MINI PROJECT COVERSHEET

Attach this coversheet as the cover of your submission. All sections must be completed.

Section A: Submission Details

Types of Chemical Ethylene

Production Rate 335,000 MTA
Types of Reactor PFR

(Student Name)
No Student ID Program
*According to the work task distributed
Student 1 Marliana binti Muhamed Rostam 55223120133 BCB2
Student 2 Najiha Safia binti Norulamin 55222120143 BCP2
Student 3 Sugie Anak Baki 55222120138 BCP2-W
Student 4 Nurhafiza binti Marzuki 55223120129 BCB2
Student 5 Raidi Sofwan bin Rosdi @ Razif 55213120078 BCP2

Course Code & Name : CKB 20104 (Reaction Engineering)

Course Lecturer(s) : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kelly Yong Tau Len

Deadline : Day 27 Month May Year 2022 Time 11.59pm

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UniKL CDDH v3 Appendix N(F) - Assessment Coversheet v1 (2020-04-23)

Table of Content
Content Page Number
1.0 Mass Balance 1
1.1 Change in Production Rate 3
1.1.1 Stoichiometric table of 0% production rate increment 3
1.1.2 Stoichiometric table of 20% production rate increment 4
1.1.3 Stoichiometric table of 40% production rate increment 6
1.1.4 Stoichiometric table of 60% production rate increment 7
1.1.5 Stoichiometric table of 80% production rate increment 9
1.1.6 Stoichiometric table of 100% production rate increment 10
2.0 Stoichiometric Table 12
2.1 Increment Raw Material Feed Rate 13
2.1.1 Stoichiometric table of 0% Feed Rate increment 14
2.1.2 Stoichiometric table of 20% Feed Rate increment 15
2.1.3 Stoichiometric table of 40% Feed Rate increment 16
2.1.4 Stoichiometric table of 60% Feed Rate increment 17
2.1.5 Stoichiometric table of 80% Feed Rate increment 18
2.1.6 Stoichiometric table of 100% Feed Rate increment 19
3.0 Reaction Kinetics 20
3.1 Rate of Reaction 21
4.0 Reactor Design and Sizing
4.1 Calculation of Volume for Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) 23
4.2 Concentration of Reactant and Product 24
4.3 Reactor Diagram 25
5.0 References 26
1.0 MASS BALANCE
C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O
A → B + C

Ethylene, C2H4
𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇! = 38773.23
ℎ𝑟
Ethanol, C2H5OH
𝑘𝑔 REACTOR
𝑚̇#$ = 64325.24
ℎ𝑟 (PFR)
Water, H2O
𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇% = 24908.87
ℎ𝑟

Figure 1.1: The block diagram for production of Ethylene

Table 1.1: The general data for production of Ethylene

Type of Chemical Ethylene
Production Rate 335,000 MTA
Type of Reactor Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)
Conversion, X 99% or 0.99
Assumption of Plant Operations 360 days/year and 24 hours/day

Table 1.2: The molecular weight for each species

Type of Species Symbol Molecular Weight, MW (kg/kmol)
Ethanol, C2H5OH A 46.07
Ethylene, C2H4 B 28.05
Water, H2O C 18.02

Mass Flowrate for Production Rate

𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 1000 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑦𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
ṁ! = 335000 × × ×
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 360 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔
ṁ𝑩 = 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓
ℎ𝑟

1
Mass Balance Table
𝑚̇#$ = 𝑚̇! + 𝑚̇%

ṁ! 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑩 = = 38773.15 × = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗
𝑀𝑊 ℎ𝑟 28.05 𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹! 1382.29 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑨𝟎 = = = 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟔. 𝟐𝟓
𝑏 (1)(0.99) ℎ𝑟
M+ 𝑎 O (𝑋 )

Table 1.3: The stoichiometric table

Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 1396.25 - FA0X = -1382.29 FA = 13.96
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 1382.29
+) FA0X = 1382.29
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 1382.29 FC = 1382.29

Total FT0 = 1396.25 FT = 2778.54

Table 1.4: Calculation for mass balance table

Type of Species In (kg/hr) Out (kg/hr)
Ethanol, C2H5OH 𝑚̇#$ = 𝐹#$ × 𝑀𝑊%+,-., 𝑚̇# = 𝐹# × 𝑀𝑊%+,-.,
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 1396.25 × 46.07 = 13.96 × 46.07
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
= 𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟔𝟒𝟑. 𝟏𝟒
𝒉𝒓 𝒉𝒓
Ethylene, C2H4 − 𝑚̇! = 𝐹! × 𝑀𝑊%+,/
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 1382.29 × 28.05
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟑. 𝟐𝟑
𝒉𝒓
Water, H2O − 𝑚̇% = 𝐹% × 𝑀𝑊,+.
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 1382.29 × 18.02
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟖. 𝟖𝟕
𝒉𝒓
Total 𝑚̇ 0$ = 𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟒 𝑚̇ 0 = 𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟒

2
1.1 CHANGE IN PRODUCTION RATE
Summary table for mass balance increment
Mass Flowrate of Mass Flowrate of Mass Flowrate of
Production
Ethanol, C2H5OH Ethylene, C2H4 Water, H2O
Increment rate
In (kg/hr) Out In Out In Out
(kg/hr)
(kg/hr) (kg/hr) (kg/hr) (kg/hr) (kg/hr)
0% 335,000 64325.24 643.14 - 38773.23 - 24908.87

20% 402,000 77190.75 772.13 - 46527.94 - 29890.68

40% 469,000 90055.33 900.67 - 54282.36 - 34872.30

60% 536,000 102910.38 1029.20 - 62037.06 - 39854.11

80% 603,000 115785.43 1157.74 - 69791.77 - 44835.92

100% 670,000 128650.94 1286.74 - 77546.47 - 49817.73

1.1.1 Stoichiometric table of 0% production rate increment

Production rate increase 0% = 335,000 MTA

Stoichiometric Table (referring Table 2.6)

Table 1.5: The stoichiometric table for 0% increment
Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 1396.25 - FA0X = -1382.29 FA = 13.96
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 1382.29
+) FA0X = 1382.29
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 1382.29 FC = 1382.29

Total FT0 = 1396.25 FT = 2778.54

3
Table 1.6: Calculation for mass balance table for 0% increment
Type of Species In (kg/hr) Out (kg/hr)
Ethanol, C2H5OH 𝑚̇#$ = 𝐹#$ × 𝑀𝑊%+,-., 𝑚̇# = 𝐹# × 𝑀𝑊%+,-.,
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 1396.25 × 46.07 = 13.96 × 46.07
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
= 𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟔𝟒𝟑. 𝟏𝟒
𝒉𝒓 𝒉𝒓
Ethylene, C2H4 − 𝑚̇! = 𝐹! × 𝑀𝑊%+,/
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 1382.29 × 28.05
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟑. 𝟐𝟑
𝒉𝒓
Water, H2O − 𝑚̇% = 𝐹% × 𝑀𝑊,+.
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 1382.29 × 18.02
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟖. 𝟖𝟕
𝒉𝒓
Total 𝑚̇ 0$ = 𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟒 𝑚̇ 0 = 𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟒

1.1.2 Stoichiometric table of 20% production rate increment

Production rate increase 20% = 402,000 MTA
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 1000 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑦𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
ṁ! = 402000 × × ×
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 360 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔
ṁ𝑩 = 𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟖
ℎ𝑟

ṁ! 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹! = = 46527.78 ×
𝑀𝑊 ℎ𝑟 28.05 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑩 = 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟓
ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹! 1658.75 ℎ𝑟
𝐹#$ = =
𝑏 (1)(0.99)
M+ 𝑎O (𝑋)
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑨𝟎 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟓. 𝟓𝟏
ℎ𝑟

4
Stoichiometric Table (referring Table 2.8)
Table 1.7: The stoichiometric table for 20% increment
Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 1675.51 - FA0X = -1658.75 FA = 16.76
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 1658.75
+) FA0X = 1658.75
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 1658.75 FC = 1658.75

Total FT0 = 1675.51 FT = 3334.26

Table 1.8: Calculation for mass balance table for 20% increment
Type of Species In (kg/hr) Out (kg/hr)
Ethanol, C2H5OH 𝑚̇#$ = 𝐹#$ × 𝑀𝑊%+,-., 𝑚̇# = 𝐹# × 𝑀𝑊%+,-.,
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 1675.51 × 46.07 = 16.76 × 46.07
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
= 𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟕𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟑
𝒉𝒓 𝒉𝒓
Ethylene, C2H4 − 𝑚̇! = 𝐹! × 𝑀𝑊%+,/
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 1658.75 × 28.05
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟕. 𝟗𝟒
𝒉𝒓
Water, H2O − 𝑚̇% = 𝐹% × 𝑀𝑊,+.
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 1658.75 × 18.02
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟐𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟎. 𝟔𝟖
𝒉𝒓
Total 𝑚̇ 0$ = 𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑚̇ 0 = 𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟗𝟎. 𝟕𝟓

5
1.1.3 Stoichiometric table of 40% production rate increment
Production rate increase 40% = 469,000 MTA
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 1000 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑦𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
ṁ! = 469000 × × ×
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 360 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔
ṁ𝑩 = 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟐. 𝟒𝟏
ℎ𝑟

ṁ! 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹! = = 54282.41 ×
𝑀𝑊 ℎ𝑟 28.05 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑩 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟎
ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹! 1935.20 ℎ𝑟
𝐹#$ = =
𝑏 (1)(0.99)
(
M+ 𝑎O 𝑋 )
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑨𝟎 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟒. 𝟕𝟓
ℎ𝑟

Stoichiometric Table (referring Table 2.10)

Table 1.9: The stoichiometric table for 40% increment
Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 1954.75 - FA0X = -1935.20 FA = 19.55
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 1935.20
+) FA0X = 1935.20
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 1935.20 FC = 1935.20

Total FT0 = 1954.75 FT = 3889.95

6
Table 1.10: Calculation for mass balance table for 40% increment
Type of Species In (kg/hr) Out (kg/hr)
Ethanol, C2H5OH 𝑚̇#$ = 𝐹#$ × 𝑀𝑊%+,-., 𝑚̇# = 𝐹# × 𝑀𝑊%+,-.,
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 1954.75 × 46.07 = 19.55 × 46.07
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
= 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟕
𝒉𝒓 𝒉𝒓
Ethylene, C2H4 − 𝑚̇! = 𝐹! × 𝑀𝑊%+,/
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 1935.20 × 28.05
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟐. 𝟑𝟔
𝒉𝒓
Water, H2O − 𝑚̇% = 𝐹% × 𝑀𝑊,+.
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 1935.20 × 18.02
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟑𝟒𝟖𝟕𝟐. 𝟑𝟎
𝒉𝒓
Total 𝑚̇ 0$ = 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑 𝑚̇ 0 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑

1.1.4 Stoichiometric table of 60% production rate increment

Production rate increase 60% = 536,000 MTA
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 1000 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑦𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
ṁ! = 536000 × × ×
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 360 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔
ṁ𝑩 = 𝟔𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟕. 𝟎𝟒
ℎ𝑟

ṁ! 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹! = = 62037.04 ×
𝑀𝑊 ℎ𝑟 28.05 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑩 = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔
ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹! 2211.66 ℎ𝑟
𝐹#$ = =
𝑏 (1)(0.99)
(
M+ 𝑎O 𝑋 )

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑨𝟎 = 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟒
ℎ𝑟

7
Stoichiometric Table (referring Table 2.12)
Table 1.11: The stoichiometric table for 60% increment
Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 2234.00 - FA0X = -2211.66 FA = 22.34
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 2211.66
+) FA0X = 2211.66
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 2211.66 FC = 2211.66

Total FT0 = 2234.00 FT = 4445.66

Table 1.12: Calculation for mass balance table for 60% increment
Type of Species In (kg/hr) Out (kg/hr)
Ethanol, C2H5OH 𝑚̇#$ = 𝐹#$ × 𝑀𝑊%+,-., 𝑚̇# = 𝐹# × 𝑀𝑊%+,-.,
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 2234.00 × 46.07 = 22.34 × 46.07
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
= 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟗. 𝟐𝟎
𝒉𝒓 𝒉𝒓
Ethylene, C2H4 − 𝑚̇! = 𝐹! × 𝑀𝑊%+,/
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 2211.66 × 28.05
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟔𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟕. 𝟎𝟔
𝒉𝒓
Water, H2O − 𝑚̇% = 𝐹% × 𝑀𝑊,+.
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 2211.66 × 18.02
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟏
𝒉𝒓
Total 𝑚̇ 0$ = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝑚̇ 0 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟕

8
1.1.5 Stoichiometric table of 80% production rate increment
Production rate increase 80% = 603,000 MTA
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 1000 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑦𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
ṁ! = 603000 × × ×
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 360 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔
ṁ𝑩 = 𝟔𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟏. 𝟔𝟕
ℎ𝑟

ṁ! 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹! = = 69791.67 ×
𝑀𝑊 ℎ𝑟 28.05 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑩 = 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟐
ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹! 2488.12 ℎ𝑟
𝐹#$ = =
𝑏 (1)(0.99)
(
M+ 𝑎O 𝑋 )
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑨𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟓
ℎ𝑟

Stoichiometric Table (referring Table 2.14)

Table 1.13: The stoichiometric table for 80% increment
Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 2513.25 - FA0X = -2488.12 FA = 25.13
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 2488.12
+) FA0X = 2488.12
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 2488.12 FC = 2488.12

Total FT0 = 2513.25 FT = 5001.37

9
Table 1.14: Calculation for mass balance table for 80% increment
Type of Species In (kg/hr) Out (kg/hr)
Ethanol, C2H5OH 𝑚̇#$ = 𝐹#$ × 𝑀𝑊%+,-., 𝑚̇# = 𝐹# × 𝑀𝑊%+,-.,
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 2513.25 × 46.07 = 25.13 × 46.07
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
= 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟕. 𝟕𝟒
𝒉𝒓 𝒉𝒓
Ethylene, C2H4 − 𝑚̇! = 𝐹! × 𝑀𝑊%+,/
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 2488.12 × 28.05
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟔𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟕
𝒉𝒓
Water, H2O − 𝑚̇% = 𝐹% × 𝑀𝑊,+.
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 2488.12 × 18.02
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟑𝟓. 𝟗𝟐
𝒉𝒓
Total 𝑚̇ 0$ = 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟑 𝑚̇ 0 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟑

1.1.6 Stoichiometric table of 100% production rate increment

Production rate increase 100% = 670,000 MTA
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 1000 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑦𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
ṁ! = 670000 × × ×
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 360 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔
ṁ𝑩 = 𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟒𝟔. 𝟑𝟎
ℎ𝑟

ṁ! 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹! = = 77546.30 ×
𝑀𝑊 ℎ𝑟 28.05 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑩 = 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟖
ℎ𝑟

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹! 2764.58 ℎ𝑟
𝐹#$ = =
𝑏 (1)(0.99)
(
M+ 𝑎O 𝑋 )

𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑨𝟎 = 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟐. 𝟓𝟏
ℎ𝑟

10
Stoichiometric Table (referring Table 2.16)
Table 1.15: The stoichiometric table for 100% increment
Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 2792.51 - FA0X = -2764.58 FA = 27.93
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 2764.58
+) FA0X = 2764.58
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 2764.58 FC = 2764.58

Total FT0 = 2792.51 FT = 5557.09

Table 1.16: Calculation for mass balance table for 100% increment
Type of Species In (kg/hr) Out (kg/hr)
Ethanol, C2H5OH 𝑚̇#$ = 𝐹#$ × 𝑀𝑊%+,-., 𝑚̇# = 𝐹# × 𝑀𝑊%+,-.,
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 2792.51 × 46.07 = 27.93 × 46.07
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
= 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟎. 𝟗𝟒 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟕𝟒
𝒉𝒓 𝒉𝒓
Ethylene, C2H4 − 𝑚̇! = 𝐹! × 𝑀𝑊%+,/
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 2764.58 × 28.05
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟕
𝒉𝒓
Water, H2O − 𝑚̇% = 𝐹% × 𝑀𝑊,+.
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔
= 2764.58 × 18.02
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟒𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟑
𝒉𝒓
Total 𝑚̇ 0$ = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟎. 𝟗𝟒 𝑚̇ 0 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟔𝟓𝟎. 𝟗𝟒

11
2.0 STOICHIOMETRIC TABLE
General Stoichiometric Table
aA → bB + cC
Table 2.1: General stoichiometric table (Flow System)
Species Initial (mol/time) Change (mol) Remaining (mol/time)
A FA0 - FA0X FA = FA0 (1 – X)
B FB0 ( (
+) FA0X FB = +) FA0X
* *
C FC0 +) FA0X FC = +) FA0X

Total FT0 = FA0 FT = FA + FB + FC +Fi

Stoichiometric Table with Values

C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O
(A) → (B) + (C)
Table 2.2: Information for calculation in stoichiometric table
Production rate ethylene (mass flowrate), ṁB 12
38773.15 34

Molecular weight ethylene, MW 12

28.05 1567

Conversion, X 0.99
Molar flowrate ethylene, FB 1567
1382.29 34

Initial molar flowrate feed (ethanol), FA0 1567

1396.25 34

Calculations of production rate and molar flowrates:

*Assume reactor operates 360 days per year, 24 hour per day
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 1000 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑦𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
ṁ! = 335000 × × ×
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 360 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔
ṁ! = 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓
ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑩 = 38773.15 × = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗
ℎ𝑟 28.05 𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹! 1382.29 ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑨𝟎 = = = 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟔. 𝟐𝟓
𝑏 (1)(0.99) ℎ𝑟
M+ 𝑎 O (𝑋 )

12
 Table 2.3: Stoichiometric table of ethylene production
Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 1396.25 - FA0X = -1382.29 FA = 13.96
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 1382.29
+) FA0X = 1382.29
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 1382.29 FC = 1382.29

Total FT0 = 1396.25 FT = 2778.54

Calculations in stoichiometric table:

Table 2.4: Calculation in stoichiometric table of ethylene production
Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
−𝐹#$ 𝑋 = −(1396.25)(0.99) = −𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗 𝐹# = 1396.25 − 1396.25𝑋
𝐹# = 1396.25 − 1396.25(0.99)
(
+ ) 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(1396.25)(0.99) =1382.29 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟔

* 𝐹! = 1396.25𝑋
+ ) 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(1396.25)(0.99) =1382.29
𝐹! = 1396.25(0.99) = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗

𝐹% = 1396.25𝑋
𝐹% = 1396.25(0.99) = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗

𝐹0 = 13.96 + 1382.29 + 1382.29

𝐹0 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟖. 𝟓𝟒

2.1 Increment raw material feed rate

Table 2.5: Increment of raw material feed rate
Increment (%) Molar flowrate feed (ethanol), FA0 (kmol/hr)
0 1396.25
20 1675.51
40 1954.76
60 2234.00
80 2513.25
100 2792.51

13
2.1.1 Stoichiometric table of 0% feed rate increment
Calculation of molar flowrate with 0% feed rate increment:
𝑭𝑩(𝟎%) = 𝐹! + (𝐹! × 0%)
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 0 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑩(𝟎%) = 1382.29 + \1382.29 × ] = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 100 ℎ𝑟

𝐹!($%) 1382.29 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑭𝑨𝟎(𝟎%) = = = 𝟏𝟑𝟗𝟔. 𝟐𝟓
𝑏 (1)(0.99) ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
+𝑎𝑋

Table 2.6: Stoichiometric table with 0% feed rate increment

Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 1396.25 - FA0X = -1382.29 FA = 13.96
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 1382.29
+) FA0X = 1382.29
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 1382.29 FC = 1382.29

Total FT0 = 1396.25 FT = 2778.54

Calculations in stoichiometric table:

Table 2.7: Calculation in stoichiometric table with 0% feed rate increment
Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
−𝐹#$ 𝑋 = −(1396.25)(0.99) = −𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗 𝐹# = 1396.25 − 1396.25𝑋
𝐹# = 1396.25 − 1396.25(0.99)
𝑏 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟔
+ 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(1396.25)(0.99)
𝑎
= 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗
𝐹! = 1396.25𝑋
𝐹! = 1396.25(0.99) = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗
𝑐
+ 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(1396.25)(0.99)
𝑎
= 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗 𝐹% = 1396.25𝑋
𝐹% = 1396.25(0.99) = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟐. 𝟐𝟗

𝐹0 = 13.96 + 1382.29 + 1382.29

𝐹0 = 𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟖. 𝟓𝟒

14
2.1.2 Stoichiometric table of 20% feed rate increment
Calculation of molar flowrate with 20% feed rate increment:
𝑭𝑩(𝟐𝟎%) = 𝐹! + (𝐹! × 20%)
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 20 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑩(𝟐𝟎%) = 1382.29 + \1382.29 × ] = 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟓
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 100 ℎ𝑟

𝐹!(+$%) 1658.75 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑭𝑨𝟎(𝟐𝟎%) = = = 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟓. 𝟓𝟏
𝑏 (1)(0.99) ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
+𝑎𝑋

Table 2.8: Stoichiometric table with 20% feed rate increment

Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 1675.51 - FA0X = -1658.75 FA = 16.76
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 1658.75
+) FA0X = 1658.75
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 1658.75 FC = 1658.75

Total FT0 = 1675.51 FT = 3334.26

Calculations in stoichiometric table:

Table 2.9: Calculation in stoichiometric table with 20% feed rate increment
Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
−𝐹#$ 𝑋 = −(1675.51)(0.99) = −𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 𝐹# = 1675.51 − 1675.51𝑋
𝐹# = 1675.51 − 1675.51(0.99)
𝑏 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟔
+ 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(1675.51)(0.99)
𝑎
= 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟓
𝐹! = 1675.51𝑋
𝐹! = 1675.51(0.99) = 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟓
𝑐
+ 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(1675.51)(0.99)
𝑎
= 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 𝐹% = 1675.51𝑋
𝐹% = 1675.51(0.99) = 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟓

𝐹0 = 16.76 + 1658.75 + 1658.75

𝐹0 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟔

15
2.1.3 Stoichiometric table of 40% feed rate increment
Calculation of molar flowrate with 40% feed rate increment:
𝑭𝑩(𝟒𝟎%) = 𝐹! + (𝐹! × 40%)
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 40 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑩(𝟒𝟎%) = 1382.29 + \1382.29 × ] = 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟏
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 100 ℎ𝑟

𝐹!(/$%) 1935.21 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑭𝑨𝟎(𝟒𝟎%) = = = 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟒. 𝟕𝟔
𝑏 (1)(0.99) ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
+𝑎𝑋

Table 2.10: Stoichiometric table with 40% feed rate increment

Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 1954.75 - FA0X = -1935.20 FA = 19.55
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 1935.20
+) FA0X = 1935.20
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 1935.20 FC = 1935.2

Total FT0 = 1954.75 FT = 3889.95

Calculations in stoichiometric table:

Table 2.11: Calculation in stoichiometric table with 40% feed rate increment
Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
−𝐹#$ 𝑋 = −(1954.75)(0.99) = −𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟎 𝐹# = 1954.75 − 1954.75𝑋
𝐹# = 1954.75 − 1954.75(0.99)
𝑏 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓𝟓
+ 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(1954.75)(0.99)
𝑎
= 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟎
𝐹! = 1954.75𝑋
𝐹! = 1954.75(0.99) = 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟎
𝑐
+ 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(1954.75)(0.99)
𝑎
= 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟎 𝐹% = 1954.75
𝐹% = 1954.75(0.99) = 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟎

𝐹0 = 19.55 + 1935.20 + 1935.20

𝐹0 = 𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟗. 𝟗𝟓

16
2.1.4 Stoichiometric table of 60% feed rate increment
Calculation of molar flowrate with 60% feed rate increment:
𝑭𝑩(𝟔𝟎%) = 𝐹! + (𝐹! × 60%)
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 60 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑩(𝟔𝟎%) = 1382.29 + \1382.29 × ] = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 100 ℎ𝑟

𝐹!(>$%) 2211.66 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑭𝑨𝟎(𝟔𝟎%) = = = 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟒
𝑏 (1)(0.99) ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
+𝑎𝑋

Table 2.12: Stoichiometric table with 60% feed rate increment

Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 2234.00 - FA0X = -2211.66 FA = 22.34
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 2211.66
+) FA0X = 2211.66
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 2211.66 FC = 2211.66

Total FT0 = 2234.00 FT = 4445.66

Calculations in stoichiometric table:

Table 2.13: Calculation in stoichiometric table with 60% feed rate increment
Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
−𝐹#$ 𝑋 = −(2234)(0.99) = −𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 𝐹# = 2234 − 2234𝑋
𝐹# = 2234 − 2234(0.99) = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟒
𝑏
+ 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(2234)(0.99) = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔
𝑎 𝐹! = 2234𝑋
𝐹! = 2234(0.99) = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔
𝑐
+ 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(2234)(0.99) = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔
𝑎
𝐹% = 2234𝑋
𝐹% = 2234(0.99) = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔

𝐹0 = 22.34 + 2211.66 + 2211.66

𝐹0 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟓. 𝟔𝟔

17
2.1.5 Stoichiometric table of 80% feed rate increment
Calculation of molar flowrate with 80% feed rate increment:
𝑭𝑩(𝟖𝟎%) = 𝐹! + (𝐹! × 80%)
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 80 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑩(𝟖𝟎%) = 1382.29 + \1382.29 × ] = 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟐
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 100 ℎ𝑟

𝐹!(@$%) 2488.12 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑭𝑨𝟎(𝟖𝟎%) = = = 𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟓
𝑏 (1)(0.99) ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
+𝑎𝑋

Table 2.14: Stoichiometric table with 80% feed rate increment

Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 2513.25 - FA0X = -2488.12 FA = 25.13
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 2488.12
+) FA0X = 2488.12
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 2488.12 FC = 2488.12

Total FT0 = 2513.25 FT = 5001.37

Calculations in stoichiometric table:

Table 2.15: Calculation in stoichiometric table with 80% feed rate increment
Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
−𝐹#$ 𝑋 = −(2513.25)(0.99) = −𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟐 𝐹# = 2513.25 − 2513.25𝑋
𝐹# = 2513.25 − 2513.25(0.99)
𝑏 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑
+ 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(2513.25)(0.99)
𝑎
= 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟐
𝐹! = 2513.25𝑋
𝐹! = 2513.25(0.99) = 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟐
𝑐
+ 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(2513.25)(0.99)
𝑎
= 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟐 𝐹% = 2234𝑋
𝐹% = 2513.25(0.99) = 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟐

𝐹0 = 25.13 + 2488.12 + 2488.12

𝐹0 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟏. 𝟑𝟕

18
2.1.6 Stoichiometric table of 100% feed rate increment
Calculation of molar flowrate with 100% feed rate increment:
𝑭𝑩(𝟏𝟎𝟎%) = 𝐹! + (𝐹! × 100%)
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 100 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑭𝑩(𝟏𝟎𝟎%) = 1382.29 + \1382.29 × ] = 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟖
ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟 100 ℎ𝑟

𝐹!(B$$%) 2764.58 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑭𝑨𝟎(𝟏𝟎𝟎%) = = = 𝟐𝟕𝟗𝟐. 𝟓𝟏
𝑏 (1)(0.99) ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
+𝑎𝑋

Table 2.16: Stoichiometric table with 100% feed rate increment

Species Symbol Initial (kmol/hr) Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
C2H5OH A FA0 = 2792.51 - FA0X = -2764.58 FA = 27.93
C2H4 B FB0 = 0 ( FB = 2764.58
+) FA0X = 2764.58
*
H2 O C FC0 = 0 +) FA0X = 2764.58 FC = 2764.58

Total FT0 = 2792.51 FT = 5557.09

Calculations in stoichiometric table:

Table 2.17: Calculation in stoichiometric table with 100% feed rate increment
Change (kmol) Remaining (kmol/hr)
−𝐹#$ 𝑋 = −(2792.51)(0.99) = −𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟖 𝐹# = 2792.51 − 2792.51𝑋
𝐹# = 2792.51 − 2792.51(0.99)
𝑏 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟗𝟑
+ 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(2792.51)(0.99)
𝑎
= 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟖
𝐹! = 2792.51𝑋
𝐹! = 2792.51(0.99) = 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟖
𝑐
+ 𝐹#$ 𝑋 = (1)(2792.51)(0.99)
𝑎
= 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟖 𝐹% = 2792.51𝑋
𝐹% = 2792.51(0.99) = 𝟐𝟕𝟔𝟒. 𝟓𝟖

𝐹0 = 27.93 + 2764.58 + 2764.58

𝐹0 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟕. 𝟎𝟗

19
3.0 REACTION KINETICS
The finalized equation below used to produce Ethylene from hydration Ethanol in Plug
Flow Reactor (PFR) with production rate of 335000 MTA.
C2H5OH (aq) → C2H4 (g) + H2O (l)
A → B + C

Table 3.1: Standard Operating Condition

Temperature, To 337 K

Pressure, Po 101.325 Kpa

Rate Constant, k 4.54x10² dm³/ moL hr at 247 K

Type of Reaction Elementary

Value YAo 1

Order of Reaction -rA = kCA

First Orders
Conversion 0.99
Value, X
Activation Energy, 183.6 kJ/mol
Ea
Gas Constant, R 8.314 J / mol. K or 1.987 Cal /mol. K

20
3.1 Rate of Reaction
Since reaction rate constant, k = 4.54x10² dm³/ moL hr. at 247 K. k was calculated at
337K.

𝑬𝒂
𝟏C𝟏
𝑲𝟏 = 𝑲𝟐 𝒆 𝑻 𝑻𝟏C𝑻𝟐

𝑬𝒂
𝟏C𝟏
𝑲𝟑𝟑𝟕 = 𝑲𝟐𝟒𝟕 𝒆 𝑹 𝑻𝟏C𝑻𝟐

%&
BCB
𝐾GGH = 𝐾+/H 𝑒 '
0BC0+
0
)*(.,-).³
123
IJ( *.()4
0 BCB
𝐾GGH = 4.54x10² JKL.NO 𝑒 123.5
(GGHC+/H)P

𝐾GGH = 1.9384 x 10C@

Since reaction rate constant, k = 1.9384 x 10C@ at 247 K, now we can calculate the value
of C𝐴. :

𝒀𝑨𝟎 𝑷𝟎
C𝑨𝑶 = 𝑹𝑻𝟎

(B)(B$B.G+-)
C𝐴. = (@.GB/)(GGH)
567
C𝐴. = 0.0361 U5³

𝑪𝑨 = C𝑨𝟎 (1 – X)

567
C𝐴. = 0.0361 U5³

Conversion, X = 0.99
𝐶# = 0.0361 (1 – 0.99)
567
𝐶# = 3.61 x 10C/ U5³

21
Since all the value was calculated, so we can find the reaction rate -r:
-r = k𝑪𝑨
𝐾GGH = 1.9384 x 10C@
567
𝐶# = 3.61 x 10C/ U5³

-r = (1.9384 x 10C@ ) (3.61 x 10C/ )

B
-r = 6.9976 x 10CB+ 34

Table 3.2: Summarized of rate law and rate of reaction

Rate Law, -r Rate of Reaction
𝑘𝐶# (First Order) B
6.9976x 10CB+ 34

22
4.0 REACTOR DESIGN AND SIZING
4.1 Calculation of Volume for Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)

C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O

A → B + C

Temperature 247 K
Rate Law, -r 𝑘𝐶# (First Order)
Conversion, X 0.99

Step 1 (Design Equation) :

[
𝑑𝑋
𝑉XYZ = 𝐹#$ h
$ −𝑟#

Step 2 (Rate Law) : −𝑟# = 𝑘𝐶# (First Order with respect to A)

C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O

A → B + C

Step 3 (Stoichiometry) : 𝐶# = 𝐶#$ (1 − 𝑋)

[ U[
Step 4 (Combine) : 𝑉XYZ = 𝐹#$ ∫$ C48
[
𝑑𝑋
𝑉XYZ = 𝐹#$ h
$ −𝑟#
[
𝑑𝑋
𝑉XYZ = 𝐹#$ h
$ 𝑘𝐶#
[
𝑑𝑋
𝑉XYZ = 𝐹#$ h
$ 𝑘𝐶# (1 − 𝑋)
𝐹#$ [ 𝑑𝑋
𝑉XYZ = h
𝑘𝐶#$ $ (1 − 𝑋)
𝐹#$ 1
𝑉XYZ = ln( )
𝑘𝐶#$ 1 − 𝑋
𝑣$ 1
𝑉XYZ = ln( )
𝑘 1−𝑋

23
 \
Assume the value of volumetric flow rate, 𝑣$ : 1000.05]^
U5(
X=0.99, k at 247 K =4.54 × 10+ 567.5]^

𝐿
1000.0 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1
𝑉XYZ = m o ln( )
𝑑𝑚G 1 − 0.99
4.54 × 10+
𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉XYZ = 10.1435 𝐿
Hence the volume of PFR is 10.1435L

4.2 Concentration of reactant and product

C2H5OH → C2H4 + H2O

A → B + C
Species Concentration
A = Ethanol 0.0233 mol/hr
B = Ethylene 0.023 Kmol/hr

Concentration for ethanol:

𝐹#$ (1 − 𝑥)
𝐶_`3)^67 =
𝑣$
Where:
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹#$ = 1396.25
ℎ𝑟
\
𝑣$ : 1000.05]^

𝑥 = 0.99
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
M1396.25 ℎ𝑟 O (1 − 0.99)
𝐶_`3)^67 =
𝐿
60000
ℎ𝑟
𝐶_`3)^67 = 0.0233 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿

24
 Concentration of Ethylene:
𝑏
+ 𝑎 𝐹#$ 𝑋
𝐶! =
𝑣$
Where:
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐹#$ = 1396.25
ℎ𝑟
\
𝑣$ : 1000.05]^

𝑥 = 0.99
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
(+1) M1396.25 ( )
𝐶! = ℎ𝑟 O 0.99
𝐿
60000
ℎ𝑟
𝐶! = 0.023 𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟

4.3 Reactor diagram

Reactor volume 𝑉XYZ = 10.1435 𝐿

Ethanol Ethylene + water

Radius = 15 cm

Distance = 14.35 cm

25
5.0 REFERENCES
Demuner, R. B., & Secchi, A. R., Modeling and Simulation of the Process of Dehydration
of Bioethanol to Ethylene, Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2016, 33(3),
479-490.
Lee, J., Szanyi, J., & Kwak, J. H., Ethanol dehydration on γ-Al2O3: Effects of partial
pressure and temperature, Molecular Catalysis, 2017, 434, 39-48.

26