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2 - ML Issues Learnings Applications

The document introduces machine learning concepts. It discusses issues in machine learning such as algorithms for learning from examples, how much data is needed, and how prior knowledge can guide learning. It describes broad types of machine learning including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning involves predicting labels or targets given input features and training examples.

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Hriday Shetty
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views

2 - ML Issues Learnings Applications

The document introduces machine learning concepts. It discusses issues in machine learning such as algorithms for learning from examples, how much data is needed, and how prior knowledge can guide learning. It describes broad types of machine learning including supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning involves predicting labels or targets given input features and training examples.

Uploaded by

Hriday Shetty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1

Introduction to Machine Learning


An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
Issues in machine learning
• What algorithms exist for learning general target functions from specific training
examples?
• In what settings will particular algorithms converge to the desired function, given
sufficient training data?
• Which algorithms perform best for which types of problems and representations?
• How much training data is sufficient?
• What general bounds can be found to relate the confidence in learned hypotheses
to the amount of training experience and the character of the learner's hypothesis
space?
• When and how can prior knowledge held by the learner guide the process of
generalizing from examples?
• Can prior knowledge be helpful even when it is only approximately correct?
• What is the best strategy for choosing a useful next training experience, and how
does the choice of this strategy alter the complexity of the learning problem?
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
• What is the best way to reduce the learning task to one or more function
approximation problems?
• Put another way, what specific functions should the system attempt to learn?
• Can this process itself be automated?
• How can the learner automatically alter its representation to improve its ability to
represent and learn the target function?

An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and


online resources for educational
purpose
Broad types of machine learning

Supervised Learning Unsupervised learning • Reinforcement Learning


– X,y (pre-classified training –X – Determine what to do based on
examples) – Given a set of x’s, cluster or rewards and punishments
– Given an observation x, what is summarize them
the best label for y

Semi-supervised Learning

An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and


online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose
Supervised Learning

Given:
– a set of input features 𝑋1 , … , 𝑋𝑛
– A target feature
– a set of training examples where the values for the input features and the
target features are given for each example
– a new example, where only the values for the input features are given
Predict the values for the target features for the new example.
– classification when Y is discrete – regression when Y is continuou
An adaptation of NPTEL lectures and
online resources for educational
purpose

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