Unit:- 1

1. a) To store and manage data

2. b) Database, DBMS software, and users
3. d) All of the above
4. a) Presentation layer, application layer, and database layer
5. a) The ability to change the database schema without changing the application program
6. d) All of the above
7. b) The actual database as it exists at a particular moment in time
8. a) The process of designing a database schema
9. a) A data model used to design relational databases
10. a) A data model that organizes data into one or more tables
11. a) A set of data organized into rows and columns
12. a) A column or set of columns that uniquely identifies a row in a table
13. c) A column or set of columns that references a primary key in another table
14. a) A way of combining data from two or more tables based on a related column
15. a) A virtual table that is created from the data in one or more tables
16. a) A unit of work that is performed by a database user or application
17. a) A set of properties that ensure reliable processing of transactions
18. a) A set of instructions that are automatically executed by the database system in
response to a specific event
19. a) A precompiled program that is stored in the database and can be executed by a user
or application
20. a) A data structure used to improve the performance of queries on a table
21. a) A set of rules used to enforce data integrity
22. a) The duplication of data in a database
23. a) The process of removing data redundancy from a database
24. a) The process of introducing data redundancy into a database for performance reasons
25. a) A large, centralized repository of data from multiple sources
26. a) The process of analyzing large amounts of data to discover patterns and relationships
27. a) Online Analytical Processing
28. a) Online Transaction Processing
29. a) A copy of the database used for recovery in case of a failure
30. a) The process of restoring a database to a consistent state after a failure
31. a) The person responsible for managing the database system
32. a) The process of creating a conceptual representation of data
33. a) A data model used to describe the structure of data in a database
34. a) A connection between two entities
35. a) The number of instances of one entity that can be associated with an instance of
another entity
36. a) A data model used to describe the structure of data in a database
37. a) A two-dimensional representation of data in rows and columns
38. a) An attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identifies each row in a table
39. a) An attribute or set of attributes in one table that refers to the primary key in another
table
40. a) A way to combine data from two or more tables based on a related attribute

Unit 2:-
1. What is the Relational Query Language (RQL)?
b) A query language used to retrieve and manipulate data in a relational database

2. What is relational algebra?

b) A set of mathematical operators used to manipulate data in a relational database

3. What is a Data Definition Language (DDL)?

a) A language used to define and modify the structure of a database

4. What is Data Manipulation Language (DML)?

b) A language used to retrieve and manipulate data in a database
5. What is Transaction Control Language (TCL)?
c) A language used to control transactions in a database

6. What are integrity constraints in DBMS?

a) Rules that must be enforced to maintain the integrity of the database

7. What are database keys?

a) Attributes or sets of attributes that uniquely identify each row in a table

8. What is SQL?
b) A query language used to retrieve and manipulate data in a relational database

9. What are the basic operations in SQL?

a) SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

10. What are Aggregate functions in SQL?

a) Functions that perform a calculation on a set of values and return a single value

11. What are SQL Joins?

a) A way to combine data from two or more tables based on a related attribute

12. What are set operators in SQL?

a) Operators used to perform operations on two or more sets of data

13. What are views in SQL?

a) Virtual tables that do not actually exist in the database

14. What is a database trigger in SQL?

a) A program that automatically executes in response to certain events

15. What is the purpose of the SELECT statement in SQL?

a) To retrieve data from a table or set of tables

16. What is the purpose of the INSERT statement in SQL?

b) To insert data into a table

17. What is the purpose of the UPDATE statement in SQL?

c) To update data in a table

18. What is the purpose of the DELETE statement in SQL?

c) To delete data from a table

19. What is a stored procedure in SQL?

a) A set of SQL statements that can be executed as a single unit

20. What is a cursor in SQL?

a) A pointer to a row in a table

21. What is a trigger in SQL?

a) A program that is automatically executed in response to certain events

22. What is a constraint in SQL?

a) A rule that must be enforced to maintain the integrity of the database

23. What is a primary key in SQL?

a) A constraint that uniquely identifies each row in a table
24. What is a foreign key in SQL?
a) A constraint that refers to the primary key of another table

25. What is a join in SQL?

a) A way to combine data from two or more tables based on a related attribute

26. What is an inner join in SQL?

a) A join that returns only the rows that have matching values in both tables

27. What is an outer join in SQL?

a) A join that returns all the rows from one table and matching rows from another table

28. What is a left outer join in SQL?

a) A join that returns all the rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table

29. What is a right outer join in SQL?

a) A join that returns all the rows from the right table and matching rows from the left table

30. What is a full outer join in SQL?

a) A join that returns all the rows from both tables

31. What is a view in SQL?

a) A virtual table that is based on the result of a SQL statement

Unit 3: -

1. d
2. b
3. a
4. d
5. c
6. d
7. d
8. c
9. d
10. c
11. d
12. d
13. d
14. d
15. d
16. d
17. a
18. d
19. c
20. a
21. d
22. b
23. d
24. d
25. d
26. a
27. a
28. d
29. d
30. d
31. a
32. b
33. b
34. a
35. d
36. a
37. d
38. a
39. d
40. d

Unit 4:-
1. c) A set of instructions that are executed as a single unit of work.
2. a) Atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability.
3. a) Atomicity.
4. c) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(B), write(A).
5. a) A sequence of instructions that can be executed concurrently.
6. b) A schedule in which transactions are executed sequentially.
7. c) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(B), write(A).
8. a) The property that a schedule can be transformed into a serial schedule.
9. a) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(B), write(C); T3: read(C), write(A).
10. c) The process of ensuring that transactions are executed concurrently.
11. b) To prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions.
12. a) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(A), write(C).
13. c) To prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions.
14. a) T1: read(A); T2: read(B); T3: read(C).
15. d) T1: read(A); T2: write(A); T3: write(A).
16. a) A situation in which two transactions are waiting for each other to release locks.
17. c) To provide a record of all transactions that have been executed.
18. b) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(B), write(C); T3: read(D), write(C).
19. d) To reduce the amount of work required during database recovery.
20. a) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(B), write(C); T3: read(C), write(D).
21. c) To ensure that transactions are either all committed or all aborted.
22. b) T1: read(A), read(B); T2: read(C), read(D); T3: read(E), read(F).
23. c) To provide a record of all changes made to the database.
24. c) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(B), write(C); T3: read(D), write(E).
25. a) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(B), write(C); T3: read(C), write(A).
26. c) To identify and resolve deadlocks between transactions.
27. c) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(B); T3: read(A), read(B).
28. c) To restore the database to a consistent state after a failure.
29. b) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(B), write(C); T3: read(A), write(C).
30. b) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(B), write(A); T3: read(C), write(D).
31. b) To prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions.
32. c) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(B), write(C); T3: read(A), read(C).
33. b) To prevent conflicts between concurrent transactions.
34. b) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(B), write(C); T3: read(A), read(B).
35. d) To aid in database recovery after a failure.
36. a) T1: read(A), write(B); T2: read(B), write(C); T3: read(C), write(D).

Unit 5:-
1. d) stored procedure
2. a) To perform a specific task and return a value
3. a) They are used to execute a set of SQL statements in a specific order
4. a) A control structure used to iterate through a set of data in a database
5. a) To perform an action in response to a change in a database table
6. c) Database exception
7. c) for loop
8. a) They can be reused in different parts of a program
9. a) To execute a set of SQL statements in a specific order
10. a) To iterate over a set of data in a database
11. a) To perform an action in response to a change in a database table
12. c) if-else statement
13. a) They can improve performance by reducing network traffic
14. d) Stored cursor
15. a) To handle errors and unexpected events in a program
16. c) for loop
17. a) To perform a specific task and return a value
18. a) They can decrease performance by increasing database overhead
19. d) Inefficiency
20. c) if-else statement
21. a) They are used to execute a set of SQL statements in a specific order
22. a) A control structure used to iterate through a set of data in a database
23. a) To perform an action in response to a change in a database table
24. c) Database exception
25. c) break statement
26. a) To perform a specific task and return a value
27. d) for loop
28. a) To execute a set of SQL statements in a specific order
29. b) They can be difficult to debug and maintain
30. d) Scalability
31. a) A set of SQL statements that are executed in response to a database event
32. a) They are used to iterate through a set of data in a database
33. b) switch-case statement
34. d) Complexity
35. d) DDL statements
36. a) Flexibility
37. a) To handle errors and unexpected events in a program
38. d) continue statement
39. c) CREATE statement
40. d) Concurrency control mechanisms

Unit 6:-
1. b) It refers to the structure used to store data in a database file.
2. d) Sequential, indexed, clustered.
3. a) A database object used to organize data for faster retrieval.
4. a) B-tree, hash, binary.
5. c) A technique used to index data in a database.
6. a) Linear, quadratic, chained.
7. a) A term used to describe large amounts of data that cannot be processed by traditional
methods.
8. a) Databases that do not use SQL for querying data.
9. b) Data is stored in a sequence that is determined by a key field.
10. a) Data is stored in a sequence that is determined by a key field.
11. c) Data is stored in a sequence that is determined by a key field.
12. a) An indexing technique used for faster retrieval of data.
13. c) A hashing technique used for indexing data.
14. a) An index that is based on the physical order of data in a table.
15. b) An index that is based on the logical order of data in a table.
16. a) A programming construct used to manipulate data in a database.
17. c) A type of programming construct used to perform a specific task.
18. d) A mechanism for traversing through data in a database.
19. a) Database objects that execute a set of actions in response to an event.
20. a) A mechanism for handling errors in a database.
21. a) Atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability.
22. a) It ensures that a transaction is either completed in its entirety or not at all.
23. a) It ensures that a transaction leaves the database in a valid state.
24. a) It ensures that a transaction is isolated from other transactions until it is completed.
25. a) It ensures that the effects of a transaction persist even in the event of a failure.
26. a) A sequence of instructions that represent a series of transactions.
27. a) A property that guarantees that a set of concurrent transactions will produce the
same results as if they were executed serially.
28. a) The process of managing the simultaneous execution of multiple transactions in a
database.
29. a) The ability to restore the database to a consistent state after a failure.
30. a) A method used to store data in a database.
31. a) Sequential, indexed sequential, random.
32. a) A mechanism used to speed up data retrieval from a database.
33. b) Clustered, non-clustered, binary.
34. a) A technique used to quickly locate data in a database.
35. a) Linear hashing, quadratic hashing, double hashing.
36. a) A term used to describe large and complex datasets.
37. a) A type of database management system that is designed to handle unstructured and
semi-structured data.
38. d) All of the above.
39. d) All of the above.
40. a) A mechanism used to handle errors and exceptions that occur during program
execution.