OPERATIONS AT BESCOM

CONTENTS
SL NO CONTENT NAME PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY 3

2 BESCOM 9

3 SUBSTATION VISIT 14

4 KEARC TARIFF 24

5 ESTIMATION PROCESS FOR SUPPLY 29

6 METER READING AND BILLING 30

7 R-APDPR 34

8 INTERNSHIP WORK DONE 36

9 REFERENCES 40

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LIST OF FIGURES
SL NO FIGURES PAGE NO

1.1 Electric power system 4

2.1 BESCOM logo 9

2.2 Single line diagram of typical power system 12

3.1 Annunciation panel 15

3.2 Elements of power system 15

3.3 Power transformer 16

3.4 Feeder 17

3.5 Surge arrestor 17

3.6 Circuit breakers 18

3.7 Current transformer 20

3.8 Control panel room 21

3.9 Grounding or earthing 22

3.10 Station battery arrangement 23

6.1 Electricity bill 1 31

6.2 Electricity bill 2 32

7.1 Web mapping using R-APDPR 35

8.1 Feeder inspection report 37

8.2 Meter reading report 38

8.3 Web mapping 39

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY
India is the third largest producer and third largest consumer of electricity. Renewable
power plants, which also include large hydroelectric plants, constitute 36.17% of India’s total
installed capacity.

1.1 HISTORY

The first demonstrate of electric light in Calcutta (Kolkata), was conducted on 24 July
1897 by P.W.Fleaury & Co. on 7 January 1897, Kilburn & Co secured the Calcutta electric
lighting license as agents of the Indian electric Co, which was registered in London on 15
January 1897. A month later, the company was renamed the Calcutta electric supply
corporation.

In Karnataka, On August 5th 1905 the first light came on around K R market. The
transmission and distribution system in the state was under the control of the government of
Karnataka till the year 1957. In the year 1957, Karnataka electricity board was farmed and
the private distribution companies were amalgamated with Karnataka electricity board.

WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?

Electricity is flow of charges or electric power. it is the secondary energy source which
means that we get it from the conversion of other sources of energy like coal, natural gas, oil,
nuclear power and other natural resources. The electricity is distributed to the end users or the
consumers using three different sectors

1. Generation sector
2. Transmission sector
3. Distribution sector

1.2 GENERATION SECTOR

Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary
energy. For utilities in the electric power industry, it is stage prior to its delivery to end users
or its storage. Electricity is not freely available in nature, so it must be produced.

Production carried out in power stations. Electricity is most often generated at a power
plant by electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines feed by combination

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or nuclear fission but also by other means such as ki

kinetic
netic energy of flowing water and wind.
Other energy sources include solar photovoltaic and geothermal power.

In Karnataka, the generation of electricity is carried out by KPCL (Karnataka Power

Corporation limited).

KPCL is a company owned by government of Karnataka, and is engaged in the service of

generating electric powerr in the state of Karnataka in India.
I

KPCL has 34 dams and 24 power stations across the state with power production
capabilities limited are built mainly across rivers Kaveri, Sharavathi, Kali,
K Krishna,
Tungabhadra and their tributaries. The company has its thermal power station at Raichure and
two more thermal projects at Bellary
Bellary.

Fig 1.1 Electric Power Systems with Generation, Transmission, Distribution

There are various modes for generation of electric power mainly:

Coal-fired,
fired, natural gas, hydro power, wind, solar power, oil, nuclear power, bio-fuels,
bio diesel
fired, geo-thermal, tidal etc…

 HYDROELECTRICITY

Hydroelectricity is application of hydropower to generate electricity. It is primary use of

hydropower today. Hydroelectric power plants can include a reservoir to exploit energy of
falling water, or can use of kinetic energy of water as in run
run-of-river
river hydroelectricity.

Hydroelectricity can also used to store energy in the form of potential energy between
two reservoirs at different heights with pumped storage hydroelectricity. Water is pumped
uphill into reservoirs during periods of low demand to be released for generation
generati when
demand is high or system generation is low.

 NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
Nonrenewable resources also called as fossil fuels. Which are found in underground
layers of rock and sediment.

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 COAL FIRED
A coal fired power station or coal power plant is a thermal power station which burns coal
to generate electricity. Coal-fires power stations generate over a third of the world’s
electricity.
 NATURAL GAS

Natural gas power plants generate electricity by burning natural gas as their fuel. All
natural gas plants use a gas turbine. Natural gas is added, along with a stream of air, which
combusts and expands through this turbine causing a generator to spin a magnet, making
electricity.

 NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear power plants use low enriched uranium fuel to produce electricity through a
process called fission the splitting of uranium atoms in a nuclear reactor. A single uranium
pellet, slightly larger than a pencil eraser, contains the same energy as a ton of coal, 3barrels
of oil, or 17,000 cubic feet of natural gas.

 OIL

To convert oil into electricity different technologies are used, it may be conventional
steam-oil is burned to heat water to create steam to generate electricity.

Combustion stem- oil is burned under pressure to produce hot exhaust gases which spin a
turbine to generate electricity.

 WIND
Wind turbines use blades to collect the wind’s kinetic energy. Wind flows over the blades
creating lift, which causes the blades to turn. The blades are connected to a drive shaft that
turns an electric generator, which produce electricity.
 SOLAR

Solar radiation may be converted into electricity by solar cells. In such cells, a small
electric voltage is generated when light strikes the junction between a metal and a
semiconductor or the junction between two different semiconductors.

 BIO FUELS

Bio fuels are that they are renewable energy resources which ultimately do not contribute
to global warming. Just as fossil however, burning fuel to rise steam in conventional
electricity generating plants also generate greenhouse gases.

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1.3 TRANSMISSION SECTOR

After electricity has been generated, a system of electrical wires carries the electricity
from the source of generation to our homes and business.

In Karnataka the transmission of electricity is carried out by KPTCL (Karnataka

power Transmission Corporation limited).

KPTCL was founded on 1st August 1999, to get to the distribution channels before the
power comes to the end of the users or consumers it need to be transmitted from its source.
The KPTCL is proudly responsible for greatly reducing the losses to one of the lowest in the
country around 3.66%.

The Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of
several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric
power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may
include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. As we
know that the KPTCL mainly deals with the Transmission of the obtain power from the
generation unit (i.e, KPCL) to the Distribution unit, the process involved is explained as
follows:

 PRIMARY TRANSMISSION:

Electrical power transmission involves the bulk movement of electrical energy from a
generating site, such as a power station or power plant, to an electrical substation where
voltage is transformed and distributed to consumers or other substations. The interconnected
lines that enable the movement of electrical energy are known as a “transmission network,”
and these form an electrical power transmission system or, as it are more commonly known,
the power grid.

When it is generated at a power station, electrical energy will typically be anywhere

between 11kV and 33kV. Before it is sent to distribution centers via transmission lines, it is
stepped up using a transformer to a voltage level that can be anywhere between 100kV and
700kV or more, depending on the distance that it needs to be transmitted; the longer the
distance, the higher the voltage level.

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The reason electrical power is stepped up to these voltage levels is to make it more
efficient by reducing the I2R losses that take place when power is transmitted. When voltage
is stepped up, the current reduces relative to the voltage so that power remains constant, thus
reducing these I2R losses.

This stage is known as primary transmission the transfer of a large quantity of electrical
power from the initial generating station to the substation via overhead electrical lines. In
some countries, underground cables are also used in cases where transmission takes place
over a shorter distance.

 SECONDARY TRANSMISSION

When electrical power reaches a receiving station, the voltage is stepped back down to a
voltage typically between 33kV and 66kV. It is then sent to transmission lines emerging from
this receiving station to electrical substations closer to “load centers” such as cities, villages,
and urban areas. This process is known as secondary transmission. When electrical power
reaches a substation, it is stepped down once more by a step-down transformer to voltages
closer to what it was generated at usually around 11kV. From here, the transmission phase
graduates to the distribution phase, and electrical power is used.

1.3 DISTRIBUTION SECTOR

The distribution sector consists of Power Distribution Companies responsible for the
supply and distribution of energy to the consumers (industry, commercial, agriculture,
domestic etc.). There are different types companies for the distribution of electricity in
Karnataka namely, BESCOM, CESC, GESCOM, HESCOM, MESCOM.

 BESCOM

1. Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike area.

2. Chitradurga CMC area.

3. Davanagere CMC area.

4. Tumkur CMC area.

5. Robertson pet CMC area.

 CSEC

1. City Municipal Corporation area of Mysore City.

2. Hassan CMC area.

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3. Mandya CMC area.

4. Chamarajanagar CMC area.

 GESCOM

1. Municipal Corporation area of Gulbarga.

2. Yadgir TMC area.

3. Shahabad TMC area.

4. Bidar CMC area.

5. Basavaklyan TMC area.

6. Raichur CMC area.

7. Sindhanur TMC area.

8. Koppal TMC area.

9. Gangavathi CMC area.

10. Hospet CMC area.

11. Bellary CMC area.

 HESCOM

1. Municipal Corporation area of Hubli Dharvad.

2. Municipal Corporation area of Belgaum.

3. Bijapur CMC

 MESCOM

1. Dakshina Kannada area.

2. Udupi area.

3. Chikamagalur area.

4. Shivamogga area.

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CHAPTER-2

BESCOM
2.1 OBJECTIVE OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

The primary objective of Industrial Training is to gain through practical experience, a

sound appreciation and understanding of the theoretical principles learnt. Industrial Training
is oriented towards developing the skills, knowledge and attitude needed to make an effective
start as a member of the engineering profession.

2.2 BENGALORE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY COMPANY LIMITED

FIG 2.1 BESCOM LOGO

The former Mysore State had the enviable and glorious position of establishing the
first major hydroelectric generating station for commercial operations at Shivasamudram in
1902. The art at that time was still in its infancy, even in the advanced countries. The longest
transmission line, at the highest voltage in the world, was constructed to meet the power
needs of mining operations at Kolar Gold Fields.

The demand for power saw a phenomenal increase in the mid-sixties and onwards
with the setting up of many public sector and private industries in the State. As power
generation in the state was entirely dependent on monsoon and was subject to its vagaries, the
state government set up a coal based power plant at Raichur.

The transmission and distribution system in the state was under the control of the
Government of Karnataka (then Mysore) till year 1957. In the year 1957, MSEB was formed
and the private distribution companies were amalgamated with Karnataka Electricity Board.

Till the year 1986, KEB was a profit-making organization. However, in the
subsequent years, like other State Electricity Boards in the country, KEB also started

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incurring losses, mainly due to the increase in agricultural consumption and due to the
implementation of the socio-economic policies of the government.

To improve the performance of the power sector and in tune with the Reforms
initiated by Government of India, the Government of Karnataka came out with a general
policy proposing fundamental and radical Reforms in the power sector. Accordingly an Act,
namely the Karnataka Electricity Reforms Act was passed by the Karnataka Legislature. The
Reform has mandated major restructuring of the Karnataka Electricity Board and its
Corporation. As part of corporatization, Karnataka Electricity Board ceased to exit and
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited was constituted from 1st August 1999.

As a part of the Reforms, the distribution sector was further divided into 4 companies’
viz. Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited – BESCOM; Hubli Electricity Supply
Company Limited – HESCOM; Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited –
MESCOM; Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company Limited – GESCOM. These companies
came into existence from 1st June 2002.

2.3 VISION

The Vision of BESCOM is to become Number One in Customer Satisfaction in South

Asia in Power Distribution.

2.4 MISSION

The Mission of Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited is to ensure absolute

consumer satisfaction and continuous profit in business.

1. By ensuring total employee satisfaction.

2. By developing infrastructure, commensurate with growth, thus ensuring reliable and

quality power supply.

3. By using best technology in communication and best practices in power sector.

2.5 COMPANY PROFILE

 In the year 1999, Karnataka embarked on a major Reform of the power sector. As a first
step, Karnataka Electricity Board (KEB) was dissolved and in its place, the Karnataka
Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) was incorporated.

This was followed by the constitution of Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission

(KERC) in November 1999.In the next phase of the Reform Process, the transmission and

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distribution business managed by KPTCL were unbundled in June 2002. Four new
distribution companies were formed to distribute power in Karnataka.

 Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (BESCOM) has taken over the
responsibility from KPTCL for the distribution of electricity in 8 districts and
commenced its operations from 1st June 2002.
 BESCOM is responsible for Power distribution in eight districts of Karnataka namely
Bangalore Urban, Bangalore Rural, Chikkaballapura, Kolar, Davanagere, Tumkur,
Chitradurga and Ramanagara.
 BESCOM covers an area of 41,092 Sq. Kms. With a population of over 207 lakhs.
 The company has 4 operating Zones – Bangalore Metropolitan Area Zone (North),
Bangalore Metropolitan Area Zone (South), Bangalore Rural Area Zone and Chitradurga
Zone, 9 Circles, 32 Divisions, 147 Sub-divisions and 534 Section Offices.

2.7 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

In the early days, there was a little demand for electrical energy as the numbers of
consumers connected were very less. So, small power stations were built to supply lightning
loads. The increased demand of electrical energy can be met by building big power
generating stations at favorable places where fuel (coal, gas or water energy) is available in
abundance. The electrical energy produced at the power stations has to be supplied to the
consumers. This is done by a large network of conductors between the power station and the
consumers which can be broadly divided into two parts viz., transmission and distribution
system each part can be further divide into two parts the primary transmission and secondary
transmission. the primary distribution and secondary distribution.

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Fig 2.3 Single Line Diagram of Typical Power System

 GENERATING STATION

Generating station is the one where electrical power is produced by three phase
alternators operating in parallel the usual generation voltage is 11kv. For economy in the
transmission of electric power, the generation voltage [11kv] is stepped up to 132kv [or more]
at the generating station with the help of three phase transformers. The transmission of
electrical power at high voltages has several advantages including the saving of conductor
material and high transmission efficiency.

 PRIMARY TRANSMISSION

The primary transmission is carried at 66kv, 132kv, 220kv and 400kv. The electric power
is transmitted by three phase three wire overhead systems to the outskirts of the city. This
forms the primary transmission.

 SECONDARY TRANSMISSION
The primary transmission line terminates at the receiving station which usually lies at the
outskirts of the city. At the receiving station, the voltage is reduced to 66kv by step down

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transformers. From this station, electric power is transmitted at 11kv by three phase three
wire overhead systems to various substations located at the strategic points in the city. This
forms the secondary transmission.
 PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION

The secondary transmission line terminates at the substation where voltage is reduced
from 66kv to 11kv, three phase three wire the 11kv line run along the important road sides of
the city. This forms the Primary distribution. It may be noted that big consumers (having
demand more than 50kw) are generally supplied power at 11kv for further handling with their
own substation equipment. The electric power from primary distribution line (11kv) is
delivered to distribution substation. Thus, the substations are located at near the consumer’s
localities and step down the voltage to 440v, three phase four wire for secondary distribution
the voltage between two phases is 440v and between any phase and neutral is 230v. The
single line residential line is connected between any one phase and the neutral, whereas three
phase, 400v motor load is connected across three phase lines directly. Secondary distribution
system consists of feeders, distributors and service mains. No consumer is given direct
connection from the feeders instead the consumers are connected to the distributors through
their service mains.

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CHAPTER-3

SUBSTATION VISIT
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may
flow through several substations at different voltage level. A substation may include
transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower
distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. The
substation has an additional function like they provide points where safety devices may be
installed to disconnect equipment or circuit in the event of the fault. Street lighting, as well as
the switching control for street lighting, can be installed in a substation.

The substation we visited during our internship is:

N2 subdivision KHB housing board 66kv/11kv

3.1 REMOTE CONTROL DESK WITH ANNUNCIATION PANEL

Anunciator in electrical substations and generating plants provide immediate visual

indication of alarm conditions, accompanied by audible sounds to call attention to the visual
information displayed. Typically, the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
systems that linked substations and control centers were entirely separated from the
anunciators. Applying microprocessor technology to protective relays, SCADA systems,
meters, and other intelligent electronic devices enabled new system architectures.
Anunciators in electrical substations provide concise visible and audible notification. An
anunciator has a legend area, referred to as an enunciator “window,” that contains a concise
text description of a condition to be alarmed.

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Fig 3.1 Anunciator Panel

An alarm indicator illuminates for the visible indication of the alarm condition. Different
anunciator models use light bulbs or light
light-emitting
emitting diodes (LEDs) as separate indicators or to
backlight an engraved, translucent window. An audible alarm demands the
the attention of
people near the anunciator.. Pushbuttons allow the audible horn to be silenced and to
acknowledge edge that the operator has observed an alarm.

3.2 ELEMENTS OF SUBSTATION

Fig 3.2 Elements of Substation

S

A: Primary power lines’ side B: Secondary power lines’ side

1. Primary power lines 7. Current transformer

2. Ground wire 8. Lightning arrester

3. Overhead lines 9. Main transformer

4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage 10. Control building

5. Disconnect switch 11. Security fence.
6. Circuit breaker

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Secondary power lines Equipment in a substation can broadly be categorized as follows:

3.3 STRUCTURES

Structures are required to provide entry from the overhead line to the substation and to
extend out required number of feeders. The numbers of structures should be kept to a
minimum, as large number of structures would not only be uneconomical but give an ugly
look to the substation and may prove to be obstructions in extending bus
bus-bar,
bar, lines, etc. The
main structures required for 66/11 kV substations are: Incoming and outgoing gantries;
gantries;
Support structures for breaker, isolators, fuses, insulators, CTs and PTs; and
and Bus-bars.
Switchyard structures can be made of fabricated steel, RCC or PSCC, Rail or RS Joist.

3.4 POWER TRANSFORMER

A transformer is employed in a substation to change voltage levels between high transmission

voltages and lower distribution voltages or at the interconnection of two different
transmission voltages.

Fig 3.3 Power Transformer

3.5 FEEDERS

In electric power distribution Feeder is “voltage power line transferring power from a
distribution substation to the distribution transformers” In an electrical wiring circuit in a
building which Feeder is a “wire/line that carries power from a transformer or switch gear to
a distribution panel”.. In electric power distribution, Feeder is “voltage power line transferring
power from a distribution substation to the distribution transformers”.

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Fig 3.4 Feeder

3.6 LIGHTNING PROTECTION−SURGE

PROTECTION ARRESTORS

Large over voltages that develop suddenly on electric

electric transmission and distribution
system are referred to as “surges” or “transients”. These are caused by lightning strikes or by
circuit switching operations. These are caused by lightning strikes or by circuit switching
operations. Surge arrestor is a protective device for limiting surge voltage son equipment by
discharging or bypassing surge current. The surge arrestor which responds to over
over-voltages
without any time delay is installed for protection of 33 kV switchgear, transformers,
associated equipment
ent and 11 kV and 33 kV lines. The rated voltage of arrestors for 33 kV
should be 30 kV for use on 33 kV systems and with nominal discharge current rating of 10
kA. The rated voltage of lightning arrestors should be 9 kV (rms) for effectively earthed 11
kV system (coefficient of earth not exceeding 80 %as per IS: 4004) with all the transformer
neutrals directly earthed. The nominal discharge current rating should be 5 kA.

Fig 3.5 Surge Arrestor

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3.7 ISOLATORS

Isolators are mechanical switching devices capable of opening or closing a circuit.

when a negligible current is broken or made, or only a small charging current is to be
interrupted, or When no significant voltage difference exists across the terminals of each pole.
Isolators are capable of carrying
ing current under normal conditions and short circuit currents
for a specified time. In open position, the isolator should provide an isolating distance
between the terminals. The standard values of rated duration of short time current capacity
withstand for isolator and earthling switch is normally 1 second. A value of 3 seconds is also
sometimes specified. For33 kV, horizontal type isolating switches used. The rated normal
current is 630 A at 36kV. For 11 kV, both horizontal and vertical mounting isolating
isolatin switches
of 400 Amps at 12kV are used.

3.8 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

A circuit breaker is a switching device built ruggedly to enable it to interrupt/ make

not only
nly the load current but also the much larger fault current, which may occur on a circuit.
A circuit breaker contains both fixed contacts and moving contacts. The purpose of circuit
breakers is to eliminate a short-circuit
circuit that occurs on a line. Circuit breakers are found at the
arrivals and departures of all lines incident on a substation. When the circu
circuit
it breaker is closed
these contacts are held together. The mode of action of all circuit breakers consists in the
breaking of the fault current by the separation of the moving contacts away from the fixed
ones. An arc is immediately established on separati
separation
on of the contacts. Interruption of the
current occurs after the arc at these contacts is extinguished and current becomes zero.

Fig 3.6 Circuit Breakers

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ELEMENTS OF A CIRCUIT BREAKER

Circuit breakers contain the following elements, irrespective of the medium for arc
quenching and insulation:

 Main contact at system voltage.

 Insulation, such as porcelain, oil or gas, between the main contacts and ground potential.
 Operating and supervisory accessories, of which tripping facilities are most important.

A wide variety of closing and tripping arrangements (using relays with variable time
delay) and a number of operating mechanisms (based on solenoids, charged springs or
pneumatic arrangements) are available now-a-days. The types of breakers used in distribution
systems are:

 Air break type;

 Oil break type;
 Vacuum type;
 SF 6 gas breaker;

The rated voltage of circuit breakers for 33 kV level is 36 kV, and for 11 kV, it is 12kV.
The short circuit current rating is 25 kA. The 11 KV switchgear is generally metal enclosed
indoor type.

3.9 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

The substations have current and voltage transformers designed to isolate electrically
the high voltage primary circuit from the low voltage secondary circuit and, thus, provide a
safe means of supply for indicating instruments, meters and relays.

3.10 CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)

Current transformers are used in power installations for supplying the current circuits
of indicating instruments (ammeter, wattmeter, etc.), meters (energy meter, etc.) and
protective relays. These transformers are designed to provide a standard secondary current
output of 1 or 5 A, when rated current flows through the primary. A fundamental
characteristic of CT is its transformation ratio, expressed as the ratio of the rated primary to
rated secondary current. Current transformers have two inherent errors: the current ratio and
phase displacement. These two errors serve as a basis on which current transformers are
classified for accuracy.

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Fig 3.7 C
Current Transformer

3.11 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER OR POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (PT)

These instrument transformers are used for supplying the voltage circuit of indicating
instruments, integrating meters, other measuring app
apparatus and protective relays
ys or trip coils.
These may be of single phase or three phase designs and of the dry or oil immersed types. A
voltage transformer or PT is rated in terms of the maximum burden (VA output) it will
deliver without exceeding specifie
specified
d limits of error. On the other hand, a power transformer is
rated by the secondary output it will deliver without exceeding specified temperature rise.

3.12 INSULATORS

An electrical insulator resists the flow of electricity. Application of voltage difference

diffe
across a good insulator results in negligible electrical current. Adequate insulation is of prime
importance for obvious reasons of reliability of supply, safety of personnel and equipment,
etc. The insulators in use at substations are post insulator
insulatorss of pedestal type. The station design
should be such that the number of insulators is kept at a minimum at the same time ensuring
security of supply. In the areas where the problem of insulator pollution is expected (such as
near the sea or thermal station,
n, railway station, industrial area, etc.) special insulators with
higher leakage resistance should be used.

3.13 POWER AND CONTROL CABLES

Power and control cables of adequate current carrying capacity and voltage rating are
provided at the substation. Power
ower cables are used for 33kV,11 kV or LT system to carry load
current. The control cables are required for operating and protection system connections. The
cables are segregated by running in separate trenches or on separate racks.

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3.14 CONTROL PANELS

Control panels installed within the control building of a switchyard provide mounting
for mimic bus, relays, and meters
meters,, indicating instruments, indicating lights, control switches,
or incoming lines,
test switches and other control devices. The panel contains compartments ffor
outgoing lines, and bus-bars
bars with provision for sectionalizing, relays, measuring instruments,
etc. The panel is provided with:

 Suitable over-current
current and earth fault relays to protect the equipment against short circuit
and earth faults; and
 Measuring instruments such as ammeter, voltmeter and energy meter for 33kV and 11 kV
systems.

Fig 3.8 Control Panel Room

3.15 EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS

Earthing has to be provided for

 Safety of personnel,
 Prevention of and minimizing damage to equipment as a result of flow of heavy fault
currents,
 Improved reliability of power supply.

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Large sub-stations -1 ohm.

Small sub-stations -2 ohms.

Power stations -0.5 ohms.

Distribution transformer stations-

stations 5 ohms.

Fig 3.9 Grounding/ Earthing

3.16 EARTHING SWITCHES

Earthing switches are provided at various locations to facilitate maintenance. Main

blades and earth blades are interlocked with both electrical and mechanical means. The
earthing switch has to be capable of withstanding short circuit current for short duration
dur as
applicable to the isolator.

3.17 STATION BATTERY/DC SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT

Station batteries supply energy to operate protection equipment such as breakers and
other control, alarm and indicating equipment. The station batteries are a source for operating
ope
DC control system equipment during system disturbances and outages. During normal
conditions the rectifier provides the required DC supply. However, to take care of rectifier
failure, a storage battery of adequate capacity is provided to meet the DC requirements. The
battery is connected in parallel with a constant voltage charger and critical load circuits. The
charger maintains the required voltage at battery terminal and supplies the normally

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connected loads. This sustains the battery in fully cha

charged
rged condition. The correct size battery
charger has to be selected for the intended application.

Fig 3.10 Station Battery Arrangement

3.19 AUXILIARY SUPPLY TRANSFORMER

An Auxiliary Supply Transformer of adequate capacity is required to be provided for

internal use for lighting loads, battery charging, oil filtration plant, etc. The supply should be
reliable. In a substation, it is normally provided from a station transformer connected on 33
or11 kV bus bar.

3.20 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

In view of the presence

esence of oil filled equipment in a substation, it is important that
proper attention is given to isolation; limitation and extinguishing of fire so as to avoid
damage to costly equipment and reduce chances of serious dislocation of power supply as
well as ensure safety of personnel. The layout of the substation itself should be such that the
fire should not spread to other equipment as far as possible. Fire extinguishers of the
following type must be provided:

 Carbon dioxide extinguisher, and

 Dry chemical powder extinguisher.

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 type) extinguisher and Dry chemical powder type extinguisher
should conform to IS: 2878 and IS: 2171, respectively. For oil fire, foam type extinguishers
are used.

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The firefighting equipment should be maintained and kept in top condition for instant use
as per IS: 1948-1961 “Fire Fighting Equipment and its Maintenance including Construction
and Installation of Fire Proof Doors-Fire Safety of Buildings (General)”. So far, we have
described the equipment in a 66-33kV/11kV substation. The ground of the substation yard is
filled with crushed gravel stones. This is because of the following reasons that pertain to
safety from shock:

1. Although substation grounding is chosen to provide low resistance path, the entire ground
is filled with crushed stones to provide a high resistance layer so that it can act as
insulation between our foot and the ground.
2. The stone layer on the substation ground provides high resistance so that the fault currents
flow into the ground but not along the ground.
3. To minimize step potential and touch potential voltages.
4. It avoids pool of inflammable oil etc. on the substation ground in case of any spilling of
insulation oil from the equipment. This also avoids spreading of fire from one equipment
to the other in the substation.
5. The rocky outer layer slows down the evaporation of moisture in the earth’s upper layers.
6. It restricts entering of snakes and other reptiles as the surface would be inconvenient to
crawl.
7. It avoids growth of plants and weeds in the substation yard to some extent.
8. Generally, 20 to 25mm baby gravel stones are used instead big size stones to facilitate
movement of persons and equipment in the substation yard.

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CHAPTER-4

KEARC TARIFF
4.1 SYSTEM AND CLASSIFICATION OF SUPPLY

For arranging power supply, the following system and classification shall be
applicable. The declared voltages are as follows:

1. LOW TENSION SUPPLY

Alternating Current, single phase,50 c/s., 230 volts, between phase and neutral.
Alternating Current, 3 phase, 50 c/s., 400 volts, between phases and 230 volts between phase
and neutral.

2. HIGH TENSION SUPPLY

Alternating Current, 3 phase, 50 c/s., 11/13.2/33 KV depending upon the voltage

available in the area.

3. EHT SUPPLY (Extra High Tension)

Alternating Current, 3 phase, 50 c/s., 66/110/220/400 KV or two phase supply at 220 KV.

 CLASSIFICATION OF SUPPLY
1. AT 230 V., SINGLE PHASE
 All installations (other than motive power) up to & inclusive of 5 KW of sanctioned load.
 Motive power installations up to & inclusive of 4 KW of sanctioned load.
 Public lighting system up to 10 K.W.

Note:

1) The capacity of individual Motor of Single Phase shall not exceed 1HP.

2) If any Consumer requests for 3 Phase supply for lesser load than stated above, the
Licensee shall permit the same provided the Consumer intends to use 3 phase equipment’s.

2. AT 400 V., 3 PHASE

All installations below 50 KW (67 HP / 59 KVA) of sanctioned load (inclusive of

lighting load). Note: The Consumer has the option to avail himself of supply at High Tension
even if the requisitioned load is less than 50 KW. The minimum C.D. in such cases shall be
25 KVA.

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3. H T SUPPLY, 3 PHASE, 50 C/S, 11/13.2KV AVAILABLE IN THE LOCALITY

All installations with a Contract Demand of 50 KW / 59 KVA and above up to and

inclusive of 2,000 KVA.

Note:

In case the power supply is given at13.2 KV, the transformer provided by the
Consumer shall be designed for change over to11 KV, when the Licensee’s supply line is
converted to 11 KV.

4. H T SUPPLY, 3PHASE, 50 C/S, 33KV

All installations with a contract demand above 2,000 KVA and upto and inclusive of
7,500 KVA.

5. E H T SUPPLY, 3PHASE, 50 C/S, 66KV

All installations with a contract demand above 2,000 KVA and up to and inclusive of
20,000 KVA.

6. E H T SUPPLY, 3PHASE, 50 C/S, 110KV

All installations with a contract demand above 7,500 KVA and up to and inclusive of
35,000 KVA.

7. E H T SUPPLY, 3PHASE, 50 C/S, 220KV

All installations with a contract demand of above 20,000 KVA.

4.2 ELECTRICITY TARIFF

 CATEGORY OF CONSUMERS

LT-1: Bhagya jyothi (BJ)/Kuteer Jyothi (KJ) Consumers

LT-2: Domestic Lighting

 LT-2(a)(i): Domestic - Applicable to Areas under Bruhat Bangalore Mahangara Palike 

(BBMP),Municipal Corporations and all Urban Local Bodies.
 LT-2(a)(ii): Domestic – Applicable to Areas under Village Panchayats
 LT-2(b)(i): Pvt. Educational Institutions & Pvt. Hospitals and Nursing Homes:
Applicable to Areas under Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), Municipal
Corporations and all areas
 LT-2(b)(ii): Pvt. Educational Institutions and Pvt. Hospital & Nursing Homes -
Applicable to Areas coming under Village Panchayats.

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3. LT-3: Commercial Lighting

 LT-3(i): Commercial: Applicable to areas coming under Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara 

Palike (BBMP), Municipal Corporations and all Urban Local Bodies.
 LT-3(ii): Commercial Applicable to Areas coming under Village Panchayats

4. LT-4 : Irrigation Pump set

 LT-4(a): IP Sets – 10 HP & Below

 LT-4(b): Applicable to IP Sets– Above 10 HP
 LT-4(c)(i): Applicable to – Hor. Nur., Coffee, Tea & Rubber: 10 HP & Below
 LT-4(c)(ii): Applicable to – Hor. Nur., Coffee, Tea  & Rubber: Above 10 HP

5. LT-5 : Industries

 LT-5 (a): Heating and Motive Power: Applicable to Areas under Bruhat Bangalore
Mahanagara Palike and Municipal Corporations.
 LT-5(b): Heating and Motive Power Applicable all Areas other than those covered under
LT5(a)

6. LT-6: Water supply and Street Lights

 LT-6 (a): Water Supply

 LT-6 (b): Public Lighting
 LT-6 ( c): Electric Vehicle Charging Station

7. LT-7: Temporary Installation

 LT-7(a): Temporary Power Supply for all purposes

 LT-7(b): Hoarding & Advertisement :Power Supply on permanent connection basis

8. HT-1: Water and Sewage Boards

9. HT-2: Factories and Industries

 HT-2(a)(i): HT Industrial: Applicable to Areas under Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara

Palike and Municipal Corporations.
 Railway Traction
 Effluent Treatment Plants ( serviced outside the premises of any installations)
 HT-2(a)(ii): HT Industrial: Applicable to Areas other than those covered under HT-2(a)(i)
 HT-2(b) (i): HT Commercial Arrears under Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike and
Municipal Corporations.
 HT-2(b)(ii): T Commercial Applicable to Areas other than those covered under HT-2(b)(i)

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 HT-2(c)(i): Applicable to Government Hospitals & Hospitals run by Charitable

Institutions & ESI Hospitals and Educational Institutions belonging to Govt. , Local
Bodies & Aided Institutions and Hostels of all Educational Institutions.
 HT-2(c)(ii): Applicable to Hospitals and Educational Institutions other than those covered
under HT2(C) (i)

10. HT-3: Lift Irrigation Scheme

 HT-3 (a)(i): HT Lift Irrigation Schemes under Government Depts./Corporations.

 HT-3 (a)(ii): HT Private Lift Irrigation Schemes/Societies : Connected to Urban / Express
feeders
 HT-3 (a)(iii): HT Private Lift Irrigation Schemes /Societies other than those covered
under HT-3 (a)(ii) (Not Connected to Urban / Express feeders)
 HT-3 (b): HT supply to Agriculture/ Horticulture Farms

11. HT-4: Residential Apartments / MS buildings

12. HT-5: Temporary Supply

 HT-5 (a): Temporary Supply (Bangalore International Exhibition Centre).

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CHAPTER-5

ESTIMATION PROCESS FOR POWER SUPPLY

5.1 VERIFICATION OF APPLICATION FOR POWER SUPPLY ONLINE/OFFLINE

On an application by the owner or occupier of any premises for supply of electricity

following steps have to be followed to verify the application in the Sub division.

 Verify whether the application is filed in duplicate accompanied by the prescribed fee and
charges.
 Verify whether the true copies of attested copies of following documents are enclosed
with application.
 Proof of ownership of the premises.
 General license from the local authority.
 Partnership deed in case of partnership firm.
 In case of limited company, Memorandum and articles of association and Certificate of
incorporation.
 Indemnity bond if the applicant is not the owner of the premise.
 Proof of permanent address of applicant and PAN card Number if any.
 Verify the undertaking from the applicant stating that he will not engage child labor
industrial/ commercial installation.
 Verify whether the application contain full address, location sketch, contact telephone
number and name of the nominee if any.
 Verify whether the applicant has mentioned the name and address of the Licensed
Electrical Contractor with whom he intends to get the interior wiring work done.
 Verify the application and enclosed documents at the time of receipt of the application
and shall give an acknowledgement after satisfying the completeness of the application.

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CHAPTER-6

METER READING AND BILLING

ELECTRICITY METER:

An electric meter, or energy meter, is a device that measures the amount of electric
energy consumed by a building, tenant space, or electrically powered equipment. Electric
utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises to measure electric energy
delivered to their customers for billing purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units,
the most common one being the kilowatt hour [kWh]. They are usually read once each billing
period.

TYPES OF ELECTRICITY METER:

1. ELECTROMECHANICAL METER:

The most commonly used electricity meter is the electromechanical induction meter.
This meter operates by counting the number of revolutions of an aluminum disc. This disc
rotates at a speed proportional to the power. Thus the number of revolutions is proportional to
the energy usage.

2. ELECTRONIC METER:

The basic Electronic Energy meter senses the current and voltage which signals from
the circuitry, converts them in to the digital signal and makes necessary calculations to get the
units of electrical energy which has been consumed. Electronic meters display the energy
used on an LCD or LED display, and some can also transmit readings to remote places. In
addition to measuring energy used, electronic meters can also record other parameters of the
load and supply such as instantaneous and maximum rate of usage demands, voltages, power
factor and reactive power used etc.

3. SMART METER:

A smart meter is a digital meter that replaces old analog meters, which are used in
homes to record electrical usage. Smart meters are the newest addition to the type of
electricity meters. They look similar to electronic meters but they are better than both the
electromechanical meters and the electronic meters in the sense that in addition to providing
the usual services of a regular meter, they are connected back to the utility through the
internet.

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ELECTRICITY BILL:

BESCOM BILL FOR A RESIDENTIAL USER

USER:

Fig 6.1 Electricity bill -1

1. Revenue Register Number:

The RR Number is a Unique ID which identifies the Meter installed by BESCOM.

2. Tariff Category:

BESCOM have categorized different establishments under different categories and have
assigned different electricity rates to each. To understand the Tariff rates click here. For
residential consumers, the category is LT (Low Tension) 2 a (i) and for commercial
consumers,
rs, the category is LT (Low Tension) 3 a (i).

3. Sanctioned Load:

The maximum amount of load demand from your household when all the appliances are
connected. Applying for the correct sanctioned load for your house is of crucial importance
as it helps to avoidd paying penalty for heavy load demand.

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4. Cumulative Readings:

In order to calculate the consumption, BESCOM stores your previous bill readings in
their devices and calculated the difference between the current reading and previous reading
to check your total consumption for a month and generate the bill.

5. Consumption:

The actual consumption of your household is given in bold and large numbers. The units
of electricity are measured in Kilo
Kilo-Watt
Watt Hours which is a measurement of energy. On these
units you are
re charged based on the tariffs and slabs decided by KERC (Karnataka Electricity
Regulatory Commission). For large segments, the number of units is multiplied by a Constant
which varies based on different loads.

The second half of the bill shows the fixed tariff rates for Residential users:

Fig 6.2 Electricity bill -2

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6. Fixed Charges:

This residential segment has a sanctioned load of 3 KW. KERC have fixed a nominal
charge per KW of sanctioned load for a residential segment, as seen in the Fixed Charges box.

7. Slab Rates:

Residential users are charged under Slab Rates. Tariff Slab Rates are decided by the
KERC and they are charged depending on the units consumed. The consumer has to be aware
of such slabs, as exceeding his/her monthly consumption over 200 units, he/she will be
charged at a higher tariff of Rs 6.90, which increases your bill by a considerable amount.

8. Final Amount:

After adding Taxes, penalties, etc., fixed by the State Government, the final amount
payable is printed.

It is crucial for any residential or commercial owner to understand this block as this
helps you understand that by turning off devices at home when not needed, your bill might
not fall into the higher paying slabs and thus reducing your overall bill cost. BESCOM are
providing rebates to users who have installed Solar Heaters in their houses, so consumers can
reap the benefits up to Rs.50 savings in their monthly electricity bills.

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CHAPTER-7

R-APDPR
R-APDPR:

The restructured accelerated power development and reforms program (RAPDPR)

started in 2008 is a revised version of the accelerated power development reforms program
(APDPR). The APDPR scheme was initiated in 2002-2003 as additional central assistance to
states for reducing the aggregate technical and commercial loosed in the power sector.
APDPR scheme was restructured as a central sector scheme and renamed as R-APDPR. The
power finance corporation is the nodal agency to operationlise the scheme under the guidance
of ministry of power.

R-APDPR is for urban areas towns and cities with population of more than 30,000.
The focus of R-APDPR is an actual; demonstrate performance in terms of sustained loss
reduction.

This is proposed to be achieved in two parts:

 Part A of the scheme envisages establishment if base line data which includes consumer
indexing, GIS mapping and metering of distribution transformers and feeders and
SCADA/DMS (supervisory control and data acquisition system/data management system)
in project areas having a population of 4 lakh and annual input energy of 350 MU. This
part of scheme also includes IT application for energy accounting/auditing and IT based
consumer service.
 Part B of this scheme is for renovation, modernization and strengthening of distribution
systems.

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Fig 7.1 Web Mapping Using R-APDPR

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CHAPTER-8

WORK DONE DURING INTERNSHIP

DTC METER READING:

Distribution transformers are normally considered to be those transformers which

provide the transformation from 11kv and lower voltages down to the level of the final
distribution network. The distribution transformer is located in all user building blocks and a
serve is preserved from the facility contributes. The electricity is major part for the energy
level with cost and obtaining the energy used by customers can be maintain in every
sequence of manual process is very difficult to identify. There are some techniques that are
used by customers for theft and leakage of power in one particular transformer and these
robberies are detected using GSM.

Operation and maintenance unit of substation keeps the xlsheet report of each DTC
meter reading taken by the line man in order to find the fault, whether the meter is displaying
the reading or not and then proceeding to solve the problems.

FEEDERS INSPECTION:

A typical electrical system may have many different types of feeders supplying many
different types of loads. Feeders supplying a combination of continuous and non continuous
loads, motor feeders, outer feeders or feeders to separate buildings are often require feeder
diagram. In many cases there may be feeders from more than one voltage system on the same
premises. Dc system feeders may also be present. So all the feeders required continuous
watch over and maintenance by O and M units and make a report of it.

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Fig 8.1 Feeder Inspection Report

During the period of one month internship learnt about R-APDPR web mapping of all
the supply connections, transformers, feeders and the metering in online software. This helps
for maintenance and operation of all the equipment properly.

Temporary renewable of energy supply is provided to the consumers and I was able to
fill the required form for the TP application and inform it to the JE of the O and M unit.

During this period I visited substations, from there got the chance to learn things
related to substation equipments, accountings of the substation and electricity billing etc.

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Fig 8.2 Meter Reading Report

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Fig 8.3 Web Mapping

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REFERENCES
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_distribution
4. https://bescom.karnataka.gov.in/info-
1/Our+Information/Duties+and+Responsibilities/en
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_resources
6. Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy
7. https://www.scribd.com/document/437870184/Internship-Report
8. Amit Kaushik. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application/
www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 9, Study on Technical &
Commercial Losses in Power Distribution
9. “The Electric Sub Station and Its Maintenance” Karnataka Power – KPTCL Vol-
1,April-May-June 2005

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