C++ CONTROL

STRUCTURES

Slide credit to MELJUN CORTES

Revised by I.S SHEHU
Lecture Presentations: Object-Oriented Programming I (CPT 211)
(2014/2015)
 Objectives
• At the end of the chapter the students
should be able to:
– Know what control structures mean in C++
and why it’s important in writing programs
– Describe the different control structures in
C++
– Create programs using the different
conditional structures
– Create programs using the different loop
structures
– Differentiate and use counters and
accumulators
– Differentiate and use the break and continue
statements
 What are control structures
• Just like in other object-oriented
programming languages the idea of control
structures has to do with the use of
expression(s) to control the flow of
execution in a program
• The expression(s) enables us to control the
behavior of our program like what kind of
function it will perform, when it will terminate
or continue under certain circumstances or
conditions.
Why do we need to understand
control structures?
• We need to understand control structures
because it enables a programmer to write
dynamic or sophisticated programs that;
– Executes statement(s) depending on some
condition (s).
– Allows a statement or group of statements to
be executed several times…
• All programs use control structures to
implement the program logic.
 Other words for Control
Structures you may come
across
• Program structures
• Program control statements
• Program flow statements
• Control flow statements
 Relational Operators
• The expressions which determine
– Selection or
– Repetition are usually comparisons
• Comparisons are done with relational
operators

Beware of mistaking
the assignment = for
the equality ==

6
 Relational Operators
Examples:
Expression Meaning Value
8 < 15 8 is less than 15 true
6 != 6 6 is not equal to 6 false

2.5 > 5.8 2.5 is greater than 5.8 false

5.9 <= 7.5 5.9 is less than or

equal to 7.5 true

7
 Logical (Boolean) Operators
• Logical or Boolean operators enable you to
combine logical expressions
A unary operator

Binary operators

• Operands must be logical values

• The results are logical values (true or false)

8
 Logical (Boolean) Operators
• The && operator (logical and)
– If both operands are true, the result is true
– If either or both operands is false, the comparison is
false
• The || operator (logical or)
– If either or both of the operands are true, the
comparison is true
– The comparison is false only if both operands are false
• The ! operator (logical not)
– The not operator reverses the logical value of the one
operand 9
 3 Basic Control Structures
There are three types of Control Structures
1. Sequence
2. Selection/Conditional/Decision
3. Looping/ Repetition/ Iteration
 1. Sequential Structure
• Default structure in programming
– statements are executed one after another in
the order of their appearance in the source
code, i.e. execute first statement, then second
statement, then third statement, etc
– Example:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
int a = 5; //first statement
int b = 6; //Second statement
int sum; //Third statement

sum = a+b; //fourth statement

cout<<sum; //fifth statement
}
 2. Conditional Structure
• Selection structure in programming
– execute statements depending on some condition
– It is organized in such a way that there is always a
condition or a comparison of two expressions that has
to be evaluated first, which will decide the course of
action of the program
– In C++, the condition will either evaluate to a boolean
value true or false, or integer values 1(for true) or
0(for false)
– types
• if statement
– simple if statement
– simple if-else statement
– nested if-else statements
• switch-case statement
 THE SIMPLE if STATEMENT
• The syntax for the if statement is as follows:
if (<expression>)
<statement>;
OR
if (<expression>)
{
<statement1>;
<statement2>;
…
<statementN>;
}

• The value of <expression> is evaluated first, if it results

to a non-zero or true value, then <statement> is
executed. If <expression> results to a zero or false
value, then the program flow jumps to the next statement
after the if structure.
 THE SIMPLE if STATEMENT
(continued…)
• There are some important things we must
remember in using the if structure:
– The expression must always be enclosed within a pair
of parentheses; forgetting the parentheses will result
into a syntax error.
– If there is more than one statement that needs to be
executed when the condition is non-zero or true, then
these statements must be grouped in a pair of curly
brackets.
– Do not place a semi-colon (;) after the <expression>
for this will cause a logical error.
 Example #1
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()
{
// declare variable num
int num;

// input a value for num

cout << "Input an integer value: ";
cin >> num;

// test if num value is positive

if (num > 0)
cout << num << " is POSITIVE\n";
}
 Example #2
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()
{
int num;

cout << "Input an integer value: ";

cin >> num;

// test if num value is even

if (num % 2 == 0)
cout << num << " is an even number.\n";
}
 Example #3
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()
{
int month;

cout << "Input month (1-12): ";

cin >> month;

if (month == 3 || month == 4 || month == 5)

cout << "It is summer season.\n";
if (month == 6 || month == 7 || month == 8 || month == 9 || month == 10)
cout << "It is rainy season.\n";
if (month == 11 || month == 12 || month == 1 || month == 2)
cout << "It is cold season.\n";
}
 THE SIMPLE if-else STATEMENT
• The syntax for the if-else statement is as follows:
if (<expression>)
<statement-1>;
else
<statement-2>;
• Like in the simple if statement, the value of
<expression> is evaluated first, if it results to a
non-zero or a true value, then <statement-1> is
executed. Otherwise, if it is evaluated as zero or
false, then the else part, i.e., <statement-2> is
executed.
 Example
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()
{
int num;

cout << "Input an integer value: ";

cin >> num;

if (num >= 0) // assume 0 is Positive

cout << num << " is POSITIVE\n";
else
cout << num << " is NEGATIVE\n";
}
 THE NESTED if-else STATEMENT

• Since if-else statements are statements by

themselves, they can actually be used as
statement(s) inside an if-else statement.
• We will refer to this construction as nested
if-else statements.
 Example #1
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()
{
int num;

cout << "Input an integer value: ";

cin >> num;

if (num > 0)
cout << num << " is POSITIVE\n";
else
if (num < 0)
cout << num << " is NEGATIVE\n";
else
cout << num << " is ZERO\n";
}
 Example #2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
int scores;
cout<<"enter scores: ";
cin>>scores;

if (scores>=70)
cout<<"A";
else
if(scores>=60)
cout<<"B";
else
if(scores>=50)
cout<<"C";
else
if(scores>=45)
cout<<"D";
else
if(scores>=40)
cout<<"E";
else
cout<<"F";
}
 CASCADED if-else STATEMENT
• If nesting is carried out to too deep a level and indenting is not
consistent then deeply nested if-else statements can be
confusing to read and interpret.
• Thus, a more consistent layout based on the syntax below is
used, which we can also refer to as cascaded if-else
statement:
if ( condition1 )
statement1 ;
else if ( condition2 )
statement2 ;
...
else if ( condition-n )
statement-n ;
else
statement-e ;
 Example #2
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()
{
int num;

cout << "Input an integer value: ";

cin >> num;

if (num > 0)
cout << num << " is POSITIVE\n";
else if (num < 0)
cout << num << " is NEGATIVE\n";
else
cout << num << " is ZERO\n";
}
 Example #3
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()
{
int month;

cout << "Input month (1-12): ";

cin >> month;

if (month == 3 || month == 4 || month == 5)

cout << "It is summer season.\n";
else if (month == 6 || month == 7 || month == 8 || month == 9 || month == 10)
cout << "It is rainy season.\n";
else if (month == 11 || month == 12 || month == 1 || month == 2)
cout << "It is cold season.\n";
else
cout<<“wrong month entered.\n”;
}
 THE switch-case STATEMENT
• The switch-case is a good alternative to cascading if-else
statements. The syntax for the switch-case statement is as follows:
switch(<expression>)
{
case <label-1> : <statement-1>;
[break;]
case <label-2> : <statement-2>;
[break;]
…
case <label-n>: <statement-n>;
[break]
[default : <statement-d>; ]
}
• The expression may be an integer or character variable or, as the
name suggests, an expression that evaluates to an integer or a
character value
– the use of float and double data type values will result into an error.
– The <expression> is evaluated and the value compared is with each of
the case labels. The case labels must have the same type as the
<expression> and they must all be different.
– If a match is found between the selector and one of the case labels, say
<label-1>, then the statement from <statement-1> will be executed. The
same applies to other cases.
• The [break] statement is optional.
– If it is present, it will cause the program to “break” or “jump” out of the
switch-case, and to execute the next statement following switch-case.
– If the break is not present, it will cause the program to execute the
statement in the following case, i.e., <statement- 2> above, causing a
waterfall effect, the same behavior applies to the other cases.
• If the value of the expression does not match with any of the case
labels then the statement <statement-d> associated with [default] is
executed.
– The [default] is optional but it should only be left out if it is certain that
the expression will always take the value of one of the case labels.
• Note that the statement associated with a case label can be a single
statement or a sequence of statements (without being enclosed in
curly brackets).
 Example #1
#include <iostream> case 6: cout << "It is rainy season.\n";
break;
using namespace std; case 7: cout << "It is rainy season.\n";
break;
main() case 8: cout << "It is rainy season.\n";
{ break;
int month;
case 9: cout << "It is rainy season.\n";
cout << "Input month (1-12): ";
break;
cin >> month;
switch(month)
case 10: cout << "It is rainy season.\n";
{ break;
case 1: cout << "It is cold season.\n"; case 11: cout << "It is cold season.\n";
break; break;
case 2: cout << "It is cold season.\n"; case 12: cout << "It is cold season.\n";
break; break;
case 3: cout << "It is summer season.\n"; default:
break; cout<<“"Input month out of
case 4: cout << "It is summer season.\n"; range”;
break; }
case 5: cout << "It is summer season.\n"; }
break;
 “Waterfall Effect” Example
#include <iostream> case 6:
case 7:
using namespace std; case 8:
case 9:
main() case 10: cout << "It is rainy season.\n";
{ break;
int month; default:
cout << "Input month: "; cout << "Input month out of range.\n";
cin >> month; }
switch(month) }
{
case 1:
case 2:
case 11:
case 12:
cout << "It is cold season.\n";
break;
case 3:
case 4:
case 5:
cout << "It is summer season.\n";
break;
 3. Looping Structure
• Repetition structure in programming
– A loop is a control structure that allows a statement or
a group of statements to be executed several times.
– Components:
• initialization of a variable or of several variables.
• condition (that would evaluate to either true or false); the
condition check is usually made on the current value of the
variable initialized in (1) above
• body (which maybe a single statement or a group of
statements)
• a change of state which is usually a statement inside the
body of the loop that changes the contents of the variable(s)
– There are three types of loop control structures in
C++, namely:
• for loop
• while loop
• do-while loop
 THE for STATEMENT
• The for loop is the most compact looping structure.
• In this structure, all loop components are defined separately.
• The syntax of a for loop is as follows:

for ([initialization]; [condition]; [change of state])

<statement>;

• Based on the syntax presented above, the for loop is executed as

follows:
1. Perform the <initialization>
2. Check the <condition>. If it is true, execute the <statement>.
Otherwise, exit the for loop.
3. Perform <change the state>, usually an increment or decrement
operation. Go back to step (2).
 Note that <statement> can be a single or a block of statements.
If what we have is the latter, we need to enclose the block of
statements in a pair of curly brackets, i.e., {}.
 Example #1
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()
{
int ctr; // initialize counter

// start of the for loop structure

for (ctr = 1; ctr <= 5; ctr++)
// statement under for loop
cout << "Jose Rizal University\n";
}
 Example #2
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()
{
int ctr;

for (ctr = 10; ctr > 0; ctr--)

cout << ctr << endl;
}
 THE while STATEMENT
• The syntax for the while loop is as follows:

<initialization>;
while (<expression>)
<statement>;

• Observe that in the while syntax, we did not include the <change of
state>, simply because it is written as part of the <statement>.
• This implies that the <change of state> can be written at the
beginning, in the middle or at the last line of <statement>.
• Note that <statement> can be a single or a block of statements. If
what we have is the latter, we need to enclose the block of
statements in a pair of curly brackets, i.e., {}.
 Example #1
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()
{
int ctr;

ctr = 1; // initialization
while (ctr <= 5) // conditional check
{
cout << "Jose Rizal University\n";
ctr++; // change of state
}
}
 Example #2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

main()
{
int ctr;

ctr = 2; // initialization
while (ctr <= 20) // conditional check
{
cout << ctr << "\n";
ctr = ctr + 2; // change of state
}
}
 Example #3
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void main(void)
{
int ctr;
int num;

ctr = 1;
while (ctr <= 10)
{
cout << "Input integer number " << ctr << ": ";
cin >> num;
cout << "Integer number " << ctr << "= " << num << "\n";
ctr++;
}
}
 THE do-while STATEMENT
• The syntax for a do-while loop is as follows:

<initialization>;
do
<statement>;
while (<expression>);

• <statement> is going to be executed as long as <expression>

results into a condition that evaluates to true (or 1). If it evaluates to
false (or 0), then the processing of the loop is terminated and the
statement after the while loop is executed next.
• It is important to note that since <expression> is tested at the end of
the loop, <statement> will be executed at least once.
 Example #1
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()
{
int ctr;

ctr = 0; // initialization

do // body of the loop

{
cout << "Jose Rizal University\n";
ctr++; // change of state
} while (ctr < 5); // condition
}
 Example #2
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()
{
int num=10;

do
{
cout << num << "\n";
num--;
} while (num > 0);
}
 Counters and Accumulators
• A counter is a variable that is used to keep
track of the count (as the name suggest)
of a certain group of items. Usually,
– its data type is int
– it is initialized to a value of 0
– incremented by 1 inside a loop
 Example (Counter)
main()
{
int ctr; // this is for the loop counter
int num; // this is for the input value
int ctr_positive; // this is for the counter

ctr_positive = 0; // initialization of counter

for (ctr = 1; ctr <= 10; ctr++)

{
cout << "Input integer number " << ctr << ": ";
cin >> num;

// count the positive

if (num > 0)
ctr_positive = ctr_positive + 1;
}

cout << "Positive Numbers = " << ctr_positive << endl;

}
 Counters and Accumulators
(continued…)
• An accumulator is a variable that is used
to keep track of the accumulated value of
a certain group of items. An accumulator
– may have a data type of int, float or double
– it is usually initialized to a value of 0
– changes by assuming the sum of the current
value of the accumulator and the value of
another variable
 Example (Accumulator)
main()
{
int ctr; // this is for the loop counter
int num; // this is for the input value
int sum; // this is for the accumulator

sum = 0; // initialization

for (ctr = 1; ctr <= 10; ctr++)

{
cout << "Input integer number " << ctr << ": ";
cin >> num;
sum = sum + num; // accumulate sum of all inputs
}

cout << "The sum of the integers is " << sum << "\n";
}
break and continue Statements
• break
– We have already seen the use of the break
statement when we discussed the switch-
case statement.
– There is actually no difference in the
semantics if being used in a loop structure.
– If executed, it terminates the loop structure
that contains it.
 Example (break)
main()
{
int num; // this is for the input value
int sum; // this is for the accumulator

sum = 0; // initialization

for (;;) // this will result into an infinite loop

{
cout << "Input an integer: ";
cin >> num;

if (num == 0) // checks if input is 0

break; // breaks out of the loop

sum = sum + num; // accumulate sum of all inputs

}

cout << "The sum of the integers is " << sum << "\n";
}
break and continue Statements
(continued…)
• continue
– can only used inside loops.
– When executed, it transfers control to the
<change of state> statement of the for loop
and, and to the <expression> part of the while
or do-while loop skipping any statements that
follow it.
 Example (continue)
main()
{
int ctr; // this is for the loop counter
int sum; // this is for the accumulator

sum = 0; // initialization

for (ctr =1; ctr<=10; ctr++)

{
if (ctr % 2 == 0) // checks if ctr is divisible by 2
continue; // jumps to next iteration of ctr

sum = sum + ctr; // accumulate sum of odd numbers

}

cout << "The sum of the integers is " << sum << "\n";
}
 Practical Exercises #1
Question 1: Quarters in a year:
• {Jan-March = 1st}
• {April-Jun = 2nd }
• {July-Sept = 3rd }
• {Oct-Dec = 4th }
Write a nested if – else statements to
make selections between the quarters
Write an alternative switch-case to make
selections within the quarters
 Practical Exercises #2
Question 2: Write a program to countdown
using; (i.e 10-1)
1. while-loop
2. For loop
3. Do while loop
 Reference Text
• Robert Lafore, Object oriented
programming in C++. Fourth edition, Sams
publishing, 2002.