60% of the allocated
marks to that question for passing the
respective CLO.
 Books
Text Book:
• Control Systems Engineering, By Norman S. Nise John Wiley &
Sons, ISBN: 0-471-44577-0

Other Books:
• Automatic Control Engineering, 5th Ed By Francis H.Raven ;
McGraw-Hill, In. ISBN: 0-07-113639-8
• Modern Control Engineering,2nd Edition By Katsuhiko Ogata
Prentice Hall International Edition ISBN: 981-3026-94-4
.

7
Brief history of control system
Brief history of control system
Examples
a) Concept, b) Layout, c) Schematic, d) block diagram
 Introduction

• Objective:
To make the system OUTPUT and the desired REFERENCE as close as
possible, i.e., to make the ERROR as small as possible.

• Key Issues:
1) How to describe the system to be controlled? (the modeling part)
2) How to design the controller? (the control part)
 Introduction
• Terminology
System: An arrangement or combination of
different physical components that are
connected or related together to form an entire
unit to achieve a certain objective. E.g.,
Classroom, Car etc.
Control: To regulate direct and command a
system so that a desired objective is achieved
 Introduction
• Terminology
Plant/Process: Portion of the system to be
controlled. It is fixed as far as the control system
designer is concerned. The designer’s job is to
ensure that the plant operates as required
Fixed

Plant
or
Process
 Introduction
• Terminology
Input: The applied or excitation signal applied to
a control system to get a specific output

Output: The actual response obtained from a

control system due to the application of the
input Fixed

Input Plant Output

or
Process
 Introduction
• Terminology
Controller: Internal or external element of the
system used to control the plant or process. The
controller generates plant input signals designed
to produce the desired outputs. Some plant
inputs are accessible to the designer and some
are not available Fixed
Control
Input Plant Output
Inputs
Controller or
Process
 Introduction
• Terminology
Disturbances: A disturbance is an uncontrollable
input that has an undesired effect on the
desired output of the system. It may be internal
(produced within the system) or external
Disturbance Inputs
Fixed

Input Plant Output

Controller or
Control Process
Inputs
 Introduction (Controller)
• A control system consists of subsystems and
processes (or plants) assembled for the
purpose of obtaining a desired output with
desired performance, given a specified input.

• Input represents the desired output

 Introduction (Controller)
• A controller is the one that compares controlled
values with the desired values and has a function
to correct the deviation produced
Functionality:
– Decreasing the steady state errors.
– As the steady state accuracy improves, the stability also
improves
– Help in reducing the offsets produced in the system etc
 Introduction
• Elevator example: while at first floor, we
intend to reach fourth floor.
• Our input is the press of fourth floor button
that represents the desired output
 Introduction
• Performance measures:
– the transient response
– the steady state error
 The design process

Step 1: Transform Requirements Into a Physical System

Step 2: Draw a Functional Block Diagram
Step 3: Create a Schematic
Step 4: Develop a Mathematical Model (Block Diagram)
Step 5: Reduce the Block Diagram
Step 6: Analyze and Design
Test Waveforms in Control System
 Introduction
• Configurations of control systems
– Open-loop control system
– Closed-loop control system
 Introduction
• Configurations of control systems
– Open-loop control system
– Closed-loop control system
 Introduction
Open-loop control system: A system in which
the control inputs are not influenced by the
plant outputs i.e., there is no feedback around
the plant

Disturbance Inputs
Fixed

Input Plant Output

Controller or
Control Process
Inputs
 Introduction
• Open-loop control system

• Example: heating system

– Output variable = temperature
– Controller = consisting of fuel valves and electrical
system that operates these valves
 Introduction
• Open-loop control system

• Disadvantage:
– Cannot compensate for any disturbances both at
the input and the output of the system
– Example: mechanical systems
 Introduction
Closed-loop control system: A system in which
the control inputs are influenced by the plant
outputs i.e., a path (or loop) is provided from
the output back to the controller.
Disturbance Inputs
Fixed

Input Plant Output

Controller or
Control Process
Inputs

Measurements
 Introduction
• Closed-loop control system

• Overcomes the disadvantages of open-loop

systems
– Sensitivity to disturbance and
– Inability to correct them
 Introduction
• Advantages of closed-loop systems
– Accurate than open-loop systems
– Increased accuracy
– Reduced sensitivity to changes in components
– Reduced effects of disturbances and changes in
environment
– Increased speed of response
 Introduction
• Conclusion
– Systems that perform measurement and
correction are called closed-loop or feedback
control systems
– Systems that do NOT perform measurement and
correction are called open-loop
 Introduction
• Analysis and Design of a control system
– Analysis: process by which system’s performance
is determined e.g. transient response and steady
state error.
– Design: process by which system’s performance is
created or changed.
 Introduction
• Analysis and Design Objectives
1. Producing the desired transient response
2. Reducing steady-state error
3. Achieve stability
 Introduction
• Stability
Total response = natural response (homogeneous
solution) + forced (particular solution) response
– Natural response is the response to initial
conditions. It is only dependent on the system and
NOT the input.
– Forced response (also known as zero-state) is the
response to a particular input but with no initial
conditions.
 Introduction
• Stability
– Natural response should eventually approach zero
leaving behind forced response only
– In some cases/systems, the natural response does
not decay and starts to grow such that a point
comes where it dominates the forced response
leading to instability.
– Control systems must be designed such that the
natural response decays to zero as time
approaches infinity or oscillates.