A Report on

Citation And Referencing

In partial fulfilment of bachelor’s degree in science 3 rd year research methodology

Submitted to
Department of microbiology
Faculty of Science and Technology

Submitted by
Rumila Shrestha
Kathmandu College of Science and Technology
Kamalpokhari, Kathmandu
R.N:5258462015
Reg.No:55850005

February 2018
Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2

Reference Materials.....................................................................................................................2

Bibliography................................................................................................................................2

Work Citation or Referencing.....................................................................................................2

Arranging Reference Material.....................................................................................................3

Different Systems of Citation and Referencing...........................................................................5

APA style of Citation.......................................................................................................................6

Citing secondary sources.............................................................................................................6

Journals, Magazines, Newspapers (in Print Format)...................................................................8

Journal Articles............................................................................................................................8

Magazine Article.........................................................................................................................9

MLA style of Citation....................................................................................................................10

Numeric System of Citation..........................................................................................................12

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

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Introduction

Reference Materials
The reference materials of a research work are presented at the last part of the research report or thesis
or research article. The reference materials of a research work are the bibliography (list of the books,
journals/Articles, magazines/newspapers, published material. Unpublished documents etc.),
appendices, indices, photographs, glossary etc.

Bibliography
Bibliography is a list of the published sources and some unpublished authentic documents utilized in the
research work, from formulating research problem, selecting research questions to the preparing report
or thesis. The publications used for taking information from the different sources but not quoted in the
text of the report or to the research note may also be included in the bibliography. There are different
methods of making bibliography and (or) citing and referencing sources. Different universities or
research funding organizations adopt any one of the commonly (internationally) employed bibliography
system or make their manuals for listing the bibliography of the publications used for research work.

Work Citation or Referencing

For a good quality research activity, a researcher has to review literatures related to his/her topic
previously prepared or has to make use of specific facts from other’s work that may be published or
unpublished. The sources that he/she has used should be mentioned in his/her research report or in
thesis or in research article. The illustration of such work within the text of article / report / thesis is said
to be reference citation or work citation. The detail source of such materials or the specific facts used
are presented (listed) at the end of the article / report / thesis, which is called the bibliography. In recent
trend the reference citation means, also, the mentioning the assistance material for the research report.
The meaning of Referencing is creating a bibliographic description (a reference) of each source used in
an accurate and consistent way in the research writings and that of Citing is referring from the text to
the sources used. It is the way of indicating in the text to see the list presented at the end of the
research writing. Citing and referencing is a way of the making bibliography which only take the quoted
publications in the text of the research report. Bibliography may consist of ‘all the publications consulted
for taking information from the different sources but not quoted in the text too’, whereas the heading
‘work cited’ or ‘reference’ excludes such ‘not quoted publications in the text’, from the list of documents
of the research report or the thesis or research note.

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Arranging Reference Material
If the list of sources used in research work is too large then the task of making bibliography (citing or
referencing) is quite difficult. The use of source card as in note-taking purpose will be helpful for making
this task not-tedious and taking as an interesting play. For making a note-slip or source card, a
researcher should categorize the source material (or reviewed documents) at least in the categories:
books, monographs, documents and reports, periodicals and journals, essay and articles, unpublished
thesis and material and newspapers.
The following show the source of materials (types of document used) and from which what information
should be taken for the citation and referencing as arrangement of reference materials.

For Book (for citing chapter or page)

Name of author(s) (Surname first).
Year of publication
Title of the book 24
The edition (if any)
Volume no. (If any, in roman letter)
Page number(s)

Subject mentioned:
Edited book (for chapter citing)
Name of the author(s) (Surname first).
Year of publication
Title of Article in the edited book
Title of the book
Editor or translator (if any).
The edition (if any)
Volume no. (If any, in roman letter)
Page numbers)

Subject mentioned:
For Serial Publication (Journal, Magazine, Newspaper etc.)
Name of the author(s) (Surname first)
Year of publication
Title of the article
Name of the publication (Journal’s Name etc.)
Volume no. (If any)
Page number(s)
Subject mentioned:
Publication of Issuing body (books or serials)
Name of the issuing body (or name of the author(s))
Title of the article
Name of the publication
Volume no. (If any)
Page number(s)

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Subject mentioned:
Thesis
Name of the author(s) (Surname first).
Year of publication
Title of the article
The course or the degree
Name of the university
Page number(s)

Subject mentioned:
For Internet Downloaded Materials
Name of the author(s) (Surname first) / issuing body.
Year of publication (in bracket).
Title of the article (in normal font or in bold font).
Publisher / course degree / the source
Internet address
Accessed date and time
Subject mentioned:
And, so on....

4
Different Systems of Citation and Referencing
There are different ways of bibliography quoting (or citing or referencing) in use. The universities and
some reputed organizations use strictly some standard referencing or citing styles or they prefer to use
the style they have determined themselves.
The following methods are some of the worldwide used standard referencing or citing systems:
 APA -The American Psychological Association style
 MLA - Modern Language Association style
 Harvard Referencing System
 Chicago Style - Chicago Manual of Style
 ASA - American Sociological Association style
 CBE - System of the Council of Biology Editors
 ACS - System of the American Chemical Society
 IS0690 (numerical reference)

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APA style of Citation
The citation style developed and popularized by the American Psychological Association. In 1929, the
association published instructions for authors on how to prepare manuscripts for APA journals. It was
later used in every research papers of the social sciences. APA is continuously improving its feature and
making amendments. APA style is widely accepted in the social sciences and other fields, such as
education, business and nursing. The APA citation format requires parenthetical citations within the text
rather than endnotes or footnotes. In this section we are going to discuss on APA style of citation based
on the 6th edition published 2009.

APA rules for Citation in Text

Citations in the text provide brief information, usually the name of the author and the date of
publication, to lead the reader to the source of information in the reference list at the end of the paper.
APA utilizes a system of brief referencing in the text of a paper, whether one is paraphrasing or
providing a direct quotation from another author’s work. Citations in the text usually consist of the
name of the author(s) and the year of publication. The page number is added when utilizing a direct
quotation.

Indirect Quotation with Parenthetical Citation

Mathematical models are essential for inferring the measurable product properties, the attributes or the
variables (Hills, 2001)

Indirect Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative

Hills (2001) explained that the mathematical models are essential for inferring the measurable
properties of the product such as the attributes or the variables what we measure.

Direct Quotation with Parenthetical Citation

Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectedness—
genealogical rather than ecological" (Gould & Brown, 1991, p.14).

Direct Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative

Gould and Brown (1991) explained that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the
other form of interconnectedness— genealogical rather than ecological” (p. 14).

Citing secondary sources

When citing in the text a work discussed in a secondary source, give both the primary and the secondary
sources. In the example below, the study by Seidenberg and McClelland was mentioned in an article by
Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller.
Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) provided a
glimpse into the world.
In the references page, you would cite the secondary source you read not the original study.
APA Rules for the References Page (in Bibliography list)
APA style requires double spacing throughout (e.g. text, references, etc.)
All citations must be in the Hanging Indent Format with the first line flush to the left margin and all other
lines indented.

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The following sections show some of the more commonly used APA citation rules, with examples.

1. Books, Chapters in Books, Reports, etc.

Author’s Publication year Title of work in Location of Name of

Surname, in bracket then italics (edition in Publication then publisher then
abbreviation of full stop bracket) then colon full stop
first name full stop
middle name

Author, A.A. (year). Title of work Location : Publisher

(nth ed.).

Examples

Book with single author

Khatiwada, R. P. (2013). Introduction to quality control and reliability. Kathmandu, Nepal: Quest
Publication.
Shrestha, H. B. (2008). Learning statistics and SPSS in tandem. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ekta Books.
Singh, M. L. (2005). Understanding research methodology (4th ed.). Kathmandu, Nepal: J.M. Singh.

Book with two authors

Kapoor, J. N., & Saxena, H. C. (1999). Mathematical statistics (19th ed). New Delhi, India: S. Chand and
Company.

Book with six or more authors

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An
experimental evaluation of...

Book with no author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:Merriam- Webster.
Book with editors

Multivolume book
Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-Hill.

General form for Edited Book

(year) Title of In Name of (pp.- ) Locatio Publishe
work Editor’s the book n r
name
(eds)

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8
Chapter in edited book
Stem. J A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990). The ocular system. In J. T. Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.),
Principles of psychophysiology: ‘Physical, social and inferential elements (pp.513-553). Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press. Booth-LaForce, C., & Kerns, K. A. (2009). Child-parent attachment
relationships, peer relationships and peer-group functioning. In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B.
Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships and groups (pp. 490- 507). New York, NY:
Guilford Press.

Journals, Magazines, Newspapers (in Print Format)

Journal Articles

Author’s Publication Title of work Name of Volume Page

Surname, year (No italics) the journal (number)Volume number
abbreviations in italics, in italics, *_**
of first name
middle name

Author, ( year ). Title of Journal xx (xx), xx-xxx

A.A., Author article of…..,
B.B.,
&Author,
C.C.

Examples
One Author
Timey, L. (1998). A note on Metropolis Hastings kernels for general state space. Annals of Applied
Probability, 8, 1-9.
Williams, J. H. (2008). Employee engagement: Improving participation in safety. Professional Safety,
55(12), 40-45.

Two to Seven Authors (List all authors)

Sellard, S., & Mills, M. E. (1995). Administrative issues for use of nurse practitioners. Journal of Nursing
Administration, 25(5), 64-70.
Smith, A. F. M., & Roberts, G. O. (1993). Bayesian computation via the Gibbs sampler and related
Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B, 55 (I), 3-23.
Keller, T. E., Cusick, G. R., & Courtney, M. E. (2007). Approaching the transition to adulthood:
Distinctive profiles of adolescents aging out of the child welfare system. Social Services Review, 81, 453-
484.

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Eight or More Authors (List the, first sis, authors.... and the last author)
Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.-Y., Coatsworth, D., Lengua. L—Griffin, W. A.
(2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of
divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843- 856.

Magazine Article
Mathews, J., Berrett, D., & Brillman, D. (2005, May 16). Other winning equations. Newsweek, 145(20),
58-59.
Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674.

Publication of Issuing Body

Book with Corporate Author with an Edition and Published by the Corporate Author
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
CBS (1998). Census of manufacturing establishments, national level 1996-97. HMG, Kathmandu, Nepal:
Central Bureau of Statistics.
ASQC (1977). Guide for reducing quality costs. American society for Quality Assurance, Wisconsin:
Milwaukee.
FAO-WHO (2000). Safety aspects of genetically modified foods of plant origin. Report of a Joint
FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Foods Derived from Biotechnology. Switzerland: Geneva.

Encyclopedia article
Blaser. L. (1996). Relativity. In Gale encyclopedia of science (Vol. 15, pp. 82-86). New York, Gale
Encyclopedia Co.

Thesis
Ho, M. (2000). Coping strategies of counseling professionals (Unpublished master’s thesis, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore).

From Secondary source

Cite the secondary source if you read not the original study.
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual¬route and
parallel-distributed processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.

Online Journals, Magazines, Newspapers

a) Article Retrieved from an Online Database

Senior, B., & Swailes, S. (2007). Inside management teams: Developing a teamwork survey instrument.
British Journal of Management, 18, 138-153. doi:10.1111/j.l467- 8551.2006.00507.x

b) Article from an Online Magazine

Lodewijkx, H. F. M. (2001, May 23). Individual-group continuity in cooperation and competition under
varying communication conditions. Current Issues in Social Psychology, 6(12), 166-182. Retrieved from
http://www.uiowa.edU/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.12.htm

c) Online Report from a Nongovernmental Organization

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Br Q Cook, A., & Pelletier, J. (2009). Prospects for reducing uninsured rates among children: How much
can premium assistance programs help? Retrieved from Urban Institute website: http://
www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=411823

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MLA style of Citation
MLA is the citation style developed by the Modern Language Association of America. This style of
citation is widely used in researches of language. In this section, we discuss briefly the citation style from
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York: MLA, 2009.

Book by a Single Author

Style: Do not align text to both the left and right margin (No JUSTIFY)
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publishing Company,
Copyright Date. Medium of Publication.
Example:
Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender Is the Night. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961. Print.

Book with Two or Three Authors

Style:
First Author’s Last Name, First Author’s First Name and Second Author’s First Name then Last Name.
Title of the Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publishing Company, Copyright Date. Medium of
Publication.
Example:
Jencks, Christopher and David Riesman. The Academic Revolution. Garden City, NY: Doubleday &
Company, Inc., 1968. Print.

Book with an Editor

Style:
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Ed. Editor’s name as it appears. Place of Publication:
Name of Publishing Company, Copyright Date. Medium of Publication. Example:
Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slaw. Ed.
David W. Blight. Boston: Bedford, 1993. Print.

Work from Essay Collection

Style:
Author’s Last Name, First Name. ‘Title of the Work.” Title of the Collection. Ed Editors) of the
collection. Place of Publication: Name of Publishing Company. Copyright Date. Inclusive page numbers.
Medium of Publication.
Example:
Hcminewav Emesl. "Old Man al the Bridge." Literature: The Human Experience. Ed. Richard Abcarian
and Marvin Klott. New York: Si. Martin i. 1984. 36-37. War.

Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Editions

Style:
Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Number of the edition [ed.]. Place of Publication:
Name of Publishing Company, Copyright Date. Medium of Publication Example:
Baker, Nancy L. and Nancy Huling. A Research Guide for Undergraduate Students: English and
American Literature. 6th ed. New York: MLA, 2006. Print.

Article in a Journal Style:

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Article.” Title of the Journal Volume Number. Issue
number (Year of Publication): Inclusive page numbers. Medium of Publication.

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Example:
Casebeer, Daniel. “Edgar Poe and the Enigma of Transcendence.” Poe Studies/Dark Romanticism 35.1
(2006): 13-27. Print.

Online Article from a Scholarly Database

Style:
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Article.” Title of Journal Volume Number. Issue number
(Year of Publication): Inclusive page numbers. Name of Database. Medium of publication consulted.
[Web] Day Month Year of access. Example:
Boutin, Aimee. “Shakespeare, Women and French Romanticism.” Shakespeare Quarterly 37.3 (2002):
34-47. Project Muse. Web. 6 Nov. 2006. ‘

Document from an Internet Site

Style:
Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of the Document.” Title of the Site. Name of Institution or
Organization that Sponsors the Site (usually appears at the bottom of the site’s home page), Day Month
Year of Publication/Latest Update. Medium of publication consulted. [Web] Day Month Year of access.
Example:
Latts, Julia. “20 Tips.” Budget Travel Online. Newsweek Budget Travel, Inc., 13 July 1999. Web. 2
August 1999.

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Numeric System of Citation
The Numeric system of citing and referencing documents in the research is widely used in Britain. It is
one of the styles of British Standard BS ISO 690:2010. It has different forms and adopted different style
of referencing from the other styles. It is available electronically via British Standards Online, accessible
through the e Library Gateway. Among different styles ISO 690 (numeric system) of citing and making
bibliography is popular m present days. We just make a glimpse to it in this section.
The numbers appear in the text which refers to a numerical sequence of references at the end.
Example:
Style 1, in the text:
Gwyn Jones3 states that...
Or
Gwyn Jones (3) states that
Style2, in the text:
It can be argued3...
Or
It can be argued (3)
Or
It can be argued [3]
Style!, in the text:
Page numbers can be given in the list of references or after the numbers in the text: Jones 3 p.55 states
that...
Or
Jones (3 p.55) states that...
In the list of references:
3. JONES, Gwyn. A history of the Vikings. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 19&4.
Or
[3] JONES, Gwyn. A history of the Vikings. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.brhttpisto.ac.uk/arts/exercise/referencing/referencing%20skills/page09.htm

www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/ssds/harvard/page28.htm

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