Questions

Q1. In 2012 there was an outbreak of whooping cough in the UK.

The graph shows the number of new cases of whooping cough in the UK from April to December 2012.

(a) (i) Describe the trend shown in the graph from April to December.
(1)
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(ii) In September 2011 there were 168 cases of whooping cough in the UK.
Calculate the difference in the number of cases of whooping cough in September 2011 and
September 2012.
(2)

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(b) Whooping cough is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which grows rapidly in the human
body.
State the term used to describe the rapid growth of a bacterial population.
(1)
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(c) Children in the UK can be immunised against whooping cough.
Suggest why outbreaks of whooping cough still occur in the UK.
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Q2. * Some sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be diagnosed by testing urine samples.

These tests use monoclonal antibodies that bind to an antigen on the pathogen.

Describe how a monoclonal antibody can be developed and used to detect an STI using a urine sample.
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(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q3. Meningitis B and meningitis C are caused by bacteria. The graph shows the number of cases of
meningitis B and meningitis C in England, from 1999 to 2004.

(a) (i) Use the graph to calculate the change in the total number of cases of meningitis in 1999 compared
with 2004.
(2)

(ii) Immunisation against meningitis C was introduced in 1999.

Describe the effects the immunisation had on the number of cases of both types of meningitis.
(2)
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(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
The molecules on pathogens which cause an immune response are called
(1)
A antigens
B bacteria
C hybridomas
D lymphocytes

(c) (i) Monoclonal antibodies can be produced in large quantities.

Describe the steps in producing monoclonal antibodies.
(3)
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(ii) Explain the advantage of using monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer.

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Q4. Describe the response of the human body to immunisation.
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Q5. Streptococcus pyogenes is a bacterium that causes communicable infections.

Scientists tested the ability of two antiseptics to kill Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria.

They spread Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria on two agar jelly plates and placed a small disc of filter
paper containing antiseptic in the centre of each dish.

Figure 3 shows the results of the test after 24 hours of incubation.

Figure 3

(i) Calculate the area of the zone of inhibition for antiseptic 2.

Give the answer to 3 significant figures.
(π = 3.14)
(3)

zone of inhibition for antiseptic 2 = ........................................................... mm2

(ii) Explain which antiseptic is the most effective.
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(iii) After the bacteria were spread on the plates, both plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C.

Give a reason why the plates were incubated at 37°C.

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Q6. In 2014 the Ebola virus killed almost 8000 people in Africa. Drug companies have developed a new
drug to treat Ebola. Explain what testing must be done before this new drug can be used to treat people.
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Q7. Monoclonal antibodies and the immune response
The diagram shows some stages in the production of monoclonal antibodies.

(a) (i) Complete the sentence using words from the box.
(2)

Injecting antigens into the mouse produces an .................................................................

response resulting in the production of antibodies and ................................................................. .

(ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
The cells produced when B lymphocytes and myeloma cells combine are
(1)
A antibodies
B hybridomas
C memory lymphocytes
D platelets

(iii) Describe two ways in which monoclonal antibodies are used in medical diagnosis.
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(b) The graph shows the antibody concentration in a mouse after the first and second injection of the same
antigens.

(i) Compare the antibody response after the first injection with the antibody response after the second
injection.
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(ii) Suggest how this secondary response to antigens benefits the mouse.
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(iii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
Injecting patients with antigens forms the basis of vaccination.
This was first developed by
(1)
A Diane Fossey
B Edward Jenner
C Louis Pasteur
D Mary Leakey

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q8. Monoclonal antibody technology is used in pregnancy tests and in the treatment of cancer.
(i) Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used to test for pregnancy.
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(ii) The use of monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer has advantages over the use of traditional
chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Explain the benefits of using monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer.
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(iii) Name the type of cell that produces the monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer.
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Q9. (ii) Monoclonal antibodies can be produced in large quantities.

Describe the steps in producing monoclonal antibodies.
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(ii) Explain the advantage of using monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer.

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Mark Scheme

Q1.

Q2.
Q3.

Answer Acceptable answers Mark

(a)(i) (1600 + 1000) – (1400 + 200) 2 marks for bald

Or answer - 1000
2600 – 1600
Or
(1600 – 1400) + (1000 – 200)
or
200 + 800 (1) = 1000 (2)
(a)(ii) Description including two of the following: fluctuates a little / rises and
 no (overall) / little effect on cases of then goes slightly down (2)
meningitis B (1)
 (significant overall) decrease in
meningitis C
(1)
 correct manipulation of data (1)
(b) A antigens (1)
(c)(i) A description linking three of the following Accept animal for mammal
 inject mammal / named mammal with
antigen (1) Accept B cells
 (select) B lymphocytes / lymphocyte
that produces the (specific) antibody /
spleen cells(1) Accept cancer cells Ignore
 fuse with tumour / myeloma cells (1) antibodies produced
 (to produce a) hybridoma (which
divide)(1)
 antibodies are isolated / screened(1) (3)
(c)(ii) An explanation linking two of the following:
 antibody (only) attach to cancer cell (1)
 drug / radioactive source / toxin bound
to antibody / alerts immune system to Accept named effect
target cancer cells (1)
 no / fewer adverse effect to non
cancerous cells (1) (2)
Q4.

Q5.

Q6
Q7.
Q8.

Q9.

Answer Acceptable answers Mark

(i) A description linking three of the Accept animal for mammal

following
 inject mammal / named mammal Accept B cells
with antigen (1)
 (select) B lymphocytes / lymphocyte
that produces the (specific) antibody / Accept cancer cells Ignore
spleen cells(1) antibodies produced
 fuse with tumour / myeloma cells (1)
 (to produce a) hybridoma (which
divide)(1)
 antibodies are isolated /
screened(1)
(3)
(ii) An explanation linking two of the
following:
 antibody (only) attach to cancer cell
(1)
 drug / radioactive source / toxin
Accept named effect
bound to antibody / alerts immune
system to
target cancer cells (1)
 no / fewer adverse effect to non
cancerous cells (1) (2)