okefbvBjulef; ydlOfjwMbwif;vlif

(ruf;cmef;)
 vrf;efg;

uef 1 okefbvBjulef;eBh yAefqdlOf;vfg

u/ ugmrf;erf; -- 2
c/ zO efg;qkdifjrdlif;rfgbvkufjekdifj/ rfg;awvdlufj okefbvBjqdlOf;vfg -- 4
i/ vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef; nefuAOfbwif;vkrfj -- 5
q/ vmB;qFufbqefh okefbvBjulef; tvj ykefjz.ef; -- 11
o/ qfgUwdkOf; okefbvBjulef; nefvBj[Aef;,Ofh -- 18

uef 2 okefbvBjZmBbymB;rldif; efg;[email protected]@ca'@qD@,mifbedkifj

u/ wMbcOfj=rfjq.rf; efg;v.ifjymefby.ifrldif;eBh vrfbv.ifj[MU -- 22

c/ efg;v.ifjymefby.if vmB;[email protected]@ca'@qD@eefh ulef;rldif;cOfj=rfjq.rf;vBjqldifh[dkOf -- 24
i/ v.ifjxmifb[mif@wFrfjydkwfb/ eBh yAefnefvfg/ eBh xkufbruf;wwf;[MU -- 30
q/ c.wfbz.wfjvlify.ifqkdifj [email protected]@ca'@qD@ wMbvlwf;,.rf; v.ifjrmyfbqfgUnMbeMb -- 36

uef 3 v.ifj=rfbvlrfjqdkifjrldif; tvj ydlifymB;vmB;[Awf;nefzAifbzAefj

OmB;vifwDhp.yf;
u/ ruf;wwf;okefbvBjulef; ,.efhv.ifj=rfbvlrfjqkdifjrldif; -- 52
c/ yldifymB;vmB;[Awf; nefzAifbzAefj/ ,mrf;aoauMUauMU vBjxkufbukrf;cif [dkOf wDhp.yf; -- 55
i/ yldifymB;vmB;[Awf; nefzAifbzAefj/ ,mrf;aoauMUauMU vBjxkufbwmifbxkdifvkrf;YwM; -- 59
q/ v.ifjukrf;cif tvj v.ifjcMwlOfcMqfg -- 63
o/ iOf;vmB;efg;c.ufj -- 66
p/ wmrfbwmB/ nAef;nmef; tvj z.ef;,.efj -- 70
uef 4 okefbvBj ZmBbuefulef; tvj ZmBbrmufjrD;

u/ okefbvBj ZmBbuefulef; tvj ZmBbrmufjrD;eBh yAefqdlOf;vfg -- 74

c/ okefbvBj omefcwf;v.ifjqFufbtzwdwf;awMbuef -- 77
i/ okefbvBj eMja[M=def; tvj v.ifjuFwfbtca[huifj -- 85
q/ okefbvBj wMbukrfbxlefjZmBb[Aef;o.ef -- 89
o/ okefbvBj wMbukrfbxlefjwif; cOfjerfhwmif;udef? =def;a,; tvj v.ifjwlpf;xdkifymB;,lbvD -- 94
p/ v.ifjydlifbirf; clOf;c.if/ okefbvBjauMUvfgzfgref; tvj wmif;vlOfbulef;rldif; -- 98
w/ okefbvBj wMb[Awf;umef/ iOf;vmB;umef? idkef;vldef tvj v.ifjylefhyFefvlvmB -- 100

uef 5 rdlOfjudlwfbyAef v.ifjylefhyFefawMb okefbvBjulef;eefh awvBj[Awf;nefvfg

u/ aujvdwfjywdufjcmwfj nrfbwdkOf;vmB;[mBh/ ukrfu.ifilyfhiduef? OBhulef;umifwFyf;wwf; tvj vmB;vkyfjv.BjaujomBb -- 106

c/ rlbqkrf; tvj vmB;umef efg;ydkefhwDj? qkdifjrldif;? wlifbwmifb tvj qefhul@rldif;rldif; -- 116
i/ qkdifjrldif;wmifbnefcOf cOfjqdrfq.rf; v.ifjuAOfbvlpfj okefbvBjulef; -- 132

w.efjo.BUq.rf;vif
u/ vdufjydkefzmOfb v.ifjokefbvBjulef; nefuAOfbwif;vkrfj (acMj[kyfj) -- 141
c/ vdufjydkefzmOfb v.ifjokefbvBjulef; nefuAOfbwif;vkrfj (1948) -- 143
 1uef
okefbvBjulef;eBh yAefqdlOf;vfg

vrf;efg; c.ifuefeBj nAef;nmef; c.ifuefeBj

u ugmrf;erf; OmB;vif vluefeBj,Ofh rfg;xkufbcwf;qfgwMb-

zO efg;qkdifjrldif;rfgbvkufjekdifj/ oyf;vFif; wDjy.ifbokefbvBjulef; nefrfg;y.ifbqfg/

c rfg;awvdlufjokefbvBjqdlOf;vfg/
(1)
(2) rmBw.if;OBh qdlOfhoFef;okefbvBjulef;qdlOf;eefhao
o.ufjwlpf;ywdufjcmwfj nefqmif@rD;OBhefg;cOf/
vdufjydkefzmOfb v.ifjokefbvBjulef; oyf;vFif; wDjy.ifb acMjykdefzmOfbokefbvBjulef;
i nefuAOfbwif;vkrfj/
(3)
nefuAOfbwif;vkrfj (UDHR) /

q vmB;qFufbqefh okefbvBjulef; tvj ykefjz.ef;/

o qfgUwkdOf; okefbvBjulef; nefvBj[Aef;,Ofh/

2 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

u ugmrf;erf;
acMjnAef;nmef; c.ifyyfheBjqrfh yAefwMb[Awf;{j ulef;ul@auMU =Uxdkifv.ifj okefbvBj
ulef; eefh,Ofh/ ulef;[Of;eBh q.ifbrD;okefbvBj nefvkufhwDj ]ozMbOYwM;} ao
yefOBhwMbauMUvfgauMUeefh eefh[dkOf/ ayM;rD;eB yAefqldOf;vfg/ ,.efhoif [Of;[M;orfhrD;
okefbvBjqldOf;eefh/ urfjerferf uBhtvbOMj ulef;ul@auMUeBh xkufbvBjv.wfjvFOf;
ndlOfj eB,Ofh/ v.ifjv.ifjvFOf;eBh yAefokefbvBjulef;,Ofh[MU/ ayM;rfg;w.yfbOMj qfgjnldOfj
eB rfg;cfgjOMjwDjy.ifbqldifh[dkOf/ ulefhekdifjauMUeBh ckdif[Awf;vBj eifbumifqfgref;rD; eefh,lb
[MU/ eBhy.ifbOMj v.ifjv.wfjvFOf;,Ofh[MU/
yuf;ydlif neft[huifjyef ulef;[Of; tvj urfhuFrfyef wMbwlifbOlif;ulef;[Of;
edrfoOf;eBh rmifzOfb vBjxkufb[efyAef nefcmwfjc.yfbwMb v.ifjv.wfjvFOf;ulef;[Of;
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nefcmwfjc.yfbawMb acMj,ldif;nmef;ydliv f lif c.ifyyfheBjuefedkifjqrfh yAefwMbq.BjxFrf qdlOf;vAyfj
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u.pf;ukrfbvmrf;xmifbnOfnrfbvBj? uMjwuf;awvBj vmwfjn.ufbr.ufbte wmif;[yfh[ef

acMjugmrf; wMb=U

Ú ulef;ydkefhrldif; c.rfjcwf; Ú okefbvBj ZmBbodifbOFwfhv.rfh

Ú okefbvBj ulef;ydkefhrdlif; Ú zAOfjrlpfhqmOf;cdlOf;

Ú ymifukrfvlif Ú okefbvBjulef;

Ú vdufj=rfjrmB Ú okefbvBj ZmBbyuf;ydlifYwM;

Ú okefbvBj ZmBb,Aefbtij Ú okefbvBj ZmBbwkdOf;urf

Ú acMjydkefzmOfb Ú okefbvBj ozMbOYwM;

Ú okefbvBj ZmBbcdkefj,fgbrkef;vFif; Ú okefbvBj ZmBbymB;rldif;

Ú okefbvBj ZmBbrmufjrD; Ú okefbvBj ZmBbuefulef;

Okef,vh;ulef:eh¤ yAefqldof:vfG 3

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x.rfb wmif;[yfh[efydlefj nef[Of;nrfbz.rfhqfgeefhao =Uxdkify.ifbqfgq.rf;u.efb qifb
awwdlOf;rD;rM;wkdOfhwmif; wMb=Uxkdif? yef[Fif;awMb okefbvBjulef;eefh,Ofh/ efg;
qdkifjrdlif;[email protected]@ca'@qD@ ekdifjvkufjeefheB wMb{julef;[Of;wkif;x.rfb wmif;[yfh
[efxdkif nefqOfjuOfbnrfbz.rfhqfgvBjeefhao ,.rf;[yfhnOfeBh rmifzOfb aw,myfb
,Aef;,lbaowMU orfhyAefumefvrfbv.ifj nefwuf;vBj[Awf;ugMb,Ofh/ ckdufhw.ef;eMb
qrfh ayM;yAefcmOf;,mrf; nefawvBjyefacMjwFyf;wwf; wMbqOfjuOfbnkyfhydlifbckdef;
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[mBhao aujvdwfjyef[M nefuAOfbwif;okefbvBjulef;eefhugMb,lb eB,Ofh/ ulpf;auMj
urf@[mBhaotvj ulef;[Of;ndufb qkrf;vlify.ifqkdifjwif;erfeBh wkdufh[Awf;,Ofh[Awf;
xFifj v.ifjiFef;acM;cMqfgawMb okefbauMUzfgref;vfg? v.ifjylefhyFefvlvmBawMb
okefbvBjulef;[Of; wmifbqldOfhwmifbvmB;vfg,lbeefh,Ofh/ wMbt[huifjwmif;[Awf;qldifh
eifbeBeBh rmifzOfb wuf;vBjqfgUwdkOf; vmB;[kuf;[mBh,lbaowMUauMj? acMj,dlif;nmef;
c.ifyyfheBjqkdif yAefwMbqFifjte v.ifjOMj wMbaujvdwfjyef[MeBh wdkufhrD;vmB;wmif;
nefnrfbqfgjvmB;[kuf;[mBhcOf nefqfgUauMjqfgUvBj? xkufbauMjxkufbqfgUugMb,lb eBeefh
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tvj wMbawvAyfj[Aef; v.ifjokefbvBjulef;eBh vrfbv.ifjawh,Ofh/ eifb[dkOf aw
wdlOf;y.ifbqfgvBj v.ifjOMj okefbvBjulef;,mifbvfgorfh uAOfbuyf;wif;[Of;[M; erfvmB
4 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

okwf;ao? wMbawt[h[mrfj v.ifjylefhyFefokefbvBjulef;eefhorfh vlify.ifqdkifj ndufb

ulef;rldif; awvBj[Awf;qldifh[dkOfeB [Of;[M;awqFifjaeugMb,lb/
arMwFrfjvdufjauMUekdifj ydkwfbwDjy.ifbOBhOMj okefbvBjulef;eBh yAef ]vuf;erf;
c.ifv.ifjzAifbyAif; tvj v.ifjqdkOfjqfgjndlOfj} eB,Ofh/ q.rf;vlpfj [Of;yAefulef;eifb
ueftvj okefbvBjulef;eBh ]yAefokefbvBj nefuAOfbwif; ZdifjwdkOf;urfulef;rldif;
vkrfjZMU} nefulef;ul@auMUyldifbirf;eifbuefeefh eBauMj ydkwfbOBhnxdymB;ref;,lb/
yyfheBjqrfh ,ldif;nmef;{jyAefv.ifjurfhq.Bj wMb[Of;[M;wif;oAifj =rfjvBjqfguef
,kdef,efruf;refjawMb okefbvBjulef; eefh,Ofh/ eifb[dkOf eMja[M=def;[Of;cOf?
wlifbOlif;ulef;[Of;cOf? qkdifjrldif;[Of;cOf tvj vkrfjZMUvlifeBj awwdlOf;y.ifbqfgawMb
okefbvBjulef;eefh [Of;[M;rkifjr.if;OMj yyfheBj awyefwmif;urfhq.Bj,lb eB,Ofh/

yefpj ekdif;
acMjxmrfedlOf okefbvBjulef;eefh urfjz.ifj
(1) okefbvBjulef;eBh y.ifbOMjoif/

(2) ,.efhoiftvj vBj[Aef;o.ef v.ifjokefbvBjulef;eB ydkwfbaeacMj,.efhomrfnef

tvj/

(3) okefbvBjulef;eBh vrfbv.ifjndlOfjeB oifOMjulef;ul@auMU z.rfhqfg,.rf;[yfheB

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zO efg;qkdifjrdlif;rfgb vkufjekdifj/
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rfg;wFyf;wwf; wMbykdefhy.Bb qkdifjrldif;nef,lboOf;OBheBhao awq.rf;ydlefjugMb,lb wDj
qkdifjrldif;rfgb nefzfgyBbw.efh,lbaoy.ufjeefh eB,Ofh/ eifb[dkOf awqmif@yluf;wifjvBj
rkufhzkifulef; nefvDokwf;eefh rfg; tvj qkrf;rfg; wFyf;wwf;wMb[Awf;oAefjrmB
okefbvBj {jayM;[email protected];yefvBj ulef;ul@auMU wDjefg;rldif;rfgbeefh,Ofh/
Okef,vh;ulef:eh¤ yAefqldof:vfG 5

yefpj Ogif
vldufj[MokefbvBj ydlOfjwMb qkdifjrdlif;rfgb
(1) cBjqfgwlpf;ao [Awf;ae oAefjrmBokefbvBjomrf,mifb nefrfg;xmifbOMj xkufb
vyfhv.if;yefeefhtvj/

(2) =rfjuef ydefbyBbukrfu.ifq.rf; v.ifjoAefjrmBzljcOfjqkrf; auMUvfgauMUeefhtvj/

,Ofhorfh vldufjnOfokefbvBj nefol=rfjz.rfhqfgOMj yAefnefvrfbv.ifjeefh
,Mb{jvdlOfodyf;acMjtvj/

(3) okefbvBj nefqkrf;olvldufjOBheBh eifb[dkOf zljcOfjqkrf;ul@auMU aw[efvBjqFifj

eefh wFrfjofgbedlOfrmifaqjvlif [dkOf yFefjvrftvj/ wFufjuefwlpf; wif;okefb
vBj nefqkrf;ydlefjvldufjOBheefhtvj/ okefbvBj nefyM;efg;oAefjrmB c.iful@qkrf;
eefh yAef,mifbvfg/ nefu.pf;yM;efg; qkrf;urfjz.ifjeefh yAef,mifbvfg/

(4) yef=OfacMj,kuf;,mifbao [kyfjwkrfwlpf; okefbvBjnefyM;efg; oAefjrmBc.iful@

qkrf;eefhtvj/

(5) efg;oAefjrmB nef[kyfjwkrfuefeefh q.ifbyM;OBhokefbvBj nefomefcwf;uef[dkOf/

ayM;yM;eB yAefqldOf;vfg/

vdufjydkefzmOfb v.if;okefbvBjulef;
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yAefvmBymufbyD@,OfheB aeOBhefg;ydkef;,lb/ iOfj[mufjc.ifokefbvBjulef;eBh wlpf;[efvBj
wDjqmOf;udlOf;ydkifj c.ifjvkrfjZMUvlif tvj ZdifjwFufjymB;[efcOfeefh,lb/ efg;Zdifj
wFufjymB;[ef c.ifrkufhzkifulef;vkrfjZMU nefuAOfbwif;okefbvBjulef;eBh rD;rM; acMj
yFufbydlifjuef nefvrfbv.ifjeefh qArfrdlOfjn.ef,Ofh/ efg;,Aefbtijurfjz.ifj [efxdkif
OMj ulef;a,jauMUvfgeBh yAef,l@edwfhydlif,fgb c.ifrlbrkufhzkifulef; eBao? efg;,Aefb
tijurfjz.ifjorfh[efxkdifOMj qkrf;cdlOf;=def;? qkrf;qmOf;cdlOf; [dkOf rlbwlifbOlif;ulef;eBh
qifbyAef,l@edwfhydlif,fgb eB,Ofh/
6 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

vlpfjv.ifj,Aefbtijao yFufbyldifjuef,lbaowMU uAOfbuyf;uM@cefiOfjykdefh

urfjz.ifjqkdif vBj[ef z.rfhqfguefymB;erf,lb/ efg;uM@cefeefh cOfjyM; v.ifjeyfh,rf
awMb oAefjqfg tvj ukifbukef;rkefulef; ,lb,Ofh/ rkufhzkifulef;wif;oAifjeBh eifb [dkOf
eAefymB;Olefh
vkufjqkrf;cOf awnrfbqfgUwdkOf; rMb[Fif; tvj v.ifj[kuf;[mBheefh n.efruf;wwf;
rkufhzkifulef;wif;oAifjeBh eifb[dkOf
OBhao? wMbauMUzljylefhyFefcwf;cgmifcOf eBauMj wrf;rD;OBh wlwfjwmrfb,Ofh/ rkufh
vkufjqkrf;cOf awnrfbqfgUwdkOf;
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rMb[Fif; tvj v.ifj[kuf;[mBheefh
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n.efruf;wwf;OBhao?
aw[yfh[Awf;q.rf; acMjz.grfhqfg (uBh+ifhOMj u.ef;x'Fufh) nefcAefbwFrfjwluf;vlif;uef
wMbauMUzljylefhyFefcwf;cgmifcOf
OBh efg;tujumifulef;[Of;eefheBh vrfbv.ifjnldOfj eB,Ofh/
eBauMj wrf;rD;OBh wlwfjwmrfb,Ofh/
ydlOfjwMb qkrf;nefc.wfbz.wfjvlpfjwif; ulef;vmBvmBrdlif;? ydkefhvifvmBvmB
,mifbeefhqrfh {jayM;vBjacMjz.rfhqfg nefOMj okefbvBjulef;yldifvfgeBh yAefnef
vrfbv.ifjokwf;,Ofh eBeefh rmifzOfb ,myfb,Aef;OBh,lb/ qldifheBeBh ,mrfjyAefrM;
rdlOfj 1948 ,mrf;qkdifjrldif;vkufjqkrf;qmwfjqkdifjvkrfjZMU (,l@nFef@) cOf 14 rdlif;
nefqdlOf;wFef;wmifvBj v.uf;ydlifZmBbymB;rldif; ndufb vkdrfvFef@ZmBbymB;[email protected]
vkrfjZMUcOf rM;=yfhxlyf;uef ydlOfjwMbcAefbwFrfj vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef;
nefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeefh,Ofh/ qkrf;nefeBj +ifhOMj c.rf@[email protected];
eBao vdufjydkefzmOfb nefqkrf;cOfcAefbwFrfjeefhorfh vBjxkufbruf;refjrM; efg;ymif
[email protected] qkrf;,l@nFef@ rdlOfj 1948 eefh,Ofh/
vdufjydkefzmOfb v.ifjokefbvBjulef;eBh yAefnefomefcwf;awMb v.ifjcM
qfgcMjwmB [kuf;[mBhvlifcOf nefudlwfbyAefrM; efg;z.if;odkuf;vkrfjZMUy.ufjxlefjo.ifeefh

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eef¤bof¤/ bdlif:rmhcgif (UDHR) eh¤ yAeftefvfG/
Okef,vh;ulef:eh¤ yAefqldof:vfG 7

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zAOfjrlpfhyFwfjqdlOfhcdlOf;ulef;eefhrM; odkOfjeMjwef;wM,Ofh/ eBhqrfh yAefz.ef;,.efj
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=uf;vmefheBh u.rfhu.pf;udlwfbyAefusdOf;rM;ao vBjxkufbcMjwmByFwfj,Ofh/ qkdifjrldif; ndufb
ulef;rldif; wif;vkrfjZMUeBh rkifjr.if;,Mb{jw.efhvBjxlyf;xFifj v.ifjylefhyFefvlvmB
awMb okefbvBjulef;qldifheifbeBao qifbn.efwFrfjrM; vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBj
ulef;eBj,Ofh/
vdufjydkefzmOfb v.ifjokefbvBjulef;eBh ydkwfbymufjaeOBh ydkefhiOfjv.ifjrkifjr.if;
ndufb umifqfgc.ifulef;wif;vmBeefh,Ofh/ vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef;eBh wmifb
zdkefOBh umifqfgc.ifulef;rldif; wDjqdkifjrldif;rmufjrD;xmefjokifcOfeefhu.pf;nrfbuM;? yM;
qArfumifqfgc.ifulef;rldif; eyfh=OfymufbvmefhcOf wDjqkdifjrldif;nefvBjpM;wmrfb v.ifj
wAuf;wAifurfudef;eefhvfg? v.ifju.wf;zmefeefhvfg? v.ifjqkwfj,.rf;ZmBbymB;o.ef[Aef;
eefhvfgu.efb,Ofh/

qkdifjrldif;cOf nef,.rf;[yfhqfgUwdkOf; vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef;

efg;yD@ 1948

ef:G yD< 1948 qkid ;f rlid :f 14 rlid :f Nyft

¤ yk ,f uefaO cAe,f wSr;f rj: vdu;f yde
k z
f mo,f vgi;f Oke,f vh;
ule:f bof/¤ vduf;ydkefzmof,tefeh;eh¤ vkuf;qkrf:cgifbl<tSef< 48 rldif: Nrf;vh;qfGvlif:vmh:
rdkof:aO? ySwf,qdkif;rldif:sw¤ trf,cwf:trf,zgrf¤aO qkuf:vSef<umifrj:bof¤/

vdufjydkefzmOfb v.ifjokefbvBjulef;eBh nAef;nmef;{jvBjyAef ]vuf;qAif

v.ifjn.ifbrmef ydlOfjwMbulef;wif;oAifj tvj qkdifjrdlif;wif;oAifj} eB,Ofh/ efg;eefh
rD;OBhw.efjvdufj 30 w.efj nefyM;okefbvBj ulef;ydkefhrldif;? ZmBbymB;rldif;? ZmBbrmufjrD;?
8 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

ZmBbuefulef; tvj ZmBb,Aefbtij ndufbwif; iOfjydkefhZmBbv.wfjvFOf; nefulef;ul@

auMU ckpfh[efqmrfbylpfjvBjeefh,Ofh/ u.yfjeB nefeBjeBh yAefrBhxwf;nefwFufjwlpf;
v.ifjOMj ulef;ekdifjauMUvfg? wlifbOlif;ulef; tvj qkdifjrldif;cOfvfgeBh rD;v.ifjeyfh,rf
awMb okefbvBjulef;r.ufjuM@[dkOfeefh,Ofh/ vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef; nef
uAOfbwif;vkrfjeBh vBjxkufbruf;refjrM; efg;[email protected] c.ifqkrf;,l@
nFef@ rdlOfjwD@qFrf@ydlOf@ 10 Oef; yD@ 1948 eefh,Ofh/ ,mrf;eef vkufjqkrf;,l@
nFef@eBh rD; 56 qkdifjrldif;? wMb 48 rldif;urfh,efao nrfbrD;rdlif;vfgomefcwf;/ wMb
8 qkdifjrldif; (ty@vM@\kofh? csFuf@ulOf@o\lOf@aO;uD;,ldOf;? ylOf@vFef@? oOf@wD@?
nM@a'@yD;,dlOf;? nFyf@Zf'duqmef;? ,l@c'Aef;? =rfjwkrfolOf;OD;,Fwfh tvj ,l@
ulOf@ovM;OD;,dlOf;) orfh nrfburfhnrfbcwf;ao qkuf;vFef@umifrM;,Ofh/ vdufjydkef
eAefymB;Olefh zmOfb v.ifjokefbvBjulef;nefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeBh nrfbqfgjvdufjudefuFefbcOfjwmif;
vdufjydkefzmOfb v.ifjokefbvBjulef;eBh umefyuf;yldif wMbqkdifjrldif;cOfwluf;vlif;uef/ nefeBjeBh yAefvdufjydkefzmOfb nef
nrfbqfgjacMjz.rfhqfg nefcOfjwmif; ydkwfbymufjae vuf;erf; [dkOf v.ifjnAef;nmef; eefh,Ofh/ q.rf;vlpfj vdufj=rfjrmB,l@
umefyuf;yldif efg;tujqkdifjrldif;cOf? nFef@ao wMbulef;wif;vkrfj aweyfh,rf[Awf;q.rf; okefbvBjulef;eefh qdkifjrldif;
wDjawhauMj yAefv.ifjydkefzmOfb [dkOf vkufjqkrf; cOf=rfjuefaotvjoif? ,lbwDjqkdifjrldif;vAOfzfgref;aotvjoif n.ef
acMjydkwfbymufjae v.ifjnAef;nmef; yefacMj refj,dkef[Awf;,lb,Ofh/ u.yfjeB qkdijf rldif;vkufjqkrf;c.if,l@nFef@wif;oAifj
eefh,Ofh/ (,mrf;vAOfrD; 184 rldif;) eBh xkufb,.rf;[Awf; q.rf;eifbacMjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBj
ulef; nefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeefh,lb,Ofh/
acMjydkefcmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef;eBh vrfbv.ifj,.efhqdlOf;wDjwfgjeBj,Ofh-

(u) ,.efhvBjqfgUwkdOf;yAefvuf;qAif tvj iOfjydkefhacMjwkuf;,.ef; ydlOfjwMbvlify.if

qkdifjcOf yfgUyM;awMbokefbvBjulef;/

(c) ,.efhvBjrefjyAefyuf;ydliOf Bh vlpfjvdufj=rfjrmB nefuAOfbwif;vkrfj tvj eMj

wDjwlifbwmifb/ vdufj=rfjrmBnefOMjeBh yAefacMjz.rfhqfg nefwluf;vlif; efg;tuj
okefbauMUeifbuef? rlbqkrf;eifbuef tvj qkdifjrldif;eifbuef eefh,Ofh/

(i) ,.efhref;=rfbikrf;edlOf ydlifiOfjydkif;rldif;? yuf;ydlif tvj acMjylifwrf;vkrf;YwM;

c.ifqkdifjrldif;erfvmBcOf? rkufhqkrf;uAOfbwif;ul@rldif;rldif;cOfrM; qArfrdlOfjtwbcAefb
wFrfjeefhtvj,Ofh/

eifb[dkOf vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef; nefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeBh awwdlOf;

cFif[Fif;eB efg;[email protected],l@nFef@ qifbruf;refjxFifj vdufj=rfjrmBo.if
zdkef,Ofh/ eBhqrfh vdufj=rfjrmBv.ifjokefbvBjulef;ydkefhrldif; tvj okefbvBjZmBbymB;rldif;
nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif; (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights:
ICCPR) ndufbwif; vdufj=rfjrmBv.ifjokefbvBjZmBbrmufjrD;? ZmBbuefulef; tvj ZmBb
,Aefbtij nefuAOfbul@rdlif;rldif; (International Covenant on Economic, Social
Okef,vh;ulef:eh¤ yAefqldof:vfG 9

and Cultural Rights: ICESCR) eB,Ofh/ acMjydkefzmOfb v.ifjokefbvBjulef;

nefuAOfbwif;vkrfj ndufbwif; vdufj=rfjrmBo.ifzdkefeefh=rfjudkuf;uefao =rfj=U
quf;uefOMj yAefyldif,kuf;,mifb v.ifjokefbvBjulef; nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif; (Interna-
tional Bill of Human Rights) eB,Ofh/ qdlOf;eBhqrfh yAefvuf;qAifwFrfbokwf; wMb
qdkifjrldif;cOf awvBj[Awf;yefulef;rldif;cOfeefh,Ofh/ vdufj=rfjrmBo.ifzkdef nef
vmwfjrM;eBh =rfjOMj nrfbvdkOf;vif{julef;=Uquf;erfyAif;wif; vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifj
okefbvBjulef;nefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeefhaowMU ,if;[email protected],Ofh/
,.efhydlOfj qkdifjrldif;qdlOf;vlif;vmB;rdkOf;OBheefh vBj,.rf;z.rfhOMj aw[yfh[Awf;q.rf;awh
,lbeBtvj,Ofh/
y.Bbxdkif 1995 eB vdufj=rfjrmB v.ifjokefbvBjulef;ydkefhrldif; tvj okefbvBj
ZmBbymB;rldif; nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif;eBh =rfjyM;qArfqdkifjrldif;Oef;wluf;cOfurfjerfao
n.efvlif;vmB;rdkOf;ugMb rD;,lb 128 rdlif;,Ofh/ ulpf;uMj vdufj=rfjrmBv.ifjokefbvBjZmBb
rmufjrD;? ZmBbuefulef; tvj ZmBb,Aefbtij nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif;eefhtwh nrfb,.rf;
[yfherfrldefeB/ yM;qArf=rfjwkrfntr@'duao qkdifjrldif;wif;erfwif;vmBeBh [mefh
awMbrdlOfjvAOf yBbvlif;vmB;rdkOf;u.efb/ e.ufjao ydlif,kuf;,mifb v.ifjokefbvBjulef;
nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif;eBhtwh qkrf;qmwfjqkdifjvkrfjZMU (,l@nFef@) cAefbwFrfjrM;
acMjz.rfhqfg nefuAOfbwif;okefbvBjeefhxFifjwif;erf nefuBh+ifhOMj c.ef@OFef;
osFef; (Convention) eefhu.efb/ rdlOfj 1995 eefh c.ef@OFef;osFef;urfjz.ifjeBh
,dyf;urfvldifjumef v.ifjzAOfjrlpfhcdlOf;ulef; (115 rldif; vlif;vmB;rkdOf;) ? v.ifjqFufbtz
oDeif (141 rldif; vlif;vmB;rdkOf;) ? v.ifjqFufbtzawMbemif;,dif;cOf (135 rldif;
vlif;vmB;rdkOf;)? v.ifjcMqfguef (85 rldif; vlif;vmB;rdkOf;) qdlOf;eBhao cAefbwFrfjrM;
vdufj=rfjrmBokefbvBjZmBbvkufjn.efb (Convention on the Rights of the Child)
eefh,Ofh/ nefeBjauMj qkdifjrldif; 174 rdlif; z.rfhqfgao vlif;vmB;rdkOf;OBh,Ofh/
efg;acMjz.rfhqfg v.ifjokefbvBjulef; nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif;eefheB cOfjyM;qArf
okefbvBj ZmBb,Aefbtij? ZmBbymB;rldif; tvj ZmBbrmufjrD; c.ifrlbqkrf; ndufb ulef;rldif;
cOf {jayM;cdkefj,fgbrM;eefh,lb,Ofh/ vlpfjokefbvBjeBhao qkdifjrldif;urfjz.ifj (nef
rmufjrD;qkwfj,.rf;eefh) cmefw.yfbOMj rldif;u.wf;zmefcOfeBh xkufbvBjwmif;q.BjZmBBb
ckdefj,fgbrkef;vFif; rldefqldifh- qkdifjrldif;nefwdlOf;cFef;qfgcOf yefwmif;q.BjZmBbrmufjrD;
eefhndlOfj eB,Ofh/
vdufj=rfjrmBv.ifjokefbvBjulef; ndufbwif; vdufj=rfjrmBwmifbyldifeefhurfj
erfeBh u.pf;uAOfbwif; wmif;umefc.ifvlify.ifqkdifjcOfao nrfb,ldif;ql;awMb wmif;
umefc.ifokefbauMUvfgzgrf ef;/ aowMUauMj okefbvBjulef;eBh uAOfbuyf;wif;ulef;wif;
oAifjao ulef;auMUvfgzfgref;eBh rD;ykefjz.ef; wMbeyfh,rfawMb okefbvBjulef;c.if
ydlefjwmifbauMUeefhnldOfjeB urfjerferforfh cmefw.yfbckdef;,Ofh/ rldefeifb- emif;
,dif; tvj vkufjn.efbcOf t[huifjawMbwmif;[kuf;[mBh nefqOfjzlOf ndufbyM; ydlefj
wmifbauMU [Awf;wDjeefheB q.ifbxkufbyAefykefjz.ef;c.ifvlify.ifqkdifj,lb[dkOf/ urfj
z.ifjcmefw.yfbOMj eMja[M=def;eBh yAefumefokefbauMUc.ifzOtvj ,lbwDjvlify.if
10 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

qkdifj nrfbxkufbcOfjqdrfq.rf; eB,Ofh/ urfjz.ifjorfhOMj wMbt[huifjyef okefbvBj

c.ifemif;,dif;cOf? vkufjn.efbcOfeBh yAefnefvrfbv.ifjwldOf;ndlOfj eB,Ofh/
qkdifjrldif;cOf nefrD;efg;[email protected] c.ifrdlif;vkrfjZMUeBjwMbomrfw.efjqrfh
rdlOfjcOfcAefbwFrfjvdufj=rfjrmB c.ifrldif;qOfjuOfbcOf neft[huifjawMbokefbvBjulef;
eefheB ,.rf;[yfhnOf vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef;nefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeefh
[Awf;yAefwlOf,mifbugMb,Ofh/ efg;eefh c.ef@OFef;osFef;,l@\lyfh neft[huifjawMb
okefbvBjulef; (European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights:
1953) ? c.ef@OFef;osFef;ntr@'duef@ nefuAOfbwif;okefbvBjulef; (American
Convention of Human Rights:1979) tvj vdufj=rfjrmBnFyf@Z'duef@ nefuAOfb
wif;okefbvBjulef; ndufb ulef;rldif; (African Charter on Human and Peoples'
Rights:1986) qldOf;eBh cOfjyM;OBh,Ofh/ ul@eMjwDjauMjrD;OBh rkufhqkrf;okefbvBjulef;zfg
ref; neft[huifjawMb okefbvBjulef;eefh,Ofh/ efg;eefh vkrf;YwM;,l@\lyfh nef
uAOfbwif;okefbvBjulef; (European Court of Human Rights) ? c.rf@rosdef@qdkifj
rldif;ntr@'ducOf nefuAOfbwif;okefbvBjulef; (Inter-American Commission on
Human Rights) tvj c.rf@rosdef@nFyf@Z'duef nefuAOfbwif;okefbvBjulef;
ndufb ulef;rldif; (African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights) qdlOf;eBh
cOfjyM;OBh,Ofh/ awMbOef;rdlOfjvAOftwh vkrf;YwM;,l@\lyfheBh ZmBbwkif;x.rfbv.ifjvldifj
eefhvfg? ZmBbxwf;x.ifv.ifjOMj qkdifjrldif;vkufjqkrf;cOf q.ifb[Awf;omifjyAif;wif;vuf;
qAifokefbvBjulef;eefh zAefj[dkOf nrfbzAefjeefhvfg yAefnefwkdefbvFwf;okwf;
tvj xkdifwDjokwf;,Ofh/

yefpj Omrf
acMjxmrfedlOf vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef;
uefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeefh urfjz.ifj
(1) ayM;rfg;yBbvBjvleB u.uf;zdkefhwlpf; acMj[kyfj vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef;
nefuAOfbwif;vkrfj wDjw.efjo.BUq.rf;vifeefhtvj/

(2) acMj[kyfj vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef; nefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeBh wFufjwlpf;

wif;oAefjrmBokefbvBjulef; nef[kyfjwkrfuefrM; wDjyef[Mo.ifeefhtvj/
wif;o.if,mifbeBh yM;OBhokefbvBjulef;qdlOf;vfg/ okefbvBjulef; nefyM;efg;w.efj
nefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeefhao? orfhnrfbyM;efg; oAefjrmB[kyfjwkrfuefeefh yAef
qldOf;vfg/ okefbvBjulef; nefyM;efg;oAefjrmB[kyfjwkrfuefeefhao orfhnrfbyM;
efg;w.efjnefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeefh yAefqldOf;vfg/
Okef,vh;ulef:eh¤ yAefqldof:vfG 11

(3) nefcwf;cgmifawMb acMjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef; nefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeBh

yAefnDjoif/

(4) vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef; nefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeBh ,.efhoiftvj vrfb

v.ifj/

(5) wMbaw=rfjvBjqfgawMb vuf;qAifokefbvBjulef;eefh q.ifbrfg;[efxkdifOMj qkdifj

rldif;efg;vkrfjZMUcOf xkufb=rfjuef[Awf;omifjugMb[dkOf/ ayM;OMj xkufb=rfjuef[Awf;
eB wMbaw,.rf;[Awf;q.rf;vuf;qAifeefh q.ifborfhxkufbc.wfbz.wfjvkrf;YwM;
[dOk f c.r@f rose
d @f cOf[Okd /f ,.eo
hf iftvj xkubf [dOk f nrfbxkubf /

vmB;qFufbqefh
q okefbvBjulef; tvj ykefjz.ef;
rldOfjw.yfbaujyef[Mo.ifeefh uAOfbvlpfj okefbvBjvmBvmB,mifb tvj v.ifjOMj
okefbvBj,mifbvfg yAefnefvrfbv.ifjokwf;eefhao rfg;wif;ulef;qkrf;rfg;eBh aw
qmif@[yfh[efyldifjuef,lb/ vmB;qFufbqefhokefbvBjulef;eBh rD;wif;erf,Ofh/ vmB;nef
ekdifjqrfh qFufb[Awf;yAef okefbvBjZmBbyuf;ydlif? ZmBbwdkOf;urf tvj okefbvBjulef; eB
,Ofh/

okefbvBjZmBbyuf;yldif (Legal Rights)

yAefokefbvBj nefwrf;ymB;OBh efg;yuf;yldifao nefqfgUt[huifjvBj wDjvkrf;YwM;efg;
qkdifjrldif;eefh,Ofh/ okefbvBjZmBbyuf;yldifeBh nrfbqfgjwif;oAifjaowMU urfjerfeBh eAefymB;Olefh
wFrfjwrf;OBh,lb/ wDjqkdifjrldif; nrfbrD;ydlif,kuf;,mifbv.ifjokefbvBj (Bill of Rights) okefbvBjZmBbyuf;ydlifeBh
yAefnefwrf;ymB;OBh efg;yuf;ydlifao
nefwFrfjwrf;OBheefhauMj t[huifjyefvBj v.ifjnrfbq.rf;ydlifYwM;ao wkduf;awM;
nOfqfgUt[huifjvBj wDjvkrf;YwM;
awMb ulef;rldif;cOfeefhvfg nrfbeef v.ifjiFef;acM;cMqfgeefhvfg,lb/ rmify.ufjeB efg;qkdifjrldif;eefh,Ofh/
ulef;erfulef;vmB efg;qkdifjrldif;ekdifj n.efuef[efxdkifOMj okefbvBjZmBbyuf;ydlifeBh
q.rf;vlpfj ZdifjwdkOf;urfulef;[Of;ao nrfbqmif@ukrf;urfref;vBjeB,Ofh/ wlOf,mifb
qrfh- ,.efhcldijf z.ufb? qdlOfhcldOf;? zdOfeif? ugmrf;vmwfj [dkOf qmOf;udlOf;ydkifjaotvj
,lbwDjyuf;yldifeBh vlwf;Omif;{julef;urfjz.ifj qFufbtzoldufjorfbawMb ulef;wmifb
qdlOf;eefhvfg,Ofh/ ayM;yAefyuf;yldifqldifheifbeBtwh awn.ef[efxkdifOMj yAefnefylefh
yFefawMb ZdifjwkdOf;urfeefh,lb/ uAOfbuyf;wif; v.ifjOMj nefvfgeBh yAefokefbvBj
12 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

ZmBbyuf;ydlifeefhao urf;urf;uBh[efydlifjuefOBh,Ofh/ zljcAefbwFrfjyuf;ydlifcOf tvj

vkrf;YwM;cOfeBh cBjqfgawMbwmif;[efxkdif nefyFufbyldifjuefeefhao qifbu.BjwFyf;
wwf; wMb[Awf;omifj,Ofh/ ayM;wif;OMj okefbvBjulef;eBh nrfbnOfofgbyM;OBh efg;ydlif
,kuf;,mifbv.ifjokefbvBj eifbyuf;ydlifqkdifjrldif;eefh a,jy.wf;a,jw.efjao orfh
nrfbcdkifomifj wMb{jyfgUyM;[Awf;q.rf;vBjeBqkdif okefbvBjulef;eBh nrfbrD;wDjy.ifboif
tojeB n.efcmefw.yfbuef,lbwif;erf,Ofh/

okefbvBjZmBbwkdOf;urf (Moral Rights)

eAefymB;Olefh okefbvBjqdlOf;eBjqrfh ,ifb[mufjeldOfvuf;erf; v.ifjzAifbyAif; tvj v.ifj[Awf;q.rf;
okefbvBjZmBbwdkOf;urfeBh wmif;qdkOfjqfgjeefh,Ofh/ eBh nrfbqfgjwMbaobaowMU uBhtvb,ifb[mufjedlOf wmif;
,ifb[mufjedlOf vuf;erf; ,krfb,rfZmBbqmOf;udlOf;ykdifjeefh,Ofh/ okefbvBjZmBbZdifjwdkOf;urfeefh,mifbekdifjeBh
v.ifjzAifbyAif; tvj cfgjqfgjokefbvBjZmBbyuf;ydlif,mifbekdifjauMj qifbqfgj,Ofh/ okefbvBjZmBbwdkOf;urf nef
v.ifj[Awf;q.rf;wmif;qdkOfjqfgj nrfbqfgjokefbvBjZmBbyuf;ydlifeBh rmifzOfb nrfbnOft[h[mrfjvBj wDjvkrf;YwM;eefh
eefh,Ofh/ toj/ rldefeifb- trjvkufjn.efb vmwfj[if;vkufjref; ]rfg;vFefuOf? uOfrD;okefbyef
wmrfbrfg;ndlOfj} nefOMjeefh nrfbqfgjokefb[Awf; nef,ifb[mufjedlOf yuf;ydlifqkdifj
rdlif;toj/ yAefnef,ifb[mufjedlOf acMj[yfh[efOMj ulef;[Of;eBh xkufbvmwfjnefqdkOfj
nefqfgjwMbaobeefh nrfbeef yAefnefndifedlOfZdifjwdkOf;urfeefh,Ofh/ uAOfb
vlpfj acMjnefOMj nefvfgeBh irfbrFefjwif; ZdifjwdkOf;urf? nefvfgeBh nrfbirfbrFefj
uef eefhao rmify.ufjeBh [yfh[efyFufbyldifjuefOBh,Ofh/ wlOf,mifbqrfh- v.ifjudefvOfj
udefyFifjeBh urfjz.ifj,krfb,rfOMj nrfbrFefjwif;ZdifjwdkOf;urf eBaowMU urfjz.ifj
orfh[efOMj irfbrFefjndlOfj eB,Ofh/
ulef;qdlOf;nMb,kwArf,Ofheefh q.rf;eifbyuf;ydlifao rD;okefbudefvOfj,lb
aowMU urfjz.ifjawqmif@,krfb,rfOMj q.rf;eifbZdifjwdkOf;urfao nrfbrD;okefb
udef eB,Ofh/ urfjz.ifjorfh qmif@,krfb,rfOMj q.rf;eifbyuf;ydlifao nrfbrD;okefb
[Awf;aowMU? q.rf;eifbZdifjwdkOf;urfao rD;okefb[Awf;eefhauMjrD;,lb eB,Ofh/
wlOf,mifbqrfh- rdlOfj,mrf; ulef;rldif;cOfwlifhekdifwMb v.ifjokefbvBjulef;ydkefhrdil f;
wDjntr@'dueefheB ulef;vrfcOfwFyf;wwf; wMbcOfjvkpf;wDje.iferfh nefefg;
yuf;ydlifruf;wwf;OMj u.pf;yAefwMbulef;cmOfvkpf;eefh,lb,Ofh/ wmif;[Awf;qldifheBeBh
rmify.ufjrM; teherf;OMj yAefv.ifj ulef;ydkefhrldif;c.rfjcwf; eB,Ofh/ v.ifjeBjqrfh yAef
wmif;[Awf; nefwifjqfgylefhyFefawMbyuf;ydlif nef,krfb,rfOMj nrfbirfbrFefjwif;
ZdifjwkdOf;urfeefh ,mifbekdifj,Ofh/ wmif;[Awf;qldifheifbeBeBh zljwlifhekdifv.ifjokefb
vBjulef;cOf uBhtvbqfgUwdkOf; wMbrldOfjcwf;cgmifawMb yuf;yldifnefcOf,krfb,rfOMj
yAefnefylefhyFefawMb okefbvBjulef;eefh tvj wMb{julef;erf=U[efurfhxFrfq.rf;
eefh,Ofh/
Okef,vh;ulef:eh¤ yAefqldof:vfG 13

wD;rlid :f bl<tSwO¤f e
f ef¤ uhs¤ v,qf.G wdok :f vgi;f ule:f yde
k r¤f ild :f cgr;f cwf: tefye
A v
f ig ;f
f eftrf,qgr:f ylid Tf wj:eefr¤ j: rdol ;f yD< 1950 sv; 1960 yke¤f
cwf:cGmiaf wj, yuf:ylid t
bof/¤ ef:G pmi<f eh¤ vh;pefye l y¤f e
S af wj, Oke,f vh;'m,h wdok :f urftefv/Gf

okefbvBjulef; (Human Rights)

eAefymB;Olefh
okefbvBjulef;qdlOf;eBjqrfh yAefokefbvBjZmBbZdifjwdkOf;urf nefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeefh ule;f [Of;eBh ,.eyhf Old jf yAeuf e
l ;f tvj
,Ofh/ nefeBjeB okefbvBjozMbOeBauMj+ifh,Ofh/ ulef;[Of;eBh ,.efhydlOfjyAefulef; qifbwuf;yldifbirf; okefbvBjulef;
tvj qifbwuf;yldifbirf;okefbvBjqldOf;eBj,Ofh/ okefbqdlOf;eBjeB ,.efh[Awf;umeftvj [dkOf okefbvBjozMbO cOf,Ofh/
oif? ,.efhodkOfhnOftvjoif? ,.efhvBjodkyfbykwfjqmrfbylpfjtvjoif qifbvBjrM;
nrfbqfgj/ cldifjz.ufb? qdlOfhcdlOf;? zdOfeif? ugmrf;vmwfj? iOfj[mufjqmOf;cdlOf;? nMb,k?
qefhxmefj? qmOf;udlOf;ydkifj [dkOf v.ifj,krfb,rfymB;rdlif;qldOf;eBh nrfbOBhyAefyldifvlifao
ulef;ul@auMU wdkef;rD;okefbqlyf;vBjokefbqldOf;eBj zAifbyAif;rdlefuef,Ofh/
awMjOMj yuf;ydlifc.ifqkdifjrldif;qOfjuOfbeBh nrfbruf;refjawMb okefbvBjulef;
nrfbeef nrfbrD;v.ijf t[huifjyefaowMUauMj ulef;[Of;eBh wkdef;qmif@rD;okefbvBj eAefymB;Olefh
ulef;,lbeB ulef;urfjerf n.ef,krfb,rfuef,Ofh/ wlOf,mifbqrfh- =rfjwkrfntr@
'du tvj qkdifjrldif;wmifbnefcOfwif;erfeBh rdlOfju.efbylefheefh q.rf;eifbyuf;yldifao awMjOMj yuf;yldifc.ifqdkifjrldif;qOfj
uOfbeBh nrfbruf;refjawMb
rD;okefbvBjwMbOBhulef;qfgU (cMjqfgU) rM;,Ofh/ rdlOfj,mrf;eef =rfjOMj vlify.ifqkdifj
okefbvBjulef; nrfbeef nrfbrD;
tvj ulef;rldif;wif;erfwif;vmBcOfeBh q.rf;eifbyuf;ydlifao nrfbruf;refjawMb v.ifjt[huifjyefaowMUauMj
okefbvBjulef;aowMUauMj ulef;qfgU (cMjqfgU) cOfeBh wkdef;rD;OBh okefbvBjwMbv.wfj ulef;[Of;eBh wdkef;qmif@rD;okefb
vFOf;,lbqArfydkif;,Ofh/ vBjulef;,lbeB ulef;urfjz.ifj
rdlOfjulef;[Of;[M;cBjqfgwMbokefbvBjulef;eBh uAOfbvlpfjv.ifjOMj okefbvBjqdlOf; n.ef,krfb,rfuef,Ofh/
14 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

vfgorfhvrfbv.ifjwldOf;? qdlOf;vfgorfh nrfbayM;vrfbv.ifjeefhao nrfbz.rfhqfgrdlefuef

vBjwMbaobtoj/ okefbvBjekdifjnefeBh q.ifbqfgjokefbvBjulef;[dkOf nrfbqfgj eBhauMj
rmifyu. jf rM; [yf[h efyuF bf ylid jf uefO,
hB Of/h wmif;cD;qfe
g hB yAeif Ofjyde
k o
hf e
k bf vBjule;f ,Of/h
ayM;wif;OMj nrfbrD;okefbvBjeBjeB wmifbyldifqdlOf;eefhauMj nrfbrD;wDjy.ifbwDjyAOf
oif,Ofh/ ulpf;uMj uAOfbvlpfjv.ifjOMj ulef;auMUcMjqfgydlefjwmBeefh ,lbwDjqkdifjrldif;
q.ifbrD;okefbcMjwmBoAefjqfgref;[dkOf? qkdifjrdlif;eBh q.ifbxkufbyefwmrfbwmB wDjulef;
nefylefhyFefawMb ZdifjYwM;cOf[dkOfeefhtwh [yfh[efyFubf yldifjuefOBh,Ofh/

yefpj OD,
acMjxmrfeldOf okefbvBjZmBbyuf;ydlif tvj
ZmBbZdifjwdkOf;urfeefh urfjz.ifj
(1) okefbvBj ZmBbyuf;ydlif tvj ZmBbZdifjwdkOf;urfeBh yFufbydlifjuefnefvfg/

(2) q.ifbcBjqfgvBj okefbvBjZmBbyuf;ydlif nefulef;erf[yfh[efOMj nrfbqfgjokefbvBj

ZmBbZdifjwdkOf;urfeefh[dkOf/

(3) okefbvBjZmBbZdifjwdkOf;urf nefnrfbqfgj okefbvBjZmBbyuf;ydlifeefh aeyefwlOf

,mifbekdifjneftvj/

okefbvBjomrfoFef;
okefbvBjeBh qFufbvBjomrfoFef;,Ofh/ eBhqrfh okefbvBjulef;ydkefhrdlif; tvj ZmBbymB;rldif;?
ZmBbuefulef; tvj ZmBbrmufjrD; ndufbwif; ZmBbodifbOFwfhv.rfh tvj ZmBbcdkefj,fgbrkef;
vFif; qdlOf;eBh,Ofh/
qdlOf;eBjqrhf vBjxkufb+ifhOMj okefbvBjoFef;xDjekdifj? xDjo.if tvj xDj
omrfeBao rmify.ufjrM; nefekdifjwif;nefekdifj [email protected],Ofh/

(u) okefbvBjulef;ydkefhrldif; tvj ZmBbymB;rldif;

(Civil and Political Rights)

okefbqdlOf;eBjeBh rmify.ufjrM; teherf;OMj yAefokefbvBjnefyefymBbqM;awMb v.ifj

v.wfjvFOf; nrfbeef okefbvBjoFef;xDjekdifj eB,Ofh/ cOfeBh yefOBh wMbulef;[Of;
Okef,vh;ulef:eh¤ yAefqldof:vfG 15

xmifb[mif@vldufj[Awf;vBj? xmifb[mif@cOfjyM;vBj efg;zOumefrldif; c.ifwlifbOlif;[drf;+rf;

qOfjuOfb tvj rkufhzkifulef;[Of;vfg? {jvBjxmifb[mif@cBjqfgao OufhvBjyM;qArfcmOfb
imOf;vfg eefh,Ofh/ wlOf,mifbqrfh- ulef;[Of;eBh rD;okefbvldufjwifjvBj vkufjqkrf;
c.ifvlify.ifqkdifjqOfjuOfb,lbeefh,Ofh/

(c) okefbvBjZmBbumefulef; tvj ZmBbrmufjrD;

(Social and Economic Rights)

u.yfjydlOfj =rfbvlrfjyef wMbuefulef; wif; rmufjrD;tvj rmOfzOfb teherf;OMj yAef

okefbvBj nefyefymBbqM;awMbv.ifj=rfbvlrfj nrfbeef okefbvBjoFef;xDjo.if eB
,Ofh/ cOfeBh t[huifjyef wMbulef;[Of; awnrfbvBjxkufb[kyfj,dkwf;nOf clOf;c.ifcOf
rldefqldifh- cOfjerfhwmif;udef? cldifjuifjcldifjrkif; tvj v.ifjwlpf;xdkifymB;,lbvD qdlOf;
eBhvfg,Ofh/ =rfjOMj vlify.ifqkdifjeBh nrfby.ifyAefvBjauMj,Mb wMbcyfhcdkifyef cOfjerfh
wmif;uef? cldifjuifjcldifjrkif; tvj v.ifjwlpf;xdkifymB;,lbvDeBh rD;ykefjz.ef; [dkOf
nrfbrD; nefOMjeefh [yfh[efyFufbyldifjuefOBh,Ofh/

(i) okefbvBjZmBbodifbOFwfhv.rfh? ZmBb,Aefbtij tvj

ZmBbcdkefj,fgbrkef;vFif;
(Environmental, Cultural, and Developmental Rights)

qldOf;eBjorfh vBjxkufbteherf;OMj yAefokefbvBjoFef;xDjomrf eB,Ofh/ cOfeBh ,kdef

,efruf;refjawMb v.ifjxmifb[mif@,lboOf;vBj wDj[drf;+rf;nefrlwf;ofg? nef
v.wfj[mrf;v.ifjOlpfb[ifj tvj nefrD;v.ifjt[huifjyef vldifj,MUuOf; eefh,Ofh/
rlbrkufhqkrf;ulef;[Of;eBh xkufbvBjrD;okefbvBjZmBb,Aefbtij? ZmBbymB;rldif; tvj ZmBbrmufj
rD;ckdefj,fgbrkef;vFi;f eefh eBauMj ,dkef,efyM;u.efb,Ofh/
ulef;qldOf;cwf;qfg wMb[Awf;{jymB;Olefh efg;vdufjydkefzmOfb v.ifjokefbvBjulef;
nefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeBj awcOfjyM;ugMb efg;yuf;yldifvlify.ifqkdifjcOfeefheBh vBjxlyf;
v.ifj,myfbzkdwfbnefekdifj,Ofh/ uAOfbvlpfjv.ifjOMj okefbvBjqdlOf;vfgeBh yAefnef
vrfbv.ifjokwf;eefhao qdlOf;cOfuBhtvb[yfh[efyFubf yldifjuef,lb,Ofh/ ulef;erfvmBcOf eAefymB;Olefh
wDjqkdifjrldif;[email protected]@ca'@qD@rkef;vFif;eefheBh n.efOBheuf;awMb okefbvBj
,mrf;qdkifjrldif;yBbcdkefj,fgbcOf
oFef;xDjekdifj nrfbeef okefbvBjnefyefymBbqM;awMb v.ifjv.wfjvFOf;eefh,Ofh/ OBheuf;awMb okefbvBjoFef;
eBhqrfh yAefokefbvBj ulef;ydkefhrdlif; tvj ZmBbymB;rldif; nefa[huifjyef v.ifjvlify.if xDjo.if,lbeefh? ulef;rldif;c.if
qkdifj cOfjqdrfq.rf;ulef;rldif;cOf qdlifheifbefg;v.ifjxmifb[mif@udlOf;ydkifj tvj efg;v.ifj qkdifjrldif;rmufjrD;cOforfh rBjqfgq.rf;
xmifb[mif@vmwfjqM eefh,Ofh/ qkdifjrldif;qldOf;qmBhq.rf; v.uf;yldifosLOf@tos@vdwfofh okefbvBjoFef;xDjekdifj,lb,Ofh/
16 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

(urfjerf yAefqdlOf;wkdufhawcdkefj,fgb) eefhorfh OBheuf;awMb okefbvBjoFef;xDjo.if

nrfbeef okefbvBjnefyefymBbqM;awMb v.ifj=rfbvlrfjeefh,Ofh/ eBhqrfh yAefokefb
vBjZmBbuefulef; tvj ZmBbrmufjrD; nefa[huifjyef v.ifjulef;[Of;qkwfj,.rf; clOf;
c.ifiOfjydkefheefh,Ofh/
ylefhrM;yBb[dkifeBhtwh ulef;urfjz.ifjcOfvmwfjrM; wif;refjwif;uFefbOMj
xkubf vBjcBjqfgeuf;eMawMb okefbvBjoFef;xDjomrf nrfbeef okefbvBjnefyefymBb
qM;awMb odifbOFwfhv.rfheefh,lb,Ofh/ efg;oFef;eBjqrfh cOfjyM;okefbvBj wMbulef;
[Of;vBj,lboOf; wDj[drf;+rf;nefrFefjq.rf;ymB;,lbvDao =rfbvlrfjvDimrf;eefh,Ofh/
uAOfbvlpfjokefbvBjulef;ao nefvDcBjqfgxFifjv.ifjekdifjqrfh =rfjOMj vBj
qlyf;okefbvBjulef;,OfhauMj ykefjz.e;f nefawvBj[Awf;yefyldefjeBh rD;rM;urf;vAOf
ulpf;ref;,Ofh[dkOf nefOMjeefh,Ofh/ eBtvj ulef;a,jauMUeBh ayM;ref;vBjrM; ok
efbvBjulef;,mifbekdifj,Ofhqkdif ,lbwDjulef;wmifbauMUcOfeefhorfh q.ifbrD;ykefjz.ef;
wMbeyfh,rfawMb okefbvBjulef;,lb[dkOf/ ayM;eyfhyldifrFefjtwh awvBjw.yfbOMj rD;
ndlOfj eB,Ofh/ u.yfjeB auMUqkdOfjOMj ]y.yfh} eBh ayM;ref;rD;okefbxmifb[mif@udlOf;ydkifj
,lbqdkif zljvfgzfgauMj nrfbxkufbyefv.ifjudwfbc.ifj nrfbeef nrfbxkufb[mrfjoD;ao
tvj ylefhyFefawMbokefbvBjref;toj/ wDjiOf;vmB;wmifbydlifqdkif wlifbOlif;ulef;wif;
vlif nrfbeef vlify.ifqkdifjeBh rD;ykefjz.ef; wMbeyfh,rfyfgUyM;[Awf;q.rf;okefbvBj
eefh,lb,Ofh/

yg,h P;rD;vgi;f ohe

¤ uf:yuf:qfaG wj, Ozj,opdr:f Mrf:auj; tgew f old :f aObgr:f pyf¤ Oke,f vh;
'm,h Odi,f oSwv ¤f rg e
¤f ef¤ yAeO f e
k ,f vh;ule:f rj:bof/¤ Oke,f vh;OSe:f vfG tefcof;yAef
Oke,f vh;'m,h Odi,f oSwv ¤f rg /¤f
Okef,vh;ulef:eh¤ yAefqldof:vfG 17

wDjwFufjqrfh- auMUqkdOfjOMj usef;eFwfh eBh ayM;ref;rD;okefbvBj wMb[Aef;nOfypfb

pMbeB ,lbwDjvlify.ifqkdifjeBauMj rD;ykefjz.ef; wMbumBbyef=if;[Aef; tvj yefidkef;
vdlefcl;o.efcOfvfg wMbv.ifjumef[Aef;o.efref;emif;,lb,Ofh/ acMjxmrfxFifjnef eAefymB;Olefh
ekdifjqrfh- ayM;OMj vkufjn.efbcOfeBh rD;okefb[Aef;nOfypfbpMbeB wMbcOfawarM efg;acMjz.rfhqfg nefuAOfbwif;
ypfbpMbugMbeefh rD;ykefjz.ef;wDjzfgvfg nefOMjeefh,Ofh/ yAefykefjz.ef; c.ifayMj okefbvBjulef;eefh nefofgbyM;
trj[MU? wlifbOlif;ulef;[MU? qkdifjrldif;[MU/ nrfbeef wif;omrfauMUomrfZmBb[dkOf/ w.efjvdufjuAOfbvlpfj eMjc.if
awwFyf;wwf; yAefykefjz.ef;zljvfgvkrf;vkrf;/ efg;acMjz.rfhqfg nefuAOfbwif;okefb ykefjz.ef; c.ifulef;auMUvfgzfgref;
awvBj,dkef[yfh[Awf;yef a[M=def;?
vBjulef;eefh nefofgbyM;w.efjvdufj uAOfbvlpfj eMjc.ifykefjz.ef;c.ifulef;auMUvfg
wlifbOlif;[drf;+rf; tvj qkdifjrldif;
zfgref; awvBj,dkef[yfh[Awf;yefeMja[M=def;? wlifbOlif;[drf;+rf; tvj qkdifjrldif;eBh eBh u.pf;rD; vdufj=rfjrmBnFyf@Z'du
u.pf;rD; vdufj=rfjrmBnFyf@Z'du nefuAOfbwif;okefbvBjulef; tvj ulef;rldif;eefh nefuAOfbwif; okefbvBjulef;
ydlifvAOf,Ofh/ tvj ulef;rldif;eefh ydlifvAOf,Ofh/

yefpj pj;
acMjxmrfeldOf
v.ifjqFufbqefhokefbvBjulef;eefh urfjz.ifj
(1) okefbvBjqldOf;nefrlbqkrf;ol =rfj[kyfjwkrfrM; wDjyef[Mo.ifeefh qFufbyAef
okefbvBj ulef;ykdefhrldif; tvj ZmBbymB;rldif; nrfbeef ZmBbodifbOFwfhv.rfh tvj
ZmBbcdkefj,fgbrkef;vFif;aotvj/

(2) zldOfbqFufbwlpf;eB q.ifbvBjqfgrldefuef,lb[dkOf/ q.ifbrD; v.ifj[yfh[efyFufbydlifjuef/

okefbvBjnefcfgjnOfofgb wDjwif;o.ifoFef;eefh q.ifbrD;[dkOf/ ayM;rD;auMj ,.efh
u.yfjoifeB oyf;vFif;tvj/

(3) urfjz.ijf vmwfjOMj ayM;[yfn h Ofoe k bf vBjule;f auMj uMjwuf;vBj[yfyh M;ykejf z.e;f
eB,Ofh/ v.ifjeBj rfg;y.ifbqfgqldifh[dkOf? q.ifbz.rfhqfg[dkOf/ ayM;z.rfheB [Awf;wlpf;
oAejf rmBye
k jf z.e;f nef[efxidk Of Mj ule;f ul@auMU xkubf vBj[yf[h myfbnOfeefth vj/
q.ifbxkufbrD; vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjykefjz.ef; nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif; (International
Declaration of Human Responsibilities) eefh[dkOf/ oyf;vFif;tvj/

(4) q.ibf rf;g xmifbOMj okebf vBjule;f eBh uAObf wif;wmif;[Aw;f omifjvliyf i. q f idk jf cOfup. ;f
eB[Okd /f ule;f yde
k rhf ild ;f qdOl ;f nefvjB xkubf ule;f yde
k rhf idl ;f wmifbauMUcOf yleyhf e F af wMb
okebf vBjeefh q.ibf cOfxuk bf rD;okebf wFrjf ofbg acMjvOfjwlid bf v.ijf okebf vBjule;f
,lb[dOk /f ayM;xkubf eB aewlO, f mifb acMjvOfjwlid bf v.ijf okebf vBjule;f eefh omrf
neftvj/
18 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

o qfgUwdkOf;okefbvBjulef; nefvBj[Aef;,Ofh
vdufjydkefzmOfb v.ifjokefbvBjulef; nefuAOfbul@rdlif;rldif; tvj vdufj=rfjrmB (acMj
z.rfhqfg) cOfeBh teherf;yef vuf;qAif tvj acMjaewmif; nefvrfbv.ifjeefh
,Ofh/ ulpf;auMj okefbvBjqldOf;eBjeBh ulef;[email protected] [yfh[Awf;q.rf;
efg;zOwlOfuOfbzfgref;eefh,Ofh/ ayM;OMjwDjeBj ,if;nrfbxdkifwDjeB okefbvBjulef;
eBh wmifbwDjoDbvFef@auMj awnrfbxkdifwDjvBjtoj/ cBjqfgOlefhq.rf; wlOf,mifbnef
qmif@udlwfbyAefrM; efg;zOymefyAeful@rkdOfhOef;cOf nefaeOBh wDjyef[M =uf; eefh
tvj/

yefpj Nuf:
okefbvBjulef;qdlOf;vfg nefvBjxkufbylefhyFef

vlwlpf; iOf;vmB;wDjwfgjeBjao wlifh,dlifjrdlefawhtvj/ ,Ofhorfh [dOfjqifjwif;

acMj[kyfj vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef; nefuAOfbwif;vkrfjeefhao wFyf;wwf;
v.ifjOMj ylefhyFefawMbokefbvBjulef; [dkOf okefbvBjnefvfg eBtvj/

(1) u/ ]uOfeBh cwf;cgmifawMb rlbyldifc.ifvlify.ifqdkifj nefwifj=if;[Aef;ulpf;acM

yef ydlOfjwMb vkufjn.efbnefqmOf;cdlOf;yFufbyldifjuefeefhndlOfj/}
c/ ]awvBjwDhp.yf;rfg;ndlOfj/}

(2) ]ayM;uOf[Awf;zdwf;aov.ifjv.ifj nljtrj[Of;[Fwfhwmif;udefuOf o.ifOef;

ndlOfj/}

(3) ]uOfwif;,lb wif;[Aw;f umef wDjef;g eM;ndOl jf ? wDjeefjtwh nrfbrD;=if;[Ae;f /}

(4) ]vlify.ifqkdifj xkpfyFwfj=def;uOf wMb[Awf;oAefjwmif;vlifndlOfj? uOfnrfbrD;

wDj,lb,Ofh/}

(5) ]vmwfjuOf,Ofh- ]rfg;vufhclOf;efg;vmefheBhtvj rfg;wuf;vBjcrfc.ufj o.ifyD@}

eBOMb}/
Okef,vh;ulef:eh¤ yAefqldof:vfG 19

(6) u/ ]vkufjn.efb nef[Awf;umefeM;qldifhuOfeBh uOfxmifbtwh xkufbvDrD;,mrf;

vdkOfjudefcOfjOef;,lbugMj/}
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rf;g tvj/

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22 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

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u vrfbv.ifj[MU
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(1) wlifh[mif@rdlef eifbulef;zFOfrM;rfgbcOf qldifhefg;[mif@nefaeOBheefhtvj/

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Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 23

wD;rlid :f tefuof pof:eh¤ cf;G cof;yj: wD;pof:rD:rj: ymif

ef:G rlid :f pof:sw¤ vdul ;f wif;tdol ;f /
zmw,f tgu,f rj:eh¤ ym:h rlid :f eh¤ Okub¤f ik ;f ef:G ym:h rlid :f bl,?
trf,rD:zfv G Gf uln:f ej, qlod :f rD: uln:f qlod :f tgeNf of
ej,? wj,pof:sw¤ eefO ¤ rf¤ qf.G wdok :f
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f idk ;f aO
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vDtefv/Gf

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eefh awvBjy.Bbokrf;nefvfg? ,.efhcOfj=rfjq.rf;ao orfah wvBjerfhw.ef;
z.ef;vDnefvfg/

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[efxkdifOMj ,lbwDjqkdifjrldif; awrD;z.ef;vDoif/

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qmif@xlyf;pM;wmif;vkokrf;nefvfg/

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vlpfj cOfj=rfjq.rf;efg; v.ifjymefby.ifrldif;ao ulef;rldif;zM;uMbeBh [email protected] eAefymB;Olefh
efg;acMjwFyf;wwf; c.ifvlify.ifqkdifjeefh,Ofh/ wrfjwDjwlifbOlif;ul@nefnefeefheB v.ifjcOfj=rfjq.rf; efg;v.ifjymefb
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nrfbcOfj=rfjyM; efg;v.ifjymefby.ifrldif;eefhqkdif [email protected]; efg; efg;v.ifjwFyf;wwf;cOfndlOfj/
24 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

acMjwFyf;wwf;eefh,Ofh/ efg;acMjwFyf;wwf;eefh qmif@cOfjyM; qldifheifbeB-

u/ ulef;rldif;zM;uMb awvBjofgbc.efbuM@[dkOf/

c/ yAef[dkOfauMj ulef;rldif;eBh xkufbcOfjyM;efg; ymifokduf;nefekdifj/

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A e
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Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 25

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26 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

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hf jD /

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f ;gf yde
k w
hf jD /

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hf rk ;f ule;f [Aw;f umef [dOk f rkuq
hf rk ;f ef;g yde
k w
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(10) cOfjtchymifvudl jf wifjao ayM;vBjxkubf vlud jf auMj [yf[h myfbykejf z.e;f /

(11) ofbg ide

k ;f c.ebf /

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Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 27

yefpj OD,
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h if;oAijf [dOk f urfjz.ijf eBh
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28 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

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qifbyAefyAOfwmif;n.ufbcOf eB,Ofh/ eBtvj vkufj[Aef;urfjz.ifjeBh qifbnrfbcOfj=rfj
q.rf; efg;v.ifjc.rfjcwf;eefh,Ofh/ q.ifbxkufbc.rfjcwf;[dkOf nrfbxkufb eBeefh wlifh
[mif@rdlefeifbvkufj[Aef;cOf ydefbyBbcmefw.yfbuefeefhao w.yfbacMjxmrfqdlOf;wfgjeBj
tvj/

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nrfbcfjg cOfj=rfjq.r;f ef;g v.ijf c.rjf cwf;eefh q.ibf qfjg v.ijf yleyhf e
F af wMb okebf
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ao q.ibf xkubf a[huifjyef[Okd /f ,.eo hf iftvj xkubf [dOk f nrfbxkubf / oyf;vFi;f
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S af wj, Oke,f vh;vku;f pAe:f wmi,f auj.cofpokd /f
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cwf;cofpokd /f
Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 29

(5) vkujf [Ae;f qlOd ;f omefcwf;awMb v.ijf c.rjf cwf;eefh OBOh Mj cOfcjgf =pf;qefnOf
vkujf [Ae;f wmifbauMU ydOl jf wMbnrfbc.rjf cwf; eBvMj/ ayM;OMj vkujf [Ae;f qdOl ;f
c.rjf cwf;,lbeefo h rfh nrfbyefcOfvmwfjawMb wif;vkujf [Ae;f wmifbauMUqdOl ;f
eefe h B q.ibf qfjg v.ijf yleyhf e
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qlid [hf Okd /f

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tvj v.ifjcOfj=rfjq.rf;ZmBbymB;rldif;
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vdufjydkefzmOfb v.ifjokefbvBjulef;
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nefuAOfbwif;vkrfj w.efj 21 ?
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w.efj 21 eefh,lb,Ofh/
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30 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

yefpj Nuf:
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vlOfbrD;okefbw.wfjcFyf;umifqfg zAifbyAif;uef[dkOf
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nefeidk jf ao ule;f urfjyMjanb (wlO, f mifb- 25 Omufj) eBh orhyf e A f qmOf;cdOl ;f wmifb
nef eBvMj/ cOfwrf;yliyf uf;ydil f nefaweyfn h mefbcFy;f umifqagf uMUvfag uMUeefuh Mg b
zAibf zAibf yAi;f yAi;f uef ul@ymifvudl jf wifj eB,Of/h

(1) q.ibf rf;g z.rq

hf q
gf r. ;f yliyf idl e
f jB [dOk /f oyf;vFi;f tvj/

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cOf xkubf cAebf wFrjf ugMb wMbwif;oAijf [dOk /f

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B Of/h
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acMjacM,.e;f nefejB eB q.ibf qfjg v.ijf yleyhf e F af wMb okebf vBjule;f aoauMU
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ydkwfbeBh cOfjyM;qArf v.ifjwFrfjydkwfbefg; zdkefcmOfb? usM@te@ tvj odkOfbcmOfbwmifbnef
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eefh,Ofh/ aevBj v.ifjomefcwf;awMbokduf;odlOf,lb/ wlOf,mifbwmifbnefqrfh- OufhOD;ae
Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 31

cDw
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v.ifjokefbvBjulef;nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif; ndufbwlifbwmifbcOfeefh urfjerferfauMj
ydkwfbyM;OBh rdlefeBeifbuOfb,Ofh/
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[email protected]@ca'@qD@ eB ulef;wif;erf,.rf;[yfh,lbaowMU? v.ifjOMj xkufba[h
uifjokefbvBjeBjqldifh[dkOf? ,lbwDjvlify.iq f kdifjorfh xkufbcmwfjc.yfbqldifh[dkOf eefhtwh
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vFOf;wif;ydkuf;eBh rmifzOfb qmif@ugMbyAef v.ifjcmwfjc.yfbawMb okefbvBjc.ifwmifbauMU
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[ef tvj wmif;vlOfb c.ifvlify.ifqkdifjcOfauMj rD;,Ofh/
32 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

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gf hB ydw
k bf aeOBh v.ijf oif/
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awMb v.ijf xmifb[mif@ydw k bf n.ubf eef[h Okd /f

(1) qkr;f ZmBboMboeMbnefeidk jf eBh y.i[f w A ;f ymifYwM;ao auMUn.e=f OfcOfvmwfj

OMj- ]qOfjq.rq f idk jf eBh udeo
f ;l vmyfjao orfv h uf[h rk ;f ide
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(2) eM@qD@zkief idk jf eBh vwf;ef;g umifOiA ;f nefue

l ;f usOd ;f erfvmBcOf,bl eefah o cfjg
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]zljvfag uMj nrfbxkubf cOfjef;g wyfah o wkud ;f q.r;f oduk ;f yleyhf e
F af wMb Zdijf wdOk ;f
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Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 33

(4) vliyf i. q
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F af wMb okebf vBjwMbxmifb[mif@ydw k bf n.ubf eef[h Okd e
f B wFy;f wwf;tvj/

yefpj ySwf,
q.ifbxkufbruf;wwf;awMb
v.ifjvmwfjqMqFufbtzqdlOfhcldOf;uef eefh[dkOf
vkujf qkr;f c.irf bl qkr;f nefvjB xkubf ule;f erf[efxidk Of Mj cOf,yd ;f wdOk ;f ymB;qFubf tz
qdOl chf Old ;f uef eBeefh vBjxkubf zdwjf r.ubf wMba[M;vmwfj wDjqefq h r. nf efeikd jf ,Of/h
vkujf [Ae;f wif;erfqv gf rftvj aeumifq, gf bgf ,fbg ugmifjugmifjao orfuh Of;{jymifvmwfj
ugmrf;eefh udw k ;f ,mBjyFwjf ,Of/h wDjqefq h r. yf il e
f uf;OMj nrfbyefue l ;f [Ae;f qdOl ;f ae
umifqe gf efh cde
k jf [Ae;f wMb 10 Oef; eB,Of/h

(1) vkujf [Ae;f cOfehB q.ibf yleyhf e

F af wMbokebf vBjule;f c.iaf uMUa[M;vmwfjeef[h Okd /f
q.ibf yleyhf e
F af wMb okebf vBjule;f c.iq f Odl ;f rM;cOfj=rfjymifvmwfjugmrf;eef[h Okd /f
wmif;[Aw;f cOfehB q.ibf wlu;f xkubf [dOk /f

(2) wDjqefq h r. f q.ibf xkubf ylie

f uf;awMb vkujf [Ae;f cOf[Okd /f eBh q.ibf yleyhf e
F af wMb
okebf vBjule;f c.iv
f uk jf [Ae;f cOf[Okd /f
34 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

(3) oifOMj auMUa[M;vmwfjeefh ydw k bf n.ubf acMjugmrf; nefwif;erf[efxikd yf e A f

v.ijf qFubf tzqdOl chf Old ;f uef eBqidk f q.ibf xkubf z.wjf qkr;f [Aw;f vlid jf rfx
g idk rf ef;[dOk /f

ef;g wlibf Oli;f ule;f [email protected]@f ca'@qD@,mifbekid jf eBh vmB;wmif;nefeidk jf wMbule;f

[Of;ydw
k bf aewmif;[efqrfh yAen f efwrF jf ofbg ef;g zde
k cf mOfb eef, h Of/h rmifzOfbauMj
qfUg wdOk ;f odOk bf cmOfbwmifbylid f rle
d qf idl hf a'@wD@,lO@f ? xD;OD;? rFu@f uqde;f ? yyfh tvj
iOf;wlihf qdOl ;f eB, h Of/h ef;g qkid jf rlid ;f urfjerfehB vliyf i. qf idk jf cOf n.euf rk ;f urfawMb
v.ijf ydwk bf n.ubf wDjodOk bf cmOfbeef, h Of/h cOfqOld ;f eBj aeacMj,.eOhf Mj yAev f i. jf nef
nrfb[Aw;f nrfbyAef ydOl jf wMbqkid jf rlid ;f cOf eB,Of/h wmifbauMUcOforfv h mwfjOMj wrfj
wDjqkid jf rlid ;f [email protected]@f ca'@qD@qFwjf qmifbeBh xkubf vBjvlw;f Omif;yefu@l auMU wFrjf
ndwbf n.ubf vBj nrfbeef yde k [f mif@oAiv f jB eifbymB;[yf[h efzrgf ef;rD;eefh eB,Of/h

yefpj uof;
vldifjnefudlwfb,.efh zkdefcmOfbcOf xwf;omif

qkid jf rlid ;f nefwudk chf e kd jf ,fbg rlid ;f ekid jf eBh rD;OBo h mByekd ;f v.ijf auMbumef[uk ;f [mBh ef;g tuj
qkr;f ymB;rlid ;f eifbuefeef, h Of/h vliyf i. q f idk jf eBh =pf;w.ruf e l ;f ul@auMUao cwf;qfg
wMbylu;f y.if {jcke d jf ,fbg eifbuefwif;rlid ;f ,lb,Of/h qkr;f vkuz hf e dk uhf rfjz.ijf orfv h mwfj
OMj vliyf i. q f idk jf eBh nrfbq.r;f ydil w f @D r.u@f ca'@qD@ eBao twbole;f wkrf wMb[mifj
oduk ;f rkw;f avMbofbg ,lb,Of/h erfih e kd ;f wlu;f eMbnM;vM;ao ule;f zmefwjD OAi;f ndubf
wDje.ujf cOfehB nrfbrD;umefimef;tvj u.jB ,lbu.jB nrfb[mefq h agf wMb vliyf i. q f idk jf cOf
,Of/h zde k cf mOfburfjz.ijf eBh xwf;omifawMb rlbylid cf i. v f il yf i. qf idk jf ,lb,Of/h
vliyf i. q f idk jf wFy;f wwf;OMj qkid jf rlid ;f eBh vBjawMboljwif;yef[MrmufjrD;,lb
tvj awvBjndw k ;f yFw;f zde k cf mOfbZmBbomefcwf;cOfurfjz.ijf qifbwlu;f xkubf eB
,Of/h yde k zf mOfbOMj zde k cf mOfbcOfehB ydw k bf n.ubf v.ijf iOf;vmB;ef;g rlid ;f nefnrfbqdOk jf
nrfbqfjg ao ole;f ,li;f {jule;f rlid ;f zM;uMb omefcwf;awMbvliyf i. q f idk jf ,lbtvj
qifbvBjndw k ;f yFwjf qlOjf uFyhf eB,Of/h OmB;vifurk ;f urfvjB v.ijf vkuz hf e
dk ,hf Ofah o r.i;f
{jyef[MrmufjrD;omifbxkubf rM;auMj awvlw;f Omif;wMbzde k cf mOfbcOf ndwbf n.ubf cde k ;f
,lb/ v.ijf ruf;wwf;cmOfbimOf;eefah uMj aw,kw d ;f cdek ;f ,lb OMjeB,Of/h
vliyf i. q f idk jf vmwfjOMj cOfcjgf ,kurhf e k ;f yef wMbule;f rlid ;f qly;f vBj okebf vBj
nefr;D ef;g rlid ;f [email protected]@f ca'@qD@ qFwjf qmifbeefw h if;oAijf aotvj v.ijf eBj aw
yAerf M; ef;g cmOf;,mrf;rdOl ;f eMj,lb eB,Of/h ulp;f uMj Oef;rlOd jf vAOe f hB ule;f rlid ;f vlObf OBh
erfn h efrw l ;f of?g cOfjerfw h mif;udef nefurk bf xlejf tvj v.ijf wlp;f xkid yf mB;,lbvD
Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 35

nefomifbxkubf eef, h Of/h wMbnOfvjB qlOd ;f eBjorhf qkid jf rlid ;f eBh wuf;vBjn.rbf v.rjf
uef,bl ? u.yjf eB qifbOMj vlObf vBjzAOjf ,Aeyf w F jf wmif;[Aw;f c.iuf e l ;f uOf;,MU v.ijf
z.r=hf rfjqkid jf rlid ;f ao v.ubf idw
l jf awMb v.ijf =rfbvlrjf qkid jf rlid ;f eefh eB,Of/h

okefbvBjqdlOf;vfg nefvBjxkufbvlify.ifqkdifjylefhyFef
(1) wmif;[Aw;f vliyf i. qf idk jf eBh q.ibf qfjg v.ijf yleyhf e
F f nrfbeef v.ijf c.rjf cwf;awMb
okebf vBjule;f nefyM;ef;g vdujf yde k zf mOfbv.ijf okebf vBjule;f nefuOA bf wif;
vkrjf eef[h Okd /f ayM;qfjg eB yAen f efv/gf

(2) q.r;f vlpjf vdujf yde k z f mOfbv.ijf okebf vBjule;f nefuOA bf wif;vkrjf eefah o
vliyf i. q
f idk jf ndw
k ;f yFwjf zked cf mOfbcOf wMba[huifjokebf vBjule;f nefOMjeBh
q.ibf rFejf [dOk /f

(3) okebf vBjnefve

gf hB vrfbv.ijf vdOl ?f q.ibf xkubf a[huifjyef okebf vBjeBj[dOk /f

(4) q.ibf vliyf i. q

f idk jf awqmif@qfUg vmB;wmif;wmifbnefao aujvdwjf vBj iOf;vmB;
nefejB [dOk /f ayM;vBjeB yAeq f Old ;f vf/g q.ibf xkubf ruf;wrf; wMbqfUg [dOk /f

ule:f erfbrk ,f brfoj; vgi;f xmi,f pmi<f vmw;f qje¤h yAeif of;yde k O
¤f ek ,f vh; bmi,f ekid ;f
ehbof/¤ rdol ;f bmr:f vf?G bl,wD;vliyf ig q
f idk ;f xku,f vlw:f omi:f wj,tdwk :f ySw;f zde
k cf mo,f
tefeidk ;f /
36 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

(5) oifOMj qkid jf rlid ;f eBh nrfbqfjg ef;g iOf;vmB;uyfuh e

d ;f eefe
h B q.ibf xkubf ruf;wwf;
awMb v.ijf xmifb[mif@ZmBbcmOfbimOf;cOf[Okd /f ule;f rlid ;f eBh q.ibf xkubf rD;okebf vBj
wMbndwbf n.ubf xmifb[mif@ eifbumifqcgf Of[Okd /f nefve gf hB xkubf wFrjf n.ubf ao
nefvo gf rfh nrfbxkubf eB wFrjf wlp;f rmBrjD urfjz.ijf tvj/

c.wfbz.wfjvlify.ifqdkifj
q [email protected]@ca'@qD@
wMbvlwf;,.rf; v.ifjrmyfbqfgUnMbeMb
vmB;wmif;nefvDokwf; wMbidlifhtOj v.ifjylefhyFefawMbokefbvBjulef;eBh yAefv.ifj
a[huifj,OfheB ulef;vmBvmBqkdifjrldif; n.ef=UxdkifuefrM; yBbayM;[kdiftoj/ eifb[dkOf
ulef;rldif;zM;uMb awcOfj=rfjwdlOf;vdlOfvBj efg;umefymefby.ifqdkifjrldif;eefh ulef;wif;
erfn.efurfhxFrfOMj vlOfbvBjvFufjvmBj vmB;c.wfbz.wfjvlify.ifqkdifjcOfao? vlObf vBj
rD;ymifvldufjwifj nefv.wfjvFOf;eefh eB,Ofh/ aowMUauMj u.rfhuM@ cdkif[Awf;ymif
vldufjwifj nefv.wfjvFOf;eefhu.pf;twh awa[huifjvBj v.ifjzljn.ef=OfcOf rmyfb
qfgUnMbeMbeefh nrfbqfgjtoj/
zljn.e=f Of qlOd ;f vBjxkubf vlud jf wifjeBh vlpjf wif;vmB;wmif;vmBvmB,mifbao
uBhtvbrmyfbqfgUnMbeMbcOf,Ofh/ efg;eefh yM;qArf v.ifjnOfwef;[Aif;wMjckefnef
vrfbv.ifjeefh ,dkefjrFifbnlpf;aojcOfvfg? v.ifjqfgUwdkOf;wef;[Aif;wMjckefao cdkif
[MrmufjrD;vfgeefh,Ofh/
wMba[huifj v.ifjvlify.ifqkdifjcOfrmyfbqfgUnMbeMbeefh ulef;rldif;vfgrldif;eefh
n.efqfgUwdkOf;vmB;wmif; vmBvmB,mifb,lb,Ofh/ v.ifjeBh rmifzOfb teherf;OMj v.ifj
ruf;wwf;nMbeMbvlify.iq f kdifj eB,Ofh/ eifb[dkOf zljn.ef=OfauMUekdifj nrfbeef
qkrf;zljn.ef=OfvAufhvAufhn.efbnefekdifj awnrfbqmif@OufhvBjnMbeMbugMbylefhvdlOf
eefh vmB;wmif;a[huifjref; qmif@ofgbyM;vBjefg; ydlifiOfjydkif;rldif; eefh,lb,Ofh/ efg;
eef cOfjyM;qArf v.ifjqfgUwdkOf;v.uf;ydlifw.wfjcFyf;umifqfgvyfhvyfhao urf;urf;vdlufj
wifj vkufjqkrf;vlifyi. fqkdifjeefhvfg? ylwf;x.efyFwfj ulef;vlifnefrmyfbqfgUnMbeMb
eefhvfg,Ofh/

v.ifjqFufbwwf;nMbeMb
ulef;efg;qdkifjrldif;urfjz.ifjeBh qfgUwdkOf;v.uf;yldif v.ifjqFufbqwf;nMbeMbao [Awf;
{jqkrf;vlify.ifqkdifj rFifbyAefomrfudifbugMb,Ofh/
Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 37

Ú qkrf;ZmBby.ifomifjyuf;ydlif (Legislative Branch)

Ú qkrf;ZmBbnkyfhyldifb nefqOfjq.rfqkdifj [dkOf qOfjq.rfz.if; n.ef=Ofao qfgUwkdOf;
yuf;ydlif {jwlifhwlOfcD;qfg (Executive Branch)
Ú qkrf;ZmBbvkrf;YwM; nefwFyf;wwf; yefwlwfjwmrfbawMb v.ifjylefhyFefc.ifj
rmyfbeefh/ vldOfeefhqrfh wmif;[Awf;omifj [dkOf ydlifrDjc.ifqkrf;ZmBbnkyfhydlifb [dkOf
qkrf;ZmBby.ifomifjyuf;ydlifeBh q.ifbirfbrFefjwif;ydlifiOfjykdif;rldif;[dkOfeB nefwFyf;
wwf;yefvBj v.wfjv.wfjvFOf;vFOf;eefh (Judicial Branch) /

eifb[dkOf udifbtznMbeMbqkrf;vfg awnrfb,dkwfj,fgbylefhwDjeefh efg;ydlifiOfjydkif;rldif;

eBh qmif@ofbg OBv
h jB v.u;f ydil yf e
d bf yBbukr;f u.e;f uef (a system of check and balances) eAefymB;Olefh
,lb,Ofh/ q.rf;eifbv.uf;ydlifeBhao efg;udifbtzvlify.ifqkdifjekdifjqkrf;vfgeBh awrD;OBh q.rf;eifbv.uf;ydlifeBjao udifbtz
nMbeMb wMbcdkef;ukrf;urf udifbtzo.ifqkrf;eefh,Ofh/ wlOf,mifbqrfh- yefOBhnMbeMb c.ifvlify.ifqkdifjwMbqkrf;ekdifjeBh
wDjqOfjq.rfqkdifj wMb,.rf;[yfh nrfbeef ymufjyFwfj yuf;yldifnefvOfjwmifbrM;eefh [email protected] udifbtz
ao qmif@[Awf;{j qOfjq.rfqkdifjukrf;urfvBj nrfbeef udkwf;,ifhvBj (qfgUOD@wlOf@ o.ifqkrf;eefh,lb,Ofh/
vBj) nMbeMbc.ifqkrf;ZmBby.ifomifjyuf;ydlifeefh,lb,Ofh/ zmBbekdifjauMj efg;ydlifiOfjydkif;
rldif;u.pf;eifbuOfb cdkef;yefOBhnMbeMb wMbqkrf;ZmBby.ifomifjyuf;ydlifcOf {jvBjnOf
wif;cFyf;umifqfg c.ifckefz.if;wFef;cOfurfjyMj,fgb omrfykefj-o.ifykefjao ymufjyFwfj
vBj nMbeMbOD@wlOf@ qOfjq.rfqkdifjeefh,Ofh/ wlOf,mifbxFifjnefekdifjqrfh- ,lb
wDjqkrf;y.if omifjyuf;ydlifnefvAOfu.pf; rD;nMbeMbydkefzmOfbokduf;odlOfvBj nefOMj
eefh,Ofh/ wlOf,mifbxDjomrftwh- yefOBhnMbeMb wMbqkrf;ZmBby.ifomifjyuf;ydlifcOf
{jvBjxAifymufjyFwfj nrfbeef ruf;refjyef ulef;qdlOf;vBjxkufb qOfjq.rfqdkifjyef
wef;[Aif;wMjckefqefhokifcOf ZmBbymefby.if (nkyfhydlifb) qkdifjrldif;eefh,Ofh/
vmB;wmif;vrfbv.ifj,mifbekdifj wMbukrf;urfv.ifjrmyfbqfgUnMbeMbeefhqrfh
yAefv.ifjc.wfbz.wfjOBh qkrf;ZmBbvkrf;YwM; nefqmif@xmifb[mif@[Awf;vdlifjrfgxkdif?
ukrf;urfawMb wmif;[Awf;omifj c.ifqkrf;ZmBbnkyfhydlifbcOf nrfbeef qkrf;ZmBby.ifomifj
yuf;ydlifcOf nefomefcwf;wif;yuf;ydlifeefh,Ofh/ v.ifjrmyfbqfgUnMbeMbeBh ,lbwDj eAefymB;Olefh
vkrf;YwM;okifokwf; c.ifqkdifjrldif;ao ukrf;urfvBj,lb nrfbeef v.ifjvldifjurfjz.ifj
eBh c.wfbz.wfjOBhvkrf;YwM;ckdufhw.ef; nefuAOfbvlpfjydlifiOfjydkif;rldif;ao ukrf;urfugMb vmB;wmif;vrfbv.ifj,mifbekdifj
wMbukrf;urfvBj
vBj,lbeefh,Ofh/ vkrf;YwM;nefeBjqrfh awvBjxkufbylifyefnMbeMb wMbydkefzmOfb
v.ifjrmyfbqfgUnMbeMbeefhqrfh
vBj v.ifjOMj wmif;[Awf;omifj c.ifqkrf;ZmBbnkyfhyldifbcOf [dkOf qkrf;ZmBby.ifomifjyuf;ydlif yAefv.ifjc.wfbz.wfjOBhvkrf;YwM;
cOf aoudifbudifbeBh ,.efhnrfbirfbrFefjwif; ydlifiOfjydkif;rldi;f c.ifqkdifjrldif;tvj nrfb nefqmif@xmifb[mif@[Awf;omifj
cOfjwmif;umefee B ef,h Of/h vmB;umefnefehB +ifOh Mj v.ijf ydebf yFijf Zdijf YwM; (Judicial eefh,Ofh/
Review) eB,Ofh/
38 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

ydlif,kuf;,mifb v.ifjokefbvBj (A Bill of Rights)

y.Bb{j auMbomifj,lifhcmyfj [email protected]@ca'@qD@,OfhauMj ulef;rldif;eBh wrf;ylif ydlif,kuf;
,mifbv.ifjokefbvBjao a[huifjvBj wMbulef;ydkefhrldif;ul@auMU awnrfbvBjxkufbrmyfb
qfgUnMbeMbeefh,lb,Ofh/ yldif,kuf;,mifbv.ifjokefbvBjeBh yAefoAefjrmBv.ifjxmifb[mif@
tvj okefbvBj nefulef;ydkefhrldif;ul@auMU rD;okefbqlyf;vBjeifbuefeefh,Ofh/ v.ifj
yefwmif;a[huifjqldifheBeBh vmB;vAOfuefwif; nefyM;efg;acMjz.rhfqfg v.ifjokefbvBj
ulef;nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif; qdlOf;eefh,lb,Ofh/ ydlif,kuf;,mifbv.ifjokefbvBjeBh yAefrM;
y.wf;w.efjc.ifyuf;yldifqkdifjrldif;ao y.Bb{jr.yfjyefnMbeMb wMbvkrf;YwM;cOf,.rf;[yfh
qfgUwdkOf;okefbvBjqdlOf;eBhauMj ulef;rldif;zM;uMbeBh qlyf;vBjv.ifja[huifjrfgbnefvrfb
v.ijf eefhrM;,Ofh/
yldif,kuf;,mifbv.ifjokefbvBjeBh awqmif@cOfjyM; oAefjrmBv.ifjwlifhedkif
nef[mrfjxkdifvlify.ifqkdifjeefh eifbwlOf,mifbqdlOf;eBj,lb-

u/ awnrfbvBjwrf;ymB;yuf;yldif nefruf;wwf;awMb v.ifjxmifb[mif@udlOf;ydkifj

nrfbeef v.ifjxmifb[mif@vmwfjqM nrfbeef wFrfjydkefeefh/

c/ awnrfbvBjylehfyFefawMb okefbvBjc.ifulef;rldif;zM;uMb nefOMjayM;nrfbrD;

acMjae,.efheFefjeM nrfbwmyfjvBjxkufbzmefho.ufjeefh/

efg;qkdifjrldif;wmifbnefeBh ulef;rldif;cOfqmif@wFyf;wwf;OMj wmif;[Awf;omifjnef

vlify.ifqkdifj wuf;vBjcdkify.ifyefulef;rldif;eefh awvBjofgbyef efg;ydlif,kuf;,mifb
v.ifjokefbvBj eB,Ofh/ rldefqldifh-

u/ awvBjckdify.ifyef ydlOfjwMbqefh,lbudefc.ifulef;ydkefhrldif;ul@auMU omifbxkubf ukrfb

xlefj/

c/ awvBjurfhuFrfyef ydlOfjwMbulef;ydkefhrldif;ul@auMUrD;eMjumef nrfbeef {jqmif@

qlyf;vBj okefbvBjv.ifjzmefumef/

i/ awvBjckdify.ifyef ydlOfjwMbulef;ykdefhrldif;ul@auMU [yfh[Aef;vBj ymB;ypfbpMbqefh

iOfj nefylifo.efyefvmB/

q/ awvBjurfhuFrfyef ydlOfjwMbulef;emOfcBjul@auMU [yfhvBjv.ifjwlpf;xkdifymB;,lb

vD/

vmB;wmif;wmifbydlif nefawa[huifjvBj v.ifjrmyfbqfgUnMbeMbeBhqrfh yAefv.ifjc.wfb

Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 39

z.wfjOBh c.rf@rosdef@ nefqmif@xmifb[mif@[Awf;omifjvBj wMbq.yfbqFwfjulwfbxwf;

awMb v.ifj[Awf;omifjnrfbqdkOfjnrfbqfgjcOfeefh,Ofh/ nrfbeeffauMj cmef;wrf;OBh
ulef;vlifZmBbulwfbxwf;umef cOfeefh,Ofh/ ydlOfjwMb v.ifjq.yfbqFwfjulwfbxwf;eBh eAefymB;Olefh
awxkdifwDjvBjvDwDjokwf;eefh awvBjcdkify.ifOBh eifb[dkOfq.rfqkdifj awnrfbcmef; v.ifjulef;rfg;vBjxkufbrmyfbqfgU
wrf;vBj nrfbeef ymufjyFwjf vBj vkufjqkrf;c.rf@rosdef@cOf? zljq.yfbqFwfjulwfb nMbeMbeBhqrfh awvBjc.wfbz.wfj
xwf;umefcOfeefh,lb,Ofh/ c.rf@rosdef@ nefxmifb[mif@
[Awf;omifjvBjeefh nrfbeef
awvBjcmef;wrf;OBh ulef;vlif
ZmBbulwfbxwf;umefeefh,Ofh/
v.ifjyuf;ydlif=rfbirf; (The Rule of Law)
wMb[Awf;{j vmB;wmif;qdlOf;nefvmwfjrM;eefh yAefumefqrfh qkdifjrldif;ekdifjvkufjeBh
wuf;awvBjeyfh,rfawMb v.ifjyuf;ydlif=rfbirf; ,lb,Ofh/ y.ifbOMj yuf;ydlifeBh wuf;
awvBjqfgUwdkOf; {jayM; zAifbyAif;? wFufbvFif;? refjuFefb? =rfjoAifuefao orfhaw
nrfbvBjwAuf;[Awf; nxrfbr eefh,Ofh/ vrfbv.ifjokwf;qrfh nrfbrD;zfgvfg,lbvBj
zmBbedlOfyuf;ydlif nefOMjeefh,Ofh/ awMjyAefqOfjq.rfqdkifj nefvBjxkufbvldufjwifj
nrfbeef qOfja[Mcrf;odkyfbcdlOf;ckefauMjvD awvBjeyfh,rfawMb yuf;yldif? awvBj
yAefeifbugmrf;rD;OBhOMj yuf;ydlifeBh yAefqOfjckef (The Law is King) eefh,Ofh/ eAefymB;Olefh
ulef;urfjerforhf,krfb,rfOMj ql;nOfvmB;qdlOf;eBjao aw[Awf;{jvlify.if v.uf;yuf;ydlif=rfbirf; eBj
qkdifjcOf vlwf;,.rf;yFwfj v.ifjrmyfbqfgUnMbeMbeBhnrfbvBj eB,Ofh/ wMbylwf;yFwfj y.ifbOMj awMjyAefq.rfqdkif [dkOf
vlify.ifqkdifjqdlOf;eBjeBh rmifzOfb ayM;qfgUwdkOf;vmB;[kuf;[mBheBh wluf;xkufbqdkOfjqfgjOBh qOfja[Mcrf; auMj,Mb nrfbrD;
ndlOfj OMjeB,Ofh/ ulpf; urfjz.ifjorfhnrfbz.rfh? cOfOMj v.ifjauMbumef[kuf;[mBheBh wdkef; zljvfg ,lbOBhedlOfyuf;ydlif eB,Ofh/
zdwf;wMbaob? eBtvj xkufbqfgUwdkOf; vmB;wmif;wmifbydlifeefh eB,Ofh/

yefpj Odyf:
aw[Awf;[dkOfvlwf;,.rf;yFwfj v.ifjrmyfbqfgUnMbeMb

(1) xwf;x.iw f p
l ;f iOf;vmB;qdOl ;f wfjg eBjao wFy;f wwf;OMj qfUg wdOk ;f vmB;wmif;
nefvgf qifbvlw;f ,.r;f yFwjf vBj v.ijf rmyfbqfUg nMbeMbeefh eBvMj/
Ú v.ifjqFufbwwf;nMbeMb (separation of powers)
Ú v.ifjydefbyBbukrf;u.ef;uef (checks and balances)
Ú v.ifjydefbyFifjZdifjYwM; (judicial review)
Ú ydlif,kuf;,mifbv.ifjokefbvBj (bill of rights)
Ú c.rf@rosdef@nefxmifb[[email protected] (independent commissions)
40 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

Ú v.ifjyuf;yldif=rfbirf; (rule of law)

Ú v.ifjauMbumef[kuf;[mBh (violence)
Ú ymifvldufjwifjv.wfjvFOf; (free elections)

u/ q.rfqkdifjrldif;ekdifjeBh qfgUwdkOf;idkef;ulef;rdlif;ao odkOfhwDjvdefefg;rldif; nef

ndlrfjuefOBheefh ydlOfjwMbref; tvj ulef;=rfj=def;ref;/

c/ q.rfqkdifjrldif;ekdifjeBh nOfnlpf;auMUref; tvj ulef;=rfj=def;ref; nef

,mrfjcdkefjymifzkduf;z.efhndwf;nDjao orfhyBbrD;wlOfxlyf;eefh cmef;wrf;
wDj wef;[Aif;wMjckefqefhokif ZmBbvlify.iq f kdifjcOf/

i/ zljn.e=f OfZmBbyMbwDbawMboljcOf vBjxkubf p.y;f ,Awjf c.ujf ,.ev

hf mwfjcwf;
cgmifawMb vlify.ifqkdifjcOf/

q/ ulef;efg;qmOf;cdlOf;ekdifj nefudlwfbefg;qkdifjrldif;eBh vBjxkufbqOfjq.rfqdkifj

wrf;ylifyuf;ydlifao ymBbymufjOMj nrfbqfgjulef;ydkefhrdli;f eBao,Ofh wAuf;
vkdyfjn.ufbrldif;ugMb/

o/ qkrf;ZmBby.ifomifjyuf;ydlif wrf;ylifyuf;yldifnefOMj u.efbyBbndwfbn.ufbeBh

[email protected] nefyM;efg;zdkefcmOfbeefhwif;oAifj awvBjwmifbxkdifwDj
vlify.ifqkdifj eB/

p/ vkrf;YwM;okifokwf; ylifacMjwFyf;wwf;OMj nMbeMbcdkufhcmufhc.ifvlify.ifqkdifj

eBh nrfbcOfjwmif;umef eBtvj qkrf;ZmBby.io f mifjyuf;ydlif cdkef;udkifhumifhwrf;
ylifyuf;ydlif nefyluf;cdwf;ydefjzlefawMb acMjwFyf;wwf;nefeBj/

w/ zljnkyfhydlifbauMUekdifj yefacMjylif wMb,dkOf;yFwfj ulef;qdlOf;vmwfjcwf;cgmif

awMb vlify.ifqkdifjeefh/

(2) [Aw;f oAejf rmBvtl vj? ayM;rf;g ,krbf ,rfOMj v.ijf auMbumef[uk ;f [mBe
h hB yAev
f mB;wmif;
nefvo D wk ;f wMbvlw;f ,.r;f yFwjf v.ijf rmyfbqfUg nMbeMbeefe h B xkubf qfUg wdOk ;f
rdOl jf ,mrf;vf/g
Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 41

vldifjumef yMbwDbymB;rldif;
ulef;urfjerferf,krfb,rfOMj vmB;wmif;nefvrfbv.ifj wMba[h[mrfjv.ifjrmyfbqfgU eAefymB;Olefh
nMbeMbeBhqrfh awvBjrD; v.uf;ydlifyMbwDberfvmB eB,Ofh/ y.ifbOMj zdlOfbawy.BbyMbwDb
nefvAOf cOfjymifvldufjwifjao z.wfjqkrf;vlify.ifqkdifjeefh wMUOBhyef yMbwDbo.if vmB;wmif;nefvrfbv.ifj
wMba[h[mrfj v.ifjrmyfbqgfUnMbeMb
nef nrfbeef erfvdlOfeefh eB,Ofh/ qdlOf;cOfeBj aev.ifjwmif;OMj y.Bb{jzljwFef;
eBhqrfh awvBjrD;
ZmBbawMboljcOf vBjcOfjvldufjwifjao xwf;omifawMb nMbeMbvlify.ifqkdifjvBj v.uf;ydlifyMbwDberfvmB eefh,Ofh/
v.wfjvFOf;qdkif ulef;rldif;zM;uMbeBh ,difjcFef;awxmifb[mif@ vmwfjqM wFrfjydkwfbvBj
v.wfjvFOf;wdlOf;vdlOfu.efb eB,Ofh/ ,lbwDjzljn.ef=Of qdlOf;vBjOBhnMbeMbeefhauMj
ayM;cOf=UxkdifugMb v.ifjOMj ulef;wmifbauMUcOfauMj rD;okefbvBjwMbnkyfhyldifbymefby.if
qdkifjrldif;,lbeBqdkif v.ifjcOfrmyfbqfgUnMbeMbeefh awvlwf;,.rf;ugMb,lb eB,Ofh/
ulef;wmifbqdlOf;orfhcmefw.yfbOMj v.uf;ydlifyMbwDberfvmBeBh ydlifckdufhqrfh ayM;
yAefnefqfgUefg; qkdifjrldif;c.ifqkrf;vlify.ifqkdifjrfgbrfgbcOfeefheB [Awf;{jv.ifj[yfh[ef
yFufbydlifjuefao [email protected];ymufbuefvBj? awnrfbqmif@uwf;,Aef
edrfoOf;vBj eB,Ofh/ ulef;qldOf;eBj,krfb,rfOMj ayM;qfgUwdkOf;v.uf;ydlifyMbwDberfvmB
qkdif ymifwkduf;nef,ifb[mufjeldOf v.ifjqFufbtzqdlOfhcdlOf;uefeBh awokdyfbyAefrD;ao
qkdifjrldif;aw,kifj,mifjnlefuOf;ndlOfj eB,Ofh/ cOfvmwfjOM v.uf;ydlifyMbwDbvAOfeBh
qifbqmif@,kufhrkef;yef wMbumefrmufjrD;qkdifjrldif; cdkefj,fgbOB;vdlOf? n.ifbrmefwdlOf;
vdlOfvBjtvj zldOfb[yfhqfgUv.uf;ydlifyMbwDberfvmB wMU,if;xkufbvDqfgUwdkOf; v.u;f ydlif
yMbwDbvAOfukrf;urfeefhu.efb eB,Ofh/

rD:yj,wD,ym:h rlid :f wif:erfe¤h rD;zge:f vD tdu,f zge:f qj. cle:f cof:uefob

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ydw
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42 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

yefpj Odyf:tAwf:
v.uf;ydlifnefvfgeBh vDokwf;
(1) z.e;f vD tvj z.e;f qMU c.iv
f u. ;f ydil yf MbwDberfvmBehB yAeq
f Old ;f vf/g

(2) rf;g xmifbOMj v.u;f ydil n f efvgf yAen f efvo D w

k ;f / q.ibf xkubf rD; yMbwDbvdOl af o
o.in f ef/ wmif;cde k jf ,fbg rdOl ;f eMjeBh q.ibf awvFujf vmBjyefvjB wmif;[efr;gf [dOk /f
eBh awyAeq f Old ;f vf/g

(3) OBOh Mj wrf;yliyf uf;ydil f nef[mrfjwyfw h yF jf v.ijf c.wbf z.wjf yMbwDbymB;rlid ;f nef
u.p;f ,kurhf e k ;f yef ule;f ekid jf cdOl ;f ? clid jf z.ubf ekid jf ,mifb nrfbeef qkr;f qmOf;
cdOl ;f ekid jf qkr;f eefah otvj orfq h uF bf tzawMb ule;f wmifbqdOl ;f eefh eBvMj/
yuf;ydil n f efejB q.ibf yleyhf e F af wMb okebf vBjule;f c.iuf e l ;f yde
k rhf ild ;f eef[h Okd /f
oyf;vFi;f tvj/

v.ifjwmif; nefulef;,lbefg;rldif;[email protected]@ca'@qD@cOf awvBjOBhydlifvlifcBjqfgqrfh

wDjwfgjv.uf;yldif nefqkrf;ulef;erfcOfugmef;y.ifeefh q.ifbxkufbrD;okefbvBjckdufhw.ef;
eAefymB;Olefh wMba[huifjyef qkrf;ulef;anbcOf[dkOf nefOMjeefh,Ofh/ =rfjOMj okefbvBjulef;auMU
vfgzfgrefjeBh vBjxkufba[huifjvlpfj ydlif,kuf;,mifbv.ifjokefbvBjeefhaowMU urfj
wDjwfjg v.u;f ydil cf i. q
f rk ;f ule;f erfcOf
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yuf;ydlifcdkufhw.ef; nefa[huifjyef oif? ugmrf;vmwfjtvjoif? ,Aebf tijtvjoif ulOo f wk ;f OmB;[mBvmBuMg bu.p;f ,Ofh eBOMb/
okefbvBjc.ifqkrf;ulef;anbcOf/ ulef;efg;rldif;[email protected]@ca'@qD@cOfeBh vlpfjwif;vmB;wmif;vmBvmB,mifbao
n.efcwf;qfgaujvdwfjv.ifjeBj,lb,Ofh/ vlnmefbiOf;vmB;wDjwfgjeBjao cBjqfgwlpf;
vmB;wmif;nefawqmif@aujvdwfjvBjeefhtvj/

yefpj Odyf:Ogif
vldifjumef okefbvBjqmOf;ulef;anb
qkrf;qmOf;cdlOf;nefekdifjeBh =Ofulef;cOf rD; 80 Omufjc.ifqkdifjrldif;ao? qmOf;cdlOf;xFifj
qkrf;ekdifjorfh rD; 20 Omufj,Ofh/ rdlOfj,mrf; ulef;rldif;wif;vlif rD;okefbw.wfjcFyf;umif
qfgao qmOf;cdlOf;ulef;erfcOf qlyf;vBjnMbeMbugMbeefh qmOf;cldOf;ulef;anbcOforfh
Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 43

,krfb,rfOMj ,.efhywdufjcmwfjOef;vifaotvj cOfawnrfbqmif@vBj v.ifjOBhzAifb

yAif;uef wDjqmOf;cdlOf;ulef;erfeefh eB,Ofh/ wMbvFufjvmBjcmBhq.rf; vmB;[email protected]@
ca'@qD@ tvj v.uf;ydlifulef;erfnkyfhydlifbugmef;y.ifeefhvBj uwf;uwf;,Aef,Aef eB
ao zljwFef;cOfwif;o.ifzmBb n.efwFyf;wwf;OMj aw=yfhxlyf;uefaotvj ,dkef
,efruf;refj ydlifiOfjydkif;rldif; ndufb ydlif,kuf;,mifbv.ifjokefbvBjugMb eB,Ofh/

q.ifbrfg;awa[huifjyef okefbvBjqmOf;ulef;anbcOf[dkOf
(1) OBOh Mj rf;g eByh e
A v
f uk jf qkr;f c.iq
f mOf;ule;f anbcOf ef;g rlid ;f eBj eBvMj/ acMjvOfj
vmwfj (proposal) nefne A ;f nmef; wMba[huifjyef qmOf;ule;f anbcOf qdOl ;f
vBj,lbyMjwfjg qkr;f ule;f erfumg ef;y.ie f hB q.ibf rf;g aw,.r;f [yfh [dOk f omefcwf; eB
wFy;f wwf;tvj/ oyf;vFi;f ae wmif;[efr;gf tvj/

u/ wmifbae v.u;f ylid Z f w F @f Wa'@ / v.ijf wmif;urfjz.ijf eBh ,lbwDjqefq h idk jf

rlid ;f wFy;f wwf;ao? rmifzi. jf orfh ,[email protected] nrfbeef wlibf wmifb
zgrf ef;wFy;f wwf;ugMbeBh yAev f u. ;f ydil Z
f w
F @f Wa'@,Of/h ef;g v.u;f ydil e f jB
eB rlid ;f ekid jf vkujf eBh qFubf yAef aq@rlid ;f cOfao? ekid jf aq@rlid ;f vfe g hB vBj
,dy;f ukr;f eMjumefurfjz.ijf qlid e hf ifb ZmBboAejf wMjomBwmif; [dOk f ZmBbymB;
ypfbpMb eef, h Of/h rde
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twh ,lbwDjvliyf i. q f idk jf iOfjike;f ukr;f urf,Oh/f wfjg v.u;f ydil n f efejB eBh
e.ujf ao umefoe . [f eA ;f vkujf vmif;cOf nefye A e
f Mjumefci. q
f rk ;f ule;f
anbcOf nrfb,.r;f wdOl v hf jB eefh acMjwFy;f wwf;urfjerfehB ,lbwDjqkr;f
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v.ijf wmif;qlid e hf ifb ymB;ypfbpMbeefth wh qkr;f ule;f anbcOf wrf;yliuf Mg b
q.r;f eMjwDjzfrg ef;,Of/h eMjwDjqdOl ;f eBh uBth vb+ifOh Mj aq@rlid ;f (states)
nrfbeef w.ejf rlid ;f (provinces) eB,Of/h

c/ vOfjvmwfj v.ijf z.i;f wFe;f zMbOmufj / q.r;f eifbzFee f jB ao ef;g ymif

vlud jf wifjz.i;f wFe;f eefh oifOMj yMbwDbymB;rlid ;f qkr;f ule;f anbcOf vBj
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qfUg wdOk ;f vBj wfjg v.u;f ydil Z
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h ikd jf rdil ;f (iOfj
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erfOMjao vlud jf wifj ckez f i. ;f wFe;f cOf wif;oAijf wif;vlie f ef, h Of/h
44 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

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z.i;f wFe;f cOf vBjcFy;f umifqugf rfjerfeefh awqly;f vBjwDjeifjckez f i. ;f
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okr;f umefe h efq h ikd f ef;g ekid jf eMjwDjvfe g hB =rfjOMj ,.r;f umefe h idk jf cFy;f o.if
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qkr;f ule;f anbcOf wif;erfwif;vmB,bl auMj awMjawnrfbvBjwDjeifj
ckez f i. ;f wFe;f cOfeifbuOfb/ ef;g v.u;f ydil uf rfjz.ijf eefth wh rD;v.ijf vyfh
v.i;f yef wMbyMbwDbymB;rlid ;f c.iq f rk ;f ule;f anbcOf qly;f vBjwDjeifj ef;g
vkr;f z.i;f wFe;f eefuh rfjz.ijf ,lb/

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wwf;wDjvkr;f z.i;f wFe;f eefe h B qfUg wdOk ;f zFen f efejB ,Of/h rle d qf idl hf
clO;f c.in f efue l ;f [Of;ydil bf irf;eBh awqwf;qlid [hf Okd ?f nrfbeef ule;f wif;
vlie f hB awqfUg wdOk ;f ugmrf;vmwfjnefvgf eef, h Of/h wMbawruf;refjvBj
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ydil cf Of 51 Omufj (urfjyMj,fbg nefeyfyh ild z f iA jf ) eBh wMUcde k ;f ruf;refjyAef
60 Omufj? 75 Omufj nrfbeef 90 Omufj eef, h Of/h

q/ wmifbae wMbqfUg wdOk ;f ydil , f uk ;f ,mifbv.ijf okebf vBj tvj v.ijf ydebf yFijf
Zdijf YwM;/ eBh ukrbf xlejf wMbvyfv h i. ;f yef okebf vBjqkr;f ule;f anbcOfeB
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tvj okebf vBjwmifbydil w f if;oAijf wif;vlif nefye A cf i. uf e
l ;f okebf auMU
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vBj eMjwDjvdul jf wifjcduk jf w.e;f ,lb,Of/h eBtvj awwdOl ;f rD;wdOk w hf mif;
rM; wMbvkujf qkr;f c.iq f rk ;f ule;f anbcOfeikd jf auMU qly;f vBjn.ijf wDjwFe;f
z.i;f ekid jf nef ef;g vkr;f z.i;f wFe;f ZmBby.iof mifjyuf;ydil f eef,
h Of/h

(2) q.ibf rD;vmB;wmif;wmifbydil f wMba[huifjyef qkr;f ule;f anbcOf nefr;D wfjg ugmef;
y.if c.iqf rk ;f ule;f erfcOfeef[h Okd /f ayM;rD;eB yAeq
f Old ;f vf/g
Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 45

(3) q.ibf vlObf a[huifjyef okebf vBjule;f qkr;f anbcOf[Okd /f ,.eo

hf iftvj vlObf [dOk f
nrfbvlObf /

acMjq.rfhqfg v.ifjokefbvBjulef; nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif;eefhurfjz.ifjeBh a[huifjyef

okefbvBjc.ifqkrf;ulef;anbcOf,lb? rdlefqdlifh efg;acMjz.rfhqfg ydlOfjwMbokefbvBjulef;
ydkefhrldif; tvj ZmBbymB;rldif; nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif; (International Covenant for Civil
and Political Rights) w.efj 27 eefh yM;OBheifbeB,Ofh/

nOfqkrf;qmOf;cdlOf; OMjtvjoif? nOfqmOf;udlOf;ydkifj OMjtvjoif? nOfugmrf;

vmwfj OMjtvjoif efg;aq@rldif; nefqkrf;ulef;anbcOf,lboOf;eefh
vkufjqkrf;cOfeBh =rfjwif;vkufjqkrf;wmifbnefcOfao rD;okefbvBj wMbukrf;
ugmef;v.ifj,AefbtijqOfjuOfb? wMbymufbvmwfjudlOf;ydkifjawMb oMboeMbqOfj
uOfb? wMbqfgUwdkOf;ugmrf;vmwfjqOfjuOfb ,lb,Ofh/

rmify.ufjrM; efg;qdkifjrldif;ekdifjeefh vkufjqkrf;c.ifqkrf;qmOf;cdlOf;ulef;erfcOf

nrfbeef qkrf;oMboeMbcOfnefekdifjeBh q.rf;eifbvmB;[email protected]@ca'@qD@ao vBj
xkufbvldufjwifj,Ofh ukrf;urfvkrf;z.if;wFef;ugMbvBj,lb/ cOfeBh rmifzOfb wrf;ylifyuf;
ydlif nefurfhuFrfyef oMboeMbqmOf;udlOf;ydkifjcOf nrfbeef [Awf;omifjyef nefaw
yAefz.ef;ymifj wMbvkufjqkrf;c.ifqmOf;cdlOf;cOfeefh,Ofh/ eBh qmif@yAefyef[M,fgbvlif
vmif nefcOfjyM;qArf v.ifjauMbumef[kuf;[mBhvfg tvj v.ifjyAefokduf;umifrdlif;vfg,Ofh/

qkrf:ulef:efG:qmof:cdlof:ekdif;eh¤ awtrf,yhg,P; bl,vlnf;efG:yguf¤ydlef;wmif,cdlof:eh

qgif,xkuf,pdkof/ bgef¤Oifsv; xkuf, pdkof trf,xkuf,/
46 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

yefpj Odyf:Omrf
yuf;ydlifeBh q.ifbxkufbydlif;yef
v.ifjrFwfjw.ef; c.ifqmOf;ulef;erfcOf[dkOf
OBhOMj qkdifjrldif;edkifjeBh auMbwifjOBhwif; qkrf;qmOf;cdlOf;o.ifqkrf; nefudlOf;ydkifjoMb
oeMbyFufbuefOBh o.if,mifbeefh eBvMj/ ulef;urfjerfeBh udlOf;ydkifjoMboeMb rM@usM@
(Maja) nef,krfb,rfOMj ulef;qmB;cOfu.pf; rD;okefbn.ufb[Awf;umefwmif;e.ufj?
qefhulef;,dif;cOfeBh yAefwMb[Awf;umefefg;=def;a,;ao vkrf;vM;vkufjvmif;u.pf;
eBeefh,Ofh/
qkrf;ulef;anbcOforfh udlOf;ydkifjoMboeMb nlOf@rM@'D@ (Omari) nefrD;
zlj,dif; n.ef=OfZmBboMboeMbao ,krfb,rfOMj ulef;,dif; wif;ulef;qmB;eBh qefh
xmefjzAifbyAif;uef,lbeefh,Ofh/
zdlOfbyAefymifvldufjwifj vmB;[email protected]@ca'@qD@eB qOfjcFyf;umifqfgcOf 70
OmufjeBh n.efvldufjwifj zljn.ef=OfymB;rldif; nefqdlOf;udlOf;ydkifj oMboeMbrM@usM@
eef, h Of/h qkyjf eBj qkr;f vliyf i. q
f idk jf rfbg cOf wrfyil yf uf;ylid f nef[mrfjwyfah wMb v.ijf
ulef;,dif;cOf n.ufb[M[Awf;umefwmif;e.ufj=def;eefh,Ofh/

(1) yuf;ylid rf bgf eBj q.ibf yleyhf e

F af wMb okebf vBjule;f aoauMUauMU[dOk /f

(2) oifOMj cde k ;f tr;vFujf yuf;ydil f wMby.bB {j ar;emif; tvj vkujf ,di;f cOf vBjn.ubf
[M[Aw;f umefwmif;e.ujf =de;f eB q.ibf qfjg v.ijf yleyhf e F af wMb okebf vBjule;f qmB;
qdOl ;f udOl ;f ydik jf oMboeMbrM@usM@eef[h Okd /f

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k jf rM;
q.r;f vmB;[email protected]@f ca'@qD@zAibf zAejf tvj q.ibf ref;rD;okebf vBj wMbwrf;ymB;
yuf;ylid uf Mg b eifburfjqfrg ef;[dOk /f

e.ufjaookefbvBjc.ifqkrf;ulef;anbcOfeBh acMjz.rfhqfgv.ifjokefbvBjulef;eefh urfj

z.ifjcBjqfgo.efbyM;OMj rD;OBhrdkOfh,mrf;nefwuf;vlOfba[huifjyef okefbvBjc.ifulef;ekdifj
cdlOf;eefh,lb eB,Ofh/ okefbvBjnef=rfjvkrf;OBh (Collective Rights) eBh yFufbydlifjuef
wif; okefbvBjwmifbyldifeefh,Ofh/ u.yfjydlOfj okefbvBjwmifbyldifeBh ,lbwDjauMUvfgzfg
ref;eefhydlifbirf;ao nrfbqfgjnef,lbwDj vkufjqkrf;nefekdifjeefhydlifbirf;tvj
,Ofh/ efg;vdufj=rfjrmB nFyf@Z'duef@ nefuAOfbwif;okefbvBjulef; ndufb ulef;rldif;
tvj acMjz.rfhqfg nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif;eefh o.if,mifbeBj cOfjyM;OBh- ]okefbvBjwMb
ule;f cdOl ;f ekid jf xmifb[mif@wrf;yliuf p
l ;f ? xmifb[mif@ylw;f y.bB ? xmifb[mif@zAibf yAi;f tvj
Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 47

wMbuwf;,Ae?f =rfbvlrjf orfw h if; wMbqfUg wdOk ;f okebf vBjrmufjrD;vDye

A f ndubf clO;f t[j}
qdlOf;eBh,Ofh/ efg;vdufj=rfjrmBnFyf@Z'duFef@ w.efj 20 eefheB cOfjyM;qArf okefbvBj
ulef;cdlOf;ekdifjxmifb[mif@yluf;y.ifcdkefj,fgb tvj ZmBbodifbOFwfhv.rfh eefhu.efb,Ofh/
zljvlifhvFefbcOfurfjz.ifj cmefw.yfbOMj ]ulef;cdlOf;ekdifj nefOMjeBh ,myfb
zdkwfbwMbydkwfbcmB;aeuefawhndlOfj} eB,Ofh/ cOfcfgj=Utwh ]qkrf;qmOf;ulef;ul@
nefeBh rD;okefb+ifh[dufjcdkef;qkrf;qOfjuOfb qfgjyAefulef;cdlO;f ekdifj,lb[MU? nrfbrD;
teb/ ayM;nrfbrD;eB v.ifjOMj ref;qfgjulef;cdlOf;edkifjeBh awwFyf;wwf;qldifh[dkOf}
nefOMjeefh,Ofh/ cOfZmifhxkdifOMj okefbvBjc.ifcdlOf;ulef;[Of;eBh yAefacMjOlefhymB;qfg
(abstract idea) nefekdifj? eBh ref;nrfbrdlefeifb okefbvBjulef;auMUvfgzfgref;
nefvBjxkufbokefbvBjwmifbydlif ,ifb[mufjndifydkifjOBhwif;oAifjeefhtoj/ cOfvmwfj
OMj v.ifjulef;auMUvfgzgfref; ylefhyFefawMbokefbvBjulef;[Of; efg;vkrfjZMUeBhurfj
z.ifjqrfh vBjxkufb[Awf;omifjrM; vlpfjwif; acMjOlefhymB;qfg (abstract idea) cOf
rdlefqldifh ]ymB;,krfb,rfqFwfjqmifb,mifbvAOf} nrfbeef ]qdkifjrldif;} nrfbeef
]ymB;rmufjrD;} nrfbeef ]ulef;rldif;wif;vmB} nrfbeef ]okefbvBjckdufhw.ef;c.ifulef;
cdlOf;ekdifj [dkOf ,Aefbtijnefekdifj} qldOf;eBh eB,Ofh/ cOfrBjqfgqrfh okefbvBj tvj
v.ifjv.wfjvFOf; c.ifulef;auMUvfgzfgref;eBh ulOfvBjxkufb[efxdkifOMj nrfbvrfbv.ijf
yAif;wif; okefbvBjc.ifulef;cdlOf;ekdifj eBeefh,Ofh/
zljvlifhvFefbwmifbqdlOf;orfhqDhaeOMj yuf;yldifZmBbokefbvBjulef;eBh ayM;
nrfbOBhckdufhw.ef;aoa[huifjyef okefbvBjc.ifcdlOf;ulef; nrfbeef okefbvBjnef=rfj
vkrf;OBheefheB v.ifjoifhrefjcD;qfg c.ifcdlOf;ulef;eBh ,if;awvBjxkufbv.ufbidlwfju.efb
eB,Ofh/ wlOf,mifbnefekdifjqrfh- n.ifjvdefnefqmOf;cdlOf;nefekdifj ,lboOf;rM;
qArfymefylbymefr.efbemB;,Mjeefh vBjxlyf;wif;az;cAef nefvlify.ifqdkifj aw
,dkwf;odrf;nOf nefOMjeefh,Ofh/ yuf;ydlifnefa[huifjyef okefbvBjwMbulef;cdlOf;
eefh vBj=rfjydlifbirf;n.ifjvdefnefeBju.pf; [email protected];yef {jcOfcD;qdkefj
ugMbvBj eifbulef;cdlOf;ekdifj,Ofh/ vdlee f efhqrfh cOfZmifh=UyM;qArfnefOMj efg;ydkef;
eBhwArfydkuf;OBhwif;wlOf,mifb wif;erfwif;vmB rdlefqldifh qkrf;qmOf;cdlOf;cOf vBjxkufb
wif;qkdifjrldif;[Fif;,fgbcOf v.ufbidlwfjawMbeefhu.efb,Ofh/

yefpj Odyf:OD,
acMjxmrfeldOf
okefbvBjnef=rfjvkrf;OBheefh urfjz.ifj
(1) ydOl jf wMb ule;f cdOl ;f ekid jf nrfbeef ,Aebf tijnefeidk jf eBh q.ibf xkubf rD;okebf
vBjnef=rfjvkr;f OBe h efh [dOk f nrfbxkubf nefOMjeefh acMjcmefwy. bf ylid ,
f bgf ref;
yAen f efv/gf
48 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

(2) acMjcmefwy. bf qlOd ;f vfeg hB rf;g [efxidk yf e

A f nefvw
D ik ;f [yfv
h Old o
f w
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(3) q.ibf rf;g ,krbf ,rf nefOMj ef;g qkid jf rlid ;f olehB vlObf vBjnOfyuf;ydil af [huifjyef
wMbokebf vBj c.iuf e l ;f cdOl ;f ekid jf eB[Okd /f

uAOfbvlpfj okefbvBjnef=rfjvkrf;OBheefhao =rfjOMj rD;v.ifjydefbyBbcmefw.yfbuef

wif;erfaowMU qkrf;ulef;urfjz.ifjeBh ayM;nrfbrD;v.ifja[huifjyefeB Zmif[mif@
ydlifyAefqmOf;cdlOf;cOf awqmif@OmB;[mBugMb nefOMjeefhtwh zljvlifhvFefbcOfurfjerf
n.efz.rfhqfgrldefuef,lb/ ulef;qdlOf; nefawvmwfjugMbeBhqrfh yAefulef;cdlOf;iOfjrldif;
nefudlwfbefg;vdefqMbwdwDjekdifj? nef,lbomifjq.rf; Zdifjrldif;ydlifuOfbao rD;v.ifj
udlOf;ydkifj,krfb,rfeuf;eMawMbvdefrldif;cOf eefh,Ofh/ vlnmefb acMjvldifjqdlOf;wfgj
eBjao cBjqfgwlpf; v.ifjOMj ulef;cdlOf;iOfjrldif;cOfeBh xkufb[yfhvBj nrfbeef nrfb
xkufb[yfhvBj okefbvBjulef;qdlOf;vfg eBtvj/

yefpj Odyf:pj;
rldOfj,mrf; okefbvBjcOfudlwfbyAef
ywdufjcmwfjeefh xkufby.ifyefqldifh[dkOf
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ulef;wmifbrldif;cOf yBbcmBhrM;xifoOf;eefh,Ofh/ =rfjOMj yAefrdlif;qMbwdcOfaowMU
nD@rMUofcOfeBh yAefqkrf;ulef;anbu.pf;/ vmB;omifjymefcOftwh q.rf;eifbZdifjydlif
ymefuOfbao y.Bb{j[dkifrM;[email protected];auMj wDbxldefbndwf;n.wf;ao clj[Awf;[B@
eM;vfg? [Myl[MyMvfgaotvj ,lbudefuefrM; [mifb[Dj[mifb[mB; q.wfbwDjugMbeefh,Ofh/
wMbzOymefcOfcD;qdkefjugMbeefh v.ifjukrf;u.ef;vkrf;vM;odifbOFwfhv.rfheBh yAefnef
vlOfbeMbawheefh,Ofh/
qlOfjylefhrM;yBb[dkifeefheB q.rf;eifb umefx.if@wAOf; tvj umefwFyf;rBhvdlOfj
rBheBh cdkefj,fgbugmifjcgmifrM;ao odifbOFwfhv.rfhcOfauMj vFufjvmBjq.rf;rM;,Ofh/ v.ifj
wmif;nef vBjxAifarM;uefvdlOfokwf;qrfh yAefvi. fjvlify.ifqdkifjwFyf;wwf;OMj
awwAifzmBedlOftrjerfhcOfao [Awf;{jvBj[Fif;ZB;ZMU wMbzldrfhxFrfyef ulef;qdlOf;
,lbefg;OAif;vlif wDjwmif;y.wf;qmef; eBeefh,Ofh/ ,.efhzmBqdlOf;eBjao eMjwDjc.if
nD@rMUofcOfwif;erf vBjxkufberfhvkyfbvlrfjyFwfj,Ofh/ v.ifjzkufb[[email protected];vfg?
Okef,vh;'mh,ymh:rldif: efG:wD<rguf<caI<qD<bmif,ekdif; 49

v.ifjrAwf;yM[MylvfgeBh vFufjvmBjugMbao xkdifwDjv.ufbidlwfjawMb wmif;cD;qdkefj c.if

zOymefulef;cdlOf;nD@rMUofcOfOBh,Ofh/

(1) wDjeBj okebf vBjule;f qdOl ;f vfg udw

l bf yAeyf wdujf cmwfj/

(2) wDjeBj q.ibf rD;v.ijf yleyhf e

F af wMb okebf vBjule;f [dOk /f ayM;rD;eB q.ibf xkubf vlw;f
Omif;yef[Okd /f ,.eo hf iftvj xkubf [dOk f nrfbxkubf /

(3) okebf vBjqdOl ;f vfg yAen

f efvrfbv.ijf wdOl ;f vdOl /f ,.eo
hf if/
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v.ifj=rfbvlrfjqkdifjrldif; tvj ydlifymB;vmB;[Awf;
nefzAifbzAefj OmB;vifwDhp.yf;

vrf;efg; c.ifuefeBj nAef;nmef; c.ifuefeBj

OmB;vif vluefeBj,Ofh rfg;xkufbcwf;qfgwMb-
u ruf;wwf;okefbvBjulef;
,.efhv.ifj=rfbvlrfjqkdifjrldif;/
(1) qFifjae v.ifj=rfbvlrfjqkdifjrldif;ao OlefhcBjwlpf;
yldifymB;vmB;[Awf; nefzAifbzAefj? ,mrf; wmif;[efnefyldifjuef wMb,mrf;v.ifjeBj
c aoauMUauMU vBjxkufbwDhp.yf; [dkOf ukrf;cif/ vBjxkufbv.ufbidlwfj/
(2) eyfhxkdOfawMb wmif;vrfbv.ifjc.ifyldifymB;vmB;[Awf;
nefzAifbzAefj efg;c.yfbOlif;v.ifjwDhp.yf; tvj
i ydlifymB;vmB;[Awf; nefzAifbzAefj? ,mrf;
aoauMUauMU vBjxkufbwmifbxkdifvkrf;YwM;/
v.ifjukrf;cifulef;auMUekdifj/
(3) ydkwfbymB;ae ydlifymB;vmB;[Awf;nefzAifbzAefjao
u.ifhumBbawMb v.ifjwwf;odefw.efbZdifj tvj
q v.ifjukrf;cif tvj v.ifjcMwlOfcMqfg/ okefbvBjc.ifvBjxkufbrmyfbae;/
(4) oyf;vFi;f v.ijf u.io hf mef ef;g tujv.ijf cMwlOcf Mjqf?g
o iOf;vmB;efg;c.ufj/ v.ijf q.ybf o.ujf xmrfxikd f tvj v.ijf =rfbvlrjf qkid jf rlid ;f /
(5) [Awf;oAefjrmBao oyf;vFif; v.ifjokefbvBjulef;
p wmrfbwmB- nAef;nmef; tvj z.ef;,.efj/ nefxkufb,kufhrkef;yef wMbulef;efg;c.ufjcOf/
(6) nkyfbvmwfjcmefxAifuef vlpfjv.ifjwMbomefcwf;
v.ifjqfgUwdkOf;wmrfbwmB/
52 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

ruf;wwf;okefbvBjulef;
u ,.efhv.ifj=rfbvlrfjqkdifjrldif;
efg;uefeBj [Of;[M;awcBjqfgwlpf; v.ifjOMj okefbvBjulef;eBh xkufbvBjruf;wwf;
rdlOfj,mrf;vfgeefh,Ofh/ efg;vdufjydkefzmOfb v.ifjokefbvBjulef;nefuAOfbwif;vkrfj
eefh nrfbwlufbvmwfjOBh wMbruf;wwf; v.ifjokefbvBjulef;eefhtoj/ ulpf;uMj efg;
eAefymB;Olefh acMjz.rhfqfg v.ifjokefbvBjulef;ydkefhrdlif; tvj ZmBbymB;rldif; nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif;
,mrf;cduk chf mufv
h rfbv.ijf wMbule;f rlid ;f (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) w.efj 4 eefh tvj efg;
eefh acMjz.rq hf gf v.ijf okebf vBj vdufj=rfjrmB v.ifjokefbvBjulef;cOfwmifbydlifeefhvfg? efg;ydlifiOfjydkif;rldif;cOfeefhvfg
ule;f urfjerf n.ev f wl ;f ,.r;f twh ydkwfbaeOBhOMj- ]ayM;yAef,mrf;cdkufhcmufh wMbulef;rldif;wif;vmBcOf nefv.ufb
wMbruf;wwf;awMbokebf vBjule;f idlwfjawMb v.ifj=rfbvlrfjqkdifjrldif;eefhqkdif} okefbvBjulef;eBh xkufbvBjruf;wwf;
urfjz.ijf ,Of/h
urfjz.ifj,lb eB,Ofh/ ,mrf;nef vlify.ifqkdifjwFyf;wwf;OMj qfgj,mrf;udlwfbyAefvdlifj
v.ufbidlwfjawMb v.ifj=rfbvlrfjqkdifjrldif; (National Security) nrfbeef qfgj,mrf;
cdkufhcmufhvrfbv.ifj wMbulef;rldif;wif;vmB,Ofheefh cOfawydkefzmOfb ]iOf;vmB;cdkufhcmufh
vrfbv.ifj} eefh,lb,Ofh/ rmifzmOfb qmif@ydkefzmOfb rmBrD;ZmBbnkyfhydlifbvmB;odkuf;
(Martial Law) ,lb/ vifeefh cOfawckdifwMb ruf;wwf;okefbvBjulef;,Ofh/

u/ [mrfjwyfhyFwfj v.ifjxmifb[[email protected]; efg;ulef;rldif; rldefqldifh v.ifjaeumif

qfg [dkOf v.ifjwkrfw.rfuef[Awf;ymifukrf/

c/ n.ufbacMjylif uM@ZdOf; (curfews) nrfbeef [mrfjwwf;cmOf;,mrf;ugMbrM; edlOf

oAefjwmif;/

acMjugmrf; wMb=U

Ú v.ifj,.rf;,dkef Ú v.ifj=rfbvlrfjqkdifjrldif;
Ú acMjylifuM@ZdOf; Ú v.ifjurfudef;ZmBbqfg

Ú wmrfbwmB Ú iOf;vmB;ckdufhcmufhvrfbv.ifj

Ú v.ifj[mBv.ufb[mBvmB wMbulef;rldif;
Ú v.ifjq.yfbo.ufjxmrfxkdif Ú v.ifj,Awfjcifndkwf;wef

Ú rmBrDjZmBbnkyfhyldifbvmB;odkuf; Ú v.ifjcMwlOfcMqfg
vgif;Nrf,vlrf;qkdif;rdlif: sv; yldifymh:vmh:pAwf: tefzAif,zAef; omh:vifwD¤ngyf: 53

i/ cmwfjc.yfb y.ifjcmOfbnefawydkwfbn.ufb efg;zdkefcmOfb/

q/ nrfbrD;vuf;xmefukrfbxlefj eifbefg;yuf;ydlifwrf;ymB;OBheefhauMj y.Bb{jyvdufj

cOf wDhp.yf;? q.yfbo.ufjwDjulef;rldif;/

o/ ymBbymufjyFwfjokefbvBj c.ifulef;qdlOf;vBjxkufbrmyfbrfgeefh eifb[dkOf awqmif@

qAOf;vBjwmifbvkrf;YwM;ao ylifwlwfjwmrfbvBj wDjulef;erfvmB/

p/ nrfbwmyfjwmifbxkdifvkr;f YwM; nrfbeef nrfbwmyfjrD;v.ifj[yfhx.rfbq.rf; c.yfb

ydlifYwM;eefhwmifbydlifao y.Bb{jukrf;cifOBhulef;wif;erf ydlOfjwMbq.yfbqFwfjvBj
cmOf;[dkOf/

ulef;urfjz.ifj,krfb,rfOMj wkdef;nrfbxkufby.Bb{jvlify.ifqkdifjcOf ruf;wwf;awMb

okefbvBjulef; eB,Ofh/ cOfeBj awMjnrfbvlOfbauMj ,if;qfgUwdkOf;nMbeMbao qmif@ eAefymB;Olefh
ylefhyFefawMb okefbvBjulef; nefOMjeefh efg;ydkef;aeOBhvl; eBOMj/ wmifbqldOf; ule;f urfjz.ijf ,krbf ,rfOMj
orfh ,krfb,rfOMj ayM;pM;urf; iOf;vmB;ckdufhcmufhvrfbv.ifjwMbulef;rldif; (public wde
k ;f nrfbxkubf y.bB {j vliyf i. q
f idk jf
emergencies) eefhtwh okefbvBjulef;eBh awvBjruf;wwf;,lb eB,Ofh/ efg;eef cOf ruf;wwf;awMb okebf vBjule;f
cOfjyM;qArf v.ifjrldif;e.ufjavMbwkduf;? yAefokduf;umifrldif;? pM;urf;rmufjrD;uyfhudef;? eB,Of/h
pM;az;ozMbO? cdkif[Modrf;nMbeMb [dkOf vkufhzkdefh tvj v.ifj[Awf;nrfbq.rf;yuf;
q.rf;ydlifcOf ugmifjcgmifrM; qdlOf;eBh,Ofh/

bmrf:ulef:rldif:bkif;bmif;tlefarj:eef¤ vlifygifqkdif;awqmif<pAwf:vldif;qldif¤pkdof/
54 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

yefpj ekdif;
q.ifbrfg;awruf;wwf;awMb okefbvBjulef;[dkOf

(1) OBOh Mj rf;g eBh yAev

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[dkOf oFrf@}
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f efh wli[hf mif@rde
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k [hf ef okebf vBjef;g oAejf rmBr;gf
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cOfehB q.ibf xkubf vBjckp[hf ef okebf vBjule;f ,lb[dOk /f

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zmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef; nefuAOfbul@rldif;rldif;eefhao rD;okefbckpfh[efvBj-

(1) v.ijf vBjxkubf cOfjn.ubf wdw;f awMb eifbyde

l jf ul@auMU (w.ejf -7)

(2) v.ijf v.wjf umif;wif; v.ijf wDp

h y. ;f eifburfjqfg (w.ejf -9)

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vFO;f vFO;f ao nrfbqmBq
h r. ;f yMjzmBbvfg (w.ejf -10)

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A uf e
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(1) nrfbrD;v.ijf qlid e

hf mef; vlpjf nefnrfbudik bf yAee
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cefO;B /

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kd ;f [if;wlOuf Ofb/

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vgif;Nrf,vlrf;qkdif;rdlif: sv; yldifymh:vmh:pAwf: tefzAif,zAef; omh:vifwD¤ngyf: 63

(7) ayM;vBjxkubf yliw

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ymifwwf;odefeefh,Ofh/ v.ifjqFwfjxmrfeifbeBeBj qmif@[Awf;{jvBjrM;vuf;xmef
nefuAOfbwif;v.ifjvldifj nefc.ifjrmyfbylefhyFefOBheefhtvj nOfymB;erfOMjao n.ef
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vkrf;YwM;eefheB cOfawvBj=UxdkifOBhu.efb,Ofh/
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64 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

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vmwfjae wDj[mifjOBhrmufbeefhtoj/

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y'mB@,ef@ eBh yAeuf e l ;f cmOf wDj=if;qmufjt[jeefah uMUekid jf ? ayM;OMj [Aw;f umefwjD

eefv h jB [MjyD@ ref;vOfjwmifb ydOl jf wMbcde k jf yAef zljukr;f umef/
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awyefue l ;f vrfcOf eB,Of/h =rfjOMj ule;f umefwMb 80 OmufjeBh yAeuf e

l ;f vrfaowMU
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y'mB@,ef@,krbf ,rfOMj cyfrh mBnefejB nrfbrD;v.ijf zAibf yAi;f eB,Of/h ref;
OMj ,.eyhf Old jf ide
l jf cdOl ;f ao qFubf tzwdw;f awMbwDjref; eB,Of/h

(1) ef;g v.ijf vlid jf eBj yAe[f Okd rf ;D [dOk /f ,.eo

hf iftvj y'mB@,ef@ nrfbvBjxkubf ,kuhf
wef;[Ai;f cde k jf yAez
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l jf cdOl ;f
[Aw;f yAev f i. jf wmif;wMbOleo
hf bgf qf,
g bl [dOk /f

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F af wMb okebf
vBjule;f eB[Okd /f

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cyfrh mBnefejB yefze . ;f vD [dOk f z.e;f qMU wDjrkuz hf ik uf e
l ;f /

i okefbvBj eMja[M=def;
tvj v.ifjuFwfbtca[huifj
q.rf;vlpfj Zdifj,Aefbtij vmBqldOfhvmBydlifao wmif;[efxkdifedlOfeMja[M=def;eBh rD;
yAefvmBqldOfhvmBZef;,Ofh/ efg;rkufhzkifulef; qkdifjrldif;ymB;qmufjzmBbwluf;ykefhtwh ayM;
OMj eMja[M=def;eB urfjz.ifjuBhtvbxmifbOMj ydlifvlifeBh u.pf;cOfjyM; ayMjtrj tvj
vkufjvmif;cOf (n.ef=UuefOMj yAefeMja[M=def; edOf;uvD;,fg;) eB,Ofh/ wlifbOlif;
wmifbnefqrfh ydlifvlifeBh ayM;yAefwDjOmefje.ufjeB [efxkdifOMj nrfbuM;u.pf; ayMj
trj tvj vkufjvmif;/ nOfqArf ylbcdif; emB;n.ufb eMUnmOf awMbxkdif yDjnmBjwmBj=Of
tvj cFefjw.ifhuef cOfjyM;rlwf; eB,Ofh/ qefhxmefj zlj,dif; tvj zljqmB; efg;
eMja[M=def;eBh q.rf;vlpfjwlifbOlif;ulef;vmBvmB,mifbao yFufbydlifjuefOBh,lb/ efg;qkdifj
rldif;wif;erfeBh vBj[ef eMja[M=def;nefu.pf;rD; ayMjtrjydlifvAOfcOf (single-
86 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

parent families) tvj eMja[M=def; nefavM;tv;cOf (blended families) erf

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vlifeefh,Ofh/
rdlefqldifh efg;acMjz.efhqfgokefbvBjulef;cOf n.efruf;refjOMj eMja[M=def;eBh
yAef,[email protected]; ozMbO tvj vrfbv.ifjxDjokwf; wMbrkufhzkifulef;
ao vlify.ifqkdifjawvBjuFwfbtca[huifjyef eBeefh wMUnrfbvDnmrf;oiftoj/
efg;acMjz.rfhqfgokefbvBjulef;eefh urfjz.ifjorfhOMj eMja[M=def;eBh xkufbvBjv.ifj
q.BjxFrf tvj v.ifja[huifjyef ZmBbrmufjrD;? ZmBbuefulef; tvj ZmBbyuf;yldif qdlOf;eBh
ndlOfj eB,Ofh/ efg;acMjz.rfhqfg nefymBbymufjyFwfj v.ifjqFufbtzawMbemif;,dif;cOf
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emif;,dif;efg;eMja[M=def;cOf,lb,Ofh/
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(1) okebf vBjwMbtwbeMj=de;f tvj okebf vBjwMbrD;eMja[M=de;f /

(2) okebf vBjwMbxAiyf w

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hf gf v.wjf vFO;f
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qdlof:eh¤ pAwf:ej;umef tefcofpAwf:oh¤bl,eef¤eh qgif,qfG;vgif;ylef¤ySefawj,
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(3) okebf vBjwMbzAibf yAi;f uef qAr,

f id ;f qArq
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irf; tvj cmBnu. bf clO;f c.in
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v.ifja[huifjyefokefbvBjulef;,dif;cOfeBh rmifzOfb udlwfbyAefv.ifjvBjxAif

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z.ifjcdkef;OMj v.ifja[huifjyefokefbvBjulef;eBh xkufbvD,dlif;ql;awMb v.ifj[Awf;
omifjvlify.ifqdkifjcOfeefhurf;odkOfjndlOfj eB,Ofh/ ulpf;uMj urfjz.ifjorfhckdef;cmefOMj
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n.efbcOfeefh wif;oAifj} eB,Ofh/
88 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

yefpj Nuf:
wmif;,mrfjZdifjxkif;eBh
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eifb[dOk f okebf vBjule;f awnrfbcOfjtobqdrp f M; ef;g Zdijf ,Aebf tijule;f [Of;eefh

acMjz.rq hf o
gf e
k bf vBjule;f cOf uBth vbOBeh uf;Zmifx
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F f
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awMbokebf vBjule;f [dOk e f B wFy;f wwf;tvj/ ayM;qfjg eB vliyf i. q f idk jf awvBjqwf;
umef,bl [dOk /f

(1) ef;g Omefje.ujf wDjrlid ;f ekid jf eefh v.ijf ulyuhf jl uefehB u.p;f yAeaf yMjtrjcOfcikd uf mef
ao? o.iaf uMUnefawulyuhf yl jf eBh nrfbrD;okebf vmwfj wMbOMj awvlud jf auMU
vf?g awulyuhf jl qlid [hf Okd e
f /B

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f idk jf rlid ;f ekid jf eefh wMburfjz.ijf ylio
f e
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ayMjtrjcOfeefh eB,Of/h wlO, f mifbqrf-h ayM;cBjrM; emOfrM; ,Mbayql;,M
wDjarM,MymefuOfbcOf eBeef, h Of/h

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eB vliyf i. q f idk jf eBh wdOl ;f qfUg qmBbide
k ;f ydOl jf wMb=if;[Ae;f n.ebf qmB;cOf,Of/h vlOd f
eefq h rfh ayMjtrjnefqOld ;f qfUg qmBbvBj wMbvkujf cOf nefup . ;f rD;auMUvAOe f efh
auMj u.p;f o.eyf efvuk jf qmB;ao nrfboljo.eyf efvuk jf ,di;f /

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h efah o
awvBjayMU[Fro f ifbo.ecf OfnOld jf eB qlOd ;f yAeqf OfjzlOcf Of uBth vbvmwfjrefj
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(5) ef;g rlid ;f wmifbvkujf qrfh q.r;f vlpjf Zdijf ,Aebf tijao ule;f ,di;f cOfehB nrfbvBj
n.ubf [Aw;f umefwjD e.ujf =de;f u.p;f nrfbuM; uM;auMjnrfbvBja[Mju.ebf / awnrfb
vBj[Aw;f yefOagf [MjuM;cOfeB ef;g yuf;ydil [f mrfjwyfOh ,hB Of/h
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(6) ef;g rkuzhf ik uf e

l ;f nefeikd jf twh ruf;refjOBOh Mj nljeBh rD;okebf ayMU[Fraf o oifb
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(7) q.r;f eifb,Aebf tij tvj Zdijf xki;f qmOf;ule;f erfcOf ef;g qkid jf rlid ;f vkujf ekid jf
eefah o y.bB {jauMUyAen f jl vkwmBuMg bauMj vkujf qmB;auMUiOfjeBh rD;okebf qmrfb
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tvj eMUnmOfcOfeefh awvBjnOfye k jf z.e;f wlp;f xkid yf ef ar;emif; nef
udw
k ;f OBe
h ef,
h bl ,Of/h ulp;f uMj ref;emif;eefh awMUtwhvjB c.iyf p l jf ndw;f nDj
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f idk jf auMU,Of/h ayM;nOf Zdijf udOl ;f ydik jf
tvj ,Aebf tijcOf [yf[h efxidk tf wh wmif;,mrfjnefejB eBh yAez f e. ;f vDwjD rkuhf
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q okefbvBj wMbukrfbxlefjZmBb[Aef;o.ef

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90 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

uAOfbul@wif;vkrfj w.efj 26 eefh ydkwfbaeOBheifbeB-

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uM@eifbqOfjuOfbcfgjodkyfb[Aef;eefh awvBjrD;okefb[Aef;nOf,lb/}

y.Bb{jOMj ulef;ul@auMUvlOfb[Aef;o.efnOfvBj ymB;[Aef;qefhiOfjeefhvmBvmB eBauMj

vlify.ifqkdifjeBh wdkef;vlOfbvBjqmBbyef,Ofh/ +ifj[Aef;? yyfhvdufj tvj cldifjwFrfjcdlifj
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uAOfbvlpfj acMjnefOMj iOf;vmB;eMjumefnefwluf;xkufbeefhao [yfh[ef
yFufbydlifjuefOBh,Ofh/ vdlOfeefhqrfh wMbawqlyf;vBjokefbvBjqdlOf;eBjeBh aw[Awf;qldifh
[dkOf nrfbeef wMbzFOfxdkif,ldif;rmBeefh aw[Awf;qldifh[dkOf (ndifedlOf v.uf;qkuf;ymB;[ef
eAefymB;Olefh qOfjuOfbao) nefOMjeefhauMj rD;v.ifjcmefxAifuefOBh,Ofh/ ulpf;eMb uAOfbvlpfj
ZdifjOBhcMjqfgUeefhtwh wdkef;OMj nrfbrD;v.ifj[yfh[efydlifjuef toj/ efg;vdufjydkefzmOfb
acMjz.grfhqfg v.ifjokefbvBjulef;cOf
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v.ifjokefbvBjulef;nefuAOfbwif;vkrfj w.efj 4 eefh ydkwfbaeOBhOMj ]ulef;auMU
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eefhnldOfj/ nrfbxkufbvBjwAuf;qfgUzljvfg [Awf;yAefcMjqfgU} eB,Ofh/
v.ifjrBjqfg tvj v.ifj[yfh[efrldefuef neferfvdlOfrM;xFifj,lb,mifbekdifj
qrfh yAefv.ifjwAuf;qfgUudef rMb[Fif;vkufjn.efbcOf eefh,Ofh/ wMbawaujvdwfjv.ifj
eBj tvj vldifjnefuAOfbvlpfjvkujf n.efbcOf wmifbqdlOfhwmifbydlif nef,fgbvlifugmifj
cgmifqdlOf;eefheBh qkdifjrldif;erfvmBcOf n.efvlif;vmB;rdkOf;ydkefn.ufb vdufj=rfjrmBqmwfj
qkdifjvkrfjZMU nefuAOfbwif;v.ifjokefbvBjvkufbn.efbcOfeefhrM;,lb,Ofh/ wDjw.efj
31 eefh ydkwfbaeOBhqrfh ]vkufjn.efbcOfeBh rD;okefbvBj wMbuFwfbtca[huifjawMb
Okef,vh; 'mh,uefulef: sv; 'mh,rmuf;rD: 103

eMjumef nefv.ufbidlwfjxkdif ymB;,lbvD? ymB;ypfbpMb tvj v.ifjcdkefj,fgbrkef;vFif;

qOfjuOfbeefh,lb? vlify.ifqkdifjcOfeBauMj vlOfbvBjruf;cmef;OBhnMb,kvkufjn.efbcOf
ydlOfjwMb[Awf;umefeefhao awvBjukrf;urfyefiOf;vmB;ymB;umefcOf} OMjeB,Ofh/ =rfj
OMj qkdifjrldif;urfjerfcOf wrf;ylifyuf;ydlif[mrfjwyfhawMb v.ifjwAuf;qfgUudefrMb[Fif;
vkufjn.efbcOfeefh,bl auMj yuf;ydlifnefeBjeBh uBhtvbvlrfvlOfhOBh,Ofh/ eBh yAef,lbwDj
qdkifjrldif;cdkefj,fgbcOf tvj ndufbyM;qkdifjrldif;wkdufhcdkefj,fgbcOfeefh,Ofh/

yefpj Odyf:Ogif
ulef;[Awf;umefcOf
q.ifbvBjxkufbylefhyFefawMb okefbvBjulef;
iOf;vmB;wDjwfgjqdlOf;eBj q.ifbqfgjv.ifjvBjxkufbylefhyFefawMb okefbvBjulef;[dkOfeB
wFyf;wwf;tvj/ ,.efhoiftvj qfgj [dkOf nrfbqfgj/ ayM;qfgjv.ifjylefhyFefawMb
okefbvBjulef;eB xkufb[Awf;qldifh[dkOf/

(1) ule;f [Aw;f umef,bl vlpjf eefh urfjerfehB ,lbuBuefwif;=de;f a,; c.iuf e l ;f xmefj
umifcOf nefye A w
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f Ofah o xkid , f mrf;
vyf;odibf qifbzFOcf e kd ;f =de;f ul@Oef;,Of/h idek ;f vle d af uMj anbeMbnM;vM;
ao nrfbukrbf qfUg wMbudee f ik jf ,lboOf;cOf nefye A wf mif;vlObf ydek ihf Ofjeefh
toj/

(2) vliyf i. q
f idk jf yde
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omif@ofbg umefrmufjrD;eefh ,fbg ,fbg vliv f il f eB,Of/h cOfqifb[mrfjwwf;v.ijf eBj
ao c.wbf z.wjf c.i@f oD@ZmBbumefqmufjqkr;f ekid jf nef=rfjyM;vlpjf zljn.ef
=Of ZmBbumefrmufjrD;? ZmBbvliyf i. q f idk jf tvj ZmBbqkr;f qmOf;ule;f umefcOf qdOl ;f
eBh {jvBjwki;f x.rbf wFy;f wwf;yef vlid jf ywdujf cmwfjule;f umefcOf eB,Of/h

(3) qArz
f jl qmB;tvjzlj,di;f cOfehB =rfjyM;ef;g eMjumeftr;ukr;f vkr;f vM;eefh eifb
uef,Of/h zljqmB;cOf vBj,.ijf euf;wdOl ;f vdOl z f jl ,di;f cOf,Of/h zlj,di;f cOfehB
vBjide
k ;f vle
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f jl qmB;cOf ekid jf qlOjf rli;f vfg =Ofymufb 20 Omufj
,Of/h

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f OfjeM;eBh nrfby.bB vkujf qmB;cOf nefnMb,kr;D 14 clybf eefh
cde
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wDjeM;cOf eB,Of/h
104 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

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t[j wMbodOk yhf efcidl jf qfUg ZmBb=rfbvlrjf nefuM@,fbg eMbeefh eB,Of/h qOfjarMb
t[jeefh nrfb,.r;f [yf?h ref;OMj clid jf eefuh M@,fbg eMbtvj qmif@[Aw;f {jeMj
umefref;okr;f ? xFijf vlid jf ekid jf qrfh ,.eyhf Old jf yAee
f Mjumefnefr;D az;tvj
ide
k ;f vle
d wf jD ule;f umefauMj ayM;yefOe hB rf,Ofh eBOMb/

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rde
l qf idl hf c.rjf cwf;awMbvliyf i. q f ikd jf urf;odOk jf eefv h , gf Of/h qlOd ;f n.e=f Ofcidk f
y.ivf i. jf eBjauMj vBjxkubf wDp h y. ;f ao rmyfbrfw g mifbvkr;f ,Of/h

(7) qOfjc.iv
f mefah uMUekid jf ymufjyFwjf emif;,di;f auMUrdOk ;f nrfbcFi[f iF ;f eefh wMbyef
wef;[Ai;f zljrmBZmBbcmBue k bf eB,Of/h ref;rmBxidk Of Mj v.ijf nrfbcFi[f iF ;f eBh awyef
wmif;zdwk bf qfg wDjule;f odOk q
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rdlOfjudlwfbyAef v.ifjylefhyFefawMb
okefbvBjulef;eefh awvBj[Awf;nefvfg

vrf;efg; c.ifuefeBj nAef;nmef; c.ifuefeBj

OmB;vif vluefeBj,Ofh rfg;xkufbcwf;qfgwMb-
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ukrfu.ifilyfhiduef? OBhulef;umifwFyf;wwf; tvj
vmB;vkyfjv.BjaujomBb/ (1) ydkwfbymB;ae v.uf;vmB;v.ifjilyfhiduef? v.ifjOBhulef;
umifaoaujvdwfj tvj v.ifjvkyfjv.BjaujomBb
rlbqkrf; tvj vmB;umef efg;eMjwDj? qkdifjrldif;? eefhao cOfj=rfjyM;efg;ywdufjcmwfj v.ifjo.ufj[M
c wlifbwmifb tvj qefhul@rldif;rldif;/ acMjw.yfbauj wMbiOf;vmB;urfjz.ifj/
(2) ydkwfbymB;ae qdlOfhoFef;rlbqkrf;cOf tvj vmB;umef
cOf nefnOfqfgUwdkOf;rM; wMbwlufbxdkif v.ifjylefh
qkdifjrldif;wmifbnefcOf cOfjqdrfq.rf;
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yFefawMb okefbvBjulef;eefhao [dOfjqifjwlpf;
v.ifjcFif[Fif; tvj v.uf;qkwfjcOf/
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nefugmifjcgmifeefhao o.ufj[Mcufhw.efj nef,lb
wDjokefbauMUvfgzfgref; awqmif@[Awf;{j v.ifj
ylefhyFefeefh udkwf;,dkwf;ugMb/
(4) xwf;omifao vDvjB cwf;qfw g MbwFy;f wwf; v.ijf
OMj ,mrf;vfag wwlu;f xkubf ydOl jf wMb,l@nFe@f [dOk f
qdik jf rlid ;f wmifbnefcOf xkubf cOfjqdrq
f r. ;f ef;g qdik jf
rlid ;f nefvjB xkubf yleyhf e
F af wMb okebf vBjule;f eef/h
106 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

vmB;wmif;vDwDjokwf; wMb,dyf;urf v.ifjylefhyFefawMbokefbvBjulef;qrfh u.efbyBbyAef

awvBja[huifjOBh qArfydkif;eefh,Ofh/ oifOMj yAefrM;auMj vlpfjwif;okefbvBjydkefh
eAefymB;Olefh iOfjc.ifulef;qdkifjrldif; tvj vkrf;YwM;v.wfjvFOf;cOf nefyAef,lifhcmyfj c.ifvlify.if
efg;wlifbOlif; vmB;wmif; [email protected]@ca'@qD@eefhao eifb[dkOf awnrfbvBjyAef[kuf;[mBhugMbeefh qmif@a[h
[email protected]@ca'@qD@eBh uifjyefulef;[Of;,lb,Ofh/ wMbawqfgUwdkOf; vmB;aujvdwfjnefnrfbqfgUv.ifj[kuf;[mBh
wMbqfgUwdkOf;vmB;wmif;aujvdwfj eBhauMj vrfbv.ifjawh,Ofh/
nefnrfbwdkOf;v.ifj[kuf;[mBh efg;uefvdufjeBj awodkyfbrdkwfjyef vmB;aujvdwfjywdufjcmwfj nefnrfb
eefhauMj vrfbv.ifjOBh,Ofh/
qfgUv.ifj[kuf;[mBheefh wMbomrfvmB;/ ,OfhauMj yM;qArf ydlifqfgUwdkOf;ref;u.efb/ wDj
w.efjvlyf;uefvdufjeefhqrfh ayM;OMj vlify.ifqkdifjnrfb,.rf;qfgUwdkOf; vmB;wmif;nef
nrfbauMbumef[mBheefhqkdif awqmif@[Awf;vBjnefvfgeB rfg;awvBjvl[ef,lb/ wMb
,dyf;urf edlOfv.ifjylefhyFefawMbokefbvBjulef;eBh q.rf;vlpfj efg;eMjwDj? qkdifjrldif;?
wlifbwmifb [dkOf qefhul@rldif;rldif;ao rD;vmB;wmif;vmBvmBydlif nefOMjeefh rfg;awvBj
[ef,lb/

aujvdwfjywdufjcmwfj nrfbwdkOf;vmB;[mBh?
u ukrfu.ifilyfhiduef? OBhulef;umifwFyf;wwf;
tvj vmB;vkyfjv.BjaujomBb
ywdufjcmwfj nefOMjeBh ref;yAefyldifozMbOnefzAifj wMbulef;[Of;,Ofh/ ndifedlOf
vmB;,dyf;urfedlOfref;ao [email protected];v.ifjvD [dkOf v.ifjvkugMb,lb,Ofh/ efg;v.ifja[h
uifjyefokefbvBjulef;eefh cOfjyM;qArf v.ifjvBjaujvdwfjywdufjcmwfj efg;tujumif
ulef;[Of;eifbuef [dkOf efg;tujauMUawMbauMU tvj vlify.ifqkdifjcOfvfg,Ofh/ rmify.ufj
eB ,.efhywdufjcmwfjcOfao qmif@udlwfbyAefrM; v.ifj[kuf;[mBhvfgu.efb/ ulpf;uMj urfj
erftwh ulef;[Of;eBh uBhtvbaujvdwfjugMbvBj[if;ulpf;qOfjuOfb,lb? nrfbeefauMj
nOfwmif;q.BjwmifbauMUao aujvdwfjugMbvBj uwf;uwf;,Aef,Aef,lbeefh,Ofh/

acMjugmrf; wMb=U

Ú v.ifjOBhulef;umifwFyf;wwf; Ú v.ifjukrfu.ifilyfhiduef
Ú v.ifjvkyfjv.BjaujomBb Ú nMbeMbiOfjqkdifjrldif;
rldof;uldwf,yAef vgif;ylef¤ySefawj,Okef,vh;ulef:eef¤ awvh;pAwf:tefvfG 107

v.ifjylefhyFefokefbvBjulef;eBh =rfjOMj ref;qmif@udlwfbyAef,lbaowMU eifb[dkOfaw

nrfbudlwfbyAefeefh qmif@uFwfbtcvBjywdufjcmwfjcOf qldifheifb[dkOfeB awvBjvAyfj
[Aef;ugMb efg;uefeBj,Ofh/

u/ v.ifjc.ifjcrf efg;tujumifyvdufj tvj ulef;efg;y.ufhefg;,.rfbcOf/

c/ ywdufjcmwfj efg;tujumifulef;[Awf;umef tvj qOfjc.ifumef/

i/ v.ifjc.ifjcrf efg;tujulef;=rfj=def;cOf/

efg;v.ifjaujvdwfjywdufjcmwfjeefh vmB;wmif;nrfbauMbumef[kuf;[mBh nef

qfUg erfowk ;f qrfh yAev
f i. jf ukruf i. if yl ihf ud ef (negotiation) ? v.ijf OBuh e
l ;f umifwyF ;f wwf;
(arbitration) tvj v.ifjvkyfjv.BjaujomBb (mediation) eB,Ofh/ zdlOfbawaujvdwfj
q.rf; vmB;umefvkrf;YwM;eefh qfgUwdkOf;vmB;wmif; qldOf;nefvmwfjrM;eBjaoauMj
yAefumefvBj,lbeifbuOfb/ efg;uefvdufjeBjqrfh awvBjvAyfj[Aef; vmB;wmif;qdlOf;eBj
nefvfgnefeefhao wrfjwDjaujvdwfjyef[MokefbvBjulef;eefh cOfcOfjwmif;wdkOf;
uM@[dkOfeBauMj awrD;okefbwFyf;wwf;,lbeefh,Ofh/

v.ifjukrfu.ifilyfhiduef (negotiation) nefOMjeBhqrfh ulef;qdlOf;uAOfbc.ifjyM; efg;ywdufj

cmwfjcOf nkyfbukrfuefv.ifjyef[M nefcOfvBj=yfholbeefhao cwf;qfg[M{jvBj
eAefymB;Olefh
z.ef;umef nefwif;oAifj,.rf;[yfhvBjeefh,Ofh/ vmB;wmif;nefnrfbqfgjefg;ydlifeBj v.ifjukrfu.ifilyfhiduefeBh
qrfh nOfqArf ulef;[drf;=def;[drf;a,;eifbuefcOf? qOfjumef tvj ulef;umefcOf? vBjqfgUwdkOf;ueful@auMU,Ofh?
efg;eef cOfjyM;qArf
qOfj=def; tvj ulef;cmwfj,lbcOf awMbxdkif vlify.ifqkdifjcOfeefh n.efqfgUwdkOf;uef
ulef;[drf;=def;vfg? qOfjc.ifumef
,lb,Ofh/ vlify.ifqkdifjcOfeBh vlpfjukrfu.ifilyfhiduefao ayM;OMjwluf;vlif;z.rfhqfguef cOfvfg? ulef;cmwfj,lb tvj
vBj wMbaujvdwfjyef[McOfeBqkdif awrD;omBimBwMbidlifhtOjvBj v.ifjqmif@yAefokduf; qOfj=def;cOfvfg ndufbwif;
odlOfeefhao v.ifjylefhyFefawMbokefbvBjulef;eefh wif;erfwif;vmB eBauMj aw vlify.ifqkdifjcOfvfg,Ofh/
qmif@a[huifjvBju.efb,Ofh/

yefpj ekdif;
ydlOfjwMbukrfu.ifilyfhiduefeBh
rfg;awqfgUvmB;vfg
(1) ayM;OMj rf;g vBjcOfj=rfjq.r;f ef;g v.ijf ukruf i. if yl ihf ud efeB [email protected] xFrf
{jvBjz.e;f umef nefwif;o.iyf Mjo.iz f mBb aw,.r;f z.rv hf jB eefh xmifbaw
yAev
f mB;vf/g
108 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

(2) vmB;nefnrfbqmif@yAeuf mefao nrfbxkubf qfUg wdOk ;f rdOl jf ukruf i. if yl ihf ud efeefh
qrfh yAeq
f Odl ;f vf/g

(3) ymB;Olerhf bgf eefh nOf[Od jf wFujf wlp;f wif;acMjteherf; v.ijf ukruf i. if yl ihf ud ef
wDjwfjg eBjtvj/

acMjteherf; v.ifjukrfu.ifilyfhiduef
1. [mifj[Fef; ydlOfjwMbukrfu.ifilyfhiduef
v.ifj[mifj[Fef;eBh yAefvmB;wFef; c.ifv.ifjukrfu.ifilyfhid nefn.ifbrmefeefh,Ofh/ ref;[Awf;
{j y.ifbqFifjvFif;qfgedlOfyuf;ydlif nefqdlOf;uAOfbvlpfjv.ifjvldifj nefyAefylefhrM;wif;oAifj
eefh,Ofh/ wFrfbokwf;eBh rfg;aw,.efb,mef;vBjuM@[dkOfeB wFyf;wwf;tvj/ v.ifjwmif;
nefrfg;awnrfb,.rf;ukrfu.ifilyfhidvBjeefh yAefnefvfg/ ,lbwlpf;wDjn.ifjzmBbykefhao
awqmif@rdlef[dkOfeB cBjqfgwlpf;tvj/ v.ifjwmif;nefcOfawndlOfvdlOf (care) okwf;
oefeBh awyAefnefvfg/

2. v.ifjukrfu.ifilyfhiduef
cwf;qfgyluf;wifj vmB;umefwdwf;awMbvDuefwif; ulef;qdlOf;nefrfg;awukrfu.ifilyfhideefh
tvj/ zmBbykefh [efxkdifeldOfyef[Mqldifh[dkOfeB cwf;qfgvAyfj[Aef;tvj/ yuf;qfgwkif;x.rfb
nefcOfvmwfjeefhao ayM;nrfby.ifbqfgeB cdkef;w.ifjxmrftvj/

ydkwfbcmB;ae wmif;[efrfg;odkOfjoFwfhtvj? ulpf; ay{jylefhylefhyFefyFe/f zdlOfbawvmwfjOMj

]ol[Awf;eBeMb} eefh wMUqfgUacMjugmrf;nefqDhql;wlOfuOfb rdlefqldifh ]uOfcMjxmifbtwh}?
]cMjtwh vBjckpfh[efeifbeB}? ]cMjorfh cfgjyAefeifbeB} qdlOf;eBhvMj/ yef[MawhawheBh
yAefnefvfgeB cwf;qfgwlpf;{j[efeifbuef wif;o.ifyMjo.ifzmBbtvj/

3. okwfhql;wDj acMjz.rfhqfg
yuf;qfgawMb v.ifjOMj zmBbvfgcfgjyAefoifawhawheefhtvj/ ayyuf;qfgawMb v.ifjwkuf;
,.ef;zmBbvfgzmBbeefh/ [Of;[M;wif;oAifjeBh vlOfb{jvBjckpfh[ef v.ifj=rfbvlrfjwrf;qfgeefh?
vlOfb{jvBj v.ifjydlefjeyfhxdkOf tvj v.ifjydlefjOBhuM@cefeefh,lb,Ofh/ udkwfhqdkefbcBjqfg
wlpf; z.ef;umefnefawqmif@yAefvBjcOf [dkOf vmB;wmif;vldufjrfgbcOfwif;oAifj ydlOfjwMb
aujvdwfjyef[Meefhtvj/ ayu.pf;o.ufj[M z.ef;umef,mifbvAOf? Olefhcyfhclifomifjtvj/
acMjz.rhfqfgeBh [email protected] awvBjwluf;xkufbzAifbyAif; wMbwif;o.ifyMjo.if
zmBb? wif;o.ifyMjo.ifzmBb aw{jvBjckpfh[efOMj cOfvBjugMbaoqdlOfhaoydlif eB,Ofh/ qfgU
wdkOf;vmB;wmif; v.ifjckdyfjwFufj nefwif;o.ifyMjzmBb,.rf;[yfhOMj yAefv.ifjwluf;xkubf
q.rf;YwM;zAifbyAif; eBeefhtvj/
rldof;uldwf,yAef vgif;ylef¤ySefawj,Okef,vh;ulef:eef¤ awvh;pAwf:tefvfG 109

yefpj Ogif
v.ifjukrfu.ifilyfhid
efg;tuj yvdufj tvj ulef;rldif;
eyfho.efbOMj rfg;,lboOf;efg;qkdifjrldif; nefvkufhwDjv.uf;ydlif nrfbq.rf;[email protected]@c
a'@qD@ao cmBhvmBjql;wDj v.uf;[email protected]@ca'@qD@ tvj ZmBbyuf;ydlif=rfbirf;
eefh eBvMj/ wDjwfgjv.uf;ydlifuOfbeefheB v.ifjvlify.ifqkdifjukrf;urfedlOfyvdufjcOfeBh
[FifhvlrfvmrfeMbtvj ulef;rldif;vBjxkufbrmyfbqfgUnMbeMbao vlvmBayhudefrM; ugmifj
ugmifjcgmifcgmif,Ofh/ efg;eef cOfjyM;qArfv.ifjcMqfg tvj v.ifjukrf;cifvkufjn.efbcOf
eefh,Ofh/ ,.efhrD;rM;omBydkef;eifbeBtvj wMba[huifj v.ifjvlvmBayhudefcOfugMbcmOf;
wmif;rdlOf;eMjeefh tvj =rfjOMjudlwfbyAefrM;auMj wMbyefwlwfjwmrfbvBjeefh ulef;
rldif;cOfcfgj{jwrf;ylifOBhzFefnefekdifj/ vmB;wmif;vDxDjokwf; wMba[huifj v.ifjvlvmB
ayhudefawMbcOfeBhqrfh ,lbwDjulef;rldif; awvBjrD;nrf;emwfj nefyefumefvBj?
ylwf;yFwfjumefvBj tvj wrf;ylifrmBrDjvBj wDjyvdufjcOfeefhu.efb? ,.efhnrfbrD;
v.ifjeBjtvj qkrf;yvdufj,krfb,rfOMj awnrfbqmif@[Awf;wDjcOfvBj eB,Ofh/ qkrf;
cOfvmwfjOMj v.ifjvBjawMboljwif;wmif;[kuf;[mBh,lb cdlOf;cldOf;,fg;,fg;eBh yAefqldifh[dkOf
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auMUvBjxkufbirf;iOf;eefh r.uf@uM@[dkOfnefOMjeefhauMj awnrfb=UvBjimBjiFrfjwMb

rfG:xmif,oj; yvduf;wif:ulef:rldif:eh¤ uAof,vlnf;Okef,vh;ulef:aO awukrfugifilyf¤iduef

vh; Omif,xkuf,bl,pj./
110 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

aob eB,Ofh/ cOfymB[yfh[efOMj idkef;vldefcOfanbeMbao umeforfhvBj[Awf;erfeMb

nM;vM; eB,Ofh/

(1) ule;f qkr;f rf;g wMbcdik jf ekid jf eBh awvBjwli[hf mif@rde l z f jl wFe;f ule;f rlid ;f ao? udw
k ;f
wMbcdik jf ekid jf qrfh awvBjwli[hf mif@rde l yf vdujf cOf/ qkr;f vfq g rk ;f eefh awvBj
[Aw;f q.r;f eifbv.ijf ukruf i. if yl ihf zd rgf ef;/ cde k ;f vlwp l ;f v.ijf w.ybf xAiuf ef
nefye A , f bl ef;g tuj yvdujf tvj ule;f rlid ;f cOf wDjedOl e f jB tvj/ acMjteherf;
v.ijf ukruf i. f ilyihf ud efeefah uMj [Aw;f {jy.ibf qgOf v hB yfv
h i. ;f tvj/

u/ vlud jf nOf ule;f awvAyjf [Ae;f q.r;f v.ijf ukruf i. if yl ihf ud efeefh auMUekid jf
[dOk f o.iaf uMUtvj/ cOfehB awvBj[kyjf [mB;imef;wmifbxkid f acMjukruf i. if yl ihf d
vly;f vifeefh wif;oAijf ,Of/h

c/ zljwFe;f yvdujf tvj zljwFe;f ule;f rlid ;f cOfehB xkubf qFubf ao=yfuh efqrk ;f
zfrg ef;acMacMao [mifj[Fe;f vmB;qlid ;f ydOl jf wMb ukruf i. if yl ihf ud efeef/h ef;g
iOf;vmB;nefye A rf ;D ,lbeBh qkr;f qOfjuOfb cfjg vBjcfjg yAen f efve gf B [Aw;f
oAejf rmBOthB vj/ ef;g cmOf;wmif;rdOl ;f eMjeefh qkr;f olcOf cfjg {jyAe[f Okd e f B
wFy;f wwf;tvj/

i/ OmB;eefq h ifb zljwFe;f yvdujf tvj zljwFe;f ule;f rlid ;f cOf xkubf vD=yfuh ef
wMbukruf i. if yl ihf ,
d Of/h wif;o.iz
f mBb xkubf vDyw
kd bf ymB;ae wmif;[efzrgf ef;
,lb/ cBjqfOg e l o hf mef [email protected] e A v f jB eefh ul@ylid yf ild af o
ilyihf ud eftvj/ ,Ofah uMj cwf;qf{g jvBjacMjz.rq hf ugf ef nefnid e f Old v f mB;
wmif;vDxjD okw;f eefth vj/ (acMjteherf;eefh nOfurF ;f ofbg OBh ef;g qfg
tvj)/

q/ zljvAyjf [Ae;f cOfehB uAObf vlpjf ylid yf e A f v.ijf ukruf i. if yl ihf ud efao uM@eifb
vBjwFrjf rmBZmifx h idk e
f efh awvBj[mB;imef;wmifbxkid f wDjrkuq hf rk ;f wif;vli/f
rde
l e
f ifb nefvygf e A uf mef? nefvn gf rfbyAeuf mef? z.e;f umefcOforfh
qkr;f ekid jf wif;qkr;f ekid jf yFubf ylid jf uefqidl [hf Okd f eef,h Of/h

o/ eyfo h e
. bf OMj wMbawukruf i. if yl ihf ud efehB zmBbyvdujf cOf xAiyf mufjyFwjf eB
vMj/ ,lbwDjzljwFe;f ule;f rlid ;f cOf qwf;[Aw;f ymifurk af o w.ybf cmefuef
v.ijf OMj xkubf c.rjf cwf;awMb qkr;f yvdujf [dOk f nrfbxkubf eefh wli[hf mif@
rde
l w
f p l ;f tvj/ wMbawqyf;eifbumifqugf e l ;f rlid ;f eefh xkubf qfUg vmB;wmif;
wmifbqdOl w hf mifbydil f eifb[dOk /f
rldof;uldwf,yAef vgif;ylef¤ySefawj,Okef,vh;ulef:eef¤ awvh;pAwf:tefvfG 111

v.ifjOBhulef;umifwFyf;wwf; (arbitration) nefOMjeBhqrfh ulef;nefxAifuef

wif;o.ifyMjo.ifzmBbeBh ,.rf;[yfhulef;wmifbauMU rM;wkif;x.rfbyef acMjydkwfbvmwfjcOf
ao wFyf;wwf;yefcOfeefh,Ofh/ auMUvBj,lbumifwFyf;wwf;yef (orMbxd) eBh zmBb eAefymB;Olefh
ekdifjwmif;edkifjauMj rldefwif;zljwwf;odef,Ofh/ ulpf;auMj v.ifjOBhulef;umifwFyf; v.ifjOBhulef;umifwFyf;wwf;eBh
wwf;eBh ,difjcFef;wdlOf;c.yfbugmifjvlrfqfgao oAifjidkef;anbvdlOf v.ifjawMboljuef rmifvmB; imB;eifb wDjvkrf;YwM;,lb?
wDjvkrf;YwM;eefh,Ofh/ v.ifjOBhulef;umifwFyf;wwf;eBh rmify.ufj yM;wif;zljwmifeMj ulpf;auMj vmB;eBjc.yfbugmifjvlrfqfg
tvj zljwFifbvuf;xmefcOfao? rmify.ufjauMj nrfbyM;/ vmB;eBj uBhtvbqfgUwdkOf; wdlOf;ndlOfj/
rdlOfjqkrf;zljukrf;umefcOf wif; ulef;[Awf;umefcOf xAifarM;uef vlpfjv.ifjiOf;vmB;
eMjumefvfg? v.ifjidkef;vdlefvfg tvj v.ifjulef;umefcOf wmifbqdlOfhwmifbyldifvfg eefh
,Ofh/ wMbaujvdwfj v.ifjc.rfjcwf;eefhauMj qfgUwdkOf;vmB;eBj,lb/ yldifckdufhqrfh rdlOfj
,mrf;v.ifjc.rfjcwf;cOf [Awf;{jwldOfhomif@awMb umefrmufjrD;vfg? wmif;vlOfbulef;rldif;
wif;vmBvfg rdlefqldifh xmwfjnkefb? cOfjerfhwmif;udef? nrfbeef v.ifjq.if;aq;
nefnrfbrD;nrfbyAefvfg eefh,Ofh/ rdlOfjiOf;vmB;rdlefeB zljwFef;zmBbvlify.ifqkdifj
nrfbeef ulef;auMUnefwif;o.ifyMjo.ifzmBbvBjqfgeefheBh cOfj[Awf;yeforMbxd
efg;tujumifulef;[Awf;umef ndufbzljukrf;umefcOfeefhvBj,lb/ q.rf;eifb efg;v.uf;xFOf
wmif;vifuefvdufjeBjao zljwFef;c.ifrkufhqkrf; nefuAOfbwif;ul@rldif;rldif;cOfeefh
auMj rmifzOfb vBj[Awf;orMbxdyef efg;v.ifjxAifarM; vlpfjv.ifjokefbvBjulef;eefh
,Ofh/
qfgUwdkOf;acMjteherf; v.ifjOBhulef;umifwFyf;wwf; nefaeOBhwfgjeBjao
wlifh[[email protected];iOf;vmB; efg;yef[Momrfeefhtvj/

acMjteherf; v.ifjOBhulef;umifwFyf;wwf;
1. vM@[Fef;wif;o.ifzmBbtvj
zljwFef;cOfwif;o.ifzmBbeBh xkufbvDcB@ae iOf;vmB;ymB;[ef efg;v.uf;qkuf;zfgref;ao
xkufbvDvM@[Fef;OBh wMbw.ifjxmrfq.rf;iOf;vmB;zmBbydlefj/

2. zmBbwldifbvmwfj cB@aeiOf;vmB;cOf
orMbxdxmrfxkdif zljwFef;c.ifqkrf;ekdifjeefh,Ofh zmBbcOfqifbtwbwldifbvmwfj v.ifjvBj
xkufbqFufbtzwdwf;awMbuefeefhao cB@aeiOf;vmB;ymB;[ef efg;v.uf;qkuf;qkrf;cOf/
,OfhauMj orMbxdeBh cdkef;w.ifjxmrf wMb{jwFwfjeFwfj wFufbvFif;ukrfbxlefj,Ofh/ OmB;
eefh zljwFef;c.ifqkrf;o.if qifbw.ifjxmrfvBj wDjzljwFef;c.iq f krf;ekdifj/

3. qkrf;zmBbykefh cB@aeiOf;vmB;cOf
orMbxdxmrfxkdif zljwFef;c.ifqkrf;o.iftvj ref;qifbcB@ae iOf;vmB;ymB;[efefg;v.uf;
qkuf;zmBbcOf/ OmB;eefh orMbxdcdkef;w.ifjxmrf {jwFufbvFif;/ ,OfhauMj zljwFef;c.ifqkrf;
o.if qifbw.ifjxmrfvBj wDjzljwFef;c.ifqkrf;ekdifjeefh vlpfjv.ifjiOf;vmB;yldifyAefvfg/
okdyfbxFifj
112 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

4. orMbxd n.ufbacMjwFyf;wwf;
OmB;aowkif;x.rfbwif;o.ifzmBb,Ofheefh orMbxdeBh cdkef;xwf;x.ifwlpf; acMjrkef;yldif
yAef tvj ydlifrDjnefawqmif@qfgUwdkOf;eefh/ ,Ofhqifb cBjqfgwFyf;wwf; v.ifjOMj rdlOfj
yefumefeefh q.ifbrD; v.ifjqFufbtzwdwf;awMbuef[dkOf nrfbrD;/

yefpj Omrf
v.ifjOBhulef;umif (orMbxd)
efg;tuj ulef;ckwf;t[j tvj qOfjumef
ulef;vrfcOf qdlOf;[Awf;umefckwf;t[jeefh wldifbvmwfjOMj rdlOfjolifbcOfckdefjeldOfeif
vdefeBh qldifhemef;eMbtvj cOfvBj,lbefg;arMbt[j [dkifvldOfulef;cmOfcOf qdlOf;ukrf;umef
eefh ekdifjOef;vfg o.ifawMbomrfrlif; eB,Ofh/ acMjwFyf;wwf; nefOMj OmB;,Ofhumef
awolifbzfgcdkefjrdlOf;n.efwmif;eBhqrfh ndifeldOfv.ifjOMj ref;qfgjzljukrf;umef [dkOf
nrfbqfgj eefh,Ofh/ ulef;umefcOf[efxkdifOMj vmB;wFyf;wwf;nefeBj yAefv.ifjqFufb
tzwdwf;awMbuef eB,Ofh/ qkrf;qwf;umefcOfcdkef;w.yfbOMj zljukrf;umefcOfeBh
ayM;zFOfugMb eldOfeMjvdef awvBjodkyfb[Awf;umefvkrf;xFifjtvj wFyf;wwf;qldifheBeBj
wluf;xkufb,lb eB,Ofh/
ulwf;ckwf;t[jcOfurfjerfeBh yAefulef;vrfao? ulef;ukrf;umefcOfurfjerf
qrhf yAeuf lef;cmOf/ awMbrldOfjylefhrM;yBbayM;[dkifeefheB wef;[Aif;zljukrf;umefwif;
oAifjeBh u.pf;ruf;wwf;OBhyAef ykefjulef;cmOfcOf,Ofh/ ulef;umefzdOfvrfcOfeBh twb
nOfrldOfjylefhrM;yBbayM;[dkifeefh vBjxkufb,kufhwef;[Aif;cdkefj,lb,OfhaowMU ,.efhnMb
,k[myfbumefcOfwkdufhanbtvj cOfeBh wdkufhyAefzljukrf;umef nefvBjxkufbolifbcdkefj
edlOfvdef wluf;vdkef;eefh,lbul@Oef;,Ofh/ qkdifjrldif;nefudlwfbyAef iOf;vmB;nefeBj
,lbeBh ,.efhyAefrldif;nefvFufjvmBjql; v.uf;[email protected]@ca'@qD@,lbtvj cOfqifb
wrf;ylifyuf;yldifrfgb nefOMj rldOfjcmef;wrf;yefumefeefh ayM;nrfbrD;v.ifjwmif;cldifb
crfhaoqdlOfhaoyldif awnrfbvBjqFufbtzwdwf;awMbuef eBeefh,Ofh/

(1) ef;g ul@qkr;f eefh OB{h jrD;ule;f umif (orMbxd) zfrg ef; ekid jf auMUtvj/ ef;g ul@
qkr;f eefe h ifbuOfb wMbcdik jf ekid jf eBh awvBj[Aw;f yAef zljwFe;f c.iuf e l ;f umef
zdOv f rfcOf tvj ule;f umefzOd v f rfcOf,Of/h nefuw kd ;f ,lbckid jf ekid jf qrhf aw
vBj[Aw;f yAef qOfjc.iuf mefcw k ;f t[jcOf/ qkr;f ule;f umef tvj qkr;f qOfjumef
cOfehB eyfo h mifjwlp;f iOf;vmB;ul@ydil yf ild af o awvBjvM@[Fe;f OBh acMjcmefwy. bf
zfrg ef;,Of/h
rldof;uldwf,yAef vgif;ylef¤ySefawj,Okef,vh;ulef:eef¤ awvh;pAwf:tefvfG 113

vgif;oh¤ulef:umifwSyf:wwf:eh¤ ySuf,yldif;uefwif: vmh:umefvkrf:Twj:eef¤ qldif¤pdkof/

(2) qkr;f ule;f umef tvj qkr;f qOfjumefcOfu@l nefehB awvBjvlud jf zljwFe;f o.if
auMUvfg wMbyM;q.r;f ef;g v.ijf OBuh e
l ;f umif (orMbxd) wFy;f wwf;eef/h

(3) qfUg wkOd ;f acMjteherf; v.ijf OBuh e

l ;f umif (orMbxd) wFy;f wwf;eefah o vM@
[Fe;f y.io f mifj v.ijf wFy;f wwf; ef;g tujzljwFe;f cOf o.iq
f rk ;f eefth vj/

v.ifjvkyfjv.BjaujomBb (mediation) eBhqrfh wrfjwDjzmBbeMjulef;tujumif (auMUwDj

omrf) eefh ulef;o.ifyMjo.ifzmBbcOf nefxAifarM;uef,lbeBh ydkwfbymB;cmB;ae eifb
umifqfgrD;eefhao cwf;qfgaujomBbuef {jomifbxkufbeefh,Ofh/ v.ifjvkyfjv.BjaujomBb eAefymB;Olefh
wif; v.ifjOBhorMbxdwFyf;wwf;cOf ydlifjuefqrfh auMUvkyfjv.BjaujomBbeBh ref;nrfb
v.ifjvkyfjv.BjaujomBbeBh ,ifb[mufj
qmif@wrf;ylifyefacMjwFyf;wwf; wMbo.ifyMjzmBb[yfh[Awf;q.rf;eefh,Ofh/ acMjz.rfh edlOf v.ifjnefqkrf;ekdifj
qfgnefOMjeefhauMj ref;yAefz.ef;umef nefvkufhwDjulef;xAifarM;uefcOf rD;qfg rD;qfgrD;acM; ,.rf;[yfhwkif;x.rfb
rD;acM;,.rf;[yfhwkif;x.rfb ugmrf;vmwfjzmBbydlefjao o.ufj[MnOfvmB;wmif;aujcmB ugmrf;vmwfjzmBbydlefjeefh,Ofh/
nefvDwDjokwf;eefhaotvj udlwfbyAefrM;u.pf;,Ofh/ v.ifjvkyfjv.BjaujomBbeBh
ref;y.Bb{julef;[yfh[efyFufbyldifjcOf ydkwfbymB;cmB;aevBj v.ifjckpfh[efaqMjqfgcOf,Ofh/
tOj,mifbyFwfj v.ifjrmyfbae;u.if=Ofuefao rkifjwlpf;wMbo.ifyMjzmBb cOfjn.ufb
wdwf;awMbuefugMbvBj cmOf;wmif;rdlOf;eMjeefh,Ofh/ v.ifjvkyfjv.BjaujomBbeBh urfj
erferf qfgUwdkOf;wDjefg;tuj qOfjzlOf tvj ar;emif;cOf? qOfj=def; tvj ulef;
cmwfj,lbcOf? ulef;qfgUqmBb tvj umefuMUcmBcOfeefh,Ofh/ ayM;yAefqefhxmefjydkefh
114 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

wDjeB wMbaujvdwfj v.ifjxAifarM;uef[mOfh[Fif;vlifvmif efg;tujqmOf;cdlOf;yFufbuef

eefheBh uBhtvbqfgUwdkOf; zljvkyfjv.BjaujomBbcOf,lb,Ofh/ wDjqefhxmefjqkdifjrldif;
ndufb aq@rldif;qdlOf;eBhqkdif eifb[dkOfawa[h[mrfjvBj iOf;vmB;nefqmif@udlwfbyAef
v.ifjylefhyFef awMbokefbvBjulef;eefheBh n.efqfgUwdkOf; zljvkyfjv.BjaujcmBcOf wDj
v.ifjaujcmBywdufjcmwfj efg;tujumefimef;ZmBbqmufj tvj rkufhqkrf;u.ef;ukrf;odifb
OFwfhv.rfhcOfeefh,Ofh/ ayM;yAefqefhxmefjul@rldif;rdlif;qrfh zljvkyfjv.BjaujcmBcOf
wDjefg;rkufhqkrf;ul@rldif;rldif;cOfeBh rmify.ufjeB aujcmByefwMbqkdifjrldif;wmifbnefcOf
eefh,Ofh/

acMjteherf; v.ifjvkyfjv.BjaujomBb
1. ugmrf;erf;
auMUaujomBbeBh [Awf;{jrkufhqkrf;wif;o.ifzmBb ,lbimBjvlrfqfgao oyf;vFif;ae yldifydkef;
ref;,Ofh/ eMjumefzljaujomBbeBh nrfbqfgjwMbwrf;Omif;acMjwFyf;wwf;? u.pf;awvBj
q.Bj {jn.ufbrM;vBjacMjz.rfhqfg nefwif;o.ifyMjzmBb=rfj[yfheefh,Ofh/ zljaujomBbeBh aw
oyf;vFif; v.ifjOMj ref;nrfbq.rf;yMjzmBbvfgeefh,lb/

2. cB@aeydlifyAef
cB@aeyldifyAef c.ifyMjzmBbzfgref;,Ofh/ zmBbwldifbvmwfjeefh [email protected];? awnrfbvBj
qdrfvmwfjwwf;ugmrf;/ ,Ofhqifb zmBbykefhawvBjokdyfbcB@vmwfj iOf;vmB;ymB;[efcOf/

3. [Awf;{j acMjrkef; tvj v.ifjwmif; wFwfjawM;

zljaujomBbeBh cwf;qfg{j=UxkdifwFwfjawM;vBj v.ifjwmif;nefz.rfh[yfhOBh tvj nefxAif
arM;uef,lbeefh/ wMb[Awf;vBjqldifheBqrfh vBjwkif;x.rfbugmrf;vmwfjcOf wif;o.ifyMjzmBb
ao cdkef;[kyfjvmwfjaeeifbwmif;[efcOfeefh q.ifborfhqyf;eifbcOfy.ifbqfg[dkOf eB,Ofh/

4. cBjqfgo.ufj[M vmB;aujvdwfjwmifbyldif
uAOfbvlpfjyef[Mao zfgvfgauMjn.efOlefhomefcBjqfgvmB;aujvdwfj nefqmif@yAefvBj
eefh,lb/ zljaujomBbeBh [Awf;OBhoAefjrmBao w.ifjxmrf {jzmBbvfgzmBbeefh oyf;vFif;ymB;ae
wmif;[efcOf nefuAOfbvlpfj vmB;aujnefvfgnefeefh,Ofh/

5. eyfhomifjnkyfbnlOf;cdkef; vmB;aujvdwfj
ndifedlOf acMjydkwfbymB;cmB;aecOfao zljaujomBbqifbcdkef;eyfhomifjxwf;wlpf;aotvj
cwf;qfg[Awf;{jvBjrM; vmB;wmif;nefwif;o.ifyMjzmBb aw,.rf;[yfhvBjeefh,Ofh/

6. vBjacMjz.rfhqfg
zljaujomBbeBh q.BjxFrfwMbvBjrM;acMjz.rfhqfg nefwif;o.ifyMjzmBb ,.rf;[yfhvBjeefh,Ofh/
acMjz.rfhqfgeefh awvBjwFrfjrmBOBh? ayM;OMj aoyMjaozmBbylefhyFef,MUvlUyFwfj acMjz.rfh
qfgeefheB qmif@yAefqldifh[dkOfrM; nefOMjeefhauMj wif;o.ifyMjzmBb awvBjnkyfbukrfuef
OBh,Ofh/
rldof;uldwf,yAef vgif;ylef¤ySefawj,Okef,vh;ulef:eef¤ awvh;pAwf:tefvfG 115

yefpj OD,
aujcmB ywdufjcmwfjeMja[M=def;nefekdifj

ayMjvkufjn.efbauMUekdifjeBh zmwfbn.ufbrldif;ref;ao ugMb[Aef;ypfbpMb wDjqefhq.rf

rldif;e.ufjnefedkifj? z.if;,lbwDjeefh ref;cyf;vlwfhqmifjao [Mq'dufjwMbref;/
umefref;eBh idkef;cOfjanbtvj ref;nrfbqmif@olifbidkef; wMburfhq.Bjvkufjref;/
vkufjar;ref;eBh ,lbq.rf;ayMjtrjzmBbar;ref;/ ayMjvkufjn.efb nrfbolifbyefidkef;
aondwf;tvj ayMjtrjzmBbar;ref;qfgvrfao nrfbyefayMjtrjzmBbqOfjzlOfeefh
=yfhxlyf;uefwif;vmefn.efbcOf/ trjvkufjn.efbauMjvmwfjOMj ,lbnrfb[dkif ayM;
wif;OMj nrfbvBjidkef;urfhq.BjwDjzlOfref;emif;twh xkdifrdlOfjref;y.ufjrM;auMj aw
nrfbyefxlyf;wif;vkufjn.efb eB,Ofh/ (ayM;nOf acMjz.rfhqfgc.ifqmwfjqkdifjvkrfj
ZMU nefuAOfbv.ifjokefbvBjvkufjn.efbcOfOMjqkdif eifb[dkOfvkufjn.efbauMUekdifj aw
vBjidkef;urfhq.Bj wDjauMUrD;ykefjz.ef; wMburfhq.Bjref;eefheB nrfbOMj efg;rldif;? e.ufj
rldif;ao vlify.ifqkdifjeBh xkufbvBjcwf;qfgckdify.ifyef,lb? ,OfhauMj vkufjn.efbwif;
oAifjeBh rD;okefbvBj wMbuyf;odkyfbawMbayMjtrjcOfwif;o.ifauMU,lb/)

efG:pmif<eh¤ qSif;aeoh¤ ydlifyAefqdlif¤pdkof? eh¤ qgif,qfG;vmh:wmif:vD wj,qfG.wdkof:

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116 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

(1) ef;g ekid jf qkr;f vfe

g efh qFubf {jrD;OBh zljwFe;f c.itf rjvkujf n.ebf ? c.iaf yMjtrjzmBb
ar;emif;? c.iaf yMjtrjzmBbqOfjzlOf eBtvj/

(2) wMbaw[Aw;f zljaujomBbeefh ekid jf qkr;f vfg vlud jf OBo

h i. af uMUtvj/ aujomBbq.r;f
eifb ef;g acMjteherf; v.ijf vkyjf v.jB aujomBbeefh cuf, h Ofch ufv
h Mj/

(3) ,.eahf ujomBbyefao q.ibf vBjacMjz.rqhf rgf M;nefeidk jf [dOk /f ayM;vBjeB yAef
nefv/gf ayM;nrfbvBjeB ,.eo hf iftvj nrfbvBj/

(4) ef;g ydil yf e

A n f efejB eBh ayM;nrfbqfUg wdOk ;f v.ijf vkyjf v.jB aujomBbeB awqmif@
qfUg wdOk ;f vBjvmB;wmif;nefvagf o aujomBbugMb/ rf;g [efxidk Of Mj vmB;wmif;qdOl ;f
eefh awwdOl ;f xkid w f jD [MU? nrfbeef awnrfbcdw k ;f vBj vmB;vkyjf v.jB aujomBbeBj
[MU? ,.eo hf if/

rlbqkrf; tvj vmB;umef

c efg;ydkefhwDj? qkdifjrldif;?
wlifbwmifb tvj qefhul@rldif;rldif;
ywf;ykdefhvkrfjZMUeBjqrfh ulef;nmefbvmefhref; n.efrBjqfgq.rf; okefbvBjulef;ao
tvj ckdifomifja[huifjuef,lb,Ofh/ rkufhqkrf;ZmBbokefbvBjulef;eBh rD;nmefb[Aifref;
eAefymB;Olefh ,Ofh/ nefcOf=rfj,ldif;nmef;rldefuefOBhacMjvAOfqrfh- vlpfjwif;umifqfg ndufb [Fif;
rkufhqkrf;v.ifjokefbvBjulef;eefh nD;ulef;rldif;cOf nOfqArfZmBbymB;rldif;? ZmBbyuf;yldif? ZmBbrmufjrD; tvj ZmBbZdifjwdkOf;
wif;oAifjeBh rD;,ldif;nmef;vAOf urfao aw{ja[h[mrfjvBj v.ifjvlify.ifqkdifjcOf ylefhyFefawMb okefbvBjulef;eefh
uef nefyAefwMbudkwf;,ifhyFwfj u.pf;nrfbuM; aw[Awf;{julef;erfvBj=UxdkifyM; v.ifjcOfylefhyFefeefhu.efb OMjeB
v.ifjylefhyFefawMbokefbvBjulef; ,Ofh/
eefh,Ofh/ wDjeBj rD;OBhvmB;[Awf;wif;erf,Ofh/ rdlefqldifh vmB;okefbvAOfwlifhekdif nef
wFrfjn.ufbvdufj tvj vmB;ulef;rdlif;wFifbaeumifqfg qdlOf;eBh qfgUwdkOf;rM;wif;erf
,lb/ OBhOMj qfgUwdkOf;vmB;vfgauMj,Mb v.ifjcwf;qfgqdlOf;eBhwif;oAifjqrfh twbiOfjwDj
ulef;okefbauMUao qifbodkyfbomifjugMbeefhu.pf;,Ofh/ eifbzljn.ef=Ofqkdifjrldif;auMU
ekdifj ,mrfjvmwfjeefh,Ofh- ayM;wifjOMj nrfbrD;ulef;okefbauMUcOf zdkwfh,lbefg;
tujumif nefrmify.ufjqmif@rD;az;cAefvlifvmifeefhao udkwfhqdkefbawMbolj wMb
rldof;uldwf,yAef vgif;ylef¤ySefawj,Okef,vh;ulef:eef¤ awvh;pAwf:tefvfG 117

wmif;,krfb,rfqOfjuOfbeefheB wMbawuFwfbtca[huifj okefbvBjokefbyAefulef;eBh

,myfb,Aef;awh,lb/
wMburfhq.Bj ulef;okefbauMU tvj rlbqkrf; nefvBj,lboOf;wfgjrkdOf;vlify.if
qkdifj nefnrfbeyfh,rfokefbvBjulef;eefheB ulef; tvj qkdifjrldif; efg;ywf;ydkefh
vkrfjZMUeBh n.efyluf;y.ifOBh eFifjumefc.ifokefbvBjulef;nefekdifj,Ofh/ efg;eMjvdufj
awrM;eefh awvBj[efv.uf;xFOfomBrmBrkufhqkrf; efg;ykdefhwDj? qdkifjrldif;? wlifbwmifb
tvj qefhxmefjul@rldif;rldif; nefuFwfbtca[huifjyef okefbvBjulef;eefh,lb/ efg;
v.uf;xFOfeBjaeOBh v.uf;vmB;nefrkufhqkrf;qdlOf;eefhqfgUwdkOf;eefhvfg? z.ef;vDz.ef;
qMU c.ifv.ifjqfgUwdkOf; rkufhqkrf;nefvfgnefeefhvfg ,lb,Ofh/ vlwlpf; v.uf;xFOf
qdlOf;eefhao w.yfbaujacMjxmrfwmif;vifeefhtvj/

v.uf;xFOf 1

qkrf;ZmBbeMjwDj tvj ZmBbqkdifjrldif;

eMja[M=def; qkrf;ZmBboMboeMbcOf rkufhauMZmBbzljuwfhqmif@cOf

auMUaojcOf yMbwDbymB;rldif;cOf Ú cl;o.efcOf

qkrf;ulef;ekrfbcOf qkrf;okefbvBjulef; Ú zljwmifeMjcOf

qkrf;emif;,dif;cOf ZmBbqkdifjrldif; Ú zljodkOfbcmOfbcOf

qkrf;ulef;umefcOf Ú cl;arM,McOf

qkrf;umefuMUcmBcOf Ú arMvkrf;vM;cOf

Ú qOfjymB;r.ef;cOf

vmB;umef

qkrf;edkifjnef [dkOf wif;oAifj nefyM; Ú [Awf;ymifnkyfbukrfilyfhiduef

efg;omBrmBeBh qfgUwdkOf;vBjvmB;umef
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tvj_nrfbeef ulef;rldif;

okdyfbxFifj
118 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

Ú ydkeftzvdufjnekpmwfj rdlefqldifhc.rfjcwf;? nrfbvlif;

umef? wwf;rmufjrD;? aeumifqfg
Ú wFrfjvdufj tvj y.ifjcmOfb qldOf;eBh/
ef;g zde
k cf mOfb? ofbg acMjyde
k z
f mOfb
efg;zdkefcmOfb Ú uAy;f w.rcf mOfbimOf; v.ijf vBjxkubf
ylefhyFefawMb okefbvBjulef;
Ú =rfjyM;efg;ymifugmrf;omBvlrf;
ydkefhwDj Ú qfgUwdkOf;vmB;vkyfjv.BjaujomBb

Ú ,dkef,ef? urfhuFrf? vldufjwifj Ú qfUg wdOk ;f vmB;OBuh e

l ;f umifwyF ;f wwf;
auMUzljq.BjumefokefbvBjulef;
Ú wmifbxkdifvkrf;YwM;
Ú ole;f =pf; [dOk f cOfj=rfj ef;g ymif
aeumifqfg nefugmifj [dkOf uFyfj Ú q.jB wMburfuh rF f tvj [Aw;f umef
vlpjf wif; rkuahf uMokebf vBjule;f
Ú qfUg [Fi;f nD; ZmBbrmufjrD;_ymB;rlid ;f qefhZmBbul@rldif;rldif; tvj
ao q.BjumefokefbvBjulef; ZmBbqkdifjrldif;

z.ef;vD
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Ú [Fif;odkOfhcmB
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tvj v.ifjolefqfgauMj Ú efg;ydkefhwDjcOf zfgrD;nMbeMb
qmif@rdlefuef/ qldifh[dkOf/

z.ef;qMU
Ú eMja[M=def;? nlpf;auMU tvj wmif;[Awf;vlify.ifqkdifjeBh qmif@cOfjyM;
rkufhqkrf; qOfjeMjwDjcOfeBh
qmif@vBjxkufb vlify.ifqkdifj Ú ndkwf;[mrfj ZmBbu.ifhomefwif;
nefwifjtwbylefhyFefvlvmB odkOfbcmOfb
awMb okefbvBjulef;eefh Ú v.ufbidlwfjao nrfbeef
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ymifukrfulef;rldif; tvj
ymifukrfokefbvAOfcOf ndufbwif;
v.ifjaeumifqfg qldOf;eBh/

Ú ,dyf;OufhOBhumefrmufjrD; rldefqldifh
v.ufbidlwfjOMj awylwf;umef?
awodrf;=def; qldOf;eBh/
Okef,vh; 'mh,uefulef: sv; 'mh,rmuf;rD: 119

v.uf;xFOf 2
rkufhqkrf; nrfbqfgjZmBbvlify.ifqkdifj (nFef@usD@nlOf@cOf)
(qefhZmBbwlifbwmifb tvj ZmBbul@rldif;rldif;)

efg;rlbqkrf; 4,000 ymBeefh aeOBhwMb =uf;qkrf;

(1) qkrf;v.wfjvFOf;uwf;,Aef (4) qkrf;t[@vfodef@uD@ OmcsfU
ZmBbul@rldif;rdlif; (Helsinki Watch)
(Amnesty International) an;osLdOf; OmcsfU
(Asia Watch)
(2) qkrf;zljvlifhvFefbyuf;yldifcOf ntr@'dcef@ OmcsfU
ZmBbul@rldif;rdlif; (American Watch)
( International Commission of Jurists) nFyf@Z'du OmcsfU
(Africa Watch)
(3) qkrf;omefcwf; v.ifjwAuf;[Awf;cMjqfgU
(Antislavery Society) (5) qkrf;cgBbcMtyvFif ZmBbul@rldif;rldif;
(International Committee of the
Red Cross)

(6) qkrf;okefbvBj qmOf;ulef;anb

(Minority Rights Groups)

vmB;umef
(1) qkrf;v.wfjvFOf;uwf;,Aef ZmBbzkdefcmOfbcOf n.efwFrfjydkwfb
ZmBbul@rldif;rldif; yef wmefbwmefb,Ofh/ ,.efhnrfb
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awMb vmB;[Awf;[mBheefh v.wfjn.ufbrM;,Ofh/
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[Awf;umefwMbulef;wluf;c.ufj ZmBbul@rldif;rldif;
ZmBbymB;rldif;cOf awvBjxkufbulwfb y.Bbzljwwf;odef tvj zljwmif
xwf; q.r;f eifbvmB;umefvrk ;f YwM; eMjcOf wDjrldif;e.ufj nefrD;
eefhzAifbyAif;ao orfhnrfbrD; oqfq h Mbodex f rf;eefh vAyjf [Ae;f
v.ifj,dkOfj,dkwf;eefh/ v.ifjulef;qdlOf;vBjxkufbrmyfbrfg
vlpfjvldifjymB;rdlif;cOfao {jvBj
vrf;wkdef;clefhcgMUao wFrfjvdufj [Awf;q.rf;vmB;umefvkrf;YwM;
xkdifwDj ulef;wluf;c.ufjcOf? vDimrf;/
zljukrf;c.ufjcOf? vlify.ifqkdifjcOf
tvj zdkefcmOfbcOf/ odkyfbxFifj
120 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

(3) qkr;f omefcwf; v.ijf wAu;f [Aw;f cMjqfUg q.rf;? v.ifjwdwf;awMbwif; [mB;okduf;
[Awf;umefwMb v.ifjwAuf;[Awf;cMjqfgU cOf tvj ulef;wluf;c.ufjZmBbymB;rldif;
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c.ifqldOfhqmwfjcdlOf;ulef;,Ofh/ v.ifj eefh,Ofh/ eifb[dkOf awukrf;cifvD
q.ybf o.ujf ulwbf xwf;auMj [Aw;f u.ebf / imrf;eefh ulwfbxwf;wDjc.ufj tvj
ymifoOf;ZmBbukrf;cifeefh,Ofh/
(4) Helsinki Watch, Asia Watch,
American Watch, Africa Watch (6) qkrf;okefbvBj qmOf;ulef;anb
yuf;wMwlp;f awMb okebf vBjule;f =rfjwif;qmOf;ulef;anbcOf nefvBj
nefuOA bf vlpjf ydek whf jD eef, h Of/h xkufbwAuf;wAifeefh tvj qmOf;ulef;
v.ijf yleyhf e
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ao? yef[iF ;f v.ijf ul@rlid ;f rlid ;f omef wlpf;[efeefhvfg? v.ifjwrf;Omif;ydlif
cwf;awMbvliyf i. q f idk jf nefye l yhf e
F f wmBaoruf;refjuefeefhvfgao? ydlif
awMbokebf vBjule;f eef/h ckdufheBh wMbwkduf;,MUyFwfj,Ofh/ q.rf;
=if;[Aef; tvj auM;vAufhqdlOf;eBhauMj
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wlpf;,Arfj v.ifjOMj q.ifb[Awf;q.rf; vfg,Ofh/
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z.ef;vD
Ú nFef@usD@nlOf@cOf [Awf;vBjerfvdlOf wmifb tvj qkrf;,l@nFef@cOfao
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pM;[Fif;nD;ymB;rldif; rldefqldifh rkufhqkrf; cOf olifbql;wDj qkrf;,dyf;ukrf;ydkwfb
vlify.ifqkdifj/ wDjy.ifb wMb[yfh,dkef[Awf;q.rf;yuf;
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Okef,vh; 'mh,uefulef: sv; 'mh,rmuf;rD: 121

z.ef;qMU
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olefqfgq.rf; v.ifjylefhyFefvlvmBawMb rldif;rldif;rD;OBheefhtoj/
okefbvBjulef;eefh,lbaowMUauMj

v.uf;xFOf 3
rkufhqkrf;efg;tuj [email protected] (nmB@usD@nlOf@cOf)
u.if@oD@,l;\lyfh rkufhqkrf; rkufhqkrf;
(Council of Europe - COE) qkdifjrldif;ntr@'duef@cOf nFyf@Z'duz.rfh=rfj
(Organization of (Organization of
American States - OAS) African Unity - OAU)

vmB;umef
omrfqkrf;eBh rD;v.ifjrldefuef v.ifjyFufbyldifj efg;tujomrfqkrf;-
qldifh[dkOf-
COE: yuf;wMawMb okefbvBjulef;
Ú ulef;ekdifjauMU [dkOf qkrf;ekdifjqkrf; yde
k rhf ild ;f tvj ZmBbymB;rdil ;f eef/h
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qfag ujvdwjf wlp;f n.ew f mif;u.ebf / okefbvBjulef;eefh/

Ú rkufhqkrf;wif;oAifjeBh cwf;qfgwMb OAS: yuf;wMawMb ykefjz.ef; tvj

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qmif@rD;,Aebf tij tvj
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122 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

Ú uAOfbvlpfjv.ifjvldifjao wMbaw OAU: yuf;wMawMbokefbvBj

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qifb[Awf;{j=U,fgbidef;=ifuef/ ZmBbuefulef; tvj
ZmBb,Aefbtij qdlOf;eBh
euf;vdlOfao okefbvBj
ulef;ydkefhrdlif; tvj
ZmBbymB;rdlif;eefh/

z.ef;vD
nefrdlefuef nefyldifjuef

Ú efg;ykefjz.ef; c.ifrkufhqkrf;wif; COE: rD;v.uf;ydlifokefbvBjulef;

omrfqkrf;eefh cOfjyM;OBh v.ifjyef ef;g eMjwDj nefuOfbtubokw;f ?
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vBjulef;eefhvfg? v.ifjyluf;olef; okwf;eefhao qkdifjrldif;vkufj
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tvj (wif;rkifjrkifjr.if;r.if;ao) q.rf;acMjwFyf;wwf;ref;,Ofh/
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anM;qMbref;,fgbcdkefjrM;?
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eMja[M=de;f uM;v.ochf Of qifb=rfjwif;eMja[M=de;f wmifbqdOl ;f cOf nef,mrfj
vBj=ifj[mBrM;eefah o n.ubf [MuAy;f w.raf cMjrke;f cmOfbiOf; v.ijf =ifj[mBeef, h Of/h vkuhf
wDjeBjao cOfehB vBjrM;omufjaobvuf;xmef wDjzlj=Uide;f q.r;f cOfao [mifj[Fe;f
vBj zde k v f ud jf zke d vf mB; nefuOA bf wif;v.ijf =ifj[mBeefah otvj xkid w f jD yef[iF ;f nD;
vBj wDjvliyf i. q f idk jf cOf,bl ,Of/h auMUyAetf rj tvj n.ubf emB; c.iuf e l ;f =ifj[mBcOfehB
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{jvliyf i. q f idk jf q.jB o.ujf [Myef ide l jf yDjcdOl ;f e.ichf Of eB,Of/h v.ijf cOfwrk w f r. uf efyidl f
zAejf eBh oifOMj zde k cf mOfbef;g rlid ;f tvj ul@rlid ;f rlid ;f eefh nrfbyde k tf zjyef v.ijf
[ku;f [mBeh thB whauMj wmif;[Aw;f omifjcOf awnrfbn.ibf rmefvjB uM@eifbxkubf yAee f efh
eifbuOfbtoj/
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A ;f omifjqyf;qrfuef
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urfq h jB. wDjzljwmifeMjcOfv?gf wMbydw k bf aev.ijf =ifj[mBeefh wDjef;g zde k cf mOfbvf?g wMb
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ul@rlid ;f rlid ;f cOf nefnrfbqfjg ZmBbvliyf i. q

f idk jf eefv
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vlid jf uM;v.ohf vBjxkubf yleyhf e
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yefpj ySwf,
wDjqefhul@rldif;rldif;eefh
awqmif@[Awf;vldifjrfgxkdif qldifh[dkOf
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nle;f olibf yef wrfjwDjnFe@f us@D nlO@f cOf nef[w A ;f omifj wMbokebf vBjule;f eefh
,Of/h nFe@f us@D nlO@f ul@rlid ;f rlid ;f cOfehB [email protected] o.ujf yefvjB ydil yf e A f tvj v.ijf
vlid jf eifbuM;v.o[hf mBvmBuMg b qdOl ;f eefv h , gf Of/h cOfehB [Aw;f omifjyefvjB v.ijf vrf;
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qkid jf nefye l yhf e F af wMbokebf vBjule;f eefv h , gf Of/h v.ijf vlid jf uM;v.oe hf hB ,lbwDjrkuhf
qkr;f okebf vBjule;f xmefjqkid jf rlid ;f nefeikd jf [Aw;f omifjyeftvj rkuq hf rk ;f ul@rlid ;f
rlid ;f vlio f i. n f ef - rkuq hf rk ;f yfUg yM;uFwbf tc qkid jf rlid ;f ntr@'ducOf (Americas
Watch) tvj rkuq hf rk ;f ul@rlid ;f rlid ;f ZmBbv.wjf vFO;f uwf;,Aef (Amnesty International)
qifbvBj=Uxdik uf Mg b acMjrke;f ,.jB ,Fr;f ref;,Of/h rkuq hf rk ;f qdOl ;f eBj qifbnOfwmifbxkid f
wDjvkr;f YwM;nefr;D ef;g rkuq hf rk ;f qkid jf rlid ;f ntr@'duef@cOf (Organization of
American States- OAS) nefye A f rkuq hf rk ;f ef;g tujumif vliyf i. q f idk jf wlibf wmifbcOf
eef, h Of/h [Aw;f eBao vkr;f YwM;nefvmwfjrM;eBj qmif@[yfw h ik ;f x.rbf v.ijf vlid jf
uM;v.o, hf Of/h
OmB;ao uM;v.ohf [mBvmB,Ofh 8 yD@ vkr;f YwM;nefuOA bf vlpjf okebf vBjule;f
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vuf;xmefcOf,Of/h qArrf Old jf v.ijf vlid jf eBj yBbvBjwmifbxkid w f jD vkr;f YwM;eefh zlj
vuf;xmefurfjz.ijf ayM;vBjxkubf cMjqfw g mByw F jf rM;u.ebf ,Of/h ,dil ;f nmef; c.iyf uf;
ydil Z f mBbokebf vBjule;f ul@rlid ;f rlid ;f eefq h rfh nrfbqfjg wMbyefww l jf wmrfb wDjzljylehf
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vmBeefh tvj wMbvBjide k ;f aowDjvliyf i. q f ikd jf cOf eef, h Of/h wDjvlid jf uM;v.oe hf hB
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vkr;f YwM;xwf;[efOMj vliyf i. q f idk jf eByh e

l yhf e
F af wMb okebf vBjwMbvBj,lbv.wjf vFO;f
ref;eefv h ?gf okebf vBjwMbwdw;f awMbuyf;okyd bf [uf+h rfnr. jf yFi;f eefv h gf tvj okebf
vBjwMbokyd bf cD;qfug Mg beefv h gf eB,Of/h zljwwf;odew f if;oAijf wFy;f wwf;OMj vliyf i. f
qkid jf eBh awvBjaoide k ;f yef wDjeMja[M=de;f uM;v.oe hf efh eB,Of/h

(1) ef;g v.ijf vlid jf uM;v.oe

hf efh nFe@f us@D nlO@f ul@rlid ;f rlid ;f cOf y.io
f mifjugMbqlid [hf Okd /f

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f idl [hf Okd /f

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A ;f omifjugMbeefh z.e;f vD z.e;f qMU rD;qlid [hf Okd /f

(4) v.ijf [Aw;f omifj {jayM;n.ubf rM; z.e;f umefnefejB eBh q.ibf udik bf wif;[Aw;f ,lb
[dOk /f oyf;vFi;f ae wmif;[efr;gf tvj/

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F af wMbokebf vBjule;f nefye
A uf Mg bwDjuM;v.oe hf hB ,.eo hf iftvj
vBjyAe/f eifb[dOk f awnrfbyAerf M;xFijf eefh vliyf i. q f idk jf rfbg rlid ;f uM;v.ochf Of
awqmif@[Aw;f omifjvBjqlid [hf Okd /f

qkdifjrldif;wmifbnefcOf cOfjqdrfq.rf;
i v.ifjuAOfbvlpfjokefbvBjulef;
v.ifjwmif; nefvDvBjxAifuefnefekdifj Oef;rldOfjeBjqrfh uAOfbvlpfjokefbvBjulef;
ao rldOfjnefcwf;qfg=rfbirf;awMb vlify.ifqkdifjcOfwmifbrldif;eefh qkdifjrldif;efg;vkrfj
ZMUeBh xkufbvDcOfjyM;efg;uefw.efjvfg nefOMjeefh,Ofh/ rdlOfj,mrf;cwf;qfgeefh
qkdifjrldif;cOfeBh [Awf;omifjnOf[if;ulpf;qOfjuOfbauMjvBj? =rfjwif;qkdifjrldif;wmifb
nefcOf rldefqldifh qkrf;qmwfjqkdifjvkrfjZMU (,l@nFef@) nrfbeef rkufhqkrf;efg;
wlifbwmifb rdlefqldifh ae@wlOf@ (qkrf;vdufj=rfjrmB nwfhvFef@wdufh+ifb)? qkrf;nlpf;
vDydlOfjwMbuwf;,Aef? qkrf;qkdifjrldif;ntr@'duef@cOf (OAS) nrfbeef qkrf;z.rfh
=rfj c.ifnFyf@Z'duef@ (OAU) qdlOf;eBhauMj [Awf;omifjvBj,lb/ nefqkdifjrldif;cOf
[Awf;omifjvBjeefh yM;qdlOf;wfgjeBj-

u/ yfgUwlpf; v.ifjylefhyFefawMb okefbvBjulef;/

c/ vmB;[mef; tvj ydkwfbn.ufb v.ifjylefhyFefawMb okefbvBjulef;eefh/

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e.ufj/

q/ wrf;ylif acMjndkwf;[mrfjZmBbrmufjrD;/

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olifbwyfhokduf;cOfjwkduf;ao yef[Fif;nD; wMbrlefhtr;vFufjvmBj wmif;,mrfj
c.ifqkdifjrldif;nefylefhyFefawMb okefbvBjulef;eefh/

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okwf;rM; awvBj[Awf;omifjqldifh[dkOfeB q.rf;eifbyuf;yldifao wkdef;rD;OBhokefbvBj
wMbwFyf;wwf;ulpf;acM,lb eB,Ofh/ qldOf;[efxkdifOMj wMba[huifjv.ifjylefhyFefawMb
okefbvBjulef;eBh vlOfbwdlOf;aocOfjqdrfaujomBbugMbu.efb eBeefh w.yfbvmwfjcdkef;qrfh
vlify.ifqdkifj nefylefhyFefawMbokefbvBjulef;eBh ,.efhnrfbqfgjvlify.ifqdkifj nef
cOfjc.yfbYwM; [dkOf cOfjwmif;umef (wlOf,mifbqrfh- nrfbqfgjnefvBjxkufbvldufjwifj
OBhwif; vmB;wmif;[email protected]@ca'@qD@) tvjoif? ,.efhylefhyFefawMb vuf;qAifokefb
vBjulef; neful@rldif;rldif;,.rf;[yfhOBheefhtvjoif nrfbudkifbvBjOufh nMbeMbiOfjqkdifj
okifokwf;eefh eB,Ofh/
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okefbvBjulef;eefh,Ofh/ q.rf;eifbvuf;erf;eBjao qifbw.yfbvmwfjOMj ,l@nFef@
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ekdifjw.yfbcdkef;qrfh ,l@nFef@eBh q.rf;eifbyldifiOfjydkif;ref;rD;OBhao awnrfbcOfjqdrf
q.rf; efg;tujumefwmif;efg;c.ifqkdifjrldif;cOf nefOMjeefh aeOBhefg;vdufj=rfjrmB,l@
nFef@eefh,lb eB,Ofh/ ulpf;eMb rlbydlifnefOMj awnrfbvBjcOfjqdrfq.rf;eBh nrfb
xkufbyAefnefcmwfjc.yfbawMb v.ifj,l@nFef@aw[Awf;vldifjrfgxkdifeefh eBauMj yM;
OBhefg;vdufj=rfjrmB,lb,Ofh/
qkrf;,l@nFef@ tvj rldif;vkufjqkrf;ref;eBh n.efvlif;vmB;rdkOf;ydkwfbn.ufb
acMjz.rfhqfg nef,kufhrkef;yefokefbvBjulef;eefh wif;erf,Ofh/ y.Bb{j[dkifvmByD@rM;
auMj nrfbwmyfjirf;iOf;oifao qkdifjrldif;wif;erf n.ef,.rf;[yfh,krfb,rfOMj okefb
vBjulef;eBh yAefv.ifjwmif;ydlif,fgb nefqkrf;,l@nFef@ tvj rkufhqkrf;wmifbnefcOf
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wDjqkrf;,l@nFef@tvjoif wMba[huifjyefokefbvBjulef;eefh awvBjckdify.if[Awf;

omifjugMbqldifh[dkOf nefOMjeefhtwh awMbOef;rdlOfjeBh yBbykwf;cmwfbqFifjvFif;u.efb/
v.ifjylefhyFefawMbokefbvBjulef;eBh awvBjnOfwif;acMjugmrf;ao aujomBb[MU nrfb
eef awvBjnOfwif;wmif;[Awf;omifjaoaujomBbteb/ oifOMj awvBjnOfwif;
wmif;[Awf;omifjaoaujomBbeBauMj yAefwmif;[Awf;qldifheifb[dkOf/

yefpj uof;
v.ifjcOfjqdrfaujomBb,mifbvfgeBh wluf;xkufb

OBOh Mj nM@au;wD;,f;g eBh yAerf idl ;f rMb[Fi;f ,fbg qArZ f mBbrmufjrD; tvj ZmBboduk ;f ef;g vkrjf
ZMUeBjeBvMj/ ayM;yAee f ifbiOf;vmB;wDjwfjg eBjeB awyefwmif;cBjqfq g idl [hf Okd /f ef;g
v.ijf wmif;ekid jf nefeidk jf nefehB uAObf c.ijf uefOw hB if; okebf vBjule;f ylid v
f /gf oifOMj
qkid jf rlid ;f eBh nrfbxkubf [Aw;f vlid jf rfx
g idk e
f q
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vlid jf rfx
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f efv/gf

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hf Mjvdeaf o qkid jf rlid ;f vkujf ekid jf cOfjwduk ;f qdik jf rlid ;f nefnrld jf

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eef¤ rdlof;bmrf:vfG/
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qrfref;eef?h wyfn h efcOfjwkud ;f eBh wAu;f qfUg ule;f zM;uMb qdOl ;f ,lbq.r;f vFef
vdeef efh cmBuh Mg b,lbwDjrfbg OMjeB/

(2) ayM@[email protected] idl ;f vkujf ekid jf eBh yAew

f MbxAiyf mufjyFwjf v.ijf emif;,di;f cOfce
kd jf
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(3) vliyf i. q
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n.ubf ,mefve F vf e
d cf OfuMg b? cOfnrfbcfjg {j ule;f rlid ;f e.ujf tvj qkid jf rdil ;f wmif;
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(4) vkujf qkr;f yMbwDb nefumefo h rk ;f wDjymifvudl jf wifjcOf ylw;f ymufjyFwjf vliyf i. f
qkid jf nefvjB xkubf vlud jf wifjrM; wif;vmB;[email protected]@f ca'@qD@eef/h zlj,dw k ;f
odr;f nMbeMbcOfvmwfjOMj ayM@[email protected] f il yf i. qf idk jf nefvjB xkubf vlud jf wifj
rM;eBh aw[Aw;f {jrmufjrD;,lw;f ,.r;f ao urf;vke d ;f awnOfue l ;f rlid ;f nkyd ;f ,mufj
zmefue d ;f tvj qifbvBj[Aw;f vlid jf wDjcOfqidl e hf B eB,Of/h

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[email protected]@f ca'@qD@eBh qfUg wdOk ;f ayM@voD@ nefybB. {jule;f qmOf;cdOl ;f vAOf Oufh
nOfwef;[Ai;f vliyf i. q f ikd jf wif;oAijf eef,
h Of/h qmOf;clOd ;f eBh =Ofue
l ;f rD; 85%
c.iq
f idk jf rlid ;f ao nefuw kd ;f ,lb 15% eefo h rfh yAeif e
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h jB. ,fbg ugmifjvliv
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eef?h cOfvmwfjOMj v.ijf xwf;omifqr. ;f eBh [Aw;f {judw l bf yAev f i. jf vkuz hf ekd hf eB
tvj qifbnrfbnOfwmifbvkr;f YwM;ao ,Awjf ofbg c.ujf OBw h if;[dik w f if;emef;
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wyfo h ukd ;f nefcOfjqdraf ujomBbq.r;f eefah uMj vFyjf awrmwfbqAy;f ,lbwif;
erf,Of/h ule;f rlid ;f ZM@'do;gf cOfehB ndyk ;f ,mufjOB, h Of/h ,.eyhf e
A o f ukd ;f ,lbtvj
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p.y;f [Aw;f crf;wmBwmif,Of/h cOfae;OMj rlid ;f nM@au;wD;,f;g eBh urfq h jB. yefcidl jf
vmufjemufj tvj cOfjerfw h mif;udew
f Mb \lO@f eM@ nefye A q
f rk ;f cfjg zmwfb
n.ubf wD@yef@eM@oD;,f;g ao nmef;ylu;f wifjrdil ;f ulp;f acMeefh eB,Of/h

v.ijf qfUg wdOk ;f rMb[Fi;f

v.ijf wmif;nefvjB xAiuf mg rf;uef,bl ,mifbekid jf qrfh nrfbyM;acMjz.rq hf cgf i. ,
f @l nFe@f
ao qkid jf rlid ;f vkujf ekid jf eBh q.ibf rD;okebf vBj wMbcOfjwduk ;f qkid jf rlid ;f wmifbvkujf [dOk f
nefOMjeef, h Of/h ayM;nOfyidl Of Mjtwh ef;g vdujf =rfjrmB,@l nFe@f w.ejf 2(4) eefh
[mrfjwyfOh hB v.ijf [Aw;f omifjqlid e hf ifbeB,bl ,Of/h ef;g eefh aeOBOh Mj rlid ;f vkujf qkr;f wif;
oAijf awvBjidil thf Oj v.ijf qfUg wdOk ;f rMb[Fi;f urf;odOk jf ao wkud ;f avMbwmifbrlid ;f eefh eB
,Of/h aowMUauMj ef;g w.ejf 5(1)eefh orfah eOBh acMjOAechf i. v f ud jf =rfjrmBejB ,Of/h
q.r;f eifbacMjOAee hf jB ao rlid ;f ekid jf vkujf eBh ayM;vBjxkubf [Fe;f oduk ;f wkud ;f ofbg eB wDj
anbokw;f awMbxkid , f mrf;nef qkr;f ,l@nFe@f [Aw;f vlid jf rfx g idk e f efh rD;okebf uFwbf
tccke d ;f wlOuf Ofb[if;ulp;f ,lb? nrfbeef =rfj+rf;uefaouFwbf tcvBj,lb OMjeB,Of/h
v.ijf yAeo f udk ;f odOl e f hB =rfjOMj ule;f urfjz.ijf [efye A f v.ijf yleyhf e F af wMbokebf vBjule;f
nefwuld jf okw;f oefeaB owMU? ule;f urfjyMj,fbg eBo h rfh vFyjf awvBjqfg nefOMj
rlid ;f ekid jf vkujf eBh wMbuFwbf tc vFew f jD ref; tvj ule;f qdik jf rlid ;f ref;eefh awMjyAef
v.ijf [mifj[Fe;f oduk ;f odOl af o [Aw;f vlid jf rfx g idk af uMj ,if;vlObf [Aw;f vBju.ebf eB,Of/h
ef;g yef[M nefvuk w hf jD v.ijf wmif;eBjaoudw l bf yAerf M;eefh qkid jf rlid ;f [Fi;f ,fbg
cOf rde l qf idl hf ,l@nFohf nrfbeef olO;f OD;,Fwyhf mefuOfbcOfehB cOfj=rfjyAef qkr;f
rdOk ;f omrf (third parties) OB, h Of/h u.yjf ,krbf ,rfOMj oduk ;f umifridl ;f c.irf idl ;f ekid jf vkujf eBh
v.ubf idw l jf awMb eMjwDjvkrjf ZMUOBh eBtvj qkr;f rdOk ;f omrfcOf qifbvBjcOfjyM;rM; ef;g
oduk ;f umifridl ;f eef, h Of/h wlO, f mifbqrf-h v.ijf vlid jf nefzOF rf M; wDjvkr;f YwM;c.iuf @l
rlid ;f rlid ;f nefr;D ef;g OAi;f [Au@f eefe h B vliyf i. q f idk jf rlid ;f eD@uM@'M@ugM@ rmyfbae;OMj
qkid jf rlid ;f ,l@nFoe hf hB yleyhf eF af wMb vdujf =rfjrmB,@l nFe@f w.ejf 2(4) eefh eB,Of/h
,l@nFoo hf rfch mefwy. bf OMj q.r;f eifbef;g vdujf =rfjrmB w.ejf 5(1) ao vBj=rfjwif;
rlid ;f tn@oM@aO;wlO;f aotvj a[huifjwlOuf Ofbcde k ;f u.p;f eB,Of/h wif;o.iz f mBb
n.ecf wf;qfag [huifj okebf vBjule;f c.iuf e l ;f qkid jf rlid ;f zgrf ef;eef, h Of/h
rlid ;f ,l@nFoe hf hB nrfbcOfj=rfjyM; ef;g v.ijf [yfw h ik ;f x.rbf wDjvkr;f YwM;eefh
ao aev.ijf omefcwf;ref;rM;,Of/h rdOl jf 1986 eefh ,lbwDjvkr;f YwM; wFrjf wmifb
Okef,vh; 'mh,uefulef: sv; 'mh,rmuf;rD: 137

acMjwFy;f wwf; nefomefcwf;awMb ,l@nFoahf o ymufbvmwfjOMj qkid jf rlid ;f ekid jf

vkujf eBh uM@yBbvBjxkubf [mifjokud ;f wkud ;f ofbg awhawhao ayM;yBb,de k jf ,.e;f wmif;q.jB
wDjqkid jf rlid ;f qkr;f rdOk ;f omrfeefe
h B ,lbwDjqdik jf rlid ;f qkr;f rdOk ;f omrfehB wuf;awnrfbvBj
nOfvmB;=rfjrdOk ;f uefao qfUg wdOk ;f rMb[Fi;f wMbuFwbf tccde k ;f wlOuf Ofb? v.ijf qfUg wdOk ;f rMb
[Fi;f eBh nrfbqfjg vmB;wmif;wlu;f xkubf qdOk jf qfjg wMbyfUg yM;wlp;f xdik f nrfbeef wMbvyfh
v.i;f yef okebf vBjule;f eefth oj/ ef;g tuj OMbwvlif (rde l q
f idl -hf [email protected]@f ca'@
qD@? qOfjwde k ;f vmif;? ol@tos@vdo?hf c.r@f rdO@f edohf cOfqOdl ;f eB)h awvBjvlud jf nOf
nefvgf nrfbqmif@tvj qifbOMj vkr;f YwM;eBh nrfbrD;umifqw gf Mbwrf;ylirf mBrjD rfbg
nefvw l ;f Omif;{jqkid jf rlid ;f nefeidk jf cOfjqdrq f r. ;f v.ijf umefwmifbrlid ;f eefh eB,Of/h

yefpj Odyf:
xkufb[Awf;vldifjrfgxdkif qldifh[dkOf

ndie f Old f acMjwFy;f wwf;vkr;f YwM;wDjedOl e f hB tvj w.ejf vdujf ef;g vdujf =rfjrmB,@l
nFe@f nefaerM;wDjedOl e f ahB o rdOl jf xly;f pM;iOf;vmB;rde
l w
f jgf eBe
h B ayM;xkubf [Aw;f
vlid jf rfx
g ikd q
f ikd f ,lbwDjqkr;f ,l@nFe@f nrfbeef rdil ;f orf@rM;wD;,f;g eefh xkubf
[Aw;f vlid jf rfxg idk qf ild [hf Okd /f

(1) q.r;f eifb yuf;ylid rf idl ;f ae@wM;udO;f cOf,mifbekid jf ao auMUvufn h OfcOl ;f c.if
yde l jf eBh awvBjpM;wmrfbomBzw . jf zwf[h rF [f Mjurf; wfjg eMjwfjg wMarM,Mae@
wM;udO;f auMUekid jf / rdil ;f ae@wM;udO;f tvj orf@rM;wD;,f;g eBh =rfjvli;f vmB;
hf gf w.ejf 1 nef[mrfjoD;awMb v.ijf cMqfe
rdOk ;f OBh edOl af cMjz.rq g ef, h Of/h orf@
rM;wD;,f;g vmwfjqrfh v.ijf cMqfe g hB y.ibf OMj yAevf i. jf wifjqfg [Aw;f {jwkrw hf Odl hf
qAy;f oFybf wDjwlOcf id ;f eefv h ?gf [Aw;f {jw.ejf qfg vBj,de;f zmefomif@[Fi;f eMb
eefv h gf eB,Of/h vD@,lO@f nefr;D 16 clybf eBh ,.ev hf idl jf vufv
h iF vf w
l x hf yd bf
vrf;ekid jf ao vBjxkubf yliw f mrfbOMj awvBjpM;omBzw . jf [Fr[f Mjurf; eB,Of/h

(2) wDjqkid jf rlid ;f ulO@f vM@wD;,f;g eefh [Aw;f ymifvudl jf wifj q.r;f vmB;[email protected]@f c
a'@qD@ao qOfjq.rq f idk jf rfbg eBh n.e=f Ofyi. rf ild ;f OB,
h Of/h wyfo
h udk ;f nefurfx
h rF f
ckez f i. ;f wFe;f wmifbauMUeefe h hB xwf;omifawMb wmif;[Aw;f omifjqOfjq.rf
qkid jf [mOf[h iF ;f vlivf mif,bl ,Of/h wyfo h ukd ;f [efxidk Of Mj v.ijf [Aw;f omifjref;eBh
wlOd o hf mif@ofbg umefrmufjrD;ule;f rlid ;f ao orfuh w ld bf yef v.ijf ydek yhf mufjyFwjf yuf;
138 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

ydil cf e
k rf idl ;f eB,Of/h ulO@f vM@wD;,f;g eBh yAerf idl ;f ef;g uken
f e
. bf nefqyf;OB[h rd ;f
rlid ;f orf@rM;wD;,f;g eef, h Of/h

(3) cFe@f wM@yM@eBh yAeq f idk jf rlid ;f ,fbg vlif nef=Ofue l ;f vlid bf rmufjeef,
h Of/h rdOl jf
ylerhf M;yBbayM;[dik e f efh rmufjrD;cOfce kd ;f wifjwlOv f jB rM;,Of/h vliyf i. q f idk jf eBh
nrfby.bB {jule;f rlid ;f vBjvmwfjqMxmifb[mif@ao wMbawxwf;omifawMb v.ijf
[Aw;f omifjref;auMj nrfby.bB yef[w A ;f toj/ vliyf i. q f ikd jf orf@rM;wD;,f;g eBh y.ihf
ae; v.ijf cFe@f wM@yM@yleyhf e F af wMbokebf vBjule;f eefah o v.ubf idw l jf wMb
ndw k ;f [mrfjyFwjf umefrmufjrD;,lb,Of/h uAObf vlpjf v.ijf vBjxkubf xwf;omifyi. hf
ae;eefah o rD;v.ijf rlethf r;ndw;f nDj,lbaowMU qkid jf rdil ;f cFe@f wM@yM@eBh
wkud ohf ydk bf yleyhf e
F af wMbokebf vBjule;f ,lb vliv f il vf mifvmif,Of/h

(4) eifb[dOk f awqly;f vBjokebf vBjule;f {jayM;wdOl ;f vdOl e

f efh nefr;gf qmif@[Aw;f
omifjvBjomrf,mifbeBh yAenf efv/gf

yefpj Odyf:tAwf:
ydlOfjwMbwif;oAifj [yfhvBjokefbvBjulef;

OBOh Mj rf;g vBj[yf[h myfbumef [email protected]@f rose d @f ZmBbokebf vBjule;f nefuOA bf wif;vkrjf
nefqifbc.wbf z.wjf rfbg eefh eBvMj/ ykejf z.e;f rf;g qrfh awvBjyefwmif;cBjqfw g Mb
a[huifj okebf vBjule;f c.iuf e l ;f rlid ;f wif;vkrjf ZMUeef,h Of/h c.r@f rose
d @f qrfh awvBj
[Aw;f eifbcyfrh mB wDjwfjg eBj-

(1) wFrjf [mif@ymBh (poster) omBwmif; wMb[yfvh jB okebf vBjule;f eefh nefeidk jf tvj/
q.r;f wmif;eefh wFrjf yM;vuf;teherf; nefaeOMj qyf;qrfuefwif; v.ijf
aw[yfv h jB okebf vBjule;f wMbwif;oAijf ,Ofe h efth vj/

(2) urf;eBh wFrjf ofbg v.ijf a[h[mrfj nefaw[Aw;f {j,myfb wMb[yfv

h jB okebf vBjule;f
ydOl jf wMbwif;oAijf eefth vj/

(3) ndie f Odl v

f i. jf nkybf nlO;f uef nefuOA bf vlpjf vuf;erf; tvj v.ijf a[h[mrfj
qdOl ;f wFrjf ofbg OBeh efah o wFrjf aewmif;cBjqfg nefOMj awvBj[Aw;f [dOk yf mufj
Okef,vh; 'mh,uefulef: sv; 'mh,rmuf;rD: 139

yFwjf v.ijf a[h[mrfjao orfah wvBj[Aw;f omifjqlid [hf Okd f {jayM;vBjokebf vBjule;f
ydOl jf wMbwif;oAijf / wmif;cBjqfn
g efve
gf hB yAen
f efvrfbv.ijf xDjokw;f ? ,.ehf
oif/

(4) v.ijf OMj awqmif@vBjokebf vBjule;f ydOl jf wMbwif;oAijf ,lbeefh q.ibf rlbqkr;f ol
,krbf ,rf[Okd /f ayM;OMj nrfb,krbf eB nefup . ;f qmif@yAev
f jB awhawhehB rD;r.ujf
uM@[dOk /f
 w.efjo.BUq.rf;vif 2
vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef;
nefuAOfbwif;vkrfj (acMj[kyfj)

,mrf;vAOf ymifurk v f il uf @l v.ijf v.ijf qifbwuf;yde k n f u. bf vdujf yde

k zf mOfbv.ijf okebf vBjule;f nefuOA bf wif;vkrjf eBjrM; {j
vBjyAenf efue l ;f wif;vlif tvj qkid jf rlid ;f wif;vlif ,.r;f [yfyh e A yf uf;vAOyf ild v
f OA uf efeefvh ?gf xkid uf rf;vdek ;f eB eifb[dOk f
ul@auMUcdi;f ule;f tvj rkuz hf ik w
f il bf Oli;f ule;f ul@,mifb awnOfacMjyde k zf mOfbeBj odr;f yFi;f yfUg yM;refjqfOg ehB efv h ?gf eifb[dOk f
awn.ecf wf;qfug w kd q
hf e kd bf ylio f e. uf ef? yefye kd =hf UuefuMg b wMb,kurhf e k ;f eyfxh Odk af wMbokebf vBjule;f tvj v.ijf v.wjf
vFO;f qlOd ;f yM;ef;g acMjyde k z f mOfbeBjvfg eB,Of/h

w.ejf 1 okebf vBj wMbv.ijf zAibf yAi;f

w.ejf 2 ylev
hf w. jf v.ijf qFubf tzwdw;f awMbuef
w.ejf 3 okebf vBjwMbcD;qde k jf ? v.wjf vFO;f ? rD;v.ijf =rfbvlrjf okebf wlOf
w.ejf 4 ylev
hf w . jf v.ijf wAu;f [Aw;f cMjqfUg
w.ejf 5 ylev
hf w . jf v.ijf cMqf?g v.ijf cMj[Fr[f mOf[h iF ;f
w.ejf 6 okev f jB wMbvBjxkubf ruf;refj eifbule;f auMUekid jf wDjzmBbeMjyuf;ydil f
w.ejf 7 okebf vBj wMbzAibf yAi;f uef wDjzmBbeMjyuf;ydil f
w.ejf 8 okebf vBj wMbvlrq f gf ,.ev hf i. jf cwf;omifj qkr;f wwf;odew f e . bf Zdijf
w.ejf 9 ylev
hf w . jf v.ijf nrfbq.r;f wmif;umefYwM;ao wDp h y. ;f tvj vkyd jf n.ubf rlid ;f
w.ejf 10 okebf vBj wMbvBjxkubf wwf;odez f mBbeMjule;f rlid ;f eefh zAibf zAibf yAi;f yAi;f
w.ejf 11 okebf vBj wMbvBjxkubf [yf[h efye A f ule;f nrfbrD;wmif;zdw;f [mefah wMbyBbaevBjvuf;xmef
w.ejf 12 ylev
hf w . jf v.ijf cOfjqdrq f r. ;f v.ijf okebf wlO?f eMja[M=de;f ? =de;f a,; tvj vdujf ugMbvdujf rM;
w.ejf 13 okebf vBj wMbcOfjn.ubf vBj ef;g e.ujf qkid jf rlid ;f v.wjf v.wjf vFO;f vFO;f
w.ejf 14 okebf vBj wMbo.ejf cOfjwmifbrlid ;f ,.eq hf r. ;f wAu;f wAiuf w
d bf c.ijf
w.ejf 15 okebf vBj wMb[yf[h w A ;f ule;f yde k rhf idl ;f tvj cmBv h mBjvBj v.wjf v.wjf vFO;f vFO;f
142 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

w.ejf 16 okebf vBj wMbulyuhf jl o.erhf id jf tvj twbwifjeMja[MawM=de;f

w.ejf 17 okebf vBjwMb ydil bf irf;clO;f c.if
w.ejf 18 v.wjf vFO;f wMb ,krbf ,rf tvj udOl ;f ydik jf eyfx h Odk f
w.ejf 19 v.wjf vFO;f wMb [yf[h ef tvj ydw k bf ymufbn.ubf cmOfb
w.ejf 20 okebf vBjwMb wkrw f r. uf efuwf;uwf;,Ae, f e A f tvj c.wbf z.wjf rlbqkr;f
w.ejf 21 okebf vBjwMb cOfj=rfjvBjef;g qkr;f vliyf i. q f idk jf tvj ymifvudl jf wifjeefh v.wjf v.wjf vFO;f vFO;f
w.ejf 22 okebf vBjwMbqly;f vBj v.ijf =rfbvlrjf ZmBbuefue l ;f
w.ejf 23 okebf vBjwMb rlejf vle;f ef;g umef tvj wMbu.io hf mefvjB wif;qkr;f =rfjuMUcmBcOf
w.ejf 24 okebf vBjwMb ,.e;f vdOk jf tvj wMbrD;Oef;vdOk jf umef
w.ejf 25 okebf vBjwMb qkrbf uljwArw f ef;ZmBbqefx h mefj,lboOf;
w.ejf 26 okebf vBjwMb [Ae;f o.eyf mB;ypfbpMb
w.ejf 27 okebf vBjwMb cOfj=rfjef;g vlujf cli;f ,Aebf tij c.iw f il bf Oli;f ule;f zfrg ef;
w.ejf 28 okebf vBjwMbqly;f vBj z.e;f ymifjc.icf yfrh mBZmBbuefue l ;f nef,r. ;f [yfOh o hB ek bf vBjule;f
w.ejf 29 ykejf z.e;f wlibf Oli;f ule;f nefnrfbrD;nrfbyAef wMbv.wjf vFO;f tvj cde k jf ,fbg wArx f el jf
w.ejf 30 ylev
hf w. jf v.ijf qkid jf rlid ;f nrfbeef okebf auMUcOfjqdrq f r. ;f ef;g okebf vBjwDjedOl e f jB /
vduf;ydkefzmof,vgif;Okef,vh;ulef: tefuAof,wif:vkrf; 143

vdufjydkefzmOfbv.ifjokefbvBjulef;
nefuAOfbwif;vkrfj (1948)

w.ejf 1 w.ejf 4
ule;f ul@auMUeBh yAen f efuw dl bf rM;vlpjf ukibf uke;f awnrfbvBjwAu;f {jzljvf[g w A ;f cMjqfUg nrfbeef
rkenf efvw . jf vFO;f zAibf yAi;f uef tvj okebf vBjnef wAu;f [Aw;f eifbcMjqfUg / uM@yAevf i. jf wAu;f {j[Aw;f cMjqfUg
v.wjf vFO;f zAibf yAi;f uef/ cOfehB rD;pmefbnefarMxwf; tvj v.ijf uMUcmBcMjqfUg eBh awvBjndw k ;f [mrfjyFwjf {jyM;
omif tvj qfn g ef=Uquf;Zdijf wkOd ;f urfeefth vj xkubf qArf eMjumefnefimB;rde l e
f /B
OBq
h ygf jD n.ubf e.iyhf e
A uf efao wdw;f awMbuef/
w.ejf 5
w.ejf 2 awnrfbvBjcMqfg nrfbeef wdw;f awMb[mOf[h mOf[h iF ;f
ule;f ul@auMUeBh rD;okebf vBj wMbckp[hf efyidl bf irf; [Fi;f xmefjayM;nrfbrled uf e
l ;f ao [Aw;f {jwkrw hf Old o
hf a'b
okebf vBj tvj v.ijf v.wjf vFO;f wif;oAijf nefyw kd bf ae eMjwM nrfbeef awnrfbvBjyefww l jf wmrfbrle d e
f B
OBh ef;g vdujf yde k z f mOfbeBjao awnrfbvBjrD;v.ijf qFubf wDjzljvfzg agf oauMU/
tzvlpjf qmOf;cdOl ;f ? oDzOd ?f clid jf z.ubf ? ugmrf;vmwfj?
qmOf;udOl ;f ydik jf ? ymB;[yf[h efumefridl ;f ndubf wmifbv.ijf ? w.ejf 6
iOfj[mufjnefuOA bf vlpjf qkid jf rlid ;f [dOk f qefx h mefjuef wDjyuf;ylid e
f efh ule;f ul@auMUeBh rD;okebf vBj xkubf
ule;f ? v.ijf rmufjrD;vDye A ?f v.ijf cdOl ;f =de;f tvj qefh ruf;refjeifbule;f auMUekid jf [email protected] /
xmefjwmifbqdOl w hf mifbylid f qlOd ;f eB/h
vlOd e
f efh ndie f Old f ZmBbymB;rlid ;f ? ZmBbwwf;odew f e . bf w.ejf 7
Zdijf nrfbeef ZmBbcOfjn.ubf awMbul@rlid ;f rlid ;f c.iq f idk jf ule;f wif;oAijf eBh wDjyuf;ydil e f efh zAibf yAi;f uefao
rlid ;f [dOk f eMjwDjnefue l ;f auMUekid jf ,lboOf;eefah o nrfbuM; v.ijf nefyuf;ydil uf w F bf tcyefeefah uMj nrfbrD;
awnrfbvBjrD;v.ijf qFubf tzuef/ OBOh Mj eMjwDjeefh v.ijf yFubf ylid jf uefao rD;okebf vBjwMbckp[hf efziA bf yAi;f
yAen f efvw . jf vFO;f oOf;acMauMjvD? yAen f efr;D nMbeMb uef/ ule;f wif;oAijf eBh rD;okebf vBjzAibf zAibf yAi;f yAi;f
wMbnkyyhf idl bf urfjz.ijf u.p;f [dOk f yAee f MjwDjnefqrk ;f wMbckp[hf ef nefuw F bf tcyef v.ijf yleyhf e
F af wMbvdujf
qmwfjqkid jf vkrjf ZMU ukr;f ugmef;wlp;f xdik Of e hB efah uMj,Mb yde
k z
f mOfbeBjao qFubf tzuefv?gf v.ijf ole;f =pf; {j
wMbawndie f Old v f i. jf OMj qfjg nrfbqfjg eMjwDjqlOd ;f eefh qFubf tzuefvgf eef, h bl /
ao qFubf tzuefehB wde k ;f awnrfbvBjrD;/
w.ejf 8
w.ejf 3 oifOMj vBjxkubf yleyhf e F af wMb okebf vBjyde k ihf Ofj
wMbule;f ul@auMU cD;qde
k jf ugMbeefh rD;okebf vBj wMb nefyild if Ofjydik ;f rlid ;f nrfbeef yuf;ylid f vyfv
h i. ;f yefOhB
v.wjf vFO;f tvj wMb=rfbvlrjf / eefq
h idk f ule;f ul@auMUeBh wuf;rD;okebf vBjwMb[yfn h Of
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146 Okef,vh;ulef: yldof;wj,wif:vlif

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