Confidence * Fluency * Problem-solving ¢ Progression pass | =: =) =) =) a =) = i > Ree TeonContributing editors: Dr Naomi Norman and Katherine Pate OB ereseyaPublished by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R ORL. wen: pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk Text © Pearson Education Limited 2020 Project managed and edited by Just Content Lid Typeset by PDQ Digital Media Solutions Lid Original ilustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2020 Cover illustration by Robert Samuel Hanson ‘The rights of Nick Askey, Jack Barraclough, Sharon Bolger, Greg Byrd, Lynn Byrd, Andrew Edmondson, Keith Galliok, Sophie Goldie, Catherine Murphy Su Nicholson, Mary Pardoe, Katherine Pate, Harry Smith and ‘Angela Wheeler to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2020 23.22.21 20 10987654321 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978 1 292 327198 Copyright notice All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or Incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 ar under the terms of licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 5th Floor, Shackleton House, Hay's Galleria, 4 Battle Bridge Lane, London SE% 2HX (wwwicla.co.uk), Applications for the copyright owner’s written permission should be addressed to the publisher Printed! in Haly by L.E,G.O. 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Note from the publisher Pearson has robust editorial processes, including answer and fact checks, to ensure the accuracy of the content in this publication, and every effort is made to ensure this publication is free of errors, We are, however, only human, and occasionally errors do occur Pearson js not liable for any misunderstandings that arise as a result Of errors in this publication, but itis our priority to ensure that the content is accurate. If you spot an error, please do contact us al [email protected] so we can make sure itis corrected,—_— Se Ce ene kon 4.1 STEM: Powers of 10 1 4.2 Caloulating and estimating 4 4.3. Indices 7 4.4 Standard form 9 4.5. STEM: Calculating with standard form " 4 Checkup “4 4 Strengthen 16 4 Extend 2 4 Unittest 2D shapes and 3D solids 241 Surface area of prisms 2.2 Volume of prisms 2.3. Circumference of a circle 29 24 Areaof acircle 32 fl 2.5 Cylinders 36 | 2.6 Pythagoras’ theorem 37 a Check up 40 St ite ‘Strengthen 42 J Extend . a Unit test . z - 3.1 Arithmetic and quadratic sequences 3.2 Geometric sequences 3.3. Expanding 3.4. Factorising 3.5. Solving quadratic equations 3 Checkup 62 3 Strengthen 3 Extend 68 Unit test 72 Constructions 41 Constructing shapes 4.2 Constructions 1 7 4.3 Constructions 2 80 4 Check up 82 4 Strengthen 84 4 Extend er 4 UnittestPEC een ken ee 5.1 Substitution 92 5.2 Inequalities 95 5.3 Using index laws 98 5.4 Expressions, equations, identities and formulae 100 5.5 Solving equations 102 5.6 Changing the subject 105 5 Check up 108 5 ‘Strengthen 110 8 Extend 115 5 Unit test, 119 6.1 STEM: Planning a survey 121 6.2 Collecting data 124 6.3 Calculating averages and range 127 6.4 Displaying and analysing data 129 6 Check up 132 6 ‘Strengthen 134 6 Extend 138 6 Unit test, 142 Multiplicative reasoning 7A. Direct proportion 144 - 7.2. Solving problems using direct proportion 148 7.3. Translations and enlargements 149 7.4 Negative and fractional scale factors 153 uae 7.5. Percentage change 156 A 7 Check up 159 | ANKANA 7 ~~ Strengthen 161 SV 7 Extend 168 7 — Unittest 170 Pence nae 8.1 Maps and scales 172 8.2 Bearings 174 8.3. Scales and ratios 176 8.4 Congruent and similar shapes 178 8.5 Solving geometrical problems 181 8 Check up 184 8 — Strengthen 186 8 Extend 190 8 — Unittest9 Accuracy and measures 94 Rates of change 196 . 9.2 Density and pressure 198 9.3. Upper and lower bounds 201 9 Check up 203 9 Strengthen 205 9 Extend 208 9 — Unittest ant 10.1 Drawing straight-line graphs 23 «© 10.2 Graphs of quadratic functions 216 10.3 Simultaneous equations 20 10.4 Using y = mx +6 222 10.5 More simultaneous equations 225 . 10.6 Graphs and simultaneous equations 228 40 Check up 231 10 Strengthen 233 10 Extend 238 10 Unittest 243 ‘14-1 The tangent ratio 245 11.2 Thesine ratio 248 11.3. The cosine ratio 251 11.4 Using trigonometry to find angles 254 11.5 Solving problems using trigonometry 257 11° Check up 259 11 Strengthen 261 11 Extend 265 11 Unittest 12.4 Set notation and Venn diagrams amt | 12.2 Probability diagrams 273 | 12.3 Tree diagrams 276 42.4 Experimental and theoretical probabilities 279 Check up 281 Strengthen 283 Extend 287 Unit test 291 IndexMaths Progress International Confidence * Fluency * Problem-solving * Progression Confidence at the heart Maths Progress International is built around a unique pedagogy that has been created by leading educational researchers and teachers. The result is an innovative learning structure based around 10 key principles designed to nurture confidence and raise achievement. Pedagogy — our 10 key principles. + Fluency * Linking + Problem-solving + Multiplicative reasoning * Reflection + Modelling + Mathematical reasoning + Concrete - Pictorial - Abstract (CPA) + Progression Relevance This edition of Maths Progress has been designed specifically for international students and provides seamless progression into Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Mathematics (9-1), as well as complete coverage of the Pearson Edexcel iLowerSecondary Award and the UK National Curriculum, Student books The Student books are based on a single well-paced curriculum with builtin differentiation, fluency, problem-solving and reasoning so you can use them with your whole class. They follow the unique unit structure that has been shown to boost confidence and support every student's progress, Workbooks ‘The Workbooks offer extra practice of key content. They provide additional support via quided questions with partially-worked solutions, hints and QR codes linking to worked example videos. Confidence checkers encourage students to take ownership of their learning, and allow them to track their progress. vtThis innovative 11-14 course builds on the first edition KS3 Maths Progress (2014) course, and is tailored to the needs of international students. Take a look at the other parts of the series ActiveLearn Service The ActiveLearn service enhances the course by bringing together your planning, teaching and assessment tools, as well as giving students access to additional resources to support their learning. Use the interactive Scheme of Work, linked to all the teacher and student resources, to create a personalised learning experience both in and outside the classroom. [A Front-of-class Student books with links to PowerPoints, videos and animations [A Over 40 assessments and online markbooks, including end-of-unit, end-of-term and end-of-year tests [A Online, automarked homework activities [A interactive Scheme of Work makes re-ordering the course easy by bringing | ~~ everything together into one curriculum for all students with links to resources. and teacher guidance [M Lesson plans for every Student book lesson [A Answers to the Student books and Workbooks [A Printable glossaries for each Student book contain all the key terms in one place [A Student access to glossaries, videos, homework and online textbooks ActiveLearn Progress & Assess ‘The Progress & Assess service is part of the full ActiveLearn service, or can be bought as a separate subscription, This service includes: + assessments that have been designed to ensure that all students have the opportunity to show what they have learned + editable tests that mimic the style of Pearson Edexcel International GCSE exams * online markbooks for tracking and reporting + baseline assessments for Year 7 and both tiers of International GCSE. vileee ure ema Saat sete at eee eee Starting a new course is exciting! We believe you will have fun with maths, while at the same time nurturing your . confidence and raising your achievement. Here's how. Learn fundamental knowledge and skills over a series of Master lessons. ‘Some questions are Literacy hints You can improve your ability tagged as Finance or (explain unfamiiar to use maths in everyday ‘STEM. These questions | | terms) and Strategy | | situations by tackling Modelling, Guacie seine show how the real hints (nelp with Reasoning, Problem-solving, what you will cover in each | | World relies on maths, ‘working out). ‘and Real questions. Discussions prompt you to explain your reasoning or expiore new ideas Why learn this? shows you how maths is useful in everyday life. Improve your Fluency — practise answering questions using maths you already know. ‘The first questions are Warm up. Here you can show what you already know about this topic or related ones... snbefore moving on to further, ‘questions, with Workod ‘examples and Hints for help when you need it, Key points exolain key concepts, and definitions where you need i Tope ins ans Sujctinns | [Exporoareoaie | [Ale odal Sa] | stonyourowinemaneine | | poubm oyascesing | | eackiscon pce eared] eee ciecerecay| ee a (eae matonstaoes andor | | teendalne ween | | chan secs, youNtevecenetre | | Retest onhow Aprintable Glossary containing skills you need to start confident you all the key mathematical terms is finding @ solution to the feel about the available online. question using maths. topic. vill‘At the end of the Master lessons, take a Check up test to help you decide whether to Strengthen or Extend your learning. You may be 2 rani ——_—_—= able to mark this test yourselt, eden ‘Choose only the topics in Strengthen that you need a bit more practice with. You'll find more hints here to lead you through specific questions. Then move an to Extend. Extend helps you to apply the maths you know to some different situations. Strengthen and Extend both include Enrichment or Investigations. 9 Unite LS When you have finished the whole unit, a Unit test helps you to see how much progress you are making, STEM lessons ‘These lessons foous on STEM maths. STEM stands for Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths. You can find out how charities use maths in their fundraising, how engineers monitor water flow in rivers, and why diamonds sparkle (among other things) Further support You can easily access extra resources that tie into each lesson by logging into ActiveLearn, Here you will find online homework clearly mapped to the units, providing fun, interactive exercises linked to helpful worked examples and videos. ‘The workbooks, full of extra practice of key questions, will help you to reinforce your learning and track your own progress.1.1 STEM: Powers of 10 You will learn to: Use and understand powers of 10. * Use the prefixes associated with powers of 10. * Understand the effect of multiplying and dividing by any integer power of 10. 108+ 10%= 100) Why lear this? A byte is a unit of digital information stored on a computer. Amegaby/e is 10° bytes and a gigabyte is 10° bytes Cenc eure’ How many photographs can you store on a 1 terabyte server? Exercise 1.1 1 Match each value in the top row to the equivalent value from the bottom row. 10% 10" 108 108 1000 100000 100 10000 2 Work out eal a 4.5% 10 headin b 2.36 x 1000 rae se © 0.843 x 100 ase d 1.45 x 10000 @ 270+ 10 f 4685 = 1000 9 h 36 + 100 450 + 10000 3. Copy and complete this place-value table. +0 210 310 +10 +10 1010 0440. +40 NOE NG AY JINN LE DAT LNG a SGT needed ee 10000} 1000} 100] 10 | 4 | te | ato |e | oF] 8] 10 | 10° 10 | 10 | oO | 100 ORIN Aa eT + 30 1 70 30 «Fi TT 0 04 STEM This table shows the prefixes for powers of 10. Prefix | Letter | Power Number tera 7 4"? | 1000000000000 The prefix for giga Gc 10° | 1000000000 in megabyte (MB). mega Mw. 40° [1000000 kilo k 10° [1000 deci 4 io [oa enti c 10? [001 rl m 10 [0.001 ie Bier iane ues cle, micro b 40 [0.000007 SEE nano) n 10 [0.000000001 pico D 107 [0.000000000004 ‘a Add the prefixes to your place-value table in Q3. b A gram (g) is a unit of mass. How many grams are in ‘a kilogram (kg)? ¢ Ajoule (J) is a unit of energy. How many joules are in a megajoule (Mu)? dA watt (W) is a unit of power. How many watts are in a gigawatt (GW)? 5 STEM Convert a Akg tog b 24MJtoJ © 125GWtoW. 6 STEM How many times bigger is a a millimetre than a nanometre b a gigawatt than a megawatt © akilojoule than a joule d a megagram than a kilogram? Discussion What other name do we use for a megagram? Worked example The average distance of Venus from the Sun is 1.08 x 108m. Write this distance as an ordinary number. 1,08 x 10° = 1.08 x 100000000 = 108000000 km First vite 10° as an ordinary number 7 STEM The table shows information about some planets. Name of planet | Diameter of planet (km)_[ Average distance from Sun (km) Mercury, 4.9 10° 5:79 x 10" Earth 1.28% 10% 1.5% 10° Saturn 12% 10° 4.427 10 ‘a Copy the table. Write all the distances as ordinary numbers, b Which planet has the greatest diameter? ‘© Which planet is closest to the Sun? Discussion How can you answer parts b and ¢ without writing the distances as ordinary numbers? Unit 4 Significant figures, powers and standard form aS in 8 STEM /Problem-solving The Space Shuttle had a lif-off mass of Oh 2 1.1 * 10°kg. How many tonnes is this? 1 tonne = 1000k9 9 STEM The table shows the dimensions of some small organisms. Name of organism Length Width dust mite 0.42 millmetres | 0.26 milimetres “ad Literacy hint bacteria ezmiconaten | “oS nits sree aaranecraomac El virus micrometres nanometres CO ee a Write all the dimensions in metres. b Which organism has the greatest length? © Which organism has the smallest width? Discussion How can you answer parts b and ¢ without writing the dimensions as ordinary numbers? 10 STEM / Reasoning An atom is the smallest object that you can see with an electron microscope. The width of an atom is about 0.1 nanometres. ‘What is this distance in millimetres? 11 Explore How many photographs can you store on a 1 terabyte server? What have you learned in this lesson to help you to answer this question? What other information do you need? 12 Reflect After this lesson Jaina says, I understood this lesson well because it's all about place value.’ Look back at the work you have done in this lesson, How has place value helped you? What other maths skills have you used in this lesson? CEIBEEED orrenork, oor 9, uit 1 es1.2 Calculating and estimating Fluency ‘What is 2 2 28 2 ‘When is ita good idea to round Why learn this? numbers? When is it nt a good idea? ‘The organisers of sporting events often round the number of spectators to estimate the income from ticket sales, eects Exercise 1.2 1 Simplify 2 oe a Sx 6t o& o St 8 7 ak ¢ 2 Work out nrg a -4x-4 b -7x-7 © (37 d (-107? al ine si BALI 3 Use rounding to estimate the answers. agr+4 b 123x102 ¢ 186+5 2x3? 530 Evaluate means ‘work out the value’. 37 =2x0 a ERA 5 Work out a = xg 2 ft 58 oi a 252 vo @ 54 o 24 5e d He ‘Write as many numbers as possible 7 Reasoning Sarka and Rashid both work out the same calculation. as powere of 2. Here is what they write. sata Rashie “B2-(5)=32--25 32-(-5’= 32-425. 32 + 25 57 Who is correct? Explain the mistake that the other one has made. Unit 1 Significant figures, powers and standard form 48 Sort these cards into matching pairs, cc) |) ey (area) [Bacarra] [A eicer) [ Discussion What method did you use? Dy Reasoning 1a Workout (2x5) 2 « 5 b Work out 1(2*5)) 295° 2 What do you notice about your answers to Q12 3. a Write a rule for calculating the power of the product of two numbers. ‘Check that this rule works using two numbers of your own, b Wil this same rule work for three or more numbers? “Make sure that the second number 4a Workout i(10+2)2 li 107+ 2 vides exactly int b_ What do you notice about your answers to part a? 5. Write a rule for calculating the power of the quotient of two numbers. ‘Check this rule works using two numbers of your own, 6 a Workout 1(3+4)2 lia?+a? 'b What do you notice about your answers to part a? “ Discussion Is there a rule for calculating the power of the sum or difference of two numbers? 9 Work out 3 x 4)? aps (3 x 4)° bipxg 92 x 5 ° Gxay a Onan Worked example Round these numbers to the given number of significant figures. a 42,038 (4 sf) b 0.05713 (3 st) © 21561 (2s. 2 42.04 b 0.0571 © 22000 10 Round these numbers to the given number of significant figures. a 47.368 (4 s.f) b 0.00662 (1 sf) © 579452 (2 sf)SEES 11 Estimate the answer to each calculation by rounding each number to 1 significant figure. (Attahint a 37x 492 37 x 492 «40 « 500 =) b 6230 x 26 c 897 +28 12 Estimate the answer to each calculation by rounding each number means approximately equal to. 8 (12435) oe p 2ra 14 What number isa multiple of @ and 1 close to 5°? Use this to estimate the 3.98 x 2 final answer. © Os+4a2F a 728 S208 B 413 The diagram shows a cuboid, 4 375m ¥ <—— bam 14am Work out the volume of the cuboid. Give your answer in m® correct to 3 significant figures. 14 Problem-solving Sarita starts with a whole number. She rounds it to 2 significant figures. Her answer is 670. a Write down two different numbers she could have started with. b What is the largest number she could have started with? ¢ What is the smallest number she could have started with? 15 STEM The table shows the diameters of five planets. Planet Mercury | Venus | Earth Mars [Uranus Diameter (km) | 4878 | 12104 | 12756 | 67o4 | 51118 a Round each diameter correct to 1 significant figure. b Work out an estimate of the range in diameters. 16 Real A football stadium seats 42785. The average price of a ticket is £32, Estimate the total money taken from ticket sales for one match. 17 Explore When is it a good idea to round numbers? ‘When is it not a good idea? Look back at the maths you have learned in this lesson. How can you use it to answer this question? 18 Reflect Look back at Q12. Use a calculator to work out the exact answer to each part. How can your estimate help you to check your calculator answer? Unit 1 Signiticant figures, powers and standard form 6 fo1.3 Indices You will learn to: + Use negative indices. * Work out powers of fractions, Fluency + Work out 3° ~ 42 + Which is larger: * or $ «32 + Work out 15-3 Wy torn this? Carbon dating uses regatve ines to scribe the decay of carbon-14, Explore Does raising @ number to @ power always make the number bigger? Conia’ Exercise 1.3 1 Write as a single power. a x35 bp+75 (ot hiet oa oe aioe Rae Tee ee eee ein 1% ee g 8x26 h 3° x 81 ‘To work out the power of @ power, 1} Shei multiply the indices. [weston Reasoning 1 Copy and complete the sequence of powers. Write your numbers as integers 10° 100.000. 410 B or fractions of 10. 108 100009 2. Repeat pat 1 for powers of 2 10° es 3 Copy and compete, a a wet bz 40! ozs The reciprocal of 10¢ is 4. Copy and compete the rules. eet 0 1 sore, on 38 5. Write down the value of 5? as a decimal. Check your answer with a calculator, Discussion What isthe value of any number raised to the power 0? 2 Copy and complete. a3?=O b $299 1 1 pet poset a6 aot e4%=0 f = 1. go-40- 9G HB oh i Topic links: Calculations with fractions, Laws of indices3 Write each calculation as a a 10° = 10? e114? x11% e 62 +6 9 7 h (12-42 of indices stil apply with pers, 4 Write each calculation as i a single power an integer or a fraction, a exgtxa4 baexateg? 3x 0 53 +5452 «Be 5 Write each calculation as a traction. Aya (3)? a3"3 » (3) 3y8 ay (5) 4 (3) 6 Write each number as a fraction raised to a power. 18 »® 700 49 25 8 oe ag 16 1 © 625 ‘a 7 Problem-solving Jamal eats half a cheesecake, his brother eats half of what is left and his sister eats half of what is then left. How much cheesecake remairis? ‘Write your answer a asa fraction b asa fraction raised to a power 8 Explore Does raising a number to @ power always make the number bigger? Choose some sensible numbers to help you explore this situation, Then use what you've learned in this lesson to help you to answer the question. 9 Reflect Rhiannon says, ‘Mathematics is often about spotting patterns’. Do you agree? Explain. When else have you used pattern spotting in maths? Unit 4 Significant figures, powers and standard form — 81.4 Standard form You will learn to: * Write numbers using standard form, * Order numbers written in standard form. Why learn this? Scientists describing the universe need to write down very large numbers in a way that Is easy to read. Exercise 1.4 41 Work out a 2.5% 100 b 7.3% 0.01 c 4.06 x 107" d 9.55 x 10° 2 Copy and complete. a 23.4« 10° =) b 2.35 x 100 = 235 sis © 34x 109= 34000 d 0,067 x 10°7= 3 Which of these numbers are written in standard form? a 28x 10° b7x 10 © 0.2% 10? d 27x 10-6 e 3.3% 10 f 5.022 x 10° 4 These numbers are written in standard form. Write them as ordinary numbers. a 7x 102 © 54x 10° d 3.04 b 25x 10% Multiply 3.08 by 10 + 1000 + 04 Work out 107 * 0.15, Explore What units are used to measure distances in the Universe? 7x 40=7 x 100= 0) x10 Worked example Write each number using standard form. a 41000 b 0.00394 pera 41000 = 4.1 x 10¢ —~ 0.00394 = 3.94 x 10-§ ——— 4.1 lies between 1 and 10. Multiply by the power of 10 needed to give the original number: 4/000 ‘3.94 lies between 1 and 10. Multiply by the power of 10 needed to give the original number. ‘The number is less than 1 so the power of 10 is nevative. This is the same as dividing by a power of 10: 0.00394 Topic links: Powers, Laws of indices, Priority of operations: ‘Subject links: Science (Explore, Q6, 8-10)5 Write each number in standard form, Ab. a 23500 b 315 © 12000000 ([[Osiliteraey hint 4004 © 0.00036 ¥ 0,0000000901 Standard form is sometimes called 6 STEM The distance light travels in a year is called a light-year Sean a om a Write each of the distances in the table in standard form. Centre of our galaxy 100 ‘Andromeda (a neighbouring galaxy) 2500000 Botelgeuse (a star of Orion) 600 b The Triangulum Galaxy is the furthest galaxy you can see without a telescope. Itis 3 x 108 light-years away. Is it closer to Earth than Betelgeuse? 7 Put these sets of numbers in order, from smallest to largest. a 987% 10? 865x104 1.9x 10? 3.59% 10? 1.95 x 104 b5.3x10% 48x10% 399% 10° 8.05x 10% 8.76 10> © 322x102 302x102 3.2x10% 3.22%10? 3.22% 10% a 8 STEM/ Problem-solving The table shows the masses of the planets in our Solar System. a Rewrite each mass in standard form (some already are) <= stk) | Earth 5.97 x 108g Jupiter 1899 x 10g Mars (0.642 10g Mercury 0.35. 10%kg Neptune 102 % 10%kg Satuen 568.5 * 10g Uranus 86.8 x 10%kg Venus: 487% 10% kg b Approximately how many times heavier is Earth than Mars? ‘¢ Which planet is approximately 1000 times heavier than Mars? 9 STEM Write these atoms in order of the size of their nucleus, largest first. gold 1A helium 38x 10° ‘aluminum 72x10 10 STEM Write the following measurements as ordinary numbers i in metres Ii in millimetres, a The diameter of the core in an optical fibre: 6.25 x 10-§m b The line width on a microprocessor: 1.8 x 10-7m 11 Explore What units are used to measure distances in the Universe? Is it easier to explore this question now that you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 12 Reflect Look back at your answer to Q7. You could answer this using ordinary numbers or standard form. Which method did you choose? Explain your choice. Unit 4 Significant figures, powers and standard form 10occurs 1.5 STEM: Calculating with standard form You will learn to: * Calculate with numbers written in standard form. Fluency + 108 10° + 10% 10° + (toy + 108 108 = 10° Why learn this? Scientists exploring nanotechnology need to describe very small numbers in a way that is easy to read, Exercise 1.5: Orders of magnitude 1 Write each number in standard form, \Wiite as a single power of 10 a 59000 b 0.0601 © 0.000000072 d 6323 2 Write as a single power of 10 a 10° x 102 b 10x 107 © 109+ 1074 d 107 + 102 i ‘What is the smallest organism you can see? Worked example Write (2,7 108) x (4 x 10?) in standard form. (2.7 X 10%) x (4 x 102) = 2.7 x 4 x 10? x 102 Rearrange 60 that the numbers are together and the powers of 10 are together. =106x10°—__| 08 x 10 x 105. aleulate the product of the numbers and use laws of indices to simplify the powers of 10. 08 x 10 Rewrite the answer in standard form, if necessary: 10.8 = 1.08 x 10! 3 Work out each calculation. Give your answers in standard form. b (1.5 « 10%) x (6 x 103) a (1.2 x 102) x (3 x 103) © (4 x 104) x (6.25 x 10) 4 Work out each calculation. Give your answers in standard form. d (1.2% 1032 g SX 108 8x 10° 3x10 2x10 ¢ 12X10 2x10 3x40 1.25 % 108 " Topic links: Ratio, Enlargement Divide the number parts. Use the laws of indices to divide the powers of 10, Subjoct links: Science (Q6-18,016)= 5 Use a calculator to work out : 1.342 x 10" % 10") x (6.41 x 109) 4.342 x 10" a (96x 107) x (641x109) b “Eos Discussion Which buttons do you use on your calculator? Is the answer in standard form? 6 STEM Light travels at 299792458 metres per second (mis). i a Write down the speed of light in kris, correct to 1 significant figure i as an ordinary number —_ii_using standard form, The distance from the Sun to the Earth is 1.496 x 10%km. b Use your answer to part a to work out how long it takes light to travel from the Sun to the Earth, Give your answer to the nearest minute. B 7 STEM/Problem-solving Sound travels at 3.4 x 10°m/s. font What is the ratio of the speed of light to the speed of sound? Use Fe vendo vaKaneTn Cel Give your answer in the form 1:1, to 2 decimal places. 8 STEM/ Reasoning A human hair has a diameter of approximately 1.x 10-1mm. The human eye cannot easily see anything smaller than ‘a human hair without a microscope. An optical microscope can enlarge an image to 1000 times the size of the object. Is it possible to see these organisms with a microscope? a polio virus 2x 105mm | O8c Literacy hint b human red blood cell 1 * 10-?mm Staph Sesees ee beaetn at ¢ staphylococcus 5x 40-¢mm Fea eRe a Bg 9 STEM/ Modelling The table gives the sizes of eggs from different animals. Object ‘Approximate diameter (m) Extinct elephant bird 25% 107 ‘Ostrich 15x10" Hummingbird 110 ‘Sea star ox 10% Human 7210" ‘A model of an ostrich egg is built for an exhibition. ts diameter is 10m. ‘The same scale is used to build models of the other objects. a Work out the length of each model. Choose an appropriate unit of length for each answer b Is this a good scale to use? Would you be able to hold each model in your hand? 10 STEM A 3D electron microscope magnifies objects 1000000 times. Awater molecule has a diameter of 2 x 10-!m. How large will it appear in the microscope? Give your answer in millimetres. EB 41 STEM Graphite is made up of layers of graphene sheets. Each lhe sheet of graphene is one atom thick. There are 3 x 10° layers of Layers of graphene are so thin, about Graphene in 1mm thickness of graphite. If you ignore the thickness 44. 4g-m thick, that they can be of the layers, what is the gap between the layers? Give your answer ignored in this calculation in standard form. Unit 4 Significant figures, powers and standard form 12Co Ry a ne eee ar cee ee Le 3 12 STEM Here are some wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma ray 1x 10-%m Red light 6.8 x 107m Microwave 1.22 x 10"'m VHF radio wave 3m Low frequency radio wave 10km a How many gamma ray wavelengths fit into the length of one red light wave? b How many microwaves? ‘© Which is longer: 102 VHF radio waves or 3 101 rad light rays? es larger are low frequency radio waves than 13 STEM//Problem-solving The mass of a proton is about 2000 times larger than the mass of an electron. Copy and complete this sentence, using standard form. The mass of an electron = the mass of a proton x [1 x 109 14 Real / STEM Sunglasses are coated with very thin layers to cut out ultraviolet radiation. These layers are about 4 x 102nm thick. Give the thickness in metres. 15 Real Your fingernail grows about 11nm per second. How much could your fingernail grow in 4 weeks? Give your answer in millimetres, 16 Work out each calculation. Give your answers in standard form. a 5.1 108 + 1.45 x 10° b 9.05 x 10° + 7.8 x 10° © 6.75% 104+4,25x 104 od 39x 107 +.4.2 x 108 @ 5.6 x 104+ 2.07 x 10° 417 Work out a 96x 107-63 107 b 8.88 x 10*— 8,37 x 10 ¢ 5.33 x 1052.8 x 10 d 7.02 x 10°°-6.1 x 104 18 STEM The wavelengths in the visible light spectrum extend from 3.8 x 10-7mto7.5 x 107m, ‘What is the range of wavelengths in the visible light spectrum? 19 Explore What is the smallest organism you can see? Is it easier to explore this question now that you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 20 Reflect The title of this lesson is ‘Orders of magnitude’. Why do you think scientists find it useful to know about orders of magnitude? masque ‘nm = 4 nanometre = 10-9m Both numbers need to have the same ower of 10 before you add them. 42 « 108= C)* 1071 Check up : a Powers of 10 1 a Copy and complete this table of prefixes. Prefix | Power of 10 | Number giga 100 mega 102 ilo 102 1000) deci 102) cent 109 mil 105) 0.001 micro 102 b Match the cards that show the same value. 2 Write these numbers in order of size, starting with the smallest. 4.6 x 104 894107 21x10 24+ 107 Calculating and estimating 3. Use rounding to estimate the answers to a 13.3% 128 b 24.8+52 4 Evaluate Bx5 2. 2x3 2 5 Work out the area of this triangle. Give your answer in m? correct to 3 significant figures. 948m Indices 6 Write each of these numbers as a fraction. as® bet 32+ Unit 4 Significant figures, powers and standard form 147 Write as a single power. a 10° 10-4 b3?s3 ¢ (3 de 72 Standard form 8 Write each number in standard form. a 345 © 34.5 x 109 d 0.005 x 10° 9 Write 0,007 231 in standard form. 10 Write these numbers in order, from smallest to largest. B1x10% 32%10% 3.22% 108 3,022x10' 32x10 Calculating with standard form 11 Work out each calculation. Give your answers in standard form. a (4.1% 10°) x (2 * 103) 6x 10° 1.5 * 10? 12 Work out each calculation. Give your answers i in standard form i_as ordinary numbers. 23.31 x 10° 3.7 = 107 b (7.09 x 10%) x (6.3 x 10) 13. The mass of iron in planet Earth is 2.090 x 10 kg. Given that the Earth has a mass of 5.972 x 10* kg, find the percentage of the Earth's mass that is iron, = 14 How sure are you of your answers? Were you mostly a @ Just guessing @ Feeling doubtful @ Confident fn ‘What next? Use your results to decide whether to strengthen or ‘extend your learning, Challenge 18 a=23x 10? and b=2.3% 109 Calculate aa bw cc att di Give your answers in standard form. 151 Strengthen Powers of 10 1 Copy and complete a kilo (k) = 10° = 1000 b mega (M) = 10°= 1 © giga (G)=10°= 0 To write an abbreviation, put the letter ‘or the prefix before the letter for the ‘measure. So pm means picometre, nm means nanometre and so on. 2 Convert b 0.014mtonm 7 © 50000nm to mm. 6.5 1000 1000 x 1000 = C1] 4 2200km to Mm 0.0000006Gm to mm 3 Convert a5 kilojoules (4) to joules (J) b 0.021 megawatts (MW) to watts (W) © 2700002 to mi d 720119 to mg 4 STEM a Safia's computer processor has a speed of 6.1 megahertz (MHz). What is its speed in kilohertz (kHz)? b The wavelength of a red light is 690m. Convert this length to um. Calculating and estimating 1 Copy these numbers. Circle the first significant figure. Cc —< | Write down its value. Circle the first significant figure. I's a 9245 b 0.64 © 25800 4 0.0782 inthe 10s column, s0 round to the 2 Write the numbers in Q1 to 1 significant figure. eerie: 3 Round these numbers to the given number of significant figures. a 53876 (2 5.) b 0.735 (2st) eas fee 6 sooond skgniicant Agus, © 56.584 (3 si) d 0.0024106 (3 sit) Nbidibe sii egal Unit 4 Significant figures, powers and standard form 164 Round each number in these calculations to 1 significant figure. Then estimate the answer to each calculation. a44x273 b 67x534 = c 421+18 ~—d (685 +33)? Indices i tai 3+39=30 axa g BxBx3x3x3 O li Use your answers to copy and complete: 3° = Wage b Copy and complete. 2 Write each calculation as a single power a Px 74s pes = 7a b 3x g6=g0+0= 90 © 4x5 ets 9% = god = gt e 48445 2 9 (5% =52*0= 59 hoy 3 Which calculations in Q2 have answers that are less than 1? Standard form 1 Work out a 37x 10° b 25x10 © 81x10? d 54x 107 2 Work out a 93x 10° b 73x 10% © 15x10" i d 49x 10° 3 Anumber written using standard form looks like this: A x 10” number times: Bower i between sign of 10 and 10 Write each number using standard form. iH a 3100=3.1x109 — b 29000 © 7150000 d 69000000000 a7 @4 ~ 40,873 + 300, 40 x 300 = C1 Which indox rule can you use? 6=6! Write each answer as a fraction, Which fractions have @ numerator smaller than the denominator? 37 3700 8.7 * 10% means multiply 3.7 by 10 three times, 23 o0093 9.3 « 10°? moans divide 9.3 by 10 three times.a —— ae 4 Write each number using standard form. [Osatint x a 0.0064 = 6.4 x 107 Rs b 0.072 6.4 How many 108 do you it © 0.000004 0.0064 divide by to get 0.00647 un d_0.000000021 64 los between 4 and 10. vf 5 Write the numbers in each list in order, from smallest to largest. tp a 18x10 37x 102 94x10 69x 107 hz b4x10' 42x 102 4.22% 102 2.4% 102 2.44% 10" | Look atthe powers OF 10 fist al have the same power of Calculating with standard form ofetat SR aa Rubee 1 Work out each calculation. Give your answers in standard form. a (3x 104) x (2.6 x 109) = 3 x 2.6 x 10! x 105=(] x 109 b (1.7 « 108) x (2 109) © (5X 10%) (2.5 x 10°) 6.6 x 10° _ 6.6 , 10° _ zante 221 x10 7.8 x 10° 3x10" 2x 10° t 8x 10° far each calculation. Give your answers in standard form. a (6.41 & 108) « (1.8 10°) (abn, b (3.7 x 10° x (9.3 x 10%) Use the [107] key on your calculator. 55.8 x 10° 6.2 x 108 2.136 x 10° 3.66 = 108 3 The average distance from the Sun to the Earth is approximately 1.5 x 108m. Light revels 3 « 108s" (oan Find the time taken for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth. Ensure that you use the same unis, d Unit 4 Significant figures, powers and standard form 1819 4 Problem-solving How thick is a single page in this book? Follow these steps to find out. a Find out how many sheets of paper are in the book. b Use a ruler to measure the total thickness of the pages in the book (inmm). © Use your calculator to find the thickness of one sheet in mm. Write the answer in standard form. 4 Convert your answer in part ¢ to nanometres (nm). Give your Odd hint answer to 1 decimal place. nm = 10mm 5 Real Write these countries in order of population size, from smallest to largest. Country Population (July 2044) UK 6.411 x 107 New Zealand 4.540 x 10° leeland 3.263 x 10° Japan 1.271 10" StLucia 18x10 Brazil 2.028 * 108 6 Real Use the information in the table in QS to answer these ‘questions, @ Write the population of Iceland as an ordinary number, 'b Calculate the total population of all the countries in the table. © How many times bigger is the population of the UK than the population of St Lucia? 7 STEM An electron has a mass of 9.109 x 10°S'kg, a How many electrons are there in 1kg of electrons? A proton has a mass of 1.673 x 10-27 kg. b How many electrans are equivalent to one proton? Enrichment 8 On Earth, the oceans cover an area of 3.62 x 10°km? with a mean depth of 3.68 x 10'm, Use this information to estimate the volume of water in the oceans of the Earth. Give your answer in standard form in m 9 Reflect Nandini says, ‘Working with indices, powers and roots is all about adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing’. Look back at the questions you answered in these Strengthen lessons. Describe when you had to: + add + subtract + multiply + divide. Do you agree with Nandini’s statement? Give some examples to explain why.1 Extend - “en 1 a Match each prefix t b Write the prefixes for the remaining powers of 10. correct power of 10. 2 Work out these conversions. 1 kilogram (kg) b 1 megajoule (Mu) © 1 gigatonne (Gt) = Dt (oe 1 terawatt (TW) = OW 1 decimetre = 0.1m. e 1 decilitre (di) =C1! pa Ty esm ‘ <—0.23m—— > 142, What is the surface area of the cuboid? Give your answer to 3 significant figures. 4 Write 2s a single power a txares a1? b 9x gte ges a Txt? 53+ ose 4 5mx62 5 Work out pee ee ee ee b (3)°* (3) * G) * © (3)?* (3) x(a) x08)? GPx GP 6 Real / STEM Scientists often use units written with negative indices. For example, 301m/s = 30ms~ Write these units using negative indices. a kmh b mis? © kgim® d Gy" fh 7 STEM There are 100 trillion microorganisms in the human intestines. This is 10 times the number of cells in a human body. \Write the number of cells in a human body, in standard form. CE 1 tilion = — 8 Problem-solving Write these numbers in order, from smallest to largest. "Write each number in w & oe fist 1.26 10% 0.12% 10 0.00124 1205 x 10° ci Unit 4 Significant figures, powers and standard form 209 EB” "1 12 13 24 Real The table shows how people accessed information about a football tournament. Number of people (to 9 sf) Connected with the offical site 142 x 108 ‘Agps downloaded 2.20 10" Facebook users 4.55% 108 Tweets during the matoh 3.66 x10" Use the data to work out the missing number in each sentence. a There were roughly times more Facebook users than people connected to the official site. b There were roughly times more Facebook users than tweets in the match, © There were roughly... times more tweets in the match than people who downloaded apps. Put the answers to these calculations in order, from smallest to largest. A (2.3 x 10°) « (7.4 x 10) B (1.3.x 1022 (5.3 x 10-2) + (3.2 x 102) D (1.091 x 10-4) + (6 x 10°5) E (1.8 x 10-4) ~ (1.8 x 10°) ‘Work out the reciprocals of these numbers. Give your answers in standard form. a 2x 10° b Bx 107 4x 10% d 1.6 104 Real The number of app downloads in July 2008 was 1.0 x 10”, There were 10 times as many in September 2008 and 10 times as many again in April 2009, In June 2014 there were 7.5 x 10'°app downloads. a How many downloads were there in April 20097 b What was the increase from July 2008 to June 20147 STEM / Reasoning The smallest size the hurnan eye can see is 10~'m, The diameter of a virus particle is 170nm. Could you see @ group of 1 million virus particles with the naked eye? Explain your answer. STEM The formula for working out the frequency of a wave in the electromagnetic spectrum is f= where cis the speed of light and 2 is the wavelength c= 3x 10mis Work out the frequency of red light with wavelength 6.9» 10°? m blue light with wavelength 4.65 x 107m. Give your answers in standard form to 2 significant figures. 2's the Greek letter Jamba. Itis sometimes used instead of a letter {rom our alphabet The unit fr frequency is hertz (Hz).eC le 15 Reasoning ‘a Which of these numbers have the same value? Aye) [yap Gi | |) b Inhow many different ways can you write 3? 16 Real The populations of Bangladesh, China, [County Population in 2014 B India and Pakistan in 2014 are shown in the table. [Bangladesh 1.556 x 10° a Write these countries in order of population [China 1.366 * 10" size, from smallest to largest. India 1.247 x 10° b Whats the difference between the population [Pakistan 71,880 108 of India and China? ¢ How many times larger is the population of India than that of Pakistan? d_ What is the total population of these four countries? The world population is 7,183 x 10°. e What proportion of the world's population lives in China or India? Challenge 47 Real / STEM / Modelling A science museum wants to make a scale model of the Solar System Not drawn to scale 3.84 x 108m 4.5% 10m a @ sun 2 (0.5)| | 8@ | The diagram shows the real distances between the Earth, Moon and Sun. In the model the Earth and the Moon are 106m apart. How far away from the Earth will the Sun need to be? Discussion Is this a good scale for the model? Suggest some distances that might work better. TD speeset i nae oh GAG one us Gaal iors yar? amu Tout be S65 Oey Nophaelsopprocnetty 4 tion tn fone Son f Werk out he longi fkes ight rom tho Sun foreach Neptune ok 18 Reflect In this unit you have learned a lot of new vocabulary. a Write a list of all the new vocabulary you have used. Write, in your own words, a definition for each one. Aan Sot te Ca ie Sele Compare your definitions with those of your classmates. PY NDEIN ARYL Did you all learn the same thing? Reasoning Unit 4 Significant figures, powers and standard form 22 reurt1 Unit test Real The stadium that will host the 2020 Superbowl seats 98025 people. ‘The average price of a ticket is $120. Estimate the total money taken from ticket sales for the Superbowl. 2 Work out A+3x6 ea4 b 25(3!+2)+5%3 3 Use rounding to one significant figure to estimate a 1875 x 6.38 285 x 3.16 112 4 Write each number in standard form, a 820 b 0,0000915 5 Put these numbers in order, from smallest to largest. 4.24 x 10-2 4.24 x 10-4 1.2 x 102 4.23 x 10 1.24x 10 b 6 Work out each calculation. Give your answers in standard form. B.8 x 108 22% 108 b (2.5 x 104) x (5 x 1077) wi 7 Work out each calculation. Give your answers in standard form. a (1.505 * 10-9) x (8.3 x 104) 48.96 x 10° bei to? 8 Write as a single power a exe bateg? ory at 42 weg 23.ee 9 a Arrange these cards into their correct groups. Each group must have one card of each colour. b Convert i 9GJ to joules i 13kKW to watts lil 8.5Ms to seconds. 10 An Aftican elephant weighs about 6 tonnes. The Earth weighs 5.97 x 10?%kg. a How many kg are in a tonne? b How many tonnes does the Earth weigh? ¢ What is the mass of the Earth, measured in elephants? Give your answer in standard form. d Look back at the data in Exercise 1.4 08. How many elephants do you need to make the mass of each planet? Challenge 14 Problem-solving A publisher prints 1.25 x 10" copies of a newspaper Each newspaper consists of 16 sheéts of paper a Calculate the number of sheets of paper needed to print all the. newspapers. Give your answer in standard form. ‘To make the newspapers, the sheets of paper are folded in halt. b The height of a pile of newspapers is 125cm. The pile contains 420 newspapers. Calculate the thickness of one sheet of paper. Give your answer In metres in standard form. 12 Reflect Which of the questions in this unit test: + took the shortest time to answer? Why? + took the longest time to answer? Why? + were the most interesting? Why? Unit 1 Significant figures, powers and standard form iraitcas 242.1 Surface area of prisms You will learn t + Sketch nets of 3D solids. * Calculate the surface area of prisms, Fluency Why learn this? Describe the faces ofthis solid, Design engineers have to celeulate surface area because it affects Explore the speed of a Why do African elephants have larger racing car, —_ cars than Asian elephants? ent cons Exercise 2.1 1 Calculate the area of each shape. a > | First make sure that all lacn measurements are in the same unit, Remember to write units em? or mm? in your answers, Tom 2 For each solid sketch the net ii calculate the surface area. b Bom Zom 3 The diagram shows a triangular prism and its net a Copy the net. Write the missing lengths. b Calculate the area of each shape in the net. © Caloulate the total surface area of the prism. Discussion Are any of the faces congruent? Is there a quicker way of finding the surface area of the prism?BB 6 Real Work out the area of canvas needed to make this tent. 4a Which of these solids look like right prisms? A B. a c D E F b What shapes are their cross-sections? 5 For each solid sketch the net fi calculate the total surface area, a b adem, 1250m ‘acm cm om Tom 1.2m sam an 7 Problem-solving The diagram shows a design for a bowl. Lo 7] It has four sides in the shape of congruent trapezia. ‘The bottom of the bowl is square. Work out the total surface area of the outside of the bow. 8 Problem-solving These two solids have the same surface area. Work out the value of x. lsem ‘em Som © Explore Why do African elephants have larger ears than Asian elephants? Look back at the maths you have learned in this lesson. How can you use it to answer this question? 10 Reflect Sami says, ‘A right prism always has two end faces that are exactly the same’ Katrin says, ‘The faces that aren't end faces are always rectangles’ Omar says, ‘Its called a right prism because the end faces and other faces are always at right angles to each other” Jason says, ‘The shape of the end faces always give the prism its name’ Are they all correct? a even te, | tS —_—ent curs ar 2.2 Volume of prisms You will learn to: * Calculate the volume of right prisms. Fluency + How many om? in omar What isthe formula forthe volume of a cuboid? Explore Which of these units are used for What volume of water do you need to Why learn this? volume? fill a swimming poot? Landscape gardeners use volume to work mm? em? mom me ‘ut the amount of soil needed in gardens. Exercise 2.2 1 Calculate the area of each shape. a b agen c Make sure that all measurements are inthe same unit. sony 6om Z-5em Remember to write units om? or mm? 2.26m in your answers, om Bem d © 30mm 55mm tom 2 The diagram shows a cuboid, ‘@ Work out the volume of the cuboid, The cuboid is cut along the red lines to make two congruent triangular prisms. b Use your answer to part a to work out the volume of each triangular prism. © Work out the area of the triangular face of each prism, Discussion Haru says, ‘The volume of a triangular prism is the area of the triangular face times the length.’ Is he right? Bem] Bem] om— 3 For each triangular prism, work out i the cross-sectional area lithe volume, a b sem 160m "remm ‘Som ‘dom 4 Calculate the volume of each prism, a b 350m, ‘acm Tem ‘tocm 5 The volume of this prism is 84om°, Calculate the length marked x. [3 Le ot nN FB ‘Sem 6 Problem-solving This glass in the shape of ‘a hexagonal prism has a capacity of 270ml. The inside of the glass is 8cm tall a What is the area of the base of the inside eam of the glass? The edges of the hexagon are each 3.5em long, b What is the surface area of the inside of the glass? 7 Problem-solving The volume of a 3D solid is 36cm’. ‘Sketch a possible solid and label its dimensions. Discussion How many possible answers are there? 8 This is the vertical cross-section of a diving pool. 1.5mf| a Work out the area of the cross-section. The width of the pool is 15m. b Calculate the volume of the pool in m®. ¢ Calculate the capacity of the pool in litres. 9 Explore What volume of water do you need to fill a swimming pool? What have you learned in this lesson to help you to answer this question? What other information do you need? 40 Reflect Maths is not the only subject where you use volume. Describe when you have used volume in science, In which ways is volume the same or different in soience and in this maths lesson? Do you think volume means the same in all subjects? Explain. u lem ‘om Init 22D shapes and 3D solids,2.3 Circumference of a circle You will learn to: * Calculate the circumference of a circle. * Solve problems involving circles or prisms. + Use appropriate apparatus (including pairs of compasses) to identify and draw the diameter and radius of a circle. * Identify the circumference, arc and sector of a circle. Fluency What is the perimeter of this shape? Sem 180m, 20m Explore How long would it take to fy ‘around the world? fermen ‘Why learn this? som Stadium designors use circumference when planning the curved portion of a running track. Exercise 2.3 1 Write a 4.3275 i to 1 decimal place to 2 decimal piaces b 9.367m to the nearest centimetre ¢ 7.453¢m to the nearest millimetre. C= 3d. Work out the value of a Cwhen d= 6m rence (C) b Cwhen d= 1.5m pee a ensuites © dwhen @ = 33cm a d dwhen Sem. 3 a Drawa circle with a radius of 4cm. b Mark the points , P Q, $ on your diagram, where + is the centre + OSisa radius + PQis a diameter. ‘© Write the letters of another line that is also a radius. d Colour the are PS, © Mark any other point T on the circumference. f Does the picture show the diameter of a circle? Explain your answet the circumfere 294 a Acircle has diameter 12cm. What is its radius? b Acircle has radius 4.2em, What is its diameter? 5 Find the circumference of each circle. Give your answers in terms of x. a b ° a @ Cc 6 STEM Calculate the circumference of each circular object. Round your answers to 1 decimal place. a The lens of a mobile phone camera with diameter 3.75mm. b A Ferris wheel with diameter 30.7. © Acrater on the Moon with radius approximately 173km. ‘Do you know the diameter or radius? ‘Which formula will you use? 7 Each diagram shows a whole circle and a sector shaded yellow. For each diagram, work out i the circumference of the whole circle he fraction of the whole circle shown by the shaded sector ili the arc length of the shaded sector. Round your answers to 1 decimal place a b Ral isthe plural of radius. ‘ Bem _ 8 For each shape, work out i the length of the arc li the perimeter of the whale shape. Give your answers in terms of =. a z b a 2em ‘acm Unit 220 shapes and 3D solids 30 — -9 Real Work out the length of this race track, Round your answer to 2 decimal places. fw ass. Discussion What is the length in metres and centimetres? Would it be sensible to round to 3 decimal places? 10 Problem-solving Noah says, The circumference of a circle with radius 100m is double the circumference of a circle with radius Sem.’ Is he right? Explain your answer, 11. Real / Problem-solving At the Olympic opening ceremony, there is a large light display of the five Olympic rings. Each ring has radius 10m. Light bulbs are spaced every 50cm around each ring. How many light bulbs are there altogether? 12 Acircle has circumference 24cm, Work out its diameter. Round your answer to the nearest milimetre 13. Work out the radius of a circle with circumference 150millimetre, Round your answer to the nearest centimetre. 14 Explore How long would it take to fly around the world? What have you learned in this lesson to help you to answer this question? ‘What other information do you need? 15 Reflect Close your book and write down as many facts about circles as you can, Make sure that you include all the ones you remember from this lesson. Then open your book again and look back at the lesson. Did you miss any facts? If so, add them to your lst. Did you make any spelling mistakes? If $0, correct them. ‘The two curved ends join together to make one circle. Cee mn be ‘Substitute the values you know into the formula and rearrange,2.4 Area of a circle You will learn to: + Calculate the area of a circle. + Solve problems involving circles. Fluency Why learn this? + Work out Garden designers a 1? vas VB calculate the area + Which ofthese units are used offiower beds fie for area? to work outhow com em? mm Explore many plants they q mm? me? km How much would it cost to put carpet need. down in a ciralar room? PUN Cut Exercise 2.4 1 Using the formula A = 472, work out the value of a Awhenr=2 b Awhenr=5 © rwhen A= 100 d rwhenA=9 2 Substitute into each formula to work out the unknown quantity. Round your answers to 1 decimal place. Use the 1 key on your calculator. axsdn b A= 3.1472 when r= 9 JBwhen a = 60 3 Work out the area of each circle. Give your answers in terms of 7. a b c d Pel oe = ail EB 4 Work out the area of each circular object. ce Round your answers to 1 decimal place. First work out the radius ofthe circle, A food chopping board with diameter 18cm, b AFrisbee with radius 16.30m. © Acoin with radius 19mm. d A Japanese sumo wrestling ring with diameter 4.55m. Unit 220 shapes and 30 solids 323% 3 ER” This circle has radius 7cm. Work out the area of a the whole circle b the yellow sector ¢ thered sector Give your answers in terms of x. Work out the area of each shape. Round your answers to 1 decimal place. & : ¥ on. B4om Divide each shi Work out the area of each shape. Round your answers to 1 decimal place. | FS | | a Problem-solving Anil says, ‘The area of a circle with radius 8cm is double the area of a circle with radius 4m.” Is he right? Explain your answer Discussion What happens to the circumference when you dauble the radius? Does the same happen for area? Real Copy and complete this table showing the cost of different pizzas. [Pizza diameter [Paza.rea(tdp) [Cost Binch £5.99 inch £7.99 12 inch £9.99 Which pizza represents best value for money? Explain your answer Work out the radius of each circle. Round your answers to the nearest millimetre. @ €11 Problem-solving These diagrams show the area of part of a circle. Git For each shape, work out the radius of th e eee Fist work out the area of the whole = b circle, Round your answers for the radius toa sensible degree of accuracy. 12 Real / Reasoning A circular trampoline has an area of 20m’. ‘a Calculate the radius of the trampoline to 1 decimal place. For safety, there must be at least a 1 m-wide free space beyond the edge of the trampoline, around the outside. b How wide must the total space be for the trampoline to safely fit? ¢ The trampoline only just fits in a square garden, What is the area of the garden? 13 Real The diagram shows the dimensions of a 3 running track vat What area of land is available for the field events inside the track? . Round your answer to the nearest square metre, L 14 Problem-solving Work out the shaded area of each shape. Round your answers to 1 decimal place. ” P Q14 Strategy hint ‘bo 2 Work out the area of the larger shape and subtract the area of the smaller shape. 16 Real / Problem-solving The top of a test tube rack is made from a piece of metal. Six holes of diameter 15mm are removed from the metal What is the area of the remaining metal? Give your answers in terms of x 183mm (REE 16 Explore How much would it cost to put carpet down in a circular room? \What have you learned in this lesson to help you to answer this question? What other information do you need? 17 Reflect Look back at Q11 List the steps you took to work out the answer Compare your steps with those of others in the class. Unit 2.20 shapes and 30 solids 342.5 Cylinders You will learn to: * Calculate the volume and surface area of a cylinder Fluency Why learn this? workout” The volume ofthe aa Poe A 1 piston cylinders in a car engine tells Explore ; us how powerful What is the volume of beans in the car is. atin ean? emit eunes Exercise 2.5 1 For each circle A and B, work out a b i the circumference GE fi the area. = 4 The diagram shows a cylinder and its net, GS - ‘@ Copy the net. Work out and write the missing lengths. b Work out the area of each shape. © Add the areas together to work out the surface area of the cylinder a The rectangle wraps around he cielo, othe longo the long side FUSE He on fhe ceo 5 a Copy this net and write the missing lengths. - b Write an expression for the area inside a each shape © Write an expression for the total area, Total surface area of a cylinder = oes F sence 38B 6 Wark out the surface area of each cylinder a b Bom Pp hg he oad ha bs ner i the area of a circular end the volume of the cylinder, GE »- om 6 80m = bom Seas ST ite nee ae re stake tin a 2 ‘in " eee eS C5 . a cross-sectional area mutiplied by the em length (or height). a Which cylinder do you think lacm will have the smallest surface area? Explain your answers!) b Work out the surface area'hf.eeqh oylinder to check your answer to pai a, Were! you correct? Discussion The amountiof, heat energy entering or leaving an object depends on its surface area. Explain why a tall, thin mug of tea will cool more slowly from its surface than a short wide one. Hécm & 9 Modelling The inside of a saucepan has diameter 20cm and height 13cm, The manufacturer claims that the pan has a capacity of 4 litres. Is the olaim correct? Explain your answer 10 Explore What is the volume of beans ina tin can? Is it easier to explore this question now that you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 11 Reflect Obinze says, ‘You can't make a perfect net of a cylinder. They are all just approximations.” Explain what he means. Do you agree?2.6 Pythagoras’ theorem heorem in right-angled tr Fluency + Work out Re RI Ie + Which i the longest side In this wiangle? Explore ‘Why learn this? ‘What size of wall space is needed for Geologists use Pythagoras’ theorem ad2inch TV? to help calculate the epicentre ofan ceartnquake, Exercise 2.6 1 Work out ag+e? bb 2z+ar? co err d VORA 2 a Draw this trlangle on centimetre squared paper b Measure the lengths of the three sides to the nearest milimetre. © What is the length of the hypotenuse? Discussion Darren says, “The largest angle in a right-angled triangle will always be the right angle.’ Lea says, ‘The hypotenuse will always be the side opposite the right angle.’ Who is right? ‘| 8 Which side is the hypotenuse in each triangle? 7 a bop ¢ & a aay 9 longest side ingles NCC iea ieee Hh (Investigation Reasoning 1 Draw these triangles accurately on squared paper. a ¥ z= ‘2 Measure the hypotenuse c, 3 Copy and completa Bi ate, 5 a|ob o e+ e Besar @ Bem) id x Laps aes ve ps re fa = zpels i 3 A a ea SLE EUR ATs al TN? WHE Sale Rinse ide! @ end Bar nfpctanten,€ ot a7Worked example Ea Work out the length of the hypotenuse of this right-angled a triangle, to the nearest millimetre, the lengths c b ee ‘Sketch the triangle, Label he hypotenuse Cand the other sides a and b. a 65m = a2 + bP ‘Substitute « = 66 and b =4 into the formula 2 = 652 + 42 ——_| for Pythagoras’ theorem, o? = a2 + b? c? = 42.25 + 16 = 56.25 ¢ = (5825 = 7.632 166,..| Use a calculator to fins the square root The length of the hypotenuse is 7.6m to the nearest milimetre, | Round tothe nearest mm: Discussion Does it matter which way round you label the sides a and b? =e Use Pythagoras’ theorem to work out the missing length of each right-angled triangle. Round your answers to the nearest mm. a " Sem ( : i ° Jem : é em om mem Q5 Strategy hint by FI 5 Real To meet safety requirements, a wheelchair ramp must ‘Sketch a diagram rise 1m over a distance of 12m. How long must the ramp be? Round your answer to the nearest centimetre. Cree mane bo 6 Problem-solving Work out which of these triangles are First identify the hypotenuse of the: right-angled triangles. triangle. a & c= a? + 6 then the angle is a ) \goem ‘atom 25m, tom| 2m Win CYS uy EEE Label the sides a, b,c. Tem 15m ‘Substitue into Pythagoras’ theorem, B 7 Work aut the missing length in each rightangled triangle. anelae tis Round your answers to 1 decimal place. ee The first one has been started for you. Nh C=@+h 4 é \ pon 9 +b een 100 - &1 = b® emf Vroom 90m] vo 130m Unit 2.2D shapes and 3D solids 98 _—EB” B" B” 13, 14 Problem-solving Work out the area of this triangle, em, i Work out the height, fi, first. Problem-solving Work out the area of this triangle. a “5 AT aOES 7 3 Workout using Pythagoras! theoren 120m) ‘Gem Real Andy sots the bottom of his laider 0.8m away from the base of FERRET br his house. His ladder is 6.3m long. How far up the wail wil the top of his tacider touch? SEEMS AS Problem-solving The diagram shows a square with side length 8m. a Work out the area of the square. b Calculate the length of the diagonal of the square. © Multiply the lengths of the two diagonals together Compare with your answer to part a. What do you notice? Use your answer to part ¢ to find the area of this square. Problem-solving ‘a Use the triangle shown and Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate the length AB. b Calculate the lengths of Explore What size of wall space is needed for a 42-inch TV? What have you learned in this lesson to help you to answer this question? What other information do you need? Reflect Look at the worked example. List the steps to solve the problem in your own words. Use pencil in case you wish to change them or add more steps later Look back at 5. Do your steps work to solve this problem? If not, change them, Look back at Q8 and do the same. Now compare your steps with those of others in your class. Have you missed out any steps? If so, change them.2 Check up Surface area and volume of prisms 1 Work out the surface area and volume of this triangular prism. 12om Tem la on 2 triangular prism has a cross-sectional area of 150m? and a volume of 225cm® What is the length of the prism? 3 For this prism, work out a the volume b the surface area. 3em Circumference and area of a circle 4 For each circle in parts a and b, calculate i the circumference ii the area. Round your answers to 2 decimal places. a b Unit 2 20 shapes and 30 solids 405 For this shape, calculate a the area b the perimeter, Round your answers to 2 decimal places. ‘926m 6 Acircle has a diameter of 20cm. What is the circumference of the circle? Give your answer in terms of m. 7 Find the area of the circle with diameter 10 cm. Give your answer in terms of 1. 8 Alarge, circular piece of cardboard has a radius of 20cm. Ithas a smaller citcle of radius 10cm cut from it. Caloulale the area of the larger piece of cardboard. Give your answer in terms of x. Cylinders 9 For this cylinder, work out a the volume 'b the surface area. Round your answers to 2 decimal places. eS 3em Pythagoras’ theorem 10 Work out the missing length in each right-angled triangle. a b ~\ As: » a 11 How sure are you of your answers? Were you mostly @ ust guessing @ Feeling doubtful @ Confident ‘What next? Use your results to decide whether to strengthen or extend your learning. Challenge 12 The perimeter of a semicircle is 5(2 + x)cm. What is the length of the straight edge of the semicircle? rece 42 Strengthen Surface area and volume of prisms 4a Sketch all the faces of the triangular prism. Label all the lengths. ‘The first one has been started for you. Sem, som Z | oft b Work out the surface area of the triangular prism. 2. Work out the surface area of this triangular prism. Bom| B Tom oom 3 Work out the volume of the triangular prism in Q2. Circumference and area of a circle 1 Write the length of the radius and the diameter of each circle. e & i A 2 4om tom ‘Work out the area of each face and then add them together. ‘Volume = cross-sectional area * lenath You worked out this cross-sectional area in 2. ‘rforradius for diameter Unit 2 2D shapes and 30 solids 422 Circumference, C= x x diameter ‘a What is the diameter of this circle? b Copy and complete @ = x C] ‘& Work out the circumference, Round your answer to 1 decimal place. 3 a Copy and complete these statements. | diameter = 0 radius ii diameter = m x C1 x radius iit od = Diner b Work out the circumference of each circle. ; 7 Circumference = 2nr Circumference = xd Give your answer in terms of =. 4 The area of a circle, A = mx radius* a What is the radius of this circle? b Copy and complete A=xx(P © Work out the area. Give your answer in terms of 1. 5 Work out the area of each circle. Round your answer to 1 decimal place. First work out the radius. . 5 Area = ar? Uso your answers to pas aan 6 a What fraction of a circle is this shape? b Work out the area of the whole circle. Round your answer to 1 decimal place, © Work out the area of the sector shown. d Work out the circumference of the whole circle. Round your answer to 1 decimal place. @ Work out the length of the blue arc. Work out the perimeter of the sector tem 43a the area bb the perimeter Round your answer to 1 decimal place. 8 Work out the area of this compound shape. "—s7em Round your answers to 1 decimal place. iN Has sabe We Seep sd : a semi, f= Bem Cylinders FI 4 Here is a cylinder. a Sketch its faces. Label the lengths you know. bb Work out the long length of the rectangle and label it. © Work out the area of each face. d_ Work out the total surface area of the cylinder @ Work out the volume of the cylinder Round your answers to 1decimal place. Pythagoras’ theorem 4 How lon the hypotenuse in each triangle? a * b . |. “The hypotenuse i the longest side of orem etm ass cron (tee yr d 4em|_ b inn, 4cm Bom 2 For each triangle fe I sketch the triangle ii label the two shorter sides a and b, and label the hypotenuse c ili_use the formula c2 = a2 + 6? to find the length of the hypotenuse, Unit 2 20 shapes and 3D solids 443 Work out the length of the missing side in each right-angled triangle, ‘The first one has been started for you. Follow tho stops in Q2 a b © 20m item 8em| 159mm | ss4emm ‘0m a co = a? +b? 11? =a? + 6? 2 — 82 = a BB 4 Work out the area of each shape. a b Tom, tem Enrichment 1 Acylinder has a height of 10cm and volume of 40mcm* What is the surface area of the cylinder? ig The diagram shows a smaller square inside a larger squere, a Find the area of the smaller square. Try the two methods below. Method A Work out 1 the length of one side of the larger square 2 the area of the larger square 3 the area of one triangle 4 the area of the smaller square, using your answers to steps 2 and 3. Method B Work out 1 the length of 2, using Pythagoras’ theorem 2 the area of the smaller square, using your answer to step 4. b Which method for working out the area of the smaller square did you prefer? Explain your answer. Reflect In these lessons you used these formulae + Circumference = 1 x diameter + Area of a circle = x x radius? + Volume of a prism = area of cross-section x length + Pythagoras’ theorem ¢ = a2 +b? Which formula was easiest to use? Explain. Which formula was most difficult to use? Explain. Discuss the formula you found most difficult with a classmate. ‘Ask them to explain to you a question they answered using this formula, By Reflec 46 ‘Sketch each right-angled triangle and label the sides, Use Pythagoras’ theorem to first find the length labelled x. Work out the area of the shape, fem | dom 4em| oe gem Tem ‘Explain’ means write a sentence that begins, for example, ‘Method [1], because a2 4 he eM Extend ‘Work out the perimeter of each shape. Round your answers to the nearest millimetre. The diagram shows a circle of radius 6cm inside a square. a Calculate the area of the circle. b Calculate the area of the square. © What percentage of the square is shaded? Repeat parts a to ¢ for a radius of 4om. Discussion What do you notice about your answers in parts cand d? Here is a circle. Lana says, ‘The circumference is ‘14m and the area is 49x." Explain how she got her answers. b Now work out the circumference and area of this circle, Leave your answer in terms of x, as in part a. Problem-solving a Mark a dot on the edge of a 2p coin and align it with the zero mark. onaruler b Rall the coin along the ruler to find the circumference of the coin. ¢ Use the circumference to estimate the diameter of the coin. d Repeat parts b and c, but this time roll the coin 4 times. Discussion Which method should give you a more accurate answer for the diameter of the coin? Explain your answer @ Measure the diameter of the coin. ‘Which method was the most accurate? First work out the circumference of ‘one semicircle, ‘Then work out the perimeter ofthe whole shape. ‘Write the calculations C=2xxxO=On az ‘To write an answer in terms of x (p), your answer should be Ch. ‘This gives an exact figure for area ‘and circumference, Unit 2 2D shapes and 30 solids 46ar iE 6 The diagram shows a square-based pyramid. 7 Modelling The diagram shows a car wheel. B 8 The diagram shows a regular hexagon. 5 Real / Modelling A penny-farthing bicycle has a large front wheel and a small back wheel. The radius of the front wheel is 74.cm. a_i How far does the whee! travel in one revolution? Give your answer in metres to 1 decimal place. i How many revolutions wil it go through when travelling 100m? Over the same distance, the back ‘wheel rotates 108 times. bi Whatis the circumference of the back wheel? Round your answer to 1 decimal place. li What is the radius of the back wheel? Round your answer to 1 decimal place. a Write the length of the distance «. b Use Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate J, the slant height of the pyramid, = © Caloulate the area of one triangular face of the pyramid d Calculate the area of the base of the by yyramid. an @ Calculate the surface area of the pyramid. “>= 7 f Calculate the volume of the pyramid. ‘a Work out the circumference of the wheel to the nearest centimetre. On a journey to work and back, the ‘wheel rotates 50000 times. b What is the total length of the journey? Give your answer in kilometres to 1 decimal place. a Copy and complete 6r=O,s0x=0 b Copy and complete «+2y=O,soy=O ‘© What type of triangle are each of the six triangles? Use Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate fh, the perpendicular height of one triangle. © Calculate the area of one triangle. f Calculate the area of the hexagon.B 9 Here is the outline of a circle and a sector with central angle 130°. Work out \What fraction ofthe whole circle is a the length of the arc. b the area of the sector the sector? 10 For each shape, work out 1 the arc length ii the sector area 41. For each triangular prism, work out a i the surface area 2 ene [attahine a b First use Pythagoras’ theorem to in Gan Gan AAAS b How thick is the glass? Round your answer to 2 decimal places. [Hovestigation 9 Problom-solving B ‘Accake recipe asks for a 15cm by 1cm by 10cm cubold-shaped cake tin. You only have a circular tin with diameter ‘Scmand halt 10on. Ws be stale? Show your wank en 4 tvetgate he lamer and lg of ce eel ok nat oud Not al be ae sue BME toe coe a8 al wail nine Er tadne eek ce vou of sire aK 14 Each cylinder has a volume of 2000cm8, Work out the missing length for each one, Round your answers to 2 decimal places. 16 Reflect The Ancient Greeks had a famous problem: How to draw @ ‘square whose perimeter was equal to the circumference of a circle They called the problem ‘Squaring the circle’. Explain why squaring the circle exactly is impossible. 492 Unit test | the circumference Ui the area Round your answers to 2 decimal places. e 2. For this semicircle, work out a the area b the perimeter Give your answers in terms of x. B 1 For each circle, work out 3 For each prism, work out ‘Bom i the volume the surface area. a b sem Som, el ‘ecm 4cm 6em_ 4 Work out the missing length in each triangle. Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures. a b om] Bom ‘Bem ‘sem 5 Work out the area of this triangle. Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place. Unit 2 2D shapes and 30 solids6 Work out the length of the line AB. in the diagram. Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures. 7 The volume of this pentagonal prism is 135cm®, Work out the area of the pentagon. 8 Forthis cylinder, work out 250m a the volume b the surface area. Round your answers to 2 decimal places. A 120m 7 9 a For each diagram A to C work out | the length of the line labelled x ii the length of the line labelled y ili the area of one circle iv the total area of the circles. b- What can you say about the shaded area in each diagram? 10 Reflect This unit is about circles, prisms and Pythagoras’ theorern. Which of these topics did you like best? Why? Which of these topics did you like least? Why? . 43 Quadratics Master _—_check rsa STH) ERE FSPA «1 Arithmetic and quadratic sequences You will learn to: Use the nth term to generate a linear and quadratic sequence. Find the nth term of an arithmetic sequence. Fluency Why learn this? Whats the result of ‘Sequences ‘mutiplying 1 by 3 and adding 7 and patterns multiplying 2 by 3 and adding 7 ‘occur in nature multiplying 3 by 3 and adding 7? |) Explore ad ecient. ‘Thore are 100 rabbits on an island, FE) experiments. They How many will there be in 6 months’ can be used to time? make predictions : xercise 41 Work out the first four terms and the 10th term of the sequence ‘The nth torm and the general term are the same. a 6n bn-7 © ont? d 2n-3 2 Work out the nth term of each sequence. a 5,10, 15, 20, .. b 5,6,7,8,.. © 2,5,8,11, d -3,1,5,9,.. 3 Decide whether each sequence is arithm a 5,9, 13, 17, b 1,4,9, 16, .. ‘An arithmetic sequence increases or 6 -3,-1,1,3, decreases in equal stops. 32, 28, 24, 20, e 2,8, 18, 32, 4 Work out the first four terms and the 10th term of the quadratic sequence with a T(n) =n Warm up. Unit 3 Quadratics 525 Work out the first four terms and the 10th term of the quadratic sequence with a Tn) =2n? +4 3n?-3 Sn? +7 d Tin) = 472-5 6 Foreach nth term i work out the first four terms and the 10th term of the sequence li state whether the sequence is arithmetic or quadratic. on+6 2n?~6 2n-6 100 ~ 2n? 7 Reasoning Find the Sth and 10th terms of the sequence with T(n) = 2n? + 6. Explain why the 10th term is not double the 6th term, 8 The first two terms of an arithmetic sequence are 4, 6, a Write down the next three terms. The b Find the common difference. ¢ Write down the nth term of the arithmetic sequence. d Discussion What is the relationship between the common difference and the nth term of an arithmetic sequence? 9 Real / Problem-solving A scientist thinks that the number of rabbits in a field will increase in the same way as an arithmetic sequence. In year 1 he counts 12 rabbits In year 2 he counts 18 rabbits. How many rabbits does he expect to see in a year 3 b years © year 'n’ [Investigation Problem-solving HOPE Ge Someta 2a ses ait idense Groat msn 23 F cosa tain te What petions th lm 20 wh your cole of? Bere teen sien cats a hon Bae Tet EAMaRGEsilan +s wre anes ease Creu eines Seeeiaeir a & Wha polion si erm 20 wih your che ot? LBP Ba RAISER oy ReRaOT cane a oooh a 10 Explore There are 100 rabbits on an island, How many will there be in 6 months’ time? Is it easier to explore this question now that you have completed the lesson? ‘What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 11 Reflect Deepak says, ‘ lot of maths is about looking for hidden patterns.’ Which questions in this lesson do you think Deepak was thinking of when he said this? 533.2 Geometric sequences ynise and continue geon problems involving Fluency ‘Which of thase sequences are arithmetic? 2,4,6,8, .. 2,4, 8, 18, 32, 8,6,4,2,... 2.4.2, Why learn this? Population growth could be modelled using ‘a geometric sequence to work out how many schools and hospitals a town will need. Exercise 3.2 4 Work out ee ce hoe ae a Ie 2 ste ee wee ~ 3 a3x04 b 01x03 © 03x03 d 0.03 «0.1 Worked example ‘A geometric sequence starts 2, 6, ... What are the 3rd, 4th and Sth terms in the sequence? 6+2=3 3rd term = 6x3 Ath term = 18 x3 5th term 3 Find the next three terms of the geometric sequences that start: a 1,10, b 1,3, © 100, 10, 400, 200, .. @ Discussion If the sequence is descending, what can you say about the common ratio? Explore If you doubled the amount of money you ‘eamed every year, how much would you ‘earn in the year in which you are 50? ‘Do you think this is ikely fo happen? Unit 3 Quadratics 544 Problem-solving The first term of a geometric sequence is 2 The common ratio is 5. How many terms in the sequence are smaller than 1002 5 Reasoning Decide whether these sequences are arithmetic, quadratic geometric or neither a 12, 15, 18,21... b 12, 24, 48, 96, .. © 4,7, 12,19, d 12, 24, 36, 48, @ 12,0, 12, 0, ... £4.7,17,31, 9 12,8,4,0, Ea 6 Look at this pattern, eo 6 66 6066 o6 6666 How many drops will be in the 10th term? 7 Reasoning Look at the sequence: 3°, 3, 3%, 3° @ Discussion Explain why this is a geometric sequence. b Write down the 20th term in the sequence. 8 Write down the first five terms of the geometric sequence with a first term =—4 ‘common ratio = —1 b first term=0.5 common ratio = 0.1 ¢ first term = 3 common ratio = 3 d first term = 3 common ratio = 3 9 Explore If you doubled the amount of money you eared every ‘year, how much would you earn in the year in which you are 50? Do ‘you think this is likely to happen? Is iteasier to explore this question now that you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 10 Reflect Write down definitions for an arithmetic sequence and a geometric sequence. Write down one thing that is different about the two sequences and one thing that is the same.3.3 Expanding You will learn + Multiply + Square a linear expression, + Use quadratic identities. Fluency + Whatis 7(3+ 7)? = Expand 5(x~6). + Factorise 8x + 4. Explore Whatis the area of a rectangle Why learn this? that is (x + 2) by (e-2)? Expanding brackets can help promoters work out what price to sell match tickets at for the greatest profit. emir cones Exercise 3.3 1. Expand and simplify a S(x+2) +20 b 6(a-5) +6 © 2[z+3) +3(2-5) (3-1) -2(¢ + 4) 2 Expand and simplify a Qx(x? +2) + 3x b 3y(4—y) +9 © 2b +b +3) +3 4 1°(Bw — 2)~ 2u(w + 3) Worked example Expand and simplify (x + 2)(x + 4). Ss (E+ Qe +4) =x? + 4x + x +8 NA“ -84+ & +8 wet ant+or+8 =a? +6r+6 (e+ 2) + 4) 3 Expand the double brackets and simplify. a (x +3)(r+2) b y+ 2\y +3) ¢ (d+ 5\(d+2) d (m+3\m+4) — @ (V+ 6) +3) f (i+ 6\h+7) Discussion What do you notice about your answers to parts a and b? 4 Expand the double brackets and simplify. 2+3\p-2) b(w-3)w+2) —¢ (x= 4\-2) TAR die-syers) —e(-8)s-2) FY -BIU-4) Fuca yi none 5 Problem-solving / Reasoning Adam and Kari both expand and ane simplify the quadratic expression (x 3)(-5 + 2). ‘Adam says the answer is 2? + 2x - 15. Kari says the answer is x? - 8x + 15. Only one of them is correct. Who is it? What mistakes were made? Unit 3 Quadratics 56a (e +5) (+67 b co +7? d (1)? (e+ 5) =(x + 5\e* 5) e (x4)? f (7)? 7 Expand and simply oahit @ (x + 8)(x—2) + x(4x-2) b (n—2)(n—6) — 10(n + 4) Expand (x + 8)(x-2). Expand (42-2). 8 Problem-solving / Reasoning Show that ‘Add them together. n(n + 8) —2(n + 5) = (n+ 4)(n—2) + 2(2n- 1) (eiieation Problem-solving / Reasoning 4. Expand and simplify a (e+ 1\r-1) b (x+3\x-3) c (x+4e~4) d (r+ 5e-5) @ (x +6)(x—6) f (e+7e-7) 9 (x+8)(r-8) Mat ar eee ee 3 Wry do you tank exretlora ofthe orm (+ lls) are oll teria fee siares? eK Problem-solving / Modelling A farmer has a square-shaped field of length a metres. a Write an expression for the area of his field. b He changes the shape of the field by adding b metres to one pair of opposite sides, and subtracting es) ~b metres from the other pair of opposite sides. Write an expression for the area of this fla. © What effect has changing the shape of the field had on the area? a (2x +7)(x-5) b (2x-4)(x-3) co (e+ 7){2e-2) d (br + 82x -4) Follow the same rules as you did in @ (2x-3)(4x + 5) f (3x-7)(3x-8) aes 41 Expand and simplify a @e+7? b (2x-4)? c (6x +6)? d (4x + 9)? e (7x~3)? f (8r-9) 12 Expand and simplify a (2x + 1)(2x~1) b Gr + 4)(3x-4) © (2x-5)(2x +5) d (c+ a\(c-d) 13 Explore What is the area of a rectangle that is (1 + 2) by (x - 2)? Is it easier to explore this question now that you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 14 Reflect Q9 is a pictorial example of the difference of two squares. Can you think of other examples where a picture helps to explain abstract ideas? | Lee |3.4 Factorising vill learn ‘Why learn this? ‘The path of a cricket ball can be described | using a quadratic oxpression. Itis useful o be able to = factorise such expressions in order to find out ‘more about the motion ofthe ball, such as the ‘maximum height it reaches. Exercise 3.4 4. Expand and simplify a (r+4y c (x+y)? e@ (3x—4)? 2 Expand and simplify a (z+ 5)(t-8) © (y+ 2\y-2) 3 Factorise a 4x2 + 12 co y-9y Worked example Factorise a? + 7x + 10 245 9 2x5 N B+ 7x +10 = (2 + He +2) xP + 7x +10 = (x + 5)x + 2) Ebewr(? Check + 2) + 5)= x? + Sx + Qe +5 x 2 Fluency Which pair of numbers “add up to 7 and mutiply tomake 10 + add up to 13 and multiply to make 30 + add up to 5 and multiply to make -247 b (x-37 d (2x +4 f (x+y? b (a+7)(a-7) d (xt yey) b 2619 - 16x dd 3xt + 1522 The factor pairs of 10 aro “4 40 and2 x te zara ai eee make 7 so these are the numbers that go in the brackets. +10 4 Factorise each quadratic expression. Check your answers. att int 12 co at4Qx4 14 ea? 34 +2 b+ on+18 d x24 120427 f @-Te 12 as3x4=12 Remember that -3 x —4 = Unit 3 Quacratios 5859 5 Factorise each quadratic expression. Check your answers. a t+ 3r—18 b at+dx—12 ¢ x2 + 8x-33 deo 74-44 fe x2-9r-36 f 2-12-28 6 Match the equivalent expressions. A e+ 8rt 12 1 @-7a-4) B +90r+20 ii (x +9) —4) C 2-14 28 Wee 2e=5) D x?—7x¥10 iv +445) E x+6r-36 v (= 443) F ox?+4x-21 | vi + Ne +2) G #-x-12 vil_ + 7)e~ 3) H x= 3r-10 vili_(e= 5x2) 7 Write these as perfect squares. ai+6r+9 b a+ 14x +49 o x2-8r+16 d 2-12n +36 8 Factorise each quadratic expression. Check your answers. a 2-28 b x2-64 c x81 d 2-121 ° pe 9 Problem-solving The area of a rectangle is x2 + 11x + 24, What could the side lengths of the rectangle be? 10 Problem-solving Ibrahim adjusts the sides of ¢ quadrilateral so that its perimeter remains the same and its new area is 2? — 49. a How did he change the two sides? b Describe the original shape. 11 Explore Does x? + a factorise? Is it easier to explore this question now that you have completed the lesson? What further information do you need to be able to answer this? 42 Reflect Factorising quadratic expressions often involves ‘trial and error’. Is trial and error simply guesswork, or can you devise a system to make it more efficient? Find the value of a in this equation and then substitute itin, v2 4 Dar +a? =a2 + 6x49 The middle term has cancelled out When collecting terms.3.5 Solving quadratic equations ‘You will learn to: Solve quadratic ea by factorising, How far will a car travel once the brakes ‘are applied? Why learn this? . The police solve quadratic equations to work cout how fast cars wore traveling before a {Gr 0ne colsion. en Contours Exercise 3.5 1 Write down the positive and negative square roots of 36. 2 Factorise each expression. ax-3vt+2 bx-81 c x?-22-35 d a+ 102425 3 Solve these equations. Give the positive and negative solutions. ae+5=21 b t+9=58 ¢ -5=95 e mae ae f a@—52= 122 Worked example x? + 9 = 90: Solve the equation x? + 9 = 90, = Gas DA giving the positive and negative an solutions. x= + (81 —{ Square rot | n=+9orx=-9 4 Solve each quadratic equation by factorsing. Check your answers. NS batt 15x=-54 ox? +2=20 avtea2 at: f dttar=21 e 2-0 = 22 f 2 140= 51 Sea IMN TENE Worked example Solve x? + 6x = 27. + Gx = 27 | Rearrange the equation so it equals 0. shite BF OTH ge ee (e+ 9)@ - 3)=0 HHO = ONeln Slo) x-3=0 3 n= -9ort=3 Check by substitution: B= -9:(-9)? +(6X-9)=27 81-54 = 274 R=3:3°4(6X3)=27 9416-270 Unit 3 Quadratics 60