DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES

QUESTION BANK

Course: Communicative English

Course Code: 22ENG16 Credits: 1

L: P: T: 1:0:0 CIE Marks: 50

Exam Hours: 2 Hrs SEE Marks: 50

UNIT -1 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

1) Define communication. Explain the types of communication in detail.

Communication refers to the exchange of information, ideas, and thoughts between two
or more people or entities. Effective communication is essential for building
relationships, expressing oneself clearly, and achieving mutual understanding.
Communication can take many different forms, including verbal, nonverbal and visual.

There are several types of communication, including:

1) Verbal Communication: Verbal communication involves the use of spoken or

written words to convey a message. This type of communication can be either
face-to-face or remote, such as over the phone, video conferencing, or instant
messaging. Verbal communication is often used in business, education, and
personal settings.

2) Nonverbal Communication: Nonverbal communication refers to the use of body

language, facial expressions, and other physical cues to convey a message. This
type of communication can be intentional or unintentional and can include
gestures, posture, eye contact, and tone of voice.

3) Visual Communication: Visual communication involves the use of images, videos,

and other visual aids to convey a message. This type of communication can be
either static, such as infographics or photographs, or dynamic, such as videos or
 animations. Visual communication is often used in advertising, marketing, and
education.

2) Elaborate how Non-verbal communication is more effective compared to

Verbal communication.

Non-verbal communication, also known as body language, is a powerful means of

communication that is often more effective than verbal communication. Non-verbal
communication involves the use of facial expressions, gestures, posture, and other
physical cues to convey a message. Here are some reasons why non-verbal
communication can be more effective than verbal communication:

1. Universality: Non-verbal communication is a universal language that can be

understood by people of different cultures and languages. For example, a smile is
a universally recognized gesture that conveys happiness or friendliness,
regardless of the language spoken.
2. Emotion: Non-verbal communication can convey emotion more effectively than
words. For example, a hug or a pat on the back can express feelings of love,
affection, or congratulations more effectively than words.
3. Subtlety: Non-verbal communication can convey subtle nuances that words
cannot. For example, a raised eyebrow or a frown can convey skepticism or
disapproval more effectively than words.
4. Consistency: Non-verbal communication is often more consistent with a person's
true feelings and intentions than verbal communication. For example, a person
may say that they are happy, but their facial expression or body language may
indicate otherwise.
5. Context: Non-verbal communication is often more appropriate for certain
contexts than verbal communication. For example, a pat on the back or a thumbs
up may be more appropriate than words of encouragement in a noisy
environment.

In summary, non-verbal communication is a powerful means of communication that can

be more effective than verbal communication in certain contexts. By understanding and
using non-verbal communication effectively, individuals can improve their
communication skills and achieve their goals more effectively.
3) Distinguish between formal and informal communication. Describe the

channels of formal communication in an organization.

Formal communication refers to the official communication channels established by an

organization for the purpose of transmitting information, instructions, and feedback.
This type of communication is often planned, structured, and documented. In contrast,
informal communication refers to communication that occurs spontaneously and
outside of the official channels.

Here are some key differences between formal and informal communication:

1. Structure: Formal communication is structured and follows a set of rules and

procedures. Informal communication is less structured and more spontaneous.
2. Purpose: Formal communication is used to transmit official information,
instructions, and feedback. Informal communication is used to build relationships,
socialize, and exchange personal information.
3. Channels: Formal communication follows official channels of communication,
such as memos, emails, reports, and meetings. Informal communication can take
place through casual conversations, social events, or social media.
4. Tone: Formal communication is typically more professional and impersonal in
tone. Informal communication is more casual and personal in tone.

In an organization, formal communication channels can take many different forms,

including:

1. Downward communication: This type of communication flows from the top of the
organizational hierarchy to the bottom. It is used to transmit instructions, policies,
and goals from management to employees.
2. Upward communication: This type of communication flows from the bottom of
the organizational hierarchy to the top. It is used to transmit feedback,
suggestions, and concerns from employees to management.
3. Horizontal communication: This type of communication is among employees of
same level of hierarchy.
4. Diagonal communication: This type of communication flows between different
levels and departments within the organization. It is used to facilitate
collaboration, decision-making, and problem-solving.

4) Communication is a complex process- Convince.

Communication is indeed a complex process that involves many different components,
each of which can affect the overall outcome. Here are some reasons why
communication is a complex process:

1. Multiple components: Communication involves many different components,

including the sender, the message, the medium, the receiver, and the context.
Each of these components can affect the overall outcome of the communication.
2. Interpersonal dynamics: Communication is a social process that involves
interpersonal dynamics, such as power, status, and culture. These dynamics can
affect how the message is perceived and interpreted by the receiver.
3. Language and meaning: Language is a complex system of symbols that can have
multiple meanings depending on the context and the receiver's interpretation.
This can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunication.
4. Feedback and noise: Communication involves feedback from the receiver, which
can affect the sender's subsequent messages. However, noise, such as
distractions or interference, can also affect the communication process.
5. Emotional factors: Communication can be influenced by emotional factors, such
as mood, attitude, and motivation. These factors can affect the sender's message
and the receiver's response.
6. Technology: Advances in technology have made communication more complex
by introducing new media and channels, such as social media, email, and video
conferencing. Each of these channels has its own strengths and weaknesses that
can affect the communication process.

In summary, communication is a complex process that involves many different

components and is influenced by interpersonal dynamics, language and meaning,
feedback and noise, emotional factors, and technology. By understanding these
complexities, individuals can improve their communication skills and achieve better
outcomes in their personal and professional lives.

5) Describe the different stages in the process of communication

The process of communication can be broken down into several stages, each of which
plays a critical role in ensuring that the message is transmitted effectively and
accurately. Here are the typical stages in the process of communication:

1. Sender has an idea or message: The communication process begins when the
sender has an idea or message that they want to convey to the receiver.
2. Encoding the message: The sender encodes the message into a form that can be
transmitted, such as words, images, or gestures.
 3. Selecting the channel: The sender selects the channel through which the message
will be transmitted, such as verbal, written, or non-verbal.
4. Transmitting the message: The sender transmits the message through the chosen
channel to the receiver.
5. Receiving the message: The receiver receives the message through the chosen
channel and decodes it into a form that they can understand.
6. Understanding the message: The receiver tries to understand the message by
interpreting the words, images, or gestures used by the sender.
7. Providing feedback: The receiver provides feedback to the sender to indicate that
they have received and understood the message. This feedback can be verbal,
written, or non-verbal.
8. Clarifying the message: If the receiver does not understand the message, they
may seek clarification from the sender.
9. Responding to the message: The receiver responds to the message by providing
their own message or idea, which then becomes the next step in the
communication process.

It is important to note that these stages are not always linear or sequential. The
communication process can be influenced by a variety of factors, including noise,
emotions, and cultural differences, which can affect how the message is transmitted and
received. However, by understanding the different stages in the communication process,
individuals can improve their communication skills and achieve better outcomes in their
personal and professional lives.

6) Mention the barriers which affect successful communication.

There are several barriers that can affect successful communication, and these can be
classified into four categories:

1. Physical barriers: Physical barriers refer to factors such as distance, noise, and
physical obstacles that can interfere with communication. Examples of physical
barriers include loud music, poor acoustics, and obstacles such as walls or
partitions.
2. Psychological barriers: Psychological barriers refer to factors such as emotions,
attitudes, and perceptions that can affect how the message is received and
understood. Examples of psychological barriers include anxiety, fear, mistrust, and
preconceptions.
3. Semantic barriers: Semantic barriers refer to factors such as language, jargon, and
cultural differences that can interfere with communication. Examples of semantic
barriers include using technical jargon that is not understood by the receiver,
 cultural differences that affect the meaning of words, and language barriers that
make it difficult for people who speak different languages to communicate
effectively.
4. Organizational barriers: Organizational barriers refer to factors such as
hierarchical structures, policies, and procedures that can affect communication.
Examples of organizational barriers include a lack of communication channels,
unclear responsibilities, and conflicting goals.

Some specific examples of barriers that can affect successful communication include:

• Poor listening skills

• Inappropriate use of language or tone
• Stereotyping or prejudice
• Lack of trust or respect
• Time constraints
• Information overload
• Distractions or interruptions
• Cultural differences
• Power differentials

By recognizing these barriers and taking steps to overcome them, individuals and
organizations can improve their communication skills and achieve better outcomes in
their personal and professional lives.

7) Cultural factors influence communication - Justify.

Culture plays a significant role in influencing communication because it shapes the way
people perceive, interpret, and respond to messages. Here are some ways in which
cultural factors can influence communication:

1. Language: Language is a critical component of culture, and the words and

phrases used in a particular language can have different meanings and
connotations depending on the cultural context. For example, in some cultures,
indirect language is preferred over direct language, which can lead to
misunderstandings when communicating with people from other cultures.
2. Nonverbal communication: Nonverbal communication, such as gestures, facial
expressions, and body language, can vary widely across cultures. For example, in
some cultures, direct eye contact is a sign of respect, while in others, it may be
seen as a sign of aggression.
 3. Communication style: Different cultures have different communication styles,
ranging from high-context to low-context. In a high-context culture, much of the
message is conveyed through nonverbal cues and contextual information, while
in a low-context culture, the message is conveyed primarily through the words
used.
4. Values and beliefs: Cultural values and beliefs can influence how people
communicate and what messages are considered important or appropriate. For
example, in some cultures, direct confrontation is avoided, while in others, it is
seen as a necessary part of resolving conflicts.
5. Power dynamics: Power dynamics, such as hierarchies and social status, can also
influence communication in different cultures. For example, in some cultures,
deference to authority figures is expected, while in others, egalitarianism is
valued.
6. Social norms: Social norms, such as gender roles and etiquette, can also affect
communication in different cultures. For example, in some cultures, men and
women have different roles and expectations when communicating, while in
others, gender roles are more fluid.

Overall, cultural factors can influence communication in significant ways, and individuals
and organizations need to be aware of these factors and take them into account when
communicating across cultures. By recognizing and respecting cultural differences,
individuals and organizations can improve their communication skills and build stronger
relationships across cultures.

8) Discuss the importance of communication in detail.

Communication is a fundamental aspect of human interaction, and it plays a vital role in

every aspect of our personal and professional lives. Here are some reasons why
communication is important:

1. Builds relationships: Effective communication is essential for building strong,

positive relationships with family, friends, and colleagues. Good communication
skills can help people express their feelings, listen to others, and resolve conflicts
peacefully.
2. Facilitates teamwork: In many workplaces, effective communication is critical for
teamwork and collaboration. Teams that communicate well can work together
more efficiently and achieve better results.
3. Enhances productivity: When communication is clear and effective, it can help
individuals and organizations be more productive. By sharing information and
ideas, individuals can make better decisions and get things done more quickly.
 4. Improves understanding: Effective communication is essential for understanding
and being understood. When communication is unclear or ineffective,
misunderstandings can arise, leading to confusion and conflict.
5. Enables innovation: Good communication skills can facilitate innovation and
creativity by encouraging the exchange of ideas and different perspectives. By
listening to others and sharing their own ideas, individuals can come up with new
solutions and approaches to problems.
6. Fosters personal and professional growth: Effective communication can help
individuals learn from their mistakes, receive constructive feedback, and develop
new skills. It can also help them build their confidence and self-esteem.
7. Supports decision-making: Communication is critical for decision-making, as it
helps individuals gather information, weigh different options, and make informed
choices.

In summary, effective communication is essential for building strong relationships,

facilitating teamwork, enhancing productivity, improving understanding, enabling
innovation, fostering personal and professional growth, and supporting decision-
making. By developing good communication skills, individuals and organizations can
achieve their goals and succeed in their personal and professional lives.

9) Describe the different styles in communication.

There are several different communication styles that individuals use to convey
messages and interact with others. Here are some of the most common communication
styles:

1. Passive communication: Passive communication is characterized by a reluctance

to speak up and assert oneself. Individuals who use this style may avoid conflict
and tend to give in to others' demands, even if it means sacrificing their own
needs and desires.
2. Aggressive communication: Aggressive communication involves being forceful
and confrontational in one's communication style. Individuals who use this style
may use threats, insults, or other negative tactics to get their way.
3. Passive-aggressive communication: Passive-aggressive communication is a
combination of both passive and aggressive styles. Individuals who use this style
may seem passive on the surface, but they may express their frustration or
resentment in subtle, indirect ways.
4. Assertive communication: Assertive communication is a style that involves
expressing one's needs and desires in a clear, direct manner while also respecting
the needs and feelings of others. Individuals who use this style are confident in
 their communication and are comfortable setting boundaries and expressing
their opinions.

10) Explain the levels in communication.

Intrapersonal communication: it is a communication with oneself using internal vocalization or

reflective thinking.

Interpersonal communication: communication between people whose lives mutually influence

one another and typically occurs in dyads, which means in pairs.

Small group communication: occurs when 2 or 3 people communicate to achieve a shared goal.

Public communication: sender focused and typically occurs when one person conveys
information to an audience.

Mass communication: occurs when messages are sent to large audiences using print or electronic
media.

11) Distinguish between Interpersonal and Intrapersonal communication skills.

Interpersonal communication skills refer to the ability to communicate effectively with

others in a face-to-face or virtual context. This involves skills such as active listening,
speaking clearly and coherently, using appropriate body language and tone of voice,
and adapting communication style to different contexts and audiences. Interpersonal
communication skills are essential for building relationships, resolving conflicts, and
collaborating effectively with others.

Intrapersonal communication skills, on the other hand, refer to the ability to

communicate with oneself. This involves skills such as self-reflection, self-awareness, and
self-talk. Intrapersonal communication skills are important for developing a deeper
understanding of oneself, managing emotions and thoughts, and making decisions
based on personal values and beliefs.

While interpersonal communication skills are focused on communication with others,

intrapersonal communication skills are focused on communication with oneself.
However, both types of communication skills are important and interconnected.
Effective intrapersonal communication skills can help individuals develop more effective
interpersonal communication skills by increasing self-awareness and emotional
intelligence. Similarly, effective interpersonal communication skills can contribute to
improved intrapersonal communication skills by providing opportunities for self-
reflection and personal growth.
 UNIT- 2 LANGUAGE SKILLS: READING SKILLS

1) Explain in detail the language skills.

Language skills refer to the ability to communicate effectively using a particular

language. These skills are essential for effective communication in both personal and
professional settings. Here are the different language skills:

1. Speaking: Speaking is the ability to articulate words and sentences in a clear,

coherent manner. This skill requires proper pronunciation, intonation, and
fluency, as well as the ability to organize thoughts and express ideas effectively.
2. Listening: Listening is the ability to understand and interpret spoken language.
This skill requires attentiveness, concentration, and the ability to extract relevant
information from a conversation or speech.
3. Reading: Reading is the ability to understand and interpret written language. This
skill requires comprehension, vocabulary, and the ability to recognize and
interpret different writing styles and formats.
4. Writing: Writing is the ability to express ideas and thoughts in written form. This
skill requires proper grammar, vocabulary, and the ability to organize ideas and
communicate them effectively.

Effective language skills are essential for effective communication in both personal and
professional contexts. By developing strong language skills, individuals can express
themselves clearly, build relationships, and succeed in their personal and professional
lives.

2) Reading is a communicative process- Discuss

Reading can be seen as a communicative process because it involves the transfer of

meaning from one person to another through the written word. When we read, we are
interpreting and comprehending the messages conveyed by the author. This requires us
to actively engage with the text, making connections, drawing inferences, and
interpreting the meaning of the words on the page.

Reading involves both decoding the written language and understanding its meaning.
This process requires us to use our language skills, such as vocabulary, grammar, and
syntax, to decode the written language and comprehend its meaning. We also use our
prior knowledge, experiences, and context to understand the meaning behind the
words.

Moreover, reading is a two-way process of communication, as it not only involves

understanding the writer's message but also responding to it. When we read, we can
respond to the text through our thoughts, feelings, and actions. We may agree or
disagree with the author, develop our own perspectives, or use the information we have
learned to make decisions and solve problems.

In this way, reading can be seen as a communicative process that involves both the
transfer of information and the interpretation of that information. It allows us to engage
with others through their writing, share information, and develop our own knowledge
and understanding of the world around us.

3) Mention the purpose of reading and the different types of texts in reading.

The purpose of reading can vary depending on the reader's needs and goals. Here are
some common purposes of reading:

 Get an introductory idea of a text

 Get a broad understanding of the subject matter
 Understand scientific ideas, theories, and principles
 Obtain specific information
 Understand new changes and developments in a particular field
 Discover the authors viewpoints
 To seek evidence for one’s own viewpoint
 Broaden one’s outlook and understanding

There are many different types of texts that we read in order to fulfill these purposes.
Here are some examples:

1. Reading entertaining messgaes is causual reading of entertainment messages, a

novel, joke for pleasure and enjoyment.
2. Reading general messages like newspaper, magazine articles, encyclopedia to
broaden our outlook and widen our intellectual understanding and appreciation
of things around us.
3. Reading reference materials is to obtain specific information to be used in various
academic and professional activities. It requires effective scanning skills.
 4. Reading Business Documents such as project reports, letters. Memos, email
messages etc., requires complete attention to all parts of the document, and
demands readers concentration, involvement , and responsibility.
5. Reading Scientific and Technical Texts is a complex and multifaceted process. The
reader along with the subject content is concerned with comprehension of
linguistic and semantic patterns, visual skills, vocabulary skills, skimming skills,
critical reading skills to convey

By understanding the purpose and type of text we are reading, we can better approach
the text and comprehend its meaning. This can help us to become more effective
readers and achieve our goals for reading.

4) Distinguish the characteristic features of an Efficient and Active reader.

An efficient reader and an active reader are two different types of readers, each with
their own characteristic features.

Efficient reader:

 the language of the text is comprehensible

 the content is accessible because of the reader’s familiarity with the content.
 the reader has background information to help understand the text
 the reader concentrates on the important parts of the text, think ahead,
hypothesize, and predict
 the reader has a clear specific purpose which motivates to read
 the reader is able to use different strategies for different kinds of reading
 the reading is fast

Active reader:

 pays attention to both content as well as style.

 interprets and analyses in order to understand both explicit and implicit meaning
of a written message.
 predicts and responds to context.
 differentiates between ideas, opinions, feelings, and facts.
 infers the meaning of unfamiliar words from contextual and internal clues.
 identifies and evaluate a writer’s attitude
 understands and interprets graphic information.
 draws inferences and conclusions
Both efficient and active readers can be effective readers, but they approach reading in
different ways. Efficient readers focus on speed and comprehension, while active readers
focus on engagement and critical thinking. An effective reader can combine the
strengths of both approaches to improve their reading skills and achieve their goals.

5) Interpret the reading techniques ERRQ and SQ3R.

ERRQ and SQ3R are two different reading techniques that can be used to improve
reading comprehension and retention. Here's a brief explanation of each technique:

1. ERRQ:

ERRQ stands for "Evaluate, Read, Reflect, and Question." This technique involves the
following steps:

• Estimate: Estimating what the text will be like. Rapid reading techniques may be
used for this purpose.
• Read - Reading the text carefully and thoroughly.
• Respond - Responding to the text.
2. Question - Questioning about the text and analyzing the responses.

SQ3R:

SQ3R stands for "Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review." This technique involves
the following steps:

 Survey- Glancing rapidly through the text before reading any part of it , to
discover its purpose and identify its organization.
 Question - Asking appropriate questions for each part of the text in order to give
a purpose to the reading.
 Read- reading carefully and thoroughly and making notes at the end of each
section
 Recall- recalling the content at the end of each part of the text and checking and
amending notes.
 Revise- checking the accuracy of reading , recalling and reviewing notes.

Both ERRQ and SQ3R are effective reading techniques that can help readers to
comprehend and remember the content they are reading. They both emphasize
active reading and critical thinking, which are key skills for effective reading.
6) Analyze the barriers and the strategies to improve the reading skills.

Barriers to reading are factors that hinder a reader's ability to comprehend and retain
the content. Some common barriers to reading include:

1. Lack of background knowledge: Readers who lack prior knowledge or familiarity

with the topic may struggle to understand the content.
2. Vocabulary: Poor vocabulary skills can make it difficult to understand complex
texts.
3. Poor reading habits: Inefficient reading habits such as subvocalization (saying
words aloud in one's head while reading) and regression (rereading words or
phrases) can slow down the reading process and decrease comprehension.
4. Distractions: External or internal distractions such as noise, personal problems, or
lack of focus can interfere with reading.

To improve reading skills and overcome these barriers, there are several strategies that
readers can use:

1. Develop background knowledge: Before reading a text, readers can preview the
content by skimming the headings, subheadings, and visuals to get an overview
of the topic. Additionally, readers can research the topic beforehand to gain a
deeper understanding.
2. Improve vocabulary: Readers can improve their vocabulary skills by using a
dictionary or context clues to learn new words.
3. Develop efficient reading habits: Readers can improve their reading speed and
comprehension by using efficient reading techniques such as SQ3R or ERRQ, and
practicing speed reading exercises.
4. Eliminate distractions: Readers can eliminate external distractions by finding a
quiet place to read, and internal distractions by practicing mindfulness or
meditation techniques.
5. Practice active reading: Readers can practice active reading by engaging with the
text, taking notes, highlighting important passages, and asking questions.
6. Read regularly: Regular reading practice can help improve reading skills and build
confidence.

In conclusion, barriers to reading can be overcome by using effective strategies such as

developing background knowledge, improving vocabulary skills, developing efficient
reading habits, eliminating distractions, practicing active reading, and reading regularly.
These strategies can help readers to improve their reading skills and become more
confident and competent readers.

7) Explain the types of Reading skills in detail.

1. VOCABULARY SKILLS –
a. Recognizing the definition of the words being used
b. Guessing the meaning of words from the structure
c. Inferring the meaning of words from their context
2. VISUAL PERCEPTUAL SKILLS –
a. Accurate visual perception of words and phrases
b. Quick eye fixations
3. PREDICTION TECHNIQUE –
a. Using index or chapter headings to predict the theme of the text
b. Guessing to predict information
c. Scanning graphs, diagrams, and chart to predict the nature and scope of
content
4. SCANNING SKILLS – Locating specific information
5. SKIMMING SKILLS –
a. Identifying a theme or central idea
b. Identifying main ideas
c. Identifying organizational patterns of writing
6. INTENSIVE READING SKILLS –
a. Reading for details
b. Critically reading a text to
- distinguish fact from opinion,
- identify and evaluate a writer’s attitude, and
- understand the author’s intention.
c. Drawing inferences and conclusions

UNIT- 3 LANGUAGE SKILLS: SPEAKING SKILLS

1) Explain the importance of speaking skills

 Expressing Ideas Clearly: Speaking skills help individuals to articulate their

thoughts and ideas clearly and effectively. Effective communication allows
individuals to express themselves and their ideas in a way that is understood by
others.
  Building Relationships: Speaking skills help build strong relationships between
individuals. When you are a good speaker, you can communicate effectively with
others, which fosters mutual understanding and respect.
 Improving Career Prospects: Good speaking skills are essential for individuals to
succeed in their careers. A person who can communicate effectively can influence
others, negotiate, and persuade others, which are all essential skills in the
workplace.
 Boosting Confidence: Good speaking skills can boost an individual's confidence.
When individuals are confident in their ability to communicate, they are more
likely to speak up and express their ideas, which can help them achieve their
goals.
 Networking: Networking is an essential aspect of personal and professional
growth. Good speaking skills can help individuals to build networks, which can
open doors to new opportunities and expand their social circle.

2) Analyze the verbal and non-verbal factors required for a good speaker.

A good speaker is someone who can effectively communicate their message to their
audience. Verbal and non-verbal factors both play important roles in the success of a
speaker. Here are some of the key factors to consider:

Verbal Factors:

1. Clarity: A good speaker must be clear in their speech, enunciate properly, and use
appropriate vocabulary to convey their message.
2. Pace: The speaker's pace of speech should be moderate and easy to follow. If a
speaker talks too fast or too slow, the audience may have difficulty understanding
the message.
3. Tone: The speaker's tone should be appropriate for the message they are
conveying. It should be confident, engaging, and convey the desired emotion.
4. Body Language: A good speaker should use appropriate body language to
emphasize their message. They should use gestures, facial expressions, and eye
contact to engage the audience and convey their message effectively.

Non-Verbal Factors:

1. Confidence: A good speaker must have confidence in their message and their
ability to deliver it. Confidence is reflected in their posture, tone, and body
language.
 2. Eye Contact: A good speaker must maintain eye contact with the audience to
establish trust and connection. This helps to keep the audience engaged and
focused on the message.
3. Gestures: Appropriate gestures can be used to emphasize important points, add
clarity, and keep the audience engaged.
4. Facial Expressions: Facial expressions can help to convey emotions and
emphasize key points. A good speaker should use appropriate facial expressions
to connect with the audience and convey their message effectively.

In summary, a good speaker must be clear, engaging, confident, and use appropriate
verbal and non-verbal communication techniques to effectively convey their message to
the audience.

3) Write short notes on stress, accent and intonation.

ACCENT

English is a stressed language. English pronunciation focuses on specific stressed words while
non-stressed words or syllables are spoken fast. This means that the stressed words /syllables
stand out from the rest, are usually said more loudly, on a different pitch, and are held for a
longer time than the other word/ syllables.

INTONATION

Intonation is the variation of the pitch of the voice. When we speak, we can notice the variations
in the level at which our voice is pitched. Sometimes, the pitch of our voice rises, falls, and may
remains at same level. Learning correct intonation patterns are essential to improve self
expression.

4) Mention all the barriers to speaking.

There are certain barriers to speaking:

 Unclear messages
 Lack of consistency in the communication process
 Incomplete sentences
 Not understanding the receiver
 Words can have different meanings to different listener
 Wrong Pronunciation.
 Speaking fastly
5) Explain briefly the strategies required for an effective speaker.

 Be an active and efficient listener

 Speak with clarity
 Speak slowly with appropriate pauses
 Be simple
 Use polite expressions
 Be friendly and positive
 Be flexible and tactful
 Do not argue
 Be interested

6) Pronunciation plays a significant role in communication- Justify.

Pronunciation plays a crucial role in communication because it affects how words and
sentences are heard and understood by others. Here are some reasons why
pronunciation is essential:

1. Clarity: Proper pronunciation ensures that words are clear and easy to
understand. Mispronouncing words can cause confusion and make it difficult for
others to understand the message.
2. Comprehension: Accurate pronunciation helps to ensure that the listener can
understand the intended meaning of the speaker. When words are pronounced
correctly, the listener is more likely to comprehend the message and respond
appropriately.
3. Credibility: Good pronunciation can help to establish the speaker's credibility and
professionalism. It can demonstrate that the speaker is knowledgeable and
confident in their communication skills.
4. Confidence: Proper pronunciation can boost the speaker's confidence and help
them to feel more comfortable in social and professional situations. This can also
help to reduce anxiety and nervousness.
5. Cultural Awareness: Pronunciation is an essential part of language and culture.
Learning to pronounce words correctly demonstrates respect for the culture and
language of others, and can help to build rapport and trust in multicultural and
international contexts.

In summary, pronunciation is a critical component of effective communication because

it affects clarity, comprehension, credibility, confidence, and cultural awareness. By
improving pronunciation skills, speakers can enhance their communication abilities and
connect more effectively with others.
 UNIT- 5 COMMUNICATION SKILLS FOR EMPLOYMENT

1) Write a note on presentation skills and its types.

Presentation skills are essential for effectively conveying information and ideas to an
audience. They include the ability to organize and structure content, use effective visual
aids, and deliver a presentation with confidence and impact. Here are some types of
presentation skills:

1. Verbal Skills: Verbal skills refer to the ability to communicate clearly and
effectively through spoken words. This includes using appropriate vocabulary,
tone, and pace to engage the audience and convey the message.
2. Non-Verbal Skills: Non-verbal skills refer to the use of body language, eye
contact, and gestures to convey confidence, enthusiasm, and engagement. Non-
verbal communication can help to reinforce the speaker's message and make the
presentation more memorable.
3. Visual Aids: Visual aids such as slides, videos, and graphics can help to illustrate
key points and make the presentation more engaging. Effective use of visual aids
requires careful selection, design, and integration with the presentation content.
4. Structure and Organization: The structure and organization of a presentation is
critical to its effectiveness. This includes defining the purpose, selecting the
appropriate content, and organizing the content in a logical and clear manner.
5. Audience Engagement: Audience engagement refers to the ability to connect
with the audience and keep their attention throughout the presentation. This can
be achieved through various techniques such as asking questions, using humor,
and encouraging interaction.

In summary, presentation skills are essential for effective communication, and include
verbal and non-verbal skills, the use of visual aids, effective structure and organization,
and audience engagement techniques. By developing these skills, speakers can deliver
presentations that are engaging, informative, and memorable.

2) Analyze how to plan and prepare for an effective presentation.

An oral presentation involves conveying a lot of information in a limited time. It

should be planned well in advance so that the material is delivered effectively.
Planning an oral presentation, thus involves purpose identification, audience
analysis, analyzing the occasion, and the process of selecting and narrowing the
topic of presentation.
I) PLAN
1) PURPOSE includes:

 To inform – to share information

 To persuade - to change behaviour, attitude, beliefs, values…
 To demonstrate – to help listeners to know how to do something

2) AUDIENCE ANALYSIS

 Identify Audience Characteristics – age, gender, social, economic, educational, and

professional background….
 Analyze Audience Needs and Expectations – Why will they listen to me? What are their
interests, needs and expectations? How do my objectives meet audience needs?
 Maintaining Audience Attention – determine factors meeting the needs of your listener to
create curiosity, interest, and motivation.

3) Analyse the Occasion

 Larger or Smaller Events

 Who are the Sponsors?
 Knowing the venue and time duration

4) Title

 Appropriate title conveys the essence of the presentation

 The choice of the topic depends on the occasion, the audience, the type and purpose of
the presentation.
 The selected topic is narrowed down as per the focus of the presentation in order to
phrase a clear, complete, specific, and focused title.

II) PREPARE

Preparing well in a systematic manner is the key to successful presentation. Being prepared helps
the presenter:

 to deal with speech anxiety effectively;

 Develop the required confidence;
 Seek precise and relevant examples and illustrations; and
 Check for accuracy, redundancies, and clichés.
Preparing for a presentation involves
1. Develop the Central Ideas
2. Develop the main Ideas
3. Gather Supporting Materials
4. Plan Visual Aids

3) Elaborate the steps involved in organizing the presentation

Good organization is essential for effective presentation. The key to good organization
is the repetition of the main ideas of the message.
The presentation is divided into three distinct parts: the introduction, body, and conclusion.

INTRODUCTION – The opening of the presentation should convince the audience to listen to it.

It has five functions:

 Get the audience Attention – startling statement, anecdote, quotation, humor…

 Introduce the Subject – simple and direct language
 Give the Audience a Reason to Listen – relevant topics
 Establish the Credibility – appear confident and convince the audience by personal
experiences relevant to topic
 Preview the Main Ideas – should include a statement of the central ideas and main points
towards the end of the introduction

BODY - The body contains the main content of the presentation. As the body of the
presentation is structured, the speaker should choose the sequence to follow from
among any of the following organizational patterns:

1. Sequential
2. General to Specific
3. Specific to General
4. More important to less important
5. Less important to more important
6. Categorical
7. Problem and solution
8. Contrast and comparison
CONCLUSION– The conclusion of presentation should accomplish the following five
objectives:

 Summarise the presentation

 Reemphasize the central idea
 Focus on the goal
 Motivate the audience to respond
 Closure

Finally, the speaker may thank the audience for their patient listening, along with non-verbal
cues.

4) Explain how to connect with the audience during an oral presentation.

1. Establish eye contact: Make eye contact with the audience members throughout
the presentation. This will help to convey confidence, build rapport, and maintain
the audience's attention.
2. Use body language: Use appropriate body language to convey enthusiasm,
confidence, and engagement. This can include gestures, movement, and facial
expressions.
3. Speak with passion: Speak with enthusiasm and passion to convey your interest
in the topic. This will help to keep the audience engaged and interested in the
presentation.
4. Use stories and anecdotes: Use stories and anecdotes to illustrate key points and
make the presentation more relatable. This can help to build rapport with the
audience and make the presentation more memorable.
5. Use humor: Appropriate use of humor can help to engage the audience and
make the presentation more enjoyable. However, it's important to use humor
that is appropriate for the audience and the topic.
6. Encourage interaction: Encourage audience interaction through questions, polls,
or other forms of engagement. This can help to keep the audience engaged and
interested in the presentation.
7. Use appropriate tone and pace: Use an appropriate tone and pace of speech to
convey the message clearly and effectively. Varying the tone and pace can also
help to maintain the audience's attention and interest.

5) Nonverbal communication plays an important role in presentations-comment

Nonverbal communication plays a crucial role in presentations as it can impact how the
audience perceives the speaker and the message being conveyed. Here are some ways
in which nonverbal communication can affect presentations:

1. Body language: The speaker's body language can convey confidence, enthusiasm,
and engagement, or it can communicate nervousness, disinterest, or lack of
preparation. By using positive body language such as maintaining eye contact,
using open gestures, and standing up straight, the speaker can create a positive
impression and connect with the audience.
2. Facial expressions: Facial expressions such as smiling, nodding, and raising
eyebrows can help to convey emotion and emphasize key points. This can make
the presentation more engaging and memorable for the audience.
3. Tone of voice: The speaker's tone of voice can communicate emotion,
enthusiasm, and conviction. By varying the tone of voice and using appropriate
emphasis, the speaker can convey the message more effectively and connect with
the audience.
4. Eye contact: Eye contact is a critical aspect of nonverbal communication. It helps
to establish trust, demonstrate confidence, and engage the audience. By
maintaining eye contact with different members of the audience, the speaker can
create a sense of connection and make the presentation more engaging.
5. Appearance: The speaker's appearance can communicate professionalism,
credibility, and attention to detail. By dressing appropriately for the audience and
the occasion, the speaker can create a positive impression and connect with the
audience.

6) Briefly explain the different methods of speech delivery.

There are several methods of speech delivery, including:

1. Memorization: This involves memorizing the entire speech word-for-word and

delivering it without any prompts. This method can be effective for delivering a
speech with precision, but it can also come across as stiff and unnatural.
2. Manuscript: With this method, the entire speech is written out and read aloud
from a script. It can be useful for ensuring accuracy and clarity of the message,
but it can also limit eye contact and audience engagement.
3. Extemporaneous: This method involves preparing the speech in advance, but
delivering it without a manuscript or memorization. Speakers use bullet points or
an outline to guide their delivery, allowing them to be more spontaneous and
responsive to the audience.
 4. Impromptu: This method involves delivering a speech with little to no
preparation. It requires the speaker to think quickly and rely on their knowledge
and experience to deliver a coherent message.
5. Experiential: This method involves using props, demonstrations, or interactive
elements to engage the audience and convey the message. It can be effective for
making the speech more memorable and engaging, but it requires careful
planning and execution.

Each method of speech delivery has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the
choice of method will depend on the specific situation and the speaker's personal style
and preferences.

7) Write a note on public speaking, and how it is different from Extempore.

Public speaking and extempore are both forms of communication that involve
addressing an audience. However, they are different in their preparation and delivery.

Public speaking is a planned and rehearsed speech delivered to a live audience. It

involves selecting a topic, researching and gathering information, organizing the
content, and delivering it to the audience. Public speaking often requires the use of
visual aids, such as slides, to enhance the delivery.

Extempore, on the other hand, is an impromptu speech given without any prior
preparation. It requires the speaker to think quickly and spontaneously to deliver a
coherent message. Extempore is often used in situations such as debates, discussions, or
interviews where the speaker is required to think on their feet and respond to questions
or topics given to them.

While public speaking and extempore both involve addressing an audience, they differ
in their level of preparation and structure. Public speaking allows for more planning and
organization, while extempore requires the speaker to think and respond quickly. Both
forms of communication can be effective in conveying a message, but they require
different skills and techniques to deliver them effectively.

8) Determine the communication guidelines to follow for a successful public speaking.

Here are some communication guidelines that can help you succeed in public speaking:

1. Know your audience: Understand the demographics, interests, and expectations

of your audience to tailor your message and delivery to their needs.
 2. Define your purpose: Clarify the purpose of your speech, whether it's to inform,
persuade, entertain, or inspire your audience. This will help you structure your
content and delivery to achieve your goals.
3. Prepare thoroughly: Research your topic, gather information from credible
sources, and organize your ideas into a logical and coherent structure. Practice
your delivery to ensure fluency and confidence.
4. Connect with your audience: Use eye contact, body language, and vocal variety to
establish rapport and engage your audience. Incorporate anecdotes, examples,
and humor to make your speech more relatable and memorable.
5. Use visual aids effectively: Choose visual aids such as slides or props that support
your message and enhance your delivery. Use them sparingly and strategically to
avoid overwhelming or distracting your audience.
6. Manage your time: Respect your audience's time by sticking to your allotted time
and pacing your delivery to maintain interest and engagement.
7. Handle questions and feedback: Prepare for potential questions or feedback by
anticipating the audience's concerns and preparing responses. Respond
respectfully and professionally, acknowledging and addressing any valid
criticisms or concerns.

By following these communication guidelines, you can deliver a successful public

speaking presentation that effectively communicates your message to your audience.

9) Explain MTI, and recommend the strategies to check the influence of MTI while speaking in
English.

MTI stands for Mother Tongue Influence, which refers to the influence of one's native
language on the pronunciation, grammar, and syntax of a second language, such as
English. MTI can affect the clarity and comprehensibility of one's speech, and it can
sometimes make it difficult for non-native speakers to communicate effectively in
English.

To check the influence of MTI while speaking in English, here are some strategies that
can be helpful:
1. Focus on pronunciation: Pay attention to the correct pronunciation of English
words, including stress, intonation, and rhythm. Listen to native speakers and
practice imitating their pronunciation until you develop a more natural and
accurate accent.
2. Build vocabulary: Expand your vocabulary by reading, listening, and speaking in
English. Use a dictionary or a language learning app to learn new words and
phrases, and practice using them in context.
 3. Learn grammar and syntax: Study the grammar rules and sentence structure of
English, including subject-verb agreement, tense, and word order. Practice
constructing sentences that follow the correct grammar and syntax rules.
4. Practice speaking: Speak in English as much as possible, even if it means making
mistakes. Seek feedback from native speakers or language instructors to identify
areas for improvement and track your progress.
5. Use language learning tools: Use technology tools such as speech recognition
software or AI-powered language learning apps to help you improve your
pronunciation and fluency.

By applying these strategies, you can reduce the influence of MTI on your English
speech and improve your communication skills in the language.

10) Communication plays a vital role in molding one’s personality- Justify

Communication is an essential aspect of human interaction, and it plays a crucial role in

shaping one's personality. Here are some reasons why communication is vital for
molding one's personality:

1. Self-expression: Communication provides a platform for individuals to express

their thoughts, feelings, and ideas. By articulating their views, individuals gain a
deeper understanding of themselves and their values, which helps to shape their
personality.
2. Building relationships: Effective communication skills are essential for building
and maintaining healthy relationships. Through communication, individuals learn
to understand and appreciate others' perspectives, develop empathy, and build
trust, which all contribute to a positive personality.
3. Professional success: Effective communication skills are also vital for professional
success. Individuals who can communicate clearly, persuasively, and confidently
are more likely to succeed in their careers and have a positive reputation in the
workplace.
4. Self-confidence: Good communication skills also help individuals build self-
confidence. By communicating effectively, individuals can articulate their
strengths, accomplishments, and aspirations, which reinforces a positive self-
image and boosts their self-esteem.
5. Conflict resolution: Communication is essential for resolving conflicts and
disagreements. By learning effective communication skills, individuals can
manage conflict constructively, build consensus, and maintain positive
relationships, all of which contribute to a positive personality.
In summary, communication plays a critical role in molding one's personality by
providing a platform for self-expression, building relationships, promoting professional
success, building self-confidence, and resolving conflicts constructively.

UNIT- 4 Basic English Communicative Grammar and Vocabulary

Basic English Grammar- Parts of Speech, Articles, Preposition, Tense and Types of Tenses,
Active and Passive, Question Tags. Vocabulary Development- Words formation: Prefixes and
Suffixes, Contractions and Abbreviations, Synonyms and Antonyms, Confusing Words and One
Word Substitutes.. Exercises on it.

NOTE

Unit 4 consists of only MCQ’s from the above mentioned grammar and vocabulary
components.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. A _____ is a word which connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences

i) Preposition
ii) Conjunction
iii) Interjection
iv) Verb

2. A sentence must contain a ___ and usually a ___.

i) verb and subject
ii) noun and pronoun
iii) verb and adverb
iv) article and predicate

3. Antonym of Everlasting
i) Eternal
ii) Misled
iii) Transient
iv) Fatuous

4. Which of these sentences is in active voice?

i) A movie is being watched by them.
ii) The car was repaired by Raju
iii) He is reading a book.
iv) The thief was being chased by a policeman

5 . The nouns which cannot be felt, seen or heard are called

i) Common
ii) Proper
iii) Abstract
iv) Collective

6. A word used to express emotion and is often followed by an exclamation mark is called
i) Preposition
ii) Conjunction
iii) Adverb
iv) Interjection

7. Choose the correct option suitable for all the four sentences:
A. He reached a ___ sunny room.
B. A poet could not but be ____, in such a jocund company.
C. The city offers a ___ and exciting nightlife.
D. This dress is a bit too ___ for her years.
i) open

ii) classy

iii) gay

iv) lively

8. Bismillah Khan plays _____ shehnai with great skill.

i) a
ii) an
iii) the
iv) In

9. Choose the correct synonym of the given word: Benign

i) Gentle
ii) Peaceful
iii) Favorable
iv) Wavering

10. Synonym of Lucid

i) Audible
ii) Clear
iii) Distinct
iv) Reasonable

11. What is the superlative of little?

i) Less
ii) Lesser
iii) Least
iv) Worst

12. Which of these is not a punctuation mark?

i) Full stop
ii) Comma
ii) Colon
iv) Hash tag

13. Which of these words is based on the phenomena, ‘Onomatopoeia’?

i) Cuckoo
ii) Book
iii) Door
iv) Blackboard

14. Correct the statement: Family is an unit of society.

i) Family is the unit of society.
ii) Family is a unit of society.
iii) Family is unit of society.
iv) The family is unit of society.

15. Choose the correct option suitable for all the four sentences:
A. Computers are ____ to modern infrastructure.
B. This is a ___ law of the universe.
C. The ___ revolution in human values that has occurred in recent times.
D. The new Harry Potter book has undergone ___ changes.
i) major
ii) fundamental
iii) important
iv) tremendous

16. Neither she nor I __________ at home.

i) were
ii) was
iii)has been
iv)be

17. Choose the correct synonym

The drugs were innocuous and had no side effects.
i) Newly discovered
ii) Imported
iii) Harmless
iv) Effective

18. My friends and I __________ stuck there.

i) had been
ii) was
iii) has been
iv) have had been

19. Pick out the verb in the sentence :

They always find fault with me.
i) find
ii) with
iii) fault
iv) me
20. Choose the correct synonym:
He was a contemplative person.
i) Mischievous
ii) Overzealous
iii) Careless
iv) Thoughtful

21. Choose the correct synonym common to both the sentences:

1. Samy was going to the library when she met me.
2. The newspapers carried the news about the murder with a large caption.
i) Heading
ii) Beginning
iii) Venturing
iv) Starting

22.I hadn't passed the exam, ____?

i) Have I
ii) haven't I
iii) Had I
iv) hadn't I

23. Which of these is not a type of degree of comparison?

i) Positive
ii) Negative
iii) Comparative
iv) Superlative
24. Choose the correct synonym common to both the sentences:
1. He failed to produce any reason for his having behaved the way he did.
2. Man must live, struggle and die for a mission.
i) Cause
ii) Purpose
iii) Goal
iv) Target

25. Choose the correct option suitable for all the four sentences:
A. A fine collection of ___.
B. ___ does not need to be innovative to be good.
C. He said that architecture is the ___ of wasting space beautifully.
D. It is quite an ___.
i) hobby
ii) choice
iii) art
iv) painting

26. Which of these is an example of an affirmative sentence?

i) Can you do this?
ii) What a pretty girl!
iii) Everyone accepts his version.
iv) Please open the door.

27. Which of these is an adjective?

i) Course
ii) Coaurse
iii) Caorse
iv) Coarse
28. Choose the correct synonym common to both the sentences:
1. The tree was leaning towards the building.
2. I was willing to accept the first offer made by the shopkeeper.
i) Inclined
ii) Forced
iii) Bent
iv) Sloped

29. Inhaling the smoke from a burning ____ could ____ you quickly.
i) tire / tier
ii) tire / tyre
iii) tyre / tire
iv) tyre / tier

30. Choose the correct antonym of the given word: Callous

i) Compact
ii) Hardened
iii) Sensitive
iv) Soft

31. Choose the correct option suitable for all the four sentences:
A. The Bill ___ reduction in electoral expenses.
B. The plan ___ ten per cent growth in production.
C. The budget for the current year ___ more or less double turn-over than that of last year.
D. The company ___ a good production due to better prospects of sugarcane production.
i) seeks
ii) rated
iii) increased
iv) envisages
32. Choose the correct antonym of the given word: Benign
i) Evil
ii) Damaged
iii) Poor
iv) Sick

33. Choose the correct antonym of the given word: Amalgamate

i) Segregate
ii) Scintillate
iii) Procrastinate
iv) Recriminate

34. Choose the correct antonym of the given word: Capricious

i) Solitary
ii) Phlegmatic
iii) Constant
iv) Redoubtable

35. One should not stay idle at home; but be up and doing.
i) reading
ii) working
iii) sleeping
iv) active

36. Put a spoke in one’s wheel

i) Help someone with advice
ii) Help someone to progress
iii) Grinder
iv) Obstruct progress

37. We are afraid that you may be led astray in Joe’s bad company.
i) misguided
ii) lose the job
iii) killed
iv) get into trouble

38. One who is all powerful

i) Unremarkable
ii) Mundane
iii) Incapable
iv) Omnipotent

39. Something that becomes outdated

i) Obsolete
ii) Useless
iii) Ancient
iv) Old

40. The large-scale departure of people

i) Exodus
ii) Arrival
iii) Entrance
iv) Standing

41. Choose the mis-spelt word.

i) Advice
ii) Revise
iii) Device
iv) Demice

42. Choose the mis-spelt word.

i) Ambasador
ii) Attribute
iii) Aeronaut
iv) Atrocious

43. I have a bone to pick with you in this matter.

i) desire
ii) am angry
iii) selfish motive
iv) selfless motive

44. I _______________ her for several years.

i) has known

ii) have known

iii) knows

iv) knew

45. The captain played with determination because the honor of the team was at stake.
i) at the top
ii) appropriate
iii) very low
iv) in danger

46. I've got a hole in the __________ of my shoe

i) Sole
ii) Soul
iii) Showl
iv) Howl

47. Which of these means to influence?

i) Affect
ii) Efect
iii) Effect
iv) Affecct

48. She wants to be an architect, .......................................?

i) does she

ii) didn't she

iii) did she

iv) doesn't she

49. The movie _______________ started when I reached the cinema hall.

i) has

ii) have

iii) had

iv) had been

50. Remember to lock the door,…?

i) Will you?

ii) Shall not you?

iii) Won’t you?

iv) Haven’t you?

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