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3A Structural Systems

The document discusses different structural systems used in construction projects including residential, industrial, and high-rise buildings. It provides details on structural components and materials used in steel, concrete, and composite structural systems. Key factors influencing structural system selection are also reviewed along with advantages and challenges of tall building construction.

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49 views32 pages

3A Structural Systems

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funkkata

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Project Construction

Management
EPM5760

Structural Systems

Unit: EPM5760 Project Construction Management

Prepared by: Mr Vin Sarma
Course Coordinator: Dr Amir Ghapanchi
AN INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL
'SYSTEMS' AND THEIR IMPORTANCE TO
PROJECT & CONSTRUCTION
MANAGERS
Structural System

• What is a structural system?

• List the alternative form of structural system for

the following:
• Residential housing construction
• Industrial construction
• High-rise construction
• Other type os construction

• List the factors influencing the selection

Tall buildings, History, Systems, Peculiarity
of design, New developments
• Tall Multistory buildings
– Tall buildings has always fascinated
– The construction techniques, both for
superstructure, changed during the
time
• A building can be considered as tall when
the reflected in the design
• It is important to take into account the
effects as seismic loads
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L13 - 2C08 Tall
buildings
3

• A tall building boom in the late

1920s and early 1930s in urban
centers Chicago and New York
Home Insurance Building
located in Chicago (1885) - 12
stories tall with a height of 55 m
(cast iron), is considered the first
skyscraper

• 1930, the Chrysler Building in

New York became the world’s
tallest, the Empire State Building
- completed in April 1931 (built in
one year and 45 days), at 382 m,
surpassed the Chrysler Building
by 62.2 m

L10 – B.2 – Mechanical pro

Evolution of tall buildings
• Multi-storey frame buildings
– Skyscrapers also began to appear in other parts of the
world (Mexico City, Tokyo, Shanghai, Hong Kong,
Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Taipei, Jakarta, etc.).

– Modern multistory buildings use steel for the main

structural members (or in combination with concrete –
composite structure)

– Despite the recent events that threatened the

construction of very tall buildings, their developments
have been continuously increasing worldwide.

– Many tall buildings were recently completed or are going

to be completed in the near future – Dubai has 18
completed buildings that rise at least 300 metres !!!!!!
This includes the tallest man made structure Burj Khalifa
L13L10 -–2B.C20–8MechTaanliclbalupilrdoipnegrsties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical

7
structures
Dubai, 1990

Dubai, 2007

Dubai, 2003

L13L10 -–2B.C20–8MechTaanliclbalupilrdoipnegrsties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical

8
structures
Present development
Burj Dubai: 818m

L13L10 -–2B.C20–8MechTaanliclbalupilrdoipnegrsties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical

9
structures
Challenges and uncertainties
• Cost
– initial costs
– operational costs
– dismantling
• Design and erection
– new design methodologies
– new systems, materials,
technologies
• Sustainability (“Green” or “sus
buildings)
– Life Cycle Assessment
– Energy use
– Emissions from energy
– Water use 9

– Waste reduction
– Productivity and health

L13L10 -–2B.C20–8MechTaanliclbalupilrdoipnegrsties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical

structures
Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank
Headquarters
Structural systems for multistory
buildings
Hongkong and Shanghai
Bank Completed 1986
180 meters height

L13L10 -–2B.C20–8MechTaanliclbalupilrdoipnegrsties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical

structures
Structural System

• Steel Super-frame
• Composed of “kit of parts”:
• 8 masts, arranged in two parallel rows of four. each mast
• consists of four tubular steel columns braced by rectangular
beams
• 17 pairs of suspension trusses, located at each of the 5
double height spaces up the building
• 102 hangers, from which the floors of the building would be
suspended
• 24 cross braces, each 2 stories high, designed to connect
themasts inside the building at double height spaces. also 2
great 3- story high cross braces at either end of the atrium to
provide north-south stability
• 43 floors framed by a series of primary and secondary beams,
decked with steel and 100 mm of concrete
• Pile Foundation
• 8 main caissons, 10 meters in diameter and 18 meters below
ground
The Hong Kong and Shanghai
Banking Corporation (HSBC)
headquarters building took
seven years to complete from
concept to construction and
has become not only the icon
for the region’s largest bank
but the city of Hong Kong
itself.
Structural Components and Systems
Summary

The design, which has

become the iconic image of
the bank and Hong Kong, is
a prime example of
structural expressionism, as
it showcases its structure
as its main architectural
focus.
Steel Structural Systems
Concrete Structural Systems
Composite Construction
Concrete structural systems

• Gravity load resisting floor systems in concrete are

• Flat plates
• Flat slabs
• Waffle slabs
• Ribbed slabs
• Skip joist system
• Band beam system
• Haunch girder and joist system
• Beam and slab system
• Prestressing systems
Concrete structural systems

• The lateral load resisting systems are:

• Frame action with columns and two way slabs
• Flat slabs and shear walls
• Flat slabs, shear walls and columns
• Coupled shear walls
• Rigid frames
• Widely spaced perimeter tube
• Rigid frame with haunch girders
• Core supported structures
• Shear wall frame structures
• Frame tube systems
• Exterior diagonal tube
• Modular or Bundled tube
Steel structural systems

• Steel gravity load systems are enlisted below:

• Open web joist system

• Wide range beams and
• Columns
• The systems which are employed to resist lateral loads
in steel are given below:

• Frames with semi rigid connections

• Rigid frame
• Braced frame
• Staggered truss system
• Eccentric bracing system
• Interacting system of braced and rigid frame
• Outrigger and belt truss systems.
• Frame tube systems
• Trussed tube systems
• Bundled tube system
Composite structural systems

• Advantages of composite systems are mentioned

below:
• High bearing capacity
• Effective utilization of materials
• Absorbs energy released due to seismic forces
• Fast rate of construction
• Less cost of formwork
• Possible to construct large span structure which
gives large column free area
• Low weight of structure and low cost of foundation
• Good quality control
• Higher stiffness gives less deflection
• The disadvantages of composite construction
are as follows:

• Required of skilled labour

• Extensive care required during design and

construction
Composite Construction

• Lateral load resisting systems for

composite construction are:

• Shear wall systems

• Shear wall- frame interacting systems
• Tube systems
• Vertically mixed systems
• Mega frame with super columns
Sustainable construction

• In terms of sustainable construction, impacts from

foundations include:
• volume of materials
• energy consumption
• waste generation
• noise and vibration
• effects on existing buildings
• effects on underground services
• pollution to groundwater
• archaeological impact
Advantages of tall building
construction
• Economies of scale Refinements of design eg. repetitive floorplans can offer
major savings in materials
• Standardisation Procurement of large quantities can lead to more efficient
production and cheaper unit costs
• Selection of Materials
• Choosing environmentally friendly materials in facades can reduce impact
• Land use Tall buildings may occupy part of a plot allowing more public space at
ground level.
• Retail developments are becoming more viable at street level
• Greater potential for mixed use
• Depth of plan-Narrower floor area per m2 allows better use of daylight and
thermal mass
• Horizontal access Efficient access per floor from the centre outwards. Services
routing from core outwards
Disadvantages of Tall Building
Construction
• Safety Working at height in construction.
• Surface area Greater area of facade per m2 floor area
• Floor area efficiency
• Lower net gross floor area ratio
• Heavier structural frame
• Lower columns must support floors above.
• Deeper foundations
• Vertical access Greater provision of lifts and stairs
• Wind effects Wind funnelling at ground level must be designed
out
• Greater wind speed at height
• Shading Shadows on other buildings - rights to light
Thank You