Traffic Congestion

By: PRAGVANSH.P(21BCL0150)

1. ABSTRACT:

Traffic congestion is a major problem in developing cities that is caused by the increase in the
number of vehicles and lack of regulation of land use. Several studies have been conducted to
analyse the impact of traffic congestion on the economy and to suggest mitigation measures.
The methodology involves data collection, congestion cost estimation, and evaluating
congestion parameters. The study recommends integrating land use and transportation
planning to manage traffic congestion effectively. The study suggests that four factors,
including strict traffic law implementation, adequate parking facilities, decentralization, and
controlling roadside activities, can improve urban road networks' serviceability and mobility.

2. INTRODUCTION:

The issue of traffic congestion in urban areas, which is a major problem in both developed
and developing countries. The causes of traffic congestion can be categorized into micro-
level factors, such as land use-pattern, employment patterns, and car ownership trends, and
macro-level factors, such as too many vehicles for limited road space, poorly timed traffic
signals, and special events like mass social gathering and political rallies. The consequences
of traffic congestion include waste of time and fuel, air pollution, delays, and cost to society.
The passage also highlights that traffic congestion increases travel time and fuel costs, which
adversely affect organizations and employees distributing goods and services, and negatively
impacts accessibility and mobility. The study examines the traffic congestion impacts of the
urban road network of a smart city in India, evaluates congestion indices to examine the
operational efficiency of the road network, and discusses mitigation measures such as
congestion pricing. Urban areas are experiencing an unprecedented growth rate, and this has
resulted in numerous challenges, with one of the most significant being traffic congestion.
Traffic congestion has become a common issue in urban areas worldwide, causing significant
negative impacts on the environment, economy, and quality of life. In big cities, the problem
of traffic congestion is particularly acute due to high population densities, rapid urbanization,
and limited transportation infrastructure.

Urban planning is a critical aspect of managing traffic congestion, and several solutions have
been proposed, including the implementation of public transportation systems, the promotion
of alternative modes of transportation such as cycling and walking, and the development of
smart technologies to optimize traffic flow. However, many cities still struggle with
managing their traffic congestion, leading to significant economic losses, increased air
pollution, and reduced quality of life for residents.

Given the widespread impact of traffic congestion in big cities, it is essential to conduct
research and explore effective strategies to address this issue. This research paper aims to
analyse the causes and effects of traffic congestion in urban areas, examine the existing
solutions, and propose innovative strategies to manage traffic congestion in big cities.

3. OBJECTIVE:

The objective for addressing traffic congestion as an issue of urban planning in India and
around the world is to improve the mobility and accessibility of people, goods, and services
in cities while reducing the negative impacts of traffic on the environment, public health, and
economic productivity.
  Reducing traffic congestion: Urban planning strategies such as efficient road design,
traffic management, and alternative modes of transport can help reduce traffic
congestion and improve the flow of traffic in cities.
 Improving public transport: Developing and improving public transport systems, such
as bus rapid transit, metro rail, and suburban trains, can provide people with
affordable, reliable, and efficient alternatives to driving.

 Encouraging active modes of transport: Promoting walking, cycling, and other non-
motorized modes of transport can not only reduce traffic congestion but also improve
public health and reduce carbon emissions.
 Enhancing accessibility: Ensuring that urban planning considers the needs of all
citizens, including those with disabilities, can enhance accessibility and promote
social inclusion.
 Promoting sustainable urban development: Implementing sustainable urban
development strategies, such as mixed-use development, green spaces, and
pedestrian-friendly streets, can help reduce traffic congestion and improve the overall
quality of life in cities.
 Improving safety: Implementing road safety measures, such as pedestrian crossings,
speed limits, and traffic calming, can help reduce accidents and fatalities on the roads.

Overall, the objective for addressing traffic congestion as an issue of urban planning is to
create liveable, sustainable, and vibrant cities where people can move around easily and
safely, while minimizing negative impacts on the environment and public health.

4. LITERATURE REVIEW:

This literature review provides an overview of the research conducted on traffic congestion as
an issue of urban planning. The studies reviewed here have examined various aspects of
traffic congestion, including its external costs, measures of congestion and travel time
reliability, traffic congestion indicators, causes of recurring and non-recurring congestion,
critical transport issues, detection techniques, and evaluation indicators.

i. Qingyue et al. (2007) analysed the external costs of traffic congestion and suggested
that congestion pricing can help mitigate the extra travel time costs, environmental
pollution costs, traffic accident costs, and fuel consumption costs. Lyman and Bertini
(2008) described congestion measures and travel time reliability measures, and
suggested that adding travel time reliability measure, such as the buffer index, can
help improve the comprehension of transportation networks.
ii. Padiath et al. (2009) illustrated the traffic congestion indicator in terms of traffic
density and established practical approaches for density forecast under similar traffic
circumstances. Uddin (2009) addressed the issues of increasing population and
vehicles, especially passenger cars, and identified the transhumance of rural
inhabitants to metropolitan cities as one of the primary reasons for urban traffic
congestion.
iii. Zhiliet al. (2009) forecasted the significance of congestion charge based on travel
demand models and suggested recommendations for executing the congestion charge.
McGroarty (2010) focused on causes of recurring and non-recurring congestion, and
found that capacity and behavioural issues and unanticipated events are the primary
causes, respectively.
iv. Mahmud et al. (2012) found that restricted resources invested in the growth of
transportation vehicles on roads and lack of implementation of appropriate and
realistic traffic governance strategy are the critical transport issues in almost all the
urban areas. Rao and Rao (2012) focused mostly on urban arterial congestion, adopted
travel time reliability measures to identify the traffic congestion parameters.
v. Dubey and Borkar (2015) focused on detection techniques of traffic congestion, and
suggested adopting GPS-based techniques for better results. He et al. (2016) adopted
performance index to determine the existing road network conditions of congestion in
urban road networks, using the speed performance index as the evaluation indicator of
the urban road traffic system. Samael and Das (2020) predicted congestion levels in a
specified road network using the buffer index and established regression modelling to
suggest recommendations.
 vi. One of the main causes of traffic congestion is the increase in the number of vehicles
on the road. According to Bliemer and Raadsen (2018), the number of cars on the
road is expected to double by 2040. This increase in traffic volume has led to more
traffic congestion, longer commute times, and increased air pollution.
vii. Several studies have looked at the effectiveness of different strategies for reducing
traffic congestion. For example, one study by Litman (2018) found that investing in
public transportation and active transportation can be more effective than investing in
road infrastructure. Another study by Banister and Hickman (2013) found that a
combination of pricing policies, land use policies, and transportation demand
management measures can be effective in reducing traffic congestion.
viii. In addition to land use policies and transportation planning, technology can also play
a role in reducing traffic congestion. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) can
provide real-time traffic information, which can help drivers avoid congested areas.
ITS can also optimize traffic signals to improve traffic flow. Several studies have
shown that ITS can be effective in reducing traffic congestion (Mouskos et al., 2019;
Pudukudy et al., 2020).

Overall, the literature suggests that traffic congestion is a significant issue for urban areas, but
it is a complex issue that requires a multi-faceted approach. Urban planning can play a critical
role in addressing traffic congestion by using land use policies and transportation planning to
reduce the need for cars and increase the availability and reliability of alternative modes of
transportation. Technology, such as ITS, can also be effective in reducing traffic congestion.

5. Data collection and analysis:

5.1 Travel time estimation:

In the assessment of traffic congestion, travel time is a crucial parameter for measuring
congestion indices. The mean travel time between two points of interest can be evaluated
using common analytical methods or computer software. Travel time refers to the time
required to travel along a path connecting two points of interest. One way to determine travel
time for a relatively short distance is to assume that the mean speed at a particular point (spot
speed) is constant. This assumption is valid for continuous flow conditions with stable traffic
patterns.

Therefore, it is important to accurately measure and analyze travel time data to understand
traffic congestion in urban areas. Traffic congestion can lead to longer travel times and
reduced reliability, which can negatively impact the economy and quality of life for
individuals. By utilizing common analytical methods or computer software, traffic planners
can measure and analyse travel time data to identify areas of congestion and develop
strategies to alleviate traffic congestion.

5.2 Travel time reliability:

Travel time reliability is an important measure for evaluating the performance of
transportation networks. It refers to the consistency of travel time for a particular route under
different traffic conditions. Unlike the volume-to-capacity ratio, which focuses on the need
for additional roadways to accommodate traffic demand, travel time reliability measures
focus on the better management of the existing infrastructure.

The measure of travel time reliability is useful in determining the acceptability of the services
provided by the urban network. A reliable travel time is important for commuters and
transportation operators as it enables better planning and scheduling of trips. This measure
can also help identify bottlenecks and congestion hotspots, which can be addressed through
targeted infrastructure improvements or traffic management strategies.

5.3 License plate matching techniques

The use of registration number matching approaches, specifically the Video graphic
technique with Physical Method, is a useful tool for collecting travel time data. This
technique involves gathering vehicle registration numbers and entry times at different points,
matching the registration numbers between successive points, and determining travel times
through the differences in entry times.
There are four fundamental techniques employed for gathering the information's about
registration number matching approaches: physical method, portable computer, video graphic
technique with physical method, and video graphic technique accompanied by character
identification.

The present study utilized the video graphic technique with physical method, which involves
using video cameras to gather information about registration numbers in the working areas
and physically extracting the required data. This approach is effective in providing accurate
and reliable travel time data, which can be used to analyze traffic congestion and plan for
urban transportation improvements.

5.4 Congestion indices:

Congestion indices are parameters used to quantify the level of traffic congestion in a
particular area. These indices provide a numerical value that indicates the degree of
congestion experienced by drivers and can be used to assess the effectiveness of traffic
management strategies.

 Travel Time Index (TTI)

 Buffer Index (BTI)

 Planning Time Index (PTI)

The present study has adopted Buffer Time Index to evaluate the congestion index for the
selected urban road networks. BTI represents the traveller need to put additional time in their
mean travel time to make sure on time arrival most of the time.

5.5 Selection of the study area:

Selecting the study area is a crucial initial step in any research work. The study area
determines the research activities that need to be undertaken while taking into account the
existing transportation infrastructure, traffic patterns, and travel information. For this
research, the urban road network was chosen as the study area to assess the congestion
indices.

Fig: Lane attributes of the chosen roadway

The current research was conducted in two different locations, where data was collected
using video graphic survey during morning rush hours (8.00 A.M. to 10.00 A.M.) and
morning off-peak hours (2.00 P.M. to 3.00 P.M.). The collected traffic volume data was
analysed according to the guidelines provided in the Indian Road Congress106-1990 for the
capacity assessment of urban roads in plain areas.

Fig; Recommended Passenger Car Unit (PCU) factors for different category of vehicles in urban road
networks
 Fig: Buffer Time Index (%) of the chosen urban roadway

The current research primarily concentrated on the Buffer Time Index among various
congestion indices, as it yields reliable outcomes in mixed traffic conditions. The travel time
and congestion indices differ based on vehicle composition and lane allocation. A lower
Buffer Index indicates better service quality.

6. Impacts of traffic congestion:

Congestion's effects on the economy, the environment, and human health are three areas that
might be researched. To study the impact of traffic congestion on various parameters, the
pertinent information for the current research work has been gathered from a variety of
activities, such as group discussions, questionnaire reviews, physical monitoring, individual
interaction, journals and articles, website articles, and prior works on the relevant subject.

6.1 Impact on Economy:

Traffic congestion has a significant impact on the economy of a region. It results in longer
travel times for commuters and transportation of goods, which can cause delays in meeting
business deadlines and increased transportation costs. Congestion also reduces the
productivity of workers and can lead to increased absenteeism due to late arrivals at work.
The economic cost of traffic congestion includes increased fuel consumption, vehicle wear
and tear, and increased pollution levels, which further contribute to health problems and
environmental damage. It also affects the tourism industry as visitors may be discouraged
from visiting congested areas. Overall, traffic congestion leads to reduced economic growth

and decreased quality of life for residents.

Due to traffic congestion, people are compelled to waste money in a variety of ways,
including by wasting man hours, paying more for transportation, using more fuel, operating
and maintaining their vehicles, and paying a variety of other costs. According to the data
gathered, the study discovered that drivers waste 50% of their traffic per hour while they are
on the road. For instance, if a driver needs an hour to travel a certain distance during off-peak
hours, driving that same distance during peak hours will require 1.30 hours. The extra time
can be converted into valuable working hours that could help the economy as a whole.

Fig: Wastage of time due to traffic congestion

6.2 Impact on health:

People are compelled to spend more time on the road as a result of congestion, which has an
immediate impact on people's health. It is impossible to ignore how congestion affects human
health. The information was gathered from the sources described above in order to investigate
how traffic congestion affects health-related problems. According to the responses we
gathered, 81% of people are suffering as a result of traffic congestion. By contrast, 16% of
respondents said that traffic congestion had no negative effects on their health, and 3% of
respondents had no clear answer. The study has categorised the signs and symptoms of
suffering in various ways, including respiratory complications, neuralgia-related difficulties,
psychological distress, trouble hearing, irrational sweating, exhaustion, suffocation, dust
allergy, visibility difficulties, digestion issues, dehydration, etc.
 Fig: Percentage of categorized symptoms suffered due to traffic congestion

It is evident that the bulk of pain is caused by breathing (20%), headaches (18%), mental
tension (16%), and perspiration (15%), all of which are categorised as severe distresses.

While hearing (8%), fatigue (10%), and dust allergies (6%) are regarded as moderately
distressing conditions. Suffocation (3%), eye problems (3%), and other issues including
digestive issues, dehydration, etc. are among the low level of distresses.

6.3 Impact on Environment:

Traffic congestion has several negative impacts on the environment. One of the primary
impacts is air pollution caused by vehicular emissions. Traffic congestion leads to slow-
moving or stationary vehicles, and the engines keep running, emitting pollutants such as
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These pollutants contribute to poor
air quality, which has severe health implications, including respiratory diseases and
cardiovascular illnesses.

In addition to air pollution, traffic congestion also contributes to noise pollution. The constant
honking of horns, revving of engines, and the general noise of heavy traffic can lead to
hearing problems, stress, and sleep disturbance, which can also have adverse health effects.
Traffic congestion also affects the natural environment, particularly in urban areas, where it
can lead to the destruction of green spaces and wildlife habitats to accommodate more road
infrastructure. The construction of new roads and highways can lead to deforestation, soil
erosion, and disruption of natural water systems.

Finally, traffic congestion also contributes to climate change by releasing greenhouse gases
that trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. The emissions from
vehicles are a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing traffic
congestion can play a significant role in mitigating climate change.

7. Case Studies: Traffic Congestion in Major Cities around the

World:

7.1 PUNE TRAFFIC CONGESTION:

According to the Pune Traffic Office, the number of registered vehicles in Pune exceeds the
human population, with 3.62 million vehicles registered as of March 2018. This figure
includes over 6 lakh four-wheelers, 2 lakh two-wheelers, and 53,225 auto-rickshaws. The
lack of utilization of public transport and encroachment by footpath sellers and shop owners
contribute to traffic congestion. To address this issue, the Pune police and municipal
corporation must work together to address encroachment issues, focusing on illegal
encroachment and shops that have rented additional space or cause traffic congestion.
Additionally, improving infrastructure is necessary to address the increasing traffic problem
and high fatality rates caused by unorganized and undisciplined traffic.
 Fig: Statistics of Accident in Pune; Source: Published data by authorities

7.2 WRONGLY BUILT FLYOVERS AND TRAFFIC CONGESTION:

According to a recent survey, Pune is the Indian city with the quickest growth rate.

The Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) asserts under the Smart City initiative that Pune
aspires to be a major international urban hub in India. According to PMC's addendum,
residents of Pune enjoy a secure and livable environment with strong connections. The
Environment Status Report (ESR) claims that air and noise pollution are alarmingly

increasing in the city.

According to a report, Pune has a high car density with 753 automobiles for every 1,000
residents. Additionally, the physical constraints of the city infrastructure make it difficult for
fast traffic to move on city roadways. Pune has grown to be one of the largest cities in India
thanks to the surrounding 34 villages, which together cover an area of over 450 square
kilometres. Pune Municipal Corporation and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation's
combined population has already surpassed 55 lakhs.
 Fig: Statistics of Vehicles on Pune

Pune is the 8th largest city in India, with a fast-growing population and a high GDP per
capita. The city boasts a large number of educational institutions and universities, making it a
popular destination for students. However, the city is also facing severe traffic congestion
issues, especially in areas near construction sites and commercial zones.

The Pune Municipal Corporation has attempted to alleviate traffic congestion by building
flyovers, but some of these structures have caused more traffic problems due to poor design.
There is a lack of coordination between government agencies and corporations, and citizens
are calling for better infrastructure projects and improved traffic policing. The Pune
Metropolitan Region Development Authority has proposed a 129-kilometer-long ring road
and an outer road to decongest the city, but more efforts are needed to address the traffic
congestion problems.

7.3 CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION:

There are several causes of traffic congestion in Pune city. Firstly, the city has a high number
of registered vehicles, which is more than the human population. This leads to a lack of
parking space and traffic jams on the roads. Secondly, there is a lack of public transport usage
due to which people rely more on private vehicles. Thirdly, encroachment by footpath
vendors and shop owners also adds to the traffic congestion problem. Fourthly, ongoing
construction and development of infrastructure lead to traffic congestion in those areas.
Additionally, the wrong design of flyovers and lack of coordination between different
government agencies also contribute to traffic congestion.

Fig Statistics of Pune Municipal Corporation

Traffic congestion is a serious issue in Pune city, caused by various factors. One of the main
causes is the narrow roads and lanes, which are often illegally occupied, making them even
narrower and leading to traffic jams. Another contributing factor is the increase in population,
leading to an increase in vehicles, which is not being managed effectively.

Illegal parking in no-parking zones is also a major issue, as people do not follow the parking
policy and are not penalized for violating the rules. This, along with the high purchasing
power of the public, has led to almost every household owning a vehicle, which is putting
further strain on the existing roads and highways.
Road obstacles such as double parking, lane closures, and accidents, as well as illegal driving
practices like wrong-side driving, overtaking, and taking shortcuts through small lanes, also
contribute to traffic congestion. The lack of awareness and education about traffic rules
among the people, regardless of their educational qualifications, exacerbates the problem.

Heavy vehicle transit, insufficient public transportation, and the rapid development of the city
due to employment and education are other factors contributing to the increase in traffic
congestion. The emissions from road traffic also have serious environmental consequences,
contributing to air pollution, global warming, and health problems.

Overall, there is a dire need for effective traffic management strategies and awareness
campaigns to address the root causes of traffic congestion in Pune city. This includes
ensuring proper road infrastructure, implementing strict parking policies, promoting public
transportation, and educating the public about the importance of following traffic rules for the
safety and well-being of all.

7.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

7.4.1. Suggestions to help curb the traffic problem in Pune.

 Improve public transportation: Encouraging people to use public transportation by

making it more affordable, accessible, and efficient can help reduce the number of
private vehicles on the road.
 Increase road capacity: Widening of narrow roads, building new roads, and
constructing flyovers or underpasses at major intersections can help improve the flow
of traffic and reduce congestion.
 Promote carpooling: Encouraging people to share rides by carpooling can
significantly reduce the number of vehicles on the road and thereby reduce traffic
congestion.
 Regulate parking: Implementing strict regulations on parking, including no-parking
zones and charging higher fees for parking in high-traffic areas, can help discourage
people from bringing their vehicles into congested areas.
 Enforce traffic rules: Strict enforcement of traffic rules and imposing heavy penalties
on violators can help improve traffic discipline and encourage people to follow traffic
rules.
 Improve traffic management: Implementing intelligent traffic management systems
that include intelligent traffic signals and real-time traffic updates can help improve
traffic flow and reduce congestion.
 Encourage walking and cycling: Encouraging people to walk or cycle for short
distances can not only help reduce traffic congestion but also promote a healthier
lifestyle.
 Encourage telecommuting: Encouraging companies to allow their employees to work
from home or telecommute can help reduce the number of people commuting to work
and thereby reduce traffic congestion.

7.4.2 Road Safety Tips:

 Strengthen the public transportation system: This can encourage people to use public
transport instead of personal vehicles, thus reducing traffic on the roads. The public
transportation system can be improved by increasing the frequency and coverage of
buses, trains, and other modes of public transport.
 Allocate dedicated parking and non-parking zones: This can help to ensure that there
is sufficient space for parking, and can discourage illegal parking on narrow roads and
lanes.
 Increase enforcement and education: Authorities should enforce traffic rules strictly
and educate the public about traffic rules and safe driving practices.
 Implement one-way traffic movement: One-way traffic movement on certain streets
can help to improve traffic flow and reduce congestion.
 Avoid assigning hawker zones in areas of high travel density: Hawkers can cause
congestion on already narrow roads, so assigning them to areas with lower travel
density can help reduce traffic congestion.
 Establish dedicated exclusive bus-lanes: These lanes can provide faster and more
efficient public transportation, reducing the number of vehicles on the road.
 Construct flyovers, subways, skywalks, and crosswalks: These can help to reduce
congestion by separating pedestrians and vehicles and reducing intersections.
 Restrict turning of vehicles on roadsides: This can help to ensure smooth flow of
traffic on roads.
 Implement tidal flow operations: This involves changing the direction of traffic flow
during peak hours to reduce congestion.
 Close side streets for public use: This can reduce the number of intersections and
simplify traffic flow.
 Develop proper traffic junctions on roads: Properly designed traffic junctions can help
to improve traffic flow and reduce congestion.
 Introduce new modes of fast transport: This can include rapid transit systems like
metro trains, which can help to reduce traffic on the roads.
 Avoid using mobile devices while driving: Using mobile devices while driving can
lead to accidents and traffic jams.
 Use seat belts and helmets while driving: This can help to reduce injuries in case of
accidents and promote safe driving practices.
 Avoid drinking and driving: Driving under the influence of alcohol can lead to
accidents and traffic congestion.
 Slow down when required: Maintaining a safe speed and slowing down when
necessary, can help to prevent accidents and reduce traffic congestion.
 Use appropriate braking techniques while driving: This can help to avoid sudden stops
and traffic congestion.

7.5 Conclusion:
According to a report, Pune has a high car density with 753 automobiles for every 1,000
residents. Additionally, the physical constraints of the city infrastructure make it difficult for
fast traffic to move on city roadways. Pune has grown to be one of the largest cities in India
thanks to the surrounding 34 villages, which together cover an area of over 450 square
kilometres. Pune Municipal Corporation and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation's
combined population has already surpassed 55 lakhs.

8. Case Studies: Traffic Congestion in Major Cities around the

World:
8.1 Traffic Congestion : Bhubaneswar, Odisha:
Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Odisha, is rapidly developing into a smart city with the use
of innovative technology and solutions to improve transportation and reduce traffic
congestion. Traffic congestion is a major challenge in the city, leading to increased travel
times, air pollution, and fuel wastage. To address these issues, the city is implementing a
variety of traffic congestion solutions that incorporate the latest in technology and
transportation planning.

Some of the key solutions include the use of intelligent traffic management systems,
including traffic sensors, real-time traffic information, and traffic modeling. The city is also
developing a network of dedicated bus lanes to improve public transportation, as well as bike
lanes and pedestrian walkways to encourage sustainable and active modes of transportation.
Additionally, the city is investing in the construction of flyovers, underpasses, and other road
infrastructure to ease traffic flow.

These initiatives are being implemented in collaboration with both public and private
partners, including the city government, transportation companies, and technology providers.
The goal is to create a comprehensive and integrated transportation system that serves the
needs of all residents and visitors, while minimizing the negative impacts of traffic
congestion.
Overall, Bhubaneswar is an example of a smart city that is using innovative solutions to
improve transportation and reduce traffic congestion, and its efforts can serve as a model for
other cities facing similar challenges.

Fig. Proposed flyover from Kalinga Hospital and Damana

8.2 CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION:

Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Odisha, has experienced rapid urbanization in recent years,
resulting in an increase in population and vehicles on the roads. This has led to severe traffic
congestion in the city. The causes of traffic congestion in Bhubaneswar are multifaceted and
can be attributed to various factors.
One of the primary causes of traffic congestion is inadequate road infrastructure. The city's
road network has not kept pace with the increase in population and vehicle numbers. The
roads are narrow, and there are few flyovers or underpasses to manage the flow of traffic.
Moreover, the condition of the roads is poor, with potholes and uneven surfaces, which leads
to slower driving and traffic congestion.

Illegal parking is another significant cause of traffic congestion in Bhubaneswar. There is a

severe lack of parking spaces in the city, leading to cars and two-wheelers parking on the
roadside or in no-parking zones. This, in turn, results in the narrowing of the road, leading to
congestion. There is also rampant illegal parking in commercial areas, adding to the
congestion during peak hours.

The lack of a robust public transport system is another significant factor contributing to
traffic congestion. Bhubaneswar has a limited number of public transport options, and they
are often unreliable and poorly managed. This forces people to use their private vehicles,
leading to an increase in the number of cars on the road.

Inefficient traffic management is also a significant cause of traffic congestion in the city. The
traffic signals are often out of sync, leading to a pile-up of vehicles at intersections.
Additionally, the traffic police force is understaffed, leading to poor management of traffic
during peak hours.

The rapid increase in the number of private vehicles on the road is another significant cause
of traffic congestion. The growing middle-class population has resulted in a surge in car
ownership, leading to an increase in the number of vehicles on the roads. The city's road
infrastructure is not equipped to handle this increase, resulting in traffic congestion during
peak hours.

Another significant cause of traffic congestion is the lack of road safety awareness among
drivers. Drivers often ignore traffic rules and regulations, leading to accidents and
roadblocks, adding to the traffic congestion. Moreover, the roads are often clogged due to the
presence of slow-moving vehicles, such as bullock carts and rickshaws.

In conclusion, traffic congestion is a significant problem in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, and the

causes are multifaceted. Inadequate road infrastructure, illegal parking, a lack of public
transport options, inefficient traffic management, a surge in private vehicle ownership, and a
lack of road safety awareness among drivers are the primary causes. Addressing these issues
will require a concerted effort from the city's administration, law enforcement agencies, and
citizens.

8.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

8.3.1 Suggestions to help curb the traffic problem in
Bhubaneswar, Odisha:

To help curb the traffic problem in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, the following suggestions can be
considered:

 Strengthen public transport system: Encouraging the use of public transport such as
buses, metro rails and trains can significantly reduce the number of vehicles on the
road. The public transport system needs to be improved by increasing the frequency
of buses, introducing more routes and providing comfortable and affordable services.
 Promote walking and cycling: Encouraging people to walk or cycle for short distances
can help reduce traffic congestion. Providing dedicated cycling lanes and pedestrian
walkways can encourage more people to opt for these modes of transportation.

 Implement traffic management systems: Implementing advanced traffic management

systems such as intelligent transportation systems (ITS), real-time traffic monitoring,
and predictive analytics can help in reducing congestion on roads. This can also be
supplemented with the use of smart traffic signals that are synced with each other.
  Restrict unauthorized parking: Strict enforcement of parking rules and the
identification of dedicated parking zones can help reduce unauthorized parking on
roads, which is a major cause of traffic congestion.
 Introduce carpooling: Promoting the concept of carpooling can help reduce the
number of vehicles on the road. This can be incentivized by providing dedicated
carpooling lanes and parking spots for shared vehicles.
 Introduce congestion pricing: Introducing congestion pricing, where drivers pay a fee
to enter congested areas during peak hours, can reduce the number of vehicles on the
road during these hours.
 Promote use of electric vehicles: Encouraging the use of electric vehicles can help
reduce the pollution caused by vehicles and also reduce the overall number of
vehicles on the road.
 Encourage work from home: Encouraging companies to offer work from home
options can reduce the number of people commuting to work, which can help reduce
traffic congestion during peak hours.
 Build more flyovers and underpasses: Constructing more flyovers and underpasses
can help reduce the number of intersections on roads, reducing congestion caused by
traffic signals and merging vehicles.
 Introduce public awareness campaigns: Conducting public awareness campaigns to
educate people about the causes and effects of traffic congestion and promoting the
use of public transport and other alternatives can help reduce traffic congestion in
Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Fig: Methodology for proposed solution against traffic congestion in Kalinga Hosp. to Damana road
 8.3.2 Road Safety Tips:

Here are some road safety tips that can help drivers navigate through traffic congestion in
Bhubaneswar, Odisha:

 Stay Alert: It is important to stay alert and focused while driving in heavy traffic.
Keep a safe distance from the vehicle in front of you and be aware of your
surroundings.
 Follow Traffic Rules: It is important to follow traffic rules such as speed limits, traffic
signals, and road signs. Be patient and wait for your turn to avoid accidents and traffic
violations.
 Avoid Distractions: Avoid using mobile phones, eating, or applying makeup while
driving. These distractions can lead to accidents and cause traffic congestion.
 Use Indicators: Use indicators while changing lanes or turning. This will help other
drivers to anticipate your movements and avoid collisions.
 Plan Ahead: Plan your route in advance and avoid busy roads during peak hours. Use
navigation apps to find alternate routes if possible.
 Maintain Your Vehicle: Ensure that your vehicle is in good condition and well-
maintained. Regularly check the brakes, tires, and other important components to
prevent breakdowns and accidents.
 Stay Calm: Traffic congestion can be frustrating, but it is important to stay calm and
avoid road rage. Aggressive driving can lead to accidents and worsen traffic
congestion.
 Use Public Transport: Consider using public transport or carpooling to reduce traffic
congestion on the roads. This can also help reduce air pollution and save fuel.

8.4 CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, traffic congestion is a growing problem in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, which can
cause several issues such as increased travel time, air pollution, and road accidents. The
primary reasons for traffic congestion in the city are inadequate public transportation, poor
road infrastructure, increasing private vehicle usage, and illegal parking. To curb the traffic
problem in Bhubaneswar, various measures such as strengthening public transport, creating
dedicated parking and non-parking zones, enforcing traffic laws, and improving road
infrastructure are necessary. Along with these measures, it is also crucial for individuals to
follow road safety tips such as using seat belts and helmets, avoiding using mobile phones
while driving, and slowing down the speed as required. The city's government and citizens
must work together to address the issue of traffic congestion and make Bhubaneswar a safer
and more efficient city to travel in.

9. Case Studies: Traffic Congestion in Major Cities around the

World:
9.1 Traffic Congestion in Bangladesh: A study of Chittagong
Metropolitan City:

Traffic congestion is a significant issue in many cities around the world, and Chittagong
Metropolitan City in Bangladesh is no exception. The rapid growth of population and
urbanization, combined with inadequate road infrastructure, has led to severe traffic
congestion problems in the city. The problem has been compounded by the increasing
number of vehicles on the road, which has led to a lack of parking space and a worsening
traffic situation.

Chittagong Metropolitan City is the second-largest city in Bangladesh, with a population of

around 7 million. It is a major commercial hub and an important gateway for international
trade. The city is home to several major industries, including shipbuilding, manufacturing,
and textiles. The rapid growth of these industries has led to an increase in the number of
vehicles on the road, leading to severe traffic congestion.

In recent years, the city has witnessed a sharp increase in the number of private cars,
motorcycles, and rickshaws, which has put tremendous pressure on the existing road
infrastructure. The city's roads are narrow, and the streets are often congested with parked
cars and rickshaws. The lack of designated parking areas has led to cars being parked
haphazardly, which further exacerbates the traffic problem.

The city's public transportation system is also inadequate, which means that people are more
likely to use private cars and motorcycles. This leads to a vicious cycle of increasing traffic
congestion, as more vehicles on the road lead to longer travel times, which in turn
discourages people from using public transportation.

To address the problem of traffic congestion in Chittagong Metropolitan City, it is essential

to take a multi-pronged approach. This could include the development of an efficient public
transportation system, the construction of new roads and highways, the implementation of
traffic management systems, and the promotion of alternative modes of transportation, such
as cycling and walking. Furthermore, the city authorities need to enforce strict regulations on
parking, discourage the use of private cars, and encourage carpooling to reduce the number of
vehicles on the road.

9.2 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN CHITTAGONG CITY:

The city of Chittagong in Bangladesh is facing severe traffic congestion that is making the lives of
citizens miserable. The traffic system has already collapsed, and vehicles cannot run on the main
roads due to congestion. This situation is causing serious trouble, especially for females, aged people,
and school-going students. Despite initiatives taken by traffic authorities, main roads in the city
remain blocked by traffic jams. The main factors contributing to traffic congestion are a complex mix
of traffic and heavy concentration of vehicles, inadequate public transport, inadequate road
infrastructure, faulty signaling equipment, and poor enforcement of traffic rules.
The main traffic congestion occurs due to a huge traffic flow and the mixture of motorized and non-
motorized vehicles that ply at the same time in the main road intersections of the city. Rickshaws and
auto-rickshaws mainly disregard red lights, and signal lights at most of the busy intersections remain
out of order for a long time. Additionally, the city accommodates a large number of light and
medium-scale industrial activities, along with the Chittagong Export Processing Zone (CEPZ),
attracting a significant number of people from surrounding villages who come to the city daily for
jobs and food.

People of Bangladesh do not follow traffic rules properly, and most of the drivers do not obey speed
limits. Moreover, during the festival periods, hawkers occupy the roads and footpaths, which further
exacerbates traffic congestion. The narrow streets, compared to the number of vehicles, are also one
of the reasons behind traffic congestion.

The main points of the city, including New Market, Station Road, GEC point, WASA point,
Muradpur, Bohadderhat, Sholoshahar, Chalkbazar, Chittagong College area, Jamal Khan Road,
Anderkillah, Agrabad, Barik Buildings, Fakirhat, Chittagong Port gate area, Pahartoli, Alonker point,
Katgor Bazar, Steel Mills Bazar, CEPZ point, Saltgolla, Kotowli point, Karnaphuli Bridge area,
Kalurghat area, Oxygen point, Chittagong University area, Kajirdewari, Lalkhan Bazar, and other
important points, are major spots for traffic congestion. The prime roads from Katgor to Bohadder
Hat, New Market to Chalkbazar to Bohadderhat, GEC point to Alonker point, Chittagong City to
Chittagong University, and New Market to Airport road are continuously congested by motorized and
non-motorized vehicles.

9.3 REASONS BEHIND TRAFFIC CONGESTION:

9.3.1 Increasing number of vehicles:
Population and traffic growth rates in Bangladesh are roughly 1.5 and 7%, respectively.
However, the rate at which roads are expanding in relation to increased traffic growth is not
at all unimportant. According to a 2010 BRTA (Bangladesh Road Transport Authority)
source, there are currently 84391 licenced vehicles in Chittagong.

Bus 2816, Autoricksha (Taxi) 20847, Tempo 4666, Motorcycle 13470, Jeep 1951, Car 15961,
Pickup 3676, Tank Lorry 386, Tractor trailer 503 and Micro 5998 are a few of these vehicles.
Consequently, city highways cannot handle the volume of traffic, especially during rush hour.
 9.3.2 Inadequacy of traffic police:
Chittagong's traffic police are understaffed when compared to those in Bangladesh's other
major cities. At least four traffic police are required at all intersections at once, however in
Chittagong, it appears that there is a constant shortage of traffic officers, and as a result,
vehicles are becoming backed up owing to improper training. There is just 349 traffic.

It is inadequate that the city has police and 46 numbers of urgent (Source: Chittagong
Metropolitan Police).

9.3.3 Narrow roads:

As a result of illegal possession on the road, Chittagong's streets, which are not very broad,
are becoming increasingly congested. Chittagong's main thoroughfares are between 100 and
120 feet wide. However, the majority of the road is merely black top for about 60 feet.
Therefore, expanding the road in accordance with their right of way is a viable option to ease
traffic congestion. Furthermore, since land acquisition is not necessary for this process, it will
be less expensive and time-consuming.

9.3.4 Illegal Parking:

The two-kilometer stretch of road between Tigerpass to Barik Building Moor has been
congested every day due to illegal parking. One of the main causes of the severe traffic jams
in various areas of the port city, such as GEC, Muradpur, CDA Avenue, OR Nizam Road,
Zakir Hossain Road, Station Road, Dhaka Trunk Road, Madarbari, Shuvapur Bus Stand, EPZ
intersection, and Olankar, is the on-road parking of vehicles (Bangladesh Road Transport
Authority, 2010).

9.3.5 Increasing number of populations:

A major contributing factor to traffic jams may be the fact that all of the thanas in Chittagong
City are experiencing population growth and poor traffic management.
 9.3.6 Improper planning of city development of CDA:
The city's long-term development is planned by the Chittagong Development Authority
(CDA). This planning, however, is inadequate. Most often, it appears that the CDA is
reclaiming some illegally abandoned roadside land, but because of corruption and an
ambiguous development strategy, these kinds of efforts are fruitless.

9.3.7 Corruption in issuing driving license:

In Chittagong City, the BRTA is responsible for issuing driving licenses, but because of
corruption, people with limited driving experience are obtaining them. As a result, the
number of accidents is rising; yet, thanks to the strict enforcement of traffic laws

Traffic snarls up frequently. There are around 80000 unauthorised or unlicensed drivers in the
entire nation. After assisting a driver for a few years, people are now becoming drivers.

9.3.8 Fly over construction:

The inhabitants of Chittagong are experiencing severe traffic congestion due to the
construction of a flyover from Sholsohor to Bohoddarhat and another flyover at a cement
crossing.

9.4 SOLUTION OF TRAFFIC JAM:

9.4.1 Clarity in BRTA:
The BRTA should keep its operations transparent. Driving licence and transportation fitness
licence issuance should be thoroughly monitored, and appropriate action should be taken in
the event of defaulters. To stop people from driving with phoney licenses, digital licences
should be implemented.

9.4.2 Strict lane management:

Different lanes for different types of vehicles should be marked on the roads and law i.e.
financial penalty should be imposed to make the drivers maintain the lane.

9.4.3 Restricting routes for Rickshaw:

There shouldn't be a ban on rickshaws on all city routes. Rickshaws shouldn't be allowed on
VIP routes like GEC Circle, O R Nizam Road, and Badamtoli Circle. By enforcing a
registration fee and requiring legal documentation, BRTA should assume some responsibility
for managing the growing number of rickshaws.

9.4.4 Financial penalty to the traffic law breakers:

The government has the authority to impose harsh penalties, such as monetary fines, on
drivers who break the law. This fashion is accessible in Dhaka. According to Remi, at el.,
(2009) policies should be put in place to discourage drivers from specific habits that cause
congestion, such as wrong-way driving, overtaking in the wrong direction, and disobeying
traffic signals. The introduction of mobile courts is necessary to penalise truck drivers who
break traffic laws and operate unsafe vehicles. In the short term, this type of legal
implementation can reduce traffic congestion, but in the long run, everyone should be active
in raising awareness and taking responsibility for the society. Otherwise, resolving traffic
jams is impossible.

9.4.5 Elevated Express way:

The Bangladesh Bridge Authority has yet to select a bidder for the construction of an
elevated expressway over Chittagong, despite a year-long effort. The project was initially
planned without a feasibility study, but this decision was scrapped due to queries from
bidders. The pre-qualification bidding for the $2 billion project was opened in 2009, and its
awarding may take one more month. The work is expected to start in January, but experts
doubt it will be completed before the end of the current government's tenure in 2013.
Planning should be made now for Chittagong to enjoy the elevated expressway in the coming
decade.

9.4.6 Increasing and developing the manpower (Traffic

police):
As the city is running with inadequate amount of traffic police than required, so it is almost
must for the authority i.e., CMP to increase the number of traffic police. This step will create
some scope for employment also. Only recruitment is not enough, they should be trained up
for the betterment of the traffic management.

9.5 CONCLUSION:

To conclude, traffic congestion is a major problem in Chittagong Metropolitan City,

Bangladesh, caused by factors such as rapid urbanization, inadequate infrastructure, lack of
public transportation, and unregulated use of private vehicles. To address this issue, various
solutions can be implemented, including the development of a modern public transportation
system, the improvement of road infrastructure, the promotion of carpooling and alternative
modes of transportation, and the implementation of stricter traffic laws and regulations. It is
crucial that the government takes immediate action to address this issue to improve the
quality of life of the citizens and the economic development of the city
 Fig: Share of Types of Motorised Vehicles in 2011

Fig: Sectoral Consumption of Diesel

10. Suggested mitigation measures:

Traffic congestion is a major problem in many parts of the world. To mitigate this issue,
several measures can be taken:
  Public transportation: One of the most effective ways to reduce traffic congestion is to
improve public transportation. Governments can invest in modern and efficient public
transportation systems like metro, buses, trams, and trains, making them faster and
more reliable, and encourage people to use them instead of their personal vehicles.
 Carpooling: Carpooling is another effective way to reduce traffic congestion. By
sharing a ride with others, the number of vehicles on the road can be reduced, thus
decreasing the amount of traffic.
 Road infrastructure development: Improvement of road infrastructure can also help to
reduce congestion. The construction of new roads, bridges, and flyovers can improve
the flow of traffic, and the development of new routes can ease congestion on the
busiest roads.
 Pedestrian and cycling facilities: Encouraging walking and cycling can also reduce
traffic congestion. Building more sidewalks and bike lanes can help people to move
around without using a vehicle, and making these modes of transportation safer and
more attractive can encourage more people to use them.
 Congestion pricing: Introducing congestion pricing, where drivers are charged a fee to
use the most congested roads, can also help reduce traffic congestion. This can
encourage people to take alternative routes or use public transportation instead of
driving during peak hours.
 Telecommuting: With advances in technology, telecommuting or working from home
can be a viable option for many people, reducing the number of vehicles on the road
during peak hours.
 Education and awareness: Educating the public on the negative impacts of traffic
congestion and the benefits of alternative transportation methods can help to reduce
congestion. This can be done through campaigns, advertisements, and social media.

These mitigation measures can help to alleviate traffic congestion in different parts of the
world, but the effectiveness of each measure may vary depending on the location and the
unique circumstances. It is important for governments and stakeholders to assess the situation
and determine the most appropriate measures for their specific situation.
 Fig: Percentage of factors Suggested for the mitigation measures.

Table: Traffic congestion mitigation measure

11. CONCLUSION:

Traffic congestion is a significant issue in urban planning that affects not only the movement
of people and goods but also the quality of life in cities. The negative impacts of traffic
congestion include increased air pollution, longer commuting times, reduced economic
productivity, and increased stress levels for residents. Therefore, it is crucial to address traffic
congestion in urban planning to ensure sustainable and livable cities.
One effective solution for reducing traffic congestion is to promote and invest in public
transportation. Public transportation, such as buses, trains, and subways, provides a more
efficient and sustainable alternative to private vehicles, reducing the number of cars on the
road and easing congestion. Additionally, providing bike lanes and promoting cycling as a
mode of transportation can also reduce traffic congestion and promote a healthier lifestyle.

Another effective solution is to implement smart traffic management systems. Smart traffic
management systems use technology to monitor traffic flow, predict congestion, and adjust
traffic signals to optimize traffic flow. This technology can be used to provide real-time
traffic information to drivers, helping them to make informed decisions about their routes and
avoid congested areas.

Urban planners can also reduce traffic congestion by implementing mixed-use development,
where residential, commercial, and industrial activities are located in the same area. This
reduces the need for long-distance travel, which reduces traffic congestion and carbon
emissions. Urban planners can also promote walkability and reduce urban sprawl by
designing cities with pedestrian-friendly streets, parks, and public spaces.

To address traffic congestion, urban planners must also consider the role of land-use policies.
Policies such as zoning regulations can promote compact, walkable neighbourhoods that
reduce the need for long-distance travel. Additionally, urban planners can encourage the
development of affordable housing close to job centres, reducing the need for long commutes
and reducing traffic congestion.

In conclusion, traffic congestion is a significant issue in urban planning that requires a

multifaceted approach. By promoting public transportation, implementing smart traffic
management systems, designing cities with mixed-use development, promoting walkability,
and considering land-use policies, urban planners can reduce traffic congestion and promote
sustainable and liveable cities. Ultimately, addressing traffic congestion in urban planning
requires a commitment to creating sustainable, equitable, and liveable cities for all residents.
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