Introduction to Work Measurement
Engr. Glenda Marie B. Napa
Objective:
To be able to define time study and its importance
To identify the different methods used in Time Study
To differentiate observe time, normal time and
standard time
To be able to perform the different methods
What is Work Measurement?
Application of technique designed to establish the time
required for a qualified worker to perform a task at a
defined level of performance
What is Work Measurement?
Investigating, reducing and eliminating ineffective time
Measuring time to perform a task
Setting standard time
Benefits of Work Measurement
Engr. Glenda Marie B. Napa
Without Work Measurement
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Adding undesirable features to product
Bad operation of the process
Existence of Idle Time
Additional Manpower
Without Work Measurement
Overtime
Backlog Fatigue
Poor
Rework
Quality
With Work Measurement
No
Overtime
On time
Relaxed
delivery
On time Good
production Quality
Purpose and Techniques of Work Measurement
Engr. Glenda Marie B. Napa
Purpose of Work Measurement
• Reveal the nature and reason of ineffective time
• Provide action to eliminate the unnecessary action
• Set standard operating time
Techniques for Work Measurement
• Time Study
• Work Sampling
• Synthesis from standard data
• Pre-determined motion time system
• Estimating
• Analytical estimating
• Comparative estimating
TIME STUDY
Engr. Glenda Marie B. Napa
What is Time Study?
Art of observing and recording the time required to
do detail element of an operation
Includes Manual, Mental
and Machining time
Manual – handling of tools
Time Study Mental – time for thinking
over some operations
Operators
Machining time – time
taken by machines
Supervisor
Analyst
Tools for Time Study
Video Time Study form
Stopwatch
Camcorder
Time Study Software
Time Study Boards
TIME STUDY
Engr. Glenda Marie B. Napa
Uses of Time Study
Product costing
[The longer the time of operation, the higher the
cost of the product]
Delivery
[To ensure that customer’s demand will be
delivered on time]
Uses of Time Study
Capacity Analysis
[To determine the maximum plan or quota for the
day]
Equipment Purchase
[If machine time is too long, possible
additional machine will help if plan cannot
be reduced]
Uses of Time Study
Efficiency Improvement
[To provide process improvement to increase the
productivity]
Labor Requirements
[If process cannot be improved and plan cannot
be achieved, additional manpower may be
conducted]
Uses of Time Study
Wage Payment determination
[The higher the process time, the higher the wage]
Time Recording method – machine that has paper tape which
rotates on two rollers at uniform speed.
Motion Picture Camera – uses
camera that is driven at constant
speed of several ranges. Time taken
Methods for by each film can be calculated.
Time Study - Most accurate method but used for
high precision work
Stop Watch Method – Recording of time that uses a stop watch
- Stop watch must be accurate and graduated in decimals (can
record up to 0.01 minute)
STOPWATCH METHOD
Engr. Glenda Marie B. Napa
1. Selection of task to be timed
Job to be studied is selected based on:
Bottleneck
with Repetitive jobs
Jobs with longer cycle time
checking of correctness of existing time
2. Standardize the Method of Working
Time study will not be accurate if process to be studied is not
standardized
3. Select the operator for study
Select the consistent worker whose performance should be average or
close to average so that observed times are close to normal times
4. Record the details
Details to be recorded:
Name of operator
Years in service
Job performed
Process of the task
General information about the activity
Tools being used in the process
5. Break the task into element
- Each operation is divided into a number of elements.
- This is done for easy observation and accurate measurement
- Manual and Machine time must be separated
- Constant and variable elements must be identified
6. Determine number of cycles to be measured
- Accuracy will also depend on the number of cycles to be taken
7. Measure the time of each element
- Time will be taken using a stopwatch
- The time measured from the stop watch is known as observed time
8. Determine standard rating
Rating is the measure of efficiency of a worker
- by comparing operator’s speed of work with the standard
performance
- it is decided by the work study man with supervisor’s consultation
9. Calculate the Normal time
Normal time needs to be calculated since observed time cannot be
considered as reference
Normal Time = Observed time * (Performance Rating)
10. Determine the allowance
- A worker cannot work all the day.
- Extra time (Allowance) will be added for:
Operator’s time for going to toilet or drinking
Tool breakage
Unavoidable delays
11. Determine the standard time
Standard time is the combination of Normal time and allowances
Standard Time = Normal Time + Allowances
Sample of Time Study
Time Study Observation Sheet
Identification of operation Sandwich Assembly Date 5/17
Operator Approval Observer
Smith Jones Russell
Cycles Summary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t t RF Nt
Grasp and lay t .04 .05 .05 .04 .06 .05 .06 .06 .07 .05 .53 .053 1.05 .056
1
out bread slices R .04 .38 .72 1.05 1.40 1.76 2.13 2.50 2.89 3.29
Spread mayonnaise t .07 .06 .07 .08 .07 .07 .08 .10 .09 .08 .77 .077 1.00 .077
2
on both slices R .11 .44 .79 1.13 1.47 1.83 2.21 2.60 2.98 3.37
t .12 .11 .14 .12 .13 .13 .13 .12 .14 .14 1.28 1.28 1.10 .141
3 Place ham, cheese,
and lettuce on bread R .23 .55 .93 1.25 1.60 1.96 2.34 2.72 3.12 3.51
Place top on sandwich, t .10 .12 .08 .09 .11 .11 .10 .10 .12 .10 1.03 1.03 1.10 .113
4
Slice, and stack R .33 .67 1.01 1.34 1.71 2.07 2.44 2.82 3.24 3.61
Allowances
Allowances
Time adjustments to compensate losses so that fair
time standard is established for the task
Types of Allowances
a. Constant Allowance
b. Variable Fatigue Allowance
c. Special Allowance
Allowances
Allowances
a. Constant Allowance
I. Personal Allowance
i. For personal needs such as washing, going to lavatory or getting drink
ii. 5% for male and 7% female
II. Basic Fatigue Allowance
i. To recover from physiological and psychological effect
ii. 4 % allowance
Allowances
B. Variable Fatigue Allowance
1. Standing
- usually 2% is given when working in standing position
- 2.5 to 10% is allowed depending upon the strain involved or
bending
2. Use of Mascular Force
– for muscular energy consumed
- 10% to 2 kg and 20% for loading weight up to 50kg
Allowances
B. Variable Fatigue Allowance
2. Use of Mascular Force
Allowances
Variable Fatigue Allowances…:
3. Atmospheric Condition
– 10% to 20% will be given depending on the air ventilation,
temperature or amount of dust available
4. Noise Level
Allowances
Variable Fatigue Allowances…:
4. Noise Level
Allowances
Variable Fatigue Allowances…:
5. Illumination Level
Allowances
Variable Fatigue Allowances…:
6. Visual Strain
– Caused by giving very close attention to the work piece or
the instrument being used
- 4% allowance on good light and 8% for poor light condition
Allowances
Fatigue Allowances…:
7. Mental Strain
– Due to prolonged concentration to repeated used of metal
faculties or to do mental arithmetic
Fairly complex process – 1%
Complex process – 4%
Very Complex process – 8%
Allowances
Fatigue Allowances…:
8. Monotony
- the result of repeated use of certain mental
faculties, as in mental arithmetic
Low monotony – 0%
Medium – 1%
High – 4%
Allowances
Fatigue Allowances…:
9. Tediousness
- means task repetition
- 2% for tedious task and 5% for very tedious task
How can we reduce FATIGUE?
Allowances
C. Special Allowances
Unavoidable delays
Avoidable delays
Extra allowances
Policy allowaces
Allowances
Unavoidable delays
Interruptions from other personnel
Material Irregularities
Difficuty in maintaining tolerances
Multiple machines were made
Allowances
Avoidable delays
Visit of operator to other station
Uncalled-for work stoppages
Other idle time over fatigue allowance
Allowances
Extra Allowances
Usage of substandard materials
Machine testing
Attention time ot observe the process
Cleaning or changing or lubricant
Allowances
Policy Allowance
- Allowances decided as a policy of management
- This includes:
Start up
Cleaning
Shut down
Set – up
Change over
Tools or machine changing
Allowances
Enjoy
Time Study!
Performance Rating
Performance Rating
- Process in which the actual performance of operator under
observation is compared to the concept of normal performance
Normal performance standard time that are set must be within the capacity of the
majority of the workers
High time standard – boredom Low time standard - worker’s difficulty
Methods of Rating
1. Speed Rating
2. Westinghouse System of Rating
3. Synthetic Rating
4. Objective Rating
5. Physiological Evaluation of Performance Rating
Methods of Rating
1. Speed Rating
- Operator’s performance is evaluated by
considering his rate of accomplishment of the
work
Methods of Rating
2. Westinghouse System of Rating
Four Factors to be considered:
a) Skill
b) Effort
c) Conditions
d) Consistency
Westinghouse System
Skill – proficiency of an individual in performing a
task
Westinghouse System
Example, 1.50 mins is the observed time:
• Good Skill – 0.06
• Excellent Efforts – 0.08
• Average condition – 0.00
• Good consistency – 0.01
• Total – 0.15
Normal time – 1.50 * 1.15 = 1.72 mins
Methods of Rating
3. Synthetic Rating
- Rating is based on Predetermined Motion Time
System (PMTS)
- Actual time obtained is compared with the
known standards
Synthetic Rating
Where R is the Performance Rating
P – Predetermined standard for an element
A – Average of actual time obtained in the time
study
Synthetic Rating
Example:
A work cycle has been divided into 8 elements and time study has been conducted.
The average observed time are given on the table:
Note: M for Manually
P for Power Controlled
Total observed time = 2.32 min.
Synthetic Rating
If we will select elements 2, 5 and 8 and using the available PMT below:
a. Find the rating factor for elements 2, 5 and 8.
b. What is the mean of the rating factors?
c. What is the Normal Cycle Time?
Synthetic Rating
Solution:
a. Rating factor for element 2 = 0.145 / 0.16 = 90.62 %
Rating factor for element 5 = 0.255 / 0.26 = 98.08 %
Rating factor for element 8 = 0.145 / 0.15 = 96.66 %
b. The mean of rating factor = 95.12% or 95%
c. Normal Cycle time
= 0.95(0.14+0.16+.052+0.26+0.45+0.34+0.15)+1(0.30)
=2.22 minutes
Methods of Rating
4. Objective Rating
Speed of movement and job difficulties are rated
separately and will be combined into a single value
R=PxD
Where P is Pace rating factor
D is for Job difficulty adjustment factor
Methods of Rating
4. Physiological Evaluation of Performance
- The relationship between the physical work and
amount of oxygen consumed by the operator
- When the work ends, recovery begins and the
heart rate and oxygen consumption return to
normal resting level
