EXPERIMENT No.

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To Study Different Types of Chemical Reactions
EXPERIMENT No. 1(a)

AIM: To perform and observe the action of water on quicklime. Also identify the chemical reaction
involved.
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Quicklime, water, beaker, spatula, glass rod, dropper etc.

THEORY
Chemically quicklime is calcium oxide, CaO. It is a white lumpy substance. It combines with limited
amount of water to give slaked lime (with excess water, lime water or milk of lime is obtained). Chemically,
slaked lime is calcium hydroxide. The chemical change can be presented by the following chemical
equation:
CaO+ H2O Ca(OH)2 + Heat
In this reaction, two substances are reacting to form a single compound as such it is an example of
combination reaction.
A reaction in which two or more substances react to form a single substance is called a combination
reaction. During this reaction a lot of heat energy is produced. Therefore, this is an example of an
exothermic reaction.

Fig: Formation of slaked lime by the reaction of calcium oxide with water

PROCEDURE
1. In a clean and dry beaker take a small amount of quicklime.
2. Add water to the beaker drop wise with constant stirring using a glass rod.
3. Record your observations.

OBSERVATIONS
 Calcium oxide or quick lime reacts with water vigorously to form calcium hydroxide or slaked lime.
 The reaction is accompanied by a hissing sound and formation of bubbles.
 The reaction beaker becomes hot after the reaction.

CONCLUSION
 In this reaction two substances (calcium oxide and water) react together to form a single compound
(calcium hydroxide). Therefore, it is a combination reaction.
 As the reaction beaker becomes hot after the reaction, the reaction is an exothermic reaction.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not touch quicklime with your bare hands.
2. Use a clean apparatus for the experiment.
3. Add water drop wise with constant stirring with glass rod to make the reaction mixture sufficiently
wet. Avoid large excess of water.

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 EXPERIMENT No. 1(b)

AIM: To perform and observe the action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals. Also identify the type of
chemical reaction involved.
MATERIAL REQUIRED: Test-tube, test-tube holder, burner, ferrous sulphate crystals.

THEORY
Ferrous sulphate crystals, also called Green vitriol is iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate, FeSO 4.7H2O. On
heating. It first loses its water of crystallization to give anhydrous ferrous sulphate, FeSO 4 which is a dirty
white powder. On further heating strongly, ferrous sulphate decomposes to yield ferric oxide, sulphur
dioxide and sulphur trioxide.

Both SO2 and SO3 are colourless, suffocating gases with pungent smell of burning sulphur. In this reaction, a
single substance has broken down into simpler substances; therefore, this reaction is a decomposition
reaction.
As the decomposition reaction takes place on heating, it is also called thermal decomposition reaction. It is
an endothermic reaction.

PROCEDURE
1. In a clean and dry test tube take a few crystals of FeSO4.7H2O, which are light green in colour.
2. Hold the test tube with the help of a test tube holder and heat the crystals over the flame of a burner,
first slowly and then strongly in such a way that the test tube is not pointed towards anyone including
the observer.
3. Record your observations.
OBSERVATIONS
 On heating slowly, the light green-coloured crystals of hydrated ferrous sulphate change to white
powder and small droplets of water are seen on the upper cooler part of the test tube.
 Upon further heating strongly the white powder in the test tube changes to reddish brown.
 Gas or vapours coming out of the test tube is colourless and has a suffocating, pungent smell of
burning sulphur.
CONCLUSION
 On heating slowly, light green-coloured crystals of hydrated ferrous sulphate loses its water of
crystallization. The white powder in the test tube is anhydrous ferrous sulphate.
 On heating strongly, ferrous sulphate decomposes to give ferric oxide (reddish brown powder) as
residue and sulphur dioxide and sulphur trioxide as gaseous products with smell of burning sulphur.
PRECAUTIONS
1. A clean and dry test tube should be used for heating ferrous sulphate crystals.
2. Fresh light green-coloured crystals of hydrated ferrous sulphate should be used for heating.
3. Use a test tube holder while heating the test tube.
4. Avoid direct smelling of the vapours or gas coming out from test tube,
5. The mouth of the test tube, while heating, should not point toward anyone, including yourself.

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 EXPERIMENT No. 1(c)

AIM: To perform and observe the action of copper sulphate solution on iron nails. Also identify the type of
chemical reaction involved.

MATERIAL REQUIRED: Copper sulphate crystals, dilute sulphuric acid, iron nails, water, beaker
(100mL), glass rod, test tubes, test tube stand, sand paper, thread, cork etc.

THEORY
As iron is chemically more reactive than copper, iron can displace copper from copper sulphate solution.
When some iron nails are kept in a solution of copper sulphate, these iron nails are covered with a layer of
reddish-brown copper.

Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) →FeSO4 (aq) +Cu(s)

Copper sulphate solution is sky blue in colour and ferrous sulphate solution is pale green in colour,
therefore, the colour of the solution also changes from sky blue to pale green. In this reaction iron displaces
copper from its salt solution, so it is displacement reaction.
A reaction in which a more reactive element displaces another less reactive element in a compound, is called
a displacement reaction.

PROCEDURE
1. Take an iron nail and clean it thoroughly with sandpaper (or take a new iron nail).
2. Take the beaker and fill it half with water. Add about 5 grams of powdered copper sulphate to it and
stir the contents of the beaker with a glass rod. To check hydrolysis of copper sulphate, add 2-3 drops
of dilute sulphuric acid. It will make the solution clear.
3. Take 10 ml of copper sulphate solution in a test tube and place it in test tube stand.
4. Tie one iron nail with a thread and immerse it carefully in copper sulphate solution.
5. Take out the iron nail from copper sulphate solution after some time.
6. Record your observations.

OBSERVATIONS
 When iron reacts with copper sulphate solution, iron displaces copper from blue coloured copper
sulphate solution to form pale green coloured solution of ferrous sulphate.
 A reddish brown coloured layer of copper is deposited on the iron nail.

CONCLUSION
 In this reaction one element (iron) displaces another element (copper) from its compound (copper
sulphate). Hence, it is a displacement reaction.
Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) →FeSO4 (aq) +Cu(s)
 Iron is more reactive than copper.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The iron nail should be cleaned thoroughly by using sand paper if it is rusted , before dipping the
nail in copper sulphate solution.
2. Do add two or three drops of sulphuric acid to copper sulphate solution, to make it clear.
3. Dilute sulphuric acid should be handled very carefully, as it is corrosive in nature.

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 EXPERIMENT No. 1(d)
AIM: To perform the reaction between sodium sulphate solution and barium chloride solution. Also identify
the type of chemical reaction involved.

MATERIAL REQUIRED: Test tubes, test tube stand, aqueous solutions of barium chloride and sodium
sulphate.

THEORY
When a solution of sodium sulphate is mixed with a solution of barium chloride, following reaction takes
place:

Na2SO4(aq) +BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s)+ 2NaCl (aq)

The reaction that takes place between aqueous barium chloride solution and aqueous sodium sulphate
solution is a typical example of double displacement reaction. This reaction involves the formation of white
precipitate of barium sulphate; thus, it is precipitation reaction.

PROCEDURE
1. Take a test tube and label it as A. Take nearly 5mL (1/4 of a test tube) of sodium sulphate solution
in it.
2. Take almost an equal volume of barium chloride solution in another test tube and label it as B.
3. Mix the two solutions taken in test tube A and B by shaking.
4. Record your observations.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. Experiment Observation Inference

No.
1. Observe, content of test tube A Colourless and Sodium sulphate is fully soluble
containing sodium sulphate transparent in water and its solution is
solution. colourless.
2. Observe the contents of test tube Colourless and Barium chloride is fully soluble
B containing barium chloride transparent in water and its solution is
solution. colourless.
3. Mix the solutions of test tube A The supernatant White barium sulphate is
and B by gentle shaking and liquid is colourless insoluble in water, while
then keep it undisturbed for and a white sodium chloride is fully soluble
some time. precipitate settles in water and is colourless.
down.

CONCLUSION
 Aqueous solution of sodium sulphate, when mixed with an aqueous solution of barium chloride,
results in the formation of white insoluble barium sulphate as precipitate and water soluble colourless
sodium chloride.
 It is a double displacement reaction. This is also known as the precipitation reaction.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Take nearly equal volumes of the two solutions.
2. Shake gently the contents of the test tube, while mixing the two solutions.
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 EXPERIMENT No. 2 (a)

AIM: To study the properties of an acid (Dil. HCl) by its reaction with:
(i) Litmus solution (Red and Blue)
(ii) Zinc metal
(iii) Solid sodium carbonate

MATERIAL REQUIRED: Test-tube, test-tube holder, test tube stand, delivery tube, litmus solution (red
and blue), dil. hydrochloric acid, zinc granules, sodium carbonate (soild), freshly prepared lime water, soap
solution, candle, matchbox, distilled water.

THEORY
Hydrochloric acid is a typical acid. It dissociates to give H+(aq) and Cl-(aq) ions in aqueous solution.

HCI (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl-(aq)

Acidic properties of hydrochloric acid are due to H + (aq) ions. Some of these are as follows:

(i) Dil. HCl solution turns blue litmus red but has no action on red litmus.
(ii) Dil HCI solution reacts with active metals like Zn to give H₂ gas.
Zn (s) + 2HCI (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2(g)
H2 is a colourless and odourless gas, lighter than air. It is insoluble in water. When a burning
splinter is brought near the gas, it burns with a pop- sound.
(iii) Dil. HCl solution reacts with sodium carbonate to give CO₂ gas.
2HCI (aq) + Na2CO3 (s) →2 NaCl (aq) + CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l)

CO2 is a colourless and odourless gas. It turns lime water milky due to the formation of insoluble calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) when passed in limited amount. When passed in excess, milkiness disappears due to the
formation of soluble calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO3)2). When a burning splinter is brought near the gas
(CO2) it extinguishes the burning splinter.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2

PROCEDURE

1. Take about 2-3 ml of Dil. HCl in two test tubes. Add a few drops of red litmus solution to one test
tube and blue litmus to the other test tube. Observe the change if any in either of the test tube.
2. Add one or two small zinc granules to about 5 ml of dil. HCl in a test tube fitted with a cork. Observe
and perform the following tests:
(i) Note the colour of the gas.
(ii) Note the odour of the gas evolved.
(iii)Pass the gas through a soap solution and bring a burning candle near the soap bubbles rising
up in the air.
(iv) Record your observations.
3. Add 1-2 ml of Dil. HCI to solid sodium carbonate in a clean and dry test tube. Perform the following
tests with the gas produced:
(i) Note the colour of the gas.
(ii) Note the odour of the gas evolved.
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 (iii)Pass the gas through lime water. Record your observations.

OBSERVATIONS TABLE

S. No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. (a) Take a few drops of Dil.HCl in a Blue litmus turns red. Acids turn blue litmus red.
test tube and add 1-2 drops of blue
litmus solution to it. Acids have no effect on red
(b) Take a few drops of Dil.HCl in a Red litmus remains litmus.
test tube and add 1-2 drops of red unchanged.
litmus solution to it.
2. (a) Take 1-2 granules of zinc metal in Some gas bubbles are The gas produced is
a test tube and add a few drops of Dil. formed over the zinc hydrogen. Dilute acids e.g.,
HCl to it. Note the colour and odour metal surface. The gas dilute HCl produce
of the gas formed. formed is colourless and hydrogen gas with zinc
(b) Pass the gas evolved through soap odourless. metal.
solution. Bring a burning candle near Candle is extinguished
the gas filled soap bubble. and the gas burns with a
pop- sound.
3. (a)To a dry test tube add a pinch of A colourless and Gas evolved is carbon
sodium carbonate and 3-4 drops of odourless gas is evolved dioxide as acid reacts with
dilute hydrochloric acid. with brisk effervescence. carbonates to produce
(b) Pass the gas evolved through carbon dioxide gas.
freshly prepared lime water. Lime water turns milky.

CONCLUSION

(i) Acids turn blue litmus solution red but have no effect on red litmus solution.
(ii) Most of the dilute acids react with active metals like zinc, magnesium, aluminium etc. to produce
hydrogen gas.
(iii) Acids react with carbonates to evolve carbon dioxide gas.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Hydrochloric acid is highly corrosive and hence it must be handled carefully.
2. Shake the solution and reaction mixture carefully without spilling.
3. Combustion test for hydrogen must be carefully performed.
4. Lime water for testing carbon dioxide gas must be freshly prepared.
5. Take special precautions while smelling a gas.

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 EXPERIMENT No. 2 (b)
AIM: To study the properties of a base (NaOH) by its reaction with:
(i) Litmus solution (blue and red)
(ii) Zinc metal
(iii)Solid sodium carbonate

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Test tubes, test tube stand, delivery tube, a dropper, litmus solutions (blue and red), NaOH solution, soap
solution, solid sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), zinc metal granules, candle, matchbox, distilled water etc.

THEORY

Water soluble bases are called alkalies. Sodium hydroxide is a typical alkali. When dissolved in water, it
dissociates to give sodium and hydroxide ions.
NaOH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq)
The characteristic properties of sodium hydroxide are due to the presence of OH (aq) ions in solution. Some
of these properties are as follows:
(i) Dil. NaOH turns red litmus blue but has no action on blue litmus.
(ii) Hot concentrated NaOH solution reacts with zinc to give hydrogen gas.
Zn (s) + 2NaOH (aq) Na2ZnO2 (aq) + H2 (g)
(iii) Dil. NaOH solution does not react with solid sodium carbonate.

PROCEDURE
1. Take nearly 1 ml each of red and blue litmus solutions in two test tubes. Add one drop of dil. NaOH
solution to each test tube and observe the colour change produced (if any). Record your observation.
2. Take nearly 5 ml. of NaOH solution in a test tube and warm it (Preferably dissolve 4-5 small pieces
of NaOH (s) in some water and use this solution for the test). Add to it one granule of zinc metal.
When a vigorous reaction starts, fit the cork with the delivery tube and test the gas produced as
follows:
(i) Note the colour of the gas.
(ii) Note the odour of the gas by fanning the gas towards your nose.
(iii)Pass the gas through soap solution and bring a burning candle near the soap bubbles rising up
in the air.
Record your observations.
3. Take a pinch of solid sodium carbonate in a clean and dry test tube. Add to it nearly 5 mL of NaOH
solution. Record your observations in the notebook.

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OBSERVATIONS TABLE

S. No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. (a) Take a few drops of sodium hydroxide Red colour of the Water soluble
solution in a test tube and add 1-2 litmus changes to bases(e.g., NaOH) turn
drops of red litmus solution to it. blue. red litmus blue.
(b) Take a few drops of sodium hydroxide Blue litmus remains Water soluble bases
solution in a test tube and add 1-2 blue. have no action on blue
drops of blue litmus solution to it. litmus.
2. (a) Take 1-2 granules of zinc metal in a Some gas bubbles are NaOH solution
test tube and add a few drops of hot formed on the surface produces hydrogen gas
concentrated sodium hydroxide of zine granules. The with zinc metal.
solution to it. gas formed is
colourless and
odourless.
(b) Pass the gas through the soap solution. Candle is extinguished
Bring a burning candle near gas filled and the gas burns with
soap bubble. pop sound.
3. Take a pinch of solid sodium carbonate in a No Reaction NaOH solution does not
clean and dry test tube and add nearly 5 ml of react with sodium
NaOH solution to it. carbonate.

CONCLUSION
(i) Bases which are water soluble turn red litmus blue. Bases have no effect on blue litmus solutions.
(ii) Strong alkalies (NaOH, KOH etc.) react with metals like zinc to produce hydrogen gas.
(iii)Bases do not react with metal carbonates.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Handle sodium hydroxide solution carefully as it is highly corrosive.
2. Shake the solution and reaction mixture carefully without spilling.
4. Test for hydrogen gas must be carefully performed.
5. Zinc metal must be covered completely with NaOH solution.
6. Take special care while smelling gas.

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 EXPERIMENT No. 3
AIM: To Find pH of given Samples using pH paper/Universal indicator:
(a) Dilute Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
(b) Dilute Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Solution
(c) Dilute Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) Solution
(d) Lemon juice
(e) Water
(f) Dilute Sodium hydrogen carbonate (Na2CO3)Solution

MATERIAL REQUIRED
Test tubes, pH paper/Universal indicator, Samples to determine pH, spatula, glass rod, dropper etc.

THEORY
 pH is a measure of acidic or basic strength of a solution.
 The pH scale is used for measuring hydrogen ion ( or hydronium ion ) concentration of a solution.
 The pH scale, in general, varies from 0 to 14.
 A neutral solution at 25°C (298 K) has pH equal to 7.
 A value less than 7 indicates the acidic character of a solution.
 A value more than 7 indicates the basic character of a solution.
 Usually, a paper impregnated with Universal indicator (a mixture of various acid-base indicators) is
used for finding the approximate pH of a solution. It shows different colours at different pH.
Universal indicator solution can also be used to find approximate pH value of a solution.

PROCEDURE

Using wide range pH paper/ Universal indicator

1. Take six clean and dry test tubes in a test tube stand and label them as A, B, C, D, E and F.
2. Take about 10 mL of the given six solutions (dilute HCl, dilute NaOH, dilute CH 3COOH, lemon
juice, water and dilute NaHCO3) in test tube A, B, C, D, E and F respectively.
3. Put one drop of each test solution on different strips of pH papers using a glass rod/dropper or put
one or two drops of Universal indicator solution in each of the test tubes using a dropper.
4. Wait for some time and note the colour developed on the pH paper/ in test tubes. Compare the colour
developed with the colour chart on the cover of the pH paper strips and record your observations.

Testing the pH of sample using pH paper

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 Testing the pH of sample using universal indicator

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No. Sample Test Colour developed with Approximate pH
tube Universal indicator solution/
pH paper
1. Dil. HCl A
2. Dil. NaOH B
3. Dil. CH3COOH C
4. Lemon juice D
5. Water( Freshly boiled and E
cooled distilled water)
6. Dil. NaHCO3 F

CONCLUSION
As pH depends upon H+(aq) concentration and in an aqueous solution H + (aq) and OH-(aq) ion
concentrations are correlated, therefore, every acidic and basic solution shows different colour at different
pH.
(i) The solutions like dil. HCl, dil. CH3COOH and lemon juice have pH values less than 7. Therefore,
they are acidic in nature.
(ii) The solutions like dil. NaOH and dil. NaHCO 3 have pH value greater than 7.
(iii)Therefore, they are basic in nature.
(iv) Water is neutral; hence water has pH nearly equal to 7.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The test sample solutions should be freshly prepared.
2. pH paper should be handled carefully with clean and dry hands.
3. Use a clean glass rod/dropper for taking the samples.
4. Wait for at least 30 seconds for colour to develop before comparing it with the standard colour chart.
5. Comparison of the colours developed and the standard colour chart must be made carefully .
6. The pH value should be taken within 2-3 minutes of performing the experiment as it may vary
afterwards.

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