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Architecture

1. The passage discusses the origins and development of architecture from early shelters to modern structures. It explains how as humans developed physical and mental abilities, they learned to build shelters that evolved from caves to tents to more permanent dwellings. 2. Architecture was born as the art of applying beauty, utility, and emotional expression to buildings. Different types of early dwellings depended on factors like lifestyle, climate, and available building materials. 3. The passage defines architecture as the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and structures according to functional and aesthetic criteria to meet the needs of civilized societies.

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13 views

Architecture

1. The passage discusses the origins and development of architecture from early shelters to modern structures. It explains how as humans developed physical and mental abilities, they learned to build shelters that evolved from caves to tents to more permanent dwellings. 2. Architecture was born as the art of applying beauty, utility, and emotional expression to buildings. Different types of early dwellings depended on factors like lifestyle, climate, and available building materials. 3. The passage defines architecture as the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and structures according to functional and aesthetic criteria to meet the needs of civilized societies.

Uploaded by

Vlad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Text 1.

Architecture

I. What does the word architecture mean?

II. Read the following words using transcription from the dictionary and pay attention to
the stress:

Physical, ability, originate, natural, society, architecture, Egyptians, appointment, criteria,


utility, characteristics, climatic, religious, historical, designing, requirement, civilized
population.

III. Form the words with the same roots from the following words:

Architect, build, nature, create, attract, comfort, develop, origin, express, design, use.

IV. Write the principal forms of the following verbs and translate them.

To learn, to build, to originate, to serve, to begin, to name, to depend, to find, to become.

V. Choose the proper English word:


способностьa) ability b) society c) requirement
происходитьa) to build b) to find c) to originate
жилище a)dwelling b)building c) structure
внешний вид a) interior b)exterior c) beauty
прочность a) property b) need c) stability
полезность a) purpose b) ability c)utility
взаимодействовать a) to interconnect b) to depend c) to build

VI. Read and translate text.

Developing physical and mental abilities, man has learned to build. This ability originated
from man's need to find shelter from natural environment. First natural caves and then man-made
tents served this purpose. With the development of society man began to build more solid
dwellings, such as yurts for nomadic herders, homes for the settled population. Later the
functions of buildings changed, their size increased and exterior became more attractive. Thus,
the art of applying beauty, utility and emotional expression was born. It was named architecture.
Types of the dwellings depended on way of life, climate and building materials at hand.
The earliest examples of architectural skills are found in Egypt. The Greeks learned much
from Egypt. The Romans learned much from the Greeks. The characteristic features of the
architecture of each country are influenced by geographical, climatic, religious, social and
historical factors. Architecture is connected with the history of social progress, culture of the life
of the people. That's why we distinguish architectural groups and styles: Egyptian, European and
others.
Based on this the architecture can defined as the art and science of designing and
construction of structures, or their ensembles. Architectural structures must be built in
accordance to functional and aesthetic criteria.
In the modern sense architecture is a kind of design in the field of engineering of spaces,
buildings, complexes of buildings and structures, as well as settlements and settlements systems,
the main purpose of which is to fulfill that the various needs of the people.
The purpose of architecture is to meet the expressive and practical requirements of
civilized people.
According to the Roman architect Vitruvius, architecture is based on three main functional
features of structures: the stability that must be constant for any type of structure, utility that
means ability of building to satisfy needs of its user and beauty that can tell us much information
about the structure. In architecture functional, technical and aesthetic properties of structures are
interconnected.

Vocabulary

ability - способность
to originate - происходить
dwelling - жилище
nomadic herder – кочевой пастух
over the millennia – на протяжении тысячелетий
exterior – внешний вид
to distinguish- различать
in accordance – в соответствии
settlement – поселение, населенный пункт
stability - прочность
utility - полезность
to interconnect - взаимодействовать

VII. Find in text English equivalents of Russian word combinations:

Физические и умственные способности, развитие общества, находить убежище,


строить жилище, оседлое население, искусство применения, более строительный
материал, функциональные черты архитектурные навыки, искусство проектирования,
область проектирования, привлекательный внешний вид, удовлетворять потребности,
назначение здания.

VIII. Write out of the text the synonyms.

IX. Complete the sentences:

1. Developing physical and mental abilities, man has learned …


a) to build
b) to find
c) to begin

2. Types of the dwellings depended on way of life, climate and …


a) financial position
b) building materials at hand
c) emotional state

3. Architectural structures must be built in accordance to…


a) emotional state
b) financial position
c) functional and aesthetic criteria

4. The purpose of architecture is to meet the expressive and practical requirements of...
a) civilized people
b) primitive society
c) any society

5. The Greeks learned much from...


a) Romans
b) Egypt
c) China

X. Say if the following statements are true or false, if the statements are wrong, make the
necessary corrections:

1.The ability to build originated from man's need to find shelter from natural environment.
2. Palaces and castles served as shelters.
3. The earliest examples of architectural skills are found in Greece.
4. Originally buildings had their modern functions, size and exterior.
5. The art of applying beauty, utility and emotional expression was named architecture.
6. The architecture of different countries was the same.
7. Architectural structures must be built in accordance to functional and aesthetic criteria.

XI. Answer the following questions:

1. How did the man learn to build?


2. What was the first shelter?
3. When did man begin to build more solid dwellings?
4. How was architecture born?
5. What did types of the dwellings depend on?
6. What influences the characteristic features of the architecture?
7. What are main functional features of structures in architecture?

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