jo i Transformer Protection Distribution transformers are normally included in the short-circuit protection of the system, The protection of transmission trans- formers against internal faults produc~ ing heat or arcing is a gas detecting relay called a Buchholz Relay. ‘The electrical protection is therefore ‘confined to a high speed short-circuit protection usually a differential relay ‘and earth fault protection on one or both sides, There will also be back-up protection, provided by 2 time-over= ‘current or underimpedance relays and possibly @ thermal overload protection,Transtormer Faults Transtormer faults occur between: - - Awinding and earth - Turns of the sane winding - Phasesq qi 9-3 Transformer Protection The most common cause of insulation break-down is overheating duc t ~ Blocked of! circulation = Loss of of] - Failure of forced cooling - Core damage = Reduction in system frequency = Prolonged through-fault currents Direct insulation damage can result from: ~ = Overvol tages - Dynamic stress during through-faul tsTransformer Protection Fault statistics (IEEE): - - Hindings 50% - Tap changer 208 - Bushings 15%, > Terminals, CT's 15% etc.LJ oO oO i i Earth fault current resistance earthed system N "Primary Xof Res. Poing 18 50 109 % of Winding 10 Ip > Earth fault current eh solidly earthed systen 5 < "Primary o 1 ry to of Winding Interturn fault current 7 % of winding shorted@sounpow uo} 398%0J4 seuLiogsued| fem = GH] tearBiased Differential Protection Restraint Specialities of transformer differential protection: - ~ Compensation cf power transformer group of connection ~ Compensation cf ratio differences of the main C,T's - The power trarsformer magnetizing current appears only cn one side = There can be en inrush of magnetizing current when ¢ power transformer 1s energised ~ Tap-changer - The dissimilarities of the protection on each side can cause instability during through faultsOperating Current Kly Operates Restrains Restraint Xly : Basic sensitivity - must be set above the magnetizing current at the maximum voltage. Setting 20 - 50% of Iy: : Pick-up ratio - allows for differences of C.T. Ratio. different C,T, characteristics and power transformer tapping. 1 Increased stability at through currents above about 3X Iy.eseunpow gig ae ML x(6- S'0)- oupea= "1 | Mpx6="] --- —@—-+— @—- = 0] s E z ‘ | O05 = 05a |s-19 oO oO La) THRUSH STABILISATION ' Luan {1 Period TYPICAL RUSH CURREWT 2nd Harmonic Restraint FOR 28D HARMOWIC CONTENT > 20%A Biassed Transformer Differential: RelayPRIMARY BBC modures® rnj i Transformer differential protection Design data required - Transformer three-phase power - Winding voltages - Tep-changer range ~ Group of connection - Mein C.T, ratios and class Lead burdens and burdens of other protectionsjo {i oe Transformer differential Protection Determination of the rated current of each winding Pa Na In the case of a tap-changer, the geometric mean 1s used:BBC DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMERS hen determining the rated current of each wirding for protection purposes. the rated poner of the transformer and not those of the individual windings is used. am SIT A 962 A WV e007 Loa 0,96 A (1670.96 0.57 A 0-96 A 4g TVA \ 2308 A 5773 A 0K 3000/1 Loa O77 A T70% 0.39 A 0,96 A = 0.57 A+ 0,39 ATransformer differential Protection Relay Settings Basic setting Above magnetising current usually 20 to 30% To be checked when commissioning. Pick-up ratio : This must take into account: a) Differences in C.T. Ratio ly" = 1," ele 1 21," + Ip) b) Differences in C.T, accuracy In the most unfavourable case the composite errors add. ©) Tap-changer Tw" oor Ty "x * TD) The relay setting must be greate than the sum of a), b) and c),o-17 ‘Transforner Differential Protection Through-fault transient stability The accuracy limit factor 1s inversely proportional to the burden, so that 4 Rated_burden “" Actual burden Where N’ is the modified accuracy Limit factor To attain the maximum through-fault stability, N’ on both sides of the relay should be equal.[compensation of ‘of -connect ior in cyt, Fath aronet grmere Differential BBC | modures* rotectionTRAIISFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION y © % 3 interposing c.t. YlT prpralecalven|watlver erajerieeojocelonyon? © fasTstsinrrte olfotofotots @ thitetotete Fstrteterte ° 8 ww @ 2©@ *O 1 | 20 oral Bl 40 gta | Ivy so Ing} ra | 12} 4 | 18 | 1.8 [0.0 fooa looalo.12| lore orse Cooper Tes peel SeEXAMPLE:~ Hig voutace ste 525A, c.t. 600/5 A Low voutase side 962 A, c.t. 1000/1 A HIGH VOLTAGE he 21 525 ‘Sertincs I anp V Connection 5 A LON-VOLTAGE 1000 4 = = 1.04 “2 ‘Sertines I ano IT ‘CONNECTION 1 A. modures® io oo a { i@ a i i 9-23 D192 SATURATION DETECTOR od ‘TeRO CROSSINGS OF OPERATING AND RESTRAINT CURRENTS ARE SUPERVISED, Sarunarion ouaiNe iNTERNAL FAULT: TeRO CROSSING OF OPERATING CURRENT BEFORE (OR SIMULTANEOUS WITH RESTRAINT CURRENT ~ RELAY TRIPS SATURATION DURING EXTERNAL FAULT ZERO CROSSING OF OPERATING CURRENT AFTER RESTRAINT CURRENT - NO TRIP modures®9-24 fl Differential Protection of Three-winding Transformers ot ‘two-winding diff, relay fault current would not generate relay bias Parallelling of c.t’s 1s only permissible between purely consumer feeders.Differential protection of a three winding transformerHigh-impedance Protection of an Auto-transformer H/P Relay The scheme is: - = Stable if C.T’s saturate during ‘through-faul ts = Insensitive to inrush - Uninfluenced by tep-changer But does not detect - Interturn faults - Faults on a tertiary balancing windingRestricted Eerth fault Protection of Transformers Stabilising Resistor Relay 1 Relay The use of high-impedance relays makes the schene insensitive to C,T, saturation on phase faults.9-28 BC Transformer Earth fault Protection Relay Setting of Ty Resistor Rating =1y) 3 of winding protected = The reduced sensitivity of differential protection is also due to filtering the zero-sequence component.29 Back-up Earth fault Protection of Transformers - Protects the transformer against prolonged external earth faults. = Ensures that the rating of a neutral earthing resistor is not exceeded,Growing demands on rely performance, ifering 10m configurations dverging protection phisephis ond hegre spree fra! Sel pr re proce wi ai fo eretng te ee toa on isly npn rung he pre Theo mew elas fr trosorme dierent and pt wire prowcon howe been deveiped at prt ofthe ns ho designed fr nes cntaning a power rasfrmer nthe protector sone eee “ANew Transformer Deena relays have to operate dscrimiaaty, e- ably and guichly over a rideraoge (10 100 5) ann Ihe presence of tnsent phenomens and et saturation ‘The newly developed transfrmer iferetal ten Tor {he Modures series DT92 is well equiped for thi ash having aber operating spent spree arch tabi compete independence of de fet and et saturauon fnd an extremely simplified means of compenssting ase group snd dicrepance in rao wihowt eae Ingto the we of the usual intposing e's Fg. dures sre coming an iterated plat wie supervision ‘stem, which witout te ne ofan adton sur ‘tories, open-circuit aad reversed pt wire, The basi rely i aleady designe! for an insulation level of SEY, wo tht aditonlsolatng ranafrmers extra the ely ae not equred May aerate arangements te pote i order ofall he varios spec seem ‘Transformer Differential Protection “Modern techniques hae opened th doo 0 nove o- Iuions which could not be achieved ing convene the phase group and rato of the power transformer be ompensted in oder atthe phase cumens on both Ser of the protected walt are comparable guaniee This vas achieved hither by using separate interposing Ee of conesponding rio and connected ager Sach inddual ape to Sut Ue plas pou of te power ‘tansforme. ‘A further imporant problem forthe sabi of the pelecton i the notion of e's de wo saturation henomena, Economie ensiderations have o be weghe punt sncesing primary sue Ue conse al ‘Sealy i the wasnty of large generators, when sg Ing them. In this respec. modern technologies in velsy “The noe of sloled sen sels for per tant formes capable of igh Fixer of 5 10 17 T igh ‘dul magnetism has ha an adverse effect on the ro- potion of second harmonice inthe inrsh erent ‘pie of thie i ha been posible to even increase the inrash stabil, thou epaely iuencig the seas {hy of he protection ding interal faults throuph theAiscover of new cteria which can be detected electen- call. [in Features ‘or the New Modures Differential Relay ‘Type DT 82, ‘Phase Group and Ratio Compensation Compenstion ofthe phate group ofthe transformer it achieved by appropriately selecting quantities anlage 0 {he pase current and serially adding or subuatng ‘hem in operational amples lble onthe frontline the relay ves the postions of he selector switches for ® particular phase group. The rely is univer app ‘able fora the uml phase gloups Ar the proecton ‘wring eternal to the els fe now the same irespecive of the phase roupconceroed the emtable iring mistakes rio aescinted wth phase roup compensation ae ‘ompletey eliminated. “To ilustate the new method of compensation, let wt coaider the example of a Ya transformer. “The phase group is compensated om the rsd ofthe \(_sfomer, te atthe hi-vollge winding. Te order to Fosate the carens 1 gre wath he crrent fe ad J. ‘on the lowsoltage se they have to be combed a a Tous Fig 2 Apart fom desving phasecophase quanti, i is necessary tdvideby (/S inthe ease of + sarki Uansformer to adjont he ampider of the current “There i alo foaiplate coretion for rao dsepan cies ofthe e's with a range of 12 i Sep of 8 fy ‘Whee the es have diferent secondary rated currents (eg lowvolage side 1A and hiphveltage de $A) itis only neces to sl the corres terminal a he ry Fas inputs for both Land $A. Asa rel ofthese fac J mucho the design wor ssodated with wansformer Leena protection has become supefvoue and se. tings can be determined atthe tine 6 commissoning ‘The conaecion gram the same for types fa Inentiveo C7: Sarton ‘The following mestures were devised o couse he in Auenes of et nonlinearity aed dering rysem ie “The input wansformers ofthe relay, which among other things provide de solauen, we eseily designed to (peal reduce the ample and time conta (approx Tins) of any dc component The easement ie Us largely insensitive to the log primary sem time com Sant and the diferent ine constant ofthe cu. scond "The ely alto incorporates “saturation detector, hich prowdes an addons! dcriminaingteon Cg fas imeditely ct saturation occur. Korte 2 ‘on the principle of deteiaing the instant when ifees- tal eurtens owing During tonmal seve or troup hal the ferntal crest wl be aero providing the ts transform comely. Saturauon oft &¢ can only ecaraout Sm le alt neption, ee peor othe ful there was restual magnetism ofthe et core. Ths sn unwaned difeenil caret i oly to be expat ser sbout me Tithe case ofan internal al thie ao, ate fow of itera corent and fault incidence ae se taneous Providing the set level of ferenal caren iceded and it ha been determined that both ett {Sd deena coments were owing at aut inden, ‘an be concladeduneguraly that ao item faut the cause: Subsequat sutton (Fig and 8) an have no further infuse, since the tipping command is erated within? ‘By making ue of hese relationships the c's eed only be designed for the anima rymmetia tough fale Improved In Scity Reslning the lay dng an ina crtent is based con fiterng and sapling is second harmon com onent. This is peformed Individually for each phase, but the whole relays locked as soon a the coven {04 proportion of neond harmonic i reached in anyone hase. The amousaf second harmonics cose is about 40 of the fundamental (30 of €0 Ha) (3) For extremely high intra! fault currents, for example whea swicng font a aul it ste important hat ripping ake place 1 quickly a pou, Therefore the iar cue Strat ibid above 15% Jy t beng sulfilent for {stone phase toric is evel (5 "To ensure stably ever ender most unfvourble ci cumstances when cerging 4 power transformer, the ‘mode of operation the ranifomer immediately prior {othe detection of afferent aren ial taken nto ‘count An uafnourble cirumaance easy for ‘ample when the base of heft halomve of ach3 Awe a0 aan wt Q = omimdan creo ‘erent with some wansformers is as much as 280° or S00, ch slates fondamental frequency of 37 ot ir No nema ite tuned othe second harmonic of ‘stm equeey (90 of 60 Ha) cn possibly commence 10 ‘onl and yneatea blocking seal i ime wn sup plied with seh ap input signal. Maloperaon of high: peed relay unavoidable unless an anal erteron for superming operstion of the transformer (wheter merged or tenga) since’. ‘A citerion ofthis Kind i fest of the DTS2; ii only eectve during the energising process. Fast Relay Operation ‘The character of operating time versus al curent ‘tthe DT: wat shoren to gv the best stabi Tor ‘hough fauls and fast operation atthe higher internal Fault cunt levels Operating ties of 30 0 sare to be expected op to internal fal currents of 1 8/y; he enstty to pose spurious interference i ths re (dead in he Fang whete the inoence of the estat 2, SRO grscemema fob AAA A caren sl only tight Faulk currents above 1S are ‘tipped in nly 10 ms The DT92 therefore combines igh abity with highspeed operation, ging Ue correc em ‘hase to cch where tis of eomaquence Rely Behaviour Under Chal Tet Conditions “The DT92 relay wat ese onthe BBC high-power ne ‘work alae thigh cen upt0 100% J, van {even tie consents and wh exeene ct saturation. Both through faults and internal faults were salted, Staged anus stably exe were conducted om actual power system ivoing merging, wansfomecs and Sypetroncur motors wih oft primary carents and ‘Allerg main et ratios Figwe J shows a hey ol-t through fl carat of so. One st of ctr wat ade to addsnaly St fate by incessing the burden, The occurence of 2 i= ferential caren J, alters delay is clearly visible O and th the comet behaviour of the rely troupbout theFigured shows an internal (alt under the same com sions (0 Fa) whe tiping ake place wide 10 Tigres wat focrded during an internal Talk wth gonsderble offset and ct. stration, but at a eaney OM arent of Sf In pte of the unfavourable cone sobintion, whee alter tviching the ssypehronous ‘motos flowing an interruption ofthe supply. the on- lions fr the diferent vlaye were partly ad fous. The primary currents were fly lft and there Sere no aro cong for 2 period vp 1 200 me The be Tavour cf the main es wat inconsistent and ape d= ere! errent op 191-8 ly scouted, In spt ofthe fact hat he relay wat et othe mot env Bas vale ‘of 208 (027), ota single maloperaion wa recorded hroupron ie Sees ess Reley Deion ‘The hphspeed, tree phase waslormer diferent say ype DT92 comprises standard modus factions, TAY plored by iotgrated crete Mechanically. Fg Saale coe tom isa plugin vit ine standard divsons wide for ise ion in 218" rac. The vec canbe eller mounted in = ‘bile orn a svieal easing, When inthe cing, & ide. converter NFOD with 2 rating of 25 W and @ wd ‘6¢ thre vont fr neque fer the asuary SUoppy ofthe vl. The rely and supply unit can be a ‘Commodated oper ins cating tnelve doion nde, "The aueary tripping relay mounted st te rear of ‘he DT92 unit and fas three normaly-ope contact con- ted to teinals The cuenta tipping srt are ‘coneced to the extemal wag via tno Beay current ‘onnectrs: When inthe easing, thi wring foc 10st ‘tterminal located underesth the casing Apart Tron the stings there ae aoe tet sockets on the fooiplae ofthe vely, which enable he curets the toe phases and any fleet currents wich ‘might be present tobe measured a any tine, Pilot Wire Protection Pot wire protection isin tense the sppiction ofthe erential principle to the proeston of overad Kes Md foie cn Osetra et Bremen Bik orm oom @ stern os mn oie @ 90 © © © eo =)and cables, Where wo redundant protein schemes are ‘Sundard practice, plot wie proton i fequety the Dralle scheme to distance protection fr the shorts Tins. In some counties, fr example Erland and Avs ttl predominser ar main protection st medium vale ‘ge Prevous practice ss well ab econome and technical ‘Consideration have a Bearing on the eho of pot wie Protection. Thee as lio been intense development ac Hs i His leld which as produced a wide varity of ‘Siferent schemes. The) ae tll howeve, based ob the Principle af either cute comparison or vellape cor paison. Probes Azeciated Wik Pils Wire Powction “The Inia problem lit in the fact that equipment ‘sopraphsaly separate leations requis a commun Longitudinal induce vltges inthe plot wires 252 rent f Tall eurtents in adacent primary este ‘ite an appropri nslton level 6 Theafluence of the capacitance Between the pts oF fatber the capac tne curete they cave. invaay dius the ema fon ofthe curents or voltage messed atthe nds of ¢ line and mast be compensate. Silay. the veltage drop atross he resistor of the pos as tobe ake a ‘Shunt Belore ste comparison canbe made "The rlyeisalod mth two en 9 Hine mast be abieto istngaish quite definitly between an inter nda though lal eve i the ecformance ofthe css Unbalanced and load caren is akg alt measure. rent ie in sme cats the pt wires ae rented rom the pst silo and re subj fo iret manu ales of volage (eg. 73 V rms in England). The elas ust therefore be ‘tipped tonite voltage scordingly there isa power traaforme i hee heelys smut incade an trash resi feature. This, however, fan notte ite ofthe usual kind, bese a he vl elmer, and new solstion ao Be found By making ase ofa the poses lee by soi state echoes, ah afempt met mde to devel 2 plot sir relay, which spt from being able operate under OQ - visi nine andes Frnt Glico the above conditions is more flexible in aplication and asa shorter operating ime (spprot 20%). The st Signifianinnotauons aedued to achieve this aim are ‘eserbed below New Features Which Characterize the BBC Pilot Wire Relay. fof the Modures Series Type DLT Votege Comparton Using Trt Po Corer [BBC have fr many yeas had postive experience with voltage comparison uring etromeshancal rly, nd ‘erfoe deride to adhere to ts prioiple when devi the salt scheme New i the se of hee plo srs o prom he lage sonar, Too tle poronal ‘othe remote caren, are compared by the eave at cach end ofthe line (ig) The use of tice it cores bat the advantage that the plot integrity can Ee ipersised with the sence caren, thre bung no eed of an aur supernion supply source. “The DLOI (Fig) i three-phase protection device, but only a singlephate measurement performed. The Summation et wie spt of the ip etek ofthe Feay combines the curens ofthe three phases 10 8 Snple-phse caren, “The summation 1 has to primary windings having several ping for /A and A ratings. The normal alls ff the primary coonecuon 1s RS'ST-T-O= 11:3. ‘Through a alieaive connection of lnk, this es be hanged 91:23 aratio whieh must be used where ete fe sar‘ wanstormer nthe ln. hs were nt, the isk would et of» phasetosphas nea al ot Ting detected A consequence of he summation 1 6 {he vuying senainy ofthe protection depending on he id off and thr an be apoter reason for Seleng ‘healterave ato “The input cei of the DL is inlated for SAV, be. ‘he isolating transformer fr this vllage level spat of ‘he ay If ought hat earth fel caren ight {nde higher voltaen further interposing lating ane former efor 1S kV) mos be ncaa. ° 2Conpontengthe Characeiesof the Pit Wires, ‘The capaciunce disbuted slog the pilot wrt cases charging crn and thee in tor ete pe ad plitude ers ofthe vlage being received athe remote Depending onthe grometcl arangemeat and te Sbnance bewnen the two stations, the carci of {he plots eanthus have an appreciable tert onthe gual hyottheschene "Tolima thi problem, there are wo tings onthe front ofthe DLT marked wih Rad g wilh whch he ‘ollage drop and phase hit ofthe pilots can be compen Sate or exes theres a hum! uch with ton po- ‘tions for the permite values Of plot wie resistin snd eapactance (Pip 9) uit Overcurrent Chck ond Bac Up Rely ‘An ovecuren check mesure i interated in the sel rei I iakes st current from he esondary of he fommation ct and there are thee values to whch i can terse The baltin ovreurent heck Is adequate Tor ‘ost applications ut isso pole fo witch 1 42 (prema check relay. Apt fom icing as 2 chek fs "te overcurrent unt, topes witha Uier hang 3 anitble setting, can alo provide back-up protection “Two eaily accesible interna sven enable hee fe tion to be combined in diferent ways (ae Table) ‘very vecurent cock fly, bebe internal ore ternal must havea stg Higher han the maximise vice corten. This setting mus ale take account of the Feet rato ofthe relay to ensure tt ca eset ould Some bet surge current esse tock vp drng nora Fe) Conese DLS omg he sane service I fault currents below rated curent can osu, an ternal underimpedance relay Bas o ake ovr the hack ‘non “Tere are four inputs evable for external check relays that separate measurements ofthe phase andre ‘Sal crvent canbe dirently connected othe ela. “The alemative arangements of the acheme which do ol employ a check measurement (ce Table ae ot 10 esecommended since fault on the pt we il ip there. ro coho ~ ee bee > pS, {ao aes: sae ee a aaa =I‘ioe Wire Superson For schemes involving a check measurement «pilot faci generates Trontplae signal and exter sel lle fined ine deny of three seconds Tipping i re ‘ented bythe check etre 'A owt differential witige sopervsin sit, which operates at a sence cuent of aly 053 ly, detent Shorted, opersieit or eversed pos. ‘Operation when Pots Are Tact. “The volape comparison principle sing tre pot wire ores which conduct cent cotinuowly under normal Serie conditions, makes t posse to supers the {egy of the lt ith resvely simple meane The way the superdsonfunclon cn be se rom Faure 10,11 ma Figs 10 shows the restionships doing normal sr vice, The currents of the two outer cores A and B are ‘ou fam J) The cone core € conduc he sm the the outer cents Ue = yy). Dand refer to the relays atthe oo ends of the be The vlags sees the ‘Comparison resistors ae equal and in oppesion. Shoe-Cieit Between Cores Assuming a shor-icit between the cente and one ofthe outer cores (Cte Aor C to B) on or both ofthe Superson Grcuts wil pickup depending onthe resi ‘noe of the pilots andthe locaton of the fault When ‘nly one picks op hii the rlay which ha let the ‘volage rb the opposite end (ig 14 fora fal © [Besse | e to A, relay @ and fra felt Cte Belay DQ eters {othe volage generated by thee erent ‘A'shorcereuit between both ote cores wil cause sick of both soperiion cls (Fg 12). The vl Interption of Pit Wire Core ‘An interupion in the centre core (Je = 0) rests in te perison cet in both eye pling up n= p= 0), When an interruption oot fn an Over ‘tor tbe supervision cei of ob ly picks up Openscitsitcore A: relay D picks wp OpemcivcitcoreB: relay O pecs op Revered Pit Wie Cores Shou pilot wire cores become reversed eg. A with B ‘or with C, both ray wllalways pick up rebar of thereristnceof th pte Volage Linton and rach Restraint “To avoid excessively high vlags betwee the plots during severe though elt, cement in the DUST init ‘he maximum vlage to about 100V. Tis vlge st fer replaton in romber of counties Liming he ‘eilage alo benefits he desig ofthe trssormers the ‘ey reducing its overal dimensions ‘disadvantage however tat it no longs possible ‘3 ‘nonsinaoial dled rng a cra a, {nd thus conan second harmonic components which ‘ould esa the relay when shoal tp For this ‘von. hein sao the DUST has cured Pendent timestep characeritc which is ony oper {non when eens wasformr, Reley Behaviour During Seere Trough Fs “The relay mut rein sable dung through ale and reliably inp the instant an internal fault cosa, even Stken menarement is made fel bye. strationTo fl this basic requirement and aio to lower the limit en permissblec. performance, he relay design cludes aspecal stration detest. The enables the rely (inthe same way asthe DT92) to dings Betwecn et. ‘avon during trough fal and Ging on internal he rom the oscloam of Fig 14 can be seen that, satiation af the atone endothe rote line 0 Eure during a houh fault of 50% Ia In apt of the resling ero produced by thi cts the protection fe rnned sable, Wis only necesay to desig the min to conduct ‘he masimam smmirical fault caveat witoot stu ing Wis pt necessary to inerense tee Because of he {4 component inthe alc catet Rely Dei ‘The summation ct wth ite 1A and $A windings and ‘he 5k lating wanslermer make up ihe any cuet sembly ofthe relay. On the fronilate are te pot wie onpention sonal, the timer sting fou vibe fal ad measuring jacks Tor connecting an instrument Jacks enable the voltages derived from the lc ou. A.ctnd om the remote caren and suo the euhing Aifeenial voltage tobe mestred “The plugin relay wit ae 2 wa of nine divisions and apart from the easy erent asm eummation et BBC re and olson tansfomes bas User printed circuit boards containing the electron crete sad fonpate ontrls and signals Tt ean be accommodated 12 Fucks mounted in ebileso individual cng Ta the Splat version with jst the ray and a2 nuary soppy unit re divisions wade, he cate need oly be ‘weve dias wide forthe protection ine lm Bibliography IPMagne Sates «mo rt 2 Soma Cl oye 6 Ae, Mapai AF tar ah cart te Se Hemp am Dope Ee 9 Brown, Boveri & Company, Lt, CH-5401 Baden/Switzeiand