Lecture 2

ON
MATH-208

(Probability and Statistics)

BY
Kiran Kumar Shrestha

Department of Mathematics

School of Science

Kathmandu University

TO
ME - II Group (Design & Hydro)

Topics Covered

 Mean deviation
 Standard deviation
 Dot plot/ Scatter plot/ Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Date: Tuesday, Feb. 7, 2023

Mean Deviation

For individual series:

∑| ̅|

For discrete and continuous frequency distribution –

∑ | ̅|

Standard Deviation

For Individual series

( ) √ ∑( ̅) √ ∑ ̅ √ ∑ ( ∑ )

Example –

Find s.d. of following data – 30,40,35,22,25,48,45.

Method I –

Here, mean is

̅ ∑ ( )

Now, s.d., is

√ ∑( ̅) √ (( ) ( ) ( ) )

√ √

Method II –
We have

( ) √ ∑ ( ∑ )

√ ( ) ( ( ))

√ ( )

√ √

For Discrete and Continuous F.D.

( ) √ ∑ ( ̅) √ ∑ ̅ √ ∑ ( ∑ )

Problem:

Given data

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

No. of Student 7 12 24 10 7

Solution-

Working Table-

Marks Mid-Value (x) No. of Students (f) fX fX2

0-10 5 7 35
10-20 15 12 180
20-30 25 24 600
30-40 35 10 350
40-50 45 7 245
Total N=60 1480 44300

Now

( ) √ ∑ ( ∑ ) √ ( )
 √ √

Notes:

#.1 The square of standard deviation is called variance of data, i.e.,

( )

#.2 The relative measure of s.d. is called coefficient of standard deviation and is given by

#.3 If coefficient of s.d. is multiplied by 100 to express as percentage, then it is called coefficient of
variation (C.V.), so

#.4 Coefficient of variation is used to compare variations of two or more sets of data values.

Problem/ Example

#.(A) For individual data values-

Discussed in the previous problem.

#.(B) For discrete frequency distribution-

Following is the frequency distribution of the weekly wages of 900 workers in construction project.

Wage Frequency
10000 51
20000 128
30000 248
40000 356
50000 95
60000 22
Calculate following values of weekly wage: (a) mean (b) median (c) quartiles (d) mode (e) range (f)
coefficient of range (g) quartile deviation (h) coefficient of quartile deviation (i) standard deviation (j)
variance (k) coefficient of variation.

Solution-

#(a)

( )

#(b)

Working table for median

Cum.
Wage Frequency Freq.

10000 51 51
20000 128 179
30000 248 427
40000 356 783
50000 95 878
60000 22 900

( ) ( )

#.(c)

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
 ( ) √ ∑ ( ̅)

Working table (for calculation of s.d.)-

Wage Frequency
(x) (f) fx x-mean (x-mean)2 f(x-mean)2
10000 51 510000 -24244.4 587792871 29977436417
20000 128 2560000 -14244.4 202904071 25971721077
30000 248 7440000 -4244.44 18015271 4467787187
40000 356 14240000 5755.56 33126471 11793023645
50000 95 4750000 15755.56 248237671 23582578737
60000 22 1320000 25755.56 663348871 14593675160
900 30820000 110386222222.24

Here,

( ) √

#.(C) Long Answer Problem

Following data represent the lives of two models of refrigerators A and B

Life No. of Freeze of Model A No. of Freeze of Model B

0-2 5 2
2-4 16 7
4-6 13 17
6-8 7 19
8-10 5 9
10-12 4 1
Which model has greater (less) uniformity (consistency, variation, dispersion)?

Solution-

Working table-

Life Mid-value (x) fA fB fA.x fB.x fAx2 fBx2

0-2 1 5 2 5 2 5 2
2-4 3 16 7 48 21 144 63
4-6 5 13 17 65 85 325 425
6-8 7 7 19 49 133 343 931
8-10 9 5 9 45 81 405 729
10-12 11 4 1 44 11 484 121
Total 50 55 256 333 1706 2271

Calculation of mean

̅ ∑

̅ ∑

Calculation of s.d.

We have

√ ∑ ̅ √

√ ∑ ̅ √

Calculation of C.V.

( )
̅

( )
̅

Conclusion-

More uniform – Model B

More dispersed/ varied/ scattered – Model A

More consistent – Model B

Graphical Representation of Data

Different Graphs to Discuss –

 Dot plot
 Scatter plot
 Stem-and-leaf plot
 Histogram
 Frequency polygon
 Frequency curve
 Ogives
 Box plot

Demonstration Example – 25 observations on diameter, length and pull strength of

wire are given below-

Dot Plot

Example – Dot plot of Wire Diameter –

Note – It can be used to create frequency distribution easily.

Scatter Plot

Example –

The scatter plot of breaking-strength vs. diameter of wire is shown below-

It can be used to determine the pattern of change in values.

Stem-and-leaf Plot
Demonstration Example- Bursting strength of 50 pieces of glass are given below-

#.(A) Construct stem-and-leaf plot of above data.

The complete stem-and-leaf plot is shown below-
Note:

#.1 Technique of drawing stem-and-leaf plot is as follows- determine the minimum and
maximum values and draw a stem containing all digits in the given number except the
last digit starting from minimum to the maximum value, then append the last digit to the
right side called leaf.

#.2 The stem-and-leaf plot can be used to arrange values in order.

Q.(B) Using the stem-and-leaf plot create another ordered stem-and-leaf plot and
enumerate the data in order.

Ordered stem-and-leaf plot is shown below-

Data in ascending order is 187, 197, 205, ................. 346

#.3 It can be used to determine median, quartiles, etc.

Q.C Using ordered stem-and-leaf plot determine median, first quartile, 3rd quartile,
quartile deviation.

Here, n = 50

Now,

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
 ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Coefficient of quartile deviation-