Introduction to Coal and Petroleum Energy Energy can be extracted from natural resources in many forms, and it can be transferred from one body to another in form of heat or work. Types of Energy Some different types of energies are: + Mechanical energy + Chemical energy + Thermal energy + Nuclear energy * Solar energy + Wind energy + Sound energy + Electrical energy Energy Conversion from One Form to Another + Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be transformed from one form to another. + Eg: In Microphone: Sound energy is converted to electrical energy. Natural Resources Natural resources are the resources that are provided by the earth. Two types: + Inexhaustible/Renewable natural resource: Eg: Sunlight, wind. + Exhaustible/Non-Renewable natural resources are present in limited quantity in nature. Eg: Coal, petroleum. re present in unlimited quantity in nature. Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels are the exhaustible resources that are formed from the decomposition of dead organic matter. Eg: Coal, Natural gas Energy Stored in Fossil FuelsEnergy stored in fossil fuels are derived from decayed animals and plants that exist for millions of years. Energy Utilisation from Fossil Fuels 40% energy used by the industries 24% energy used by the Transportation sector 6% energy used by farms 30% energy used for domestic and other purposes, Coal Formation Coal Coal is a black coloured fossil fuel which is extracted from the ground and is used as a fuel for different purposes. Peat Peat is a dark fibrous fuel composes of partly decomposed plant matter. It is the first stage in the formation of coal. Formation of Coal Under high pressure and temperature, the dead vegetation gets converted into coal, This process is called as carbonisation, Pressure eet}Types of Coal Types of Coal There are 4 types of coals: + Anthracite + Bituminous + Sub-bituminous + Lignite Destructive Distillation of Coal Destructive distillation of coal is the process of heating of coal in the absence of air. By- products formed in this process are coke, coal tar, ammonia, coal gas. Bolling Tube Powdered Coke Coal Gas Cool Ges Is Combustible Woter (This dissolves [Ammenia to form Ammoniacal liquor) — Cool Tor Coal Tar Coal tar is a black thick liquid with an unpleasant smell and used as a starting material for manufacturing various substances. Coal Gas Coal gas is a fuel produced during the destructive distillation of coal. It is used as a fuel in many industries, Ammonia Liquor Ammonia liquor or ammonium hydroxide is one of the by-products formed during the destructive distillation of coal. It is used to make fertilizers. CokeCoke is a black coloured substance and pure form of carbon used for manufacturing steel and extraction of metals. Extraction of Oil Oil Wells and Reservoirs + An oil well is used to bring the oil or other hydrocarbons to the surface. It is a long hole created into the earth. + An oil reservoir is the underground lake of oil composed of hydrocarbons. Extraction of Oils Extraction of oil is the process by which usable oil is extracted from the earth's surface location. Determining the Characteristics of Oil Reservoirs Characteristics of oil reservoir are: * Devices like geophones are used to determine the presence of oil in rocks by identifying the reflected sound waves. + Exploratory wells are used to extract oil samples. Primary Production of Oil The natural flow of oil is called as the primary production of the oil. It can persist for days or years. Secondary Recovery Process ‘The secondary process can be carried out by the process of: water flooding injecting chemicals into the reservoir. jecting carbon dioxide into the reservoir. microbially enhanced oil recovery Fractional Distillation Crude OilCrude oil is a type of fossil fuel which is an unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbons. Boiling Point and Vapourization + The boiling point is the temperature when the pressure exerted by surroundings on liquid & pressure of liquid becomes equal. + Vapourization is the process of changing the state from liquid to gas. Oil Refining or Fractional Distillation Oil refining or fractional distillation is the process of separating liquids with different boiling points at different temperatures using fractional columns. Uses of Products Obtained in Fractional Distillation Products and its uses: + LPG: Fuel for home and industry + Petrol and diesel: Motor and aviation fuel + Kerosene: Fuel for stoves and lamps + Lubricating oil: Lubrication + Bitumen: Used to make paints + Paraffin wax: Used to make ointments, candles Shortage of Petroleum and Tips for Its Conservation + Petroleum should be carefully used to avoid its shortage. + PCRA proposed some methods to save petrol and diesel like driving vehicles at constant speed. Natural Gas Hazards and Estimates of Fossil Fuels Hazards caused due to excessive use of fossil fuels: + Air pollution + Global warming Estimates of fossil fuel:+ Coal may pers for another century and petroleum for another 40 years Natural Gas Natural gas is a colourless, odourless fossil fuel which is transported through pipes from one place to another. Cng and Its Advantages Natural gas stored under high pressure is known as CNG. Advantages of CNG are: + It's a Cleaner fuel + It’s less polluting + It can be used directly for burning. Occurrences of Natural Gas in India Natural gas are found in parts of Tripura, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh.