HARDWARE

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
 COMPUTER
• An Electronic Device that performs arithmetic and
logical operations.

• Machine that performs tasks , such as calculations,

under the control of a set of instructions called a
program.
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
• 1st Generation (1946 - 55) - Vaccum Tubes

• 2nd Generation (1956 - 65) - Transistors

• 3rd Generation (1966 - 75) - IC’S (Integrated Circuits)

• 4th Generation (1976 - 80) - Microprocessor

• 5th Generation (1980…..) - Advanced Microprocessors

 TYPES OF COMPUTERS

• Micro Computers (Desktop)

• Mini Computers

• Mainframe Computers

• Super Computers
 MICRO-COMPUTERS
• These computers are the
cheapest and the most widely
used computers (also known
as personal computers).

• Eg:- Laptops, PDA’s (personal

digital assistant) etc.
MINICOMPUTER
A mini-computer is larger than
a PC but generally smaller than
a mainframe. A common
operating system is UNIX
though manufacturers may
have their own proprietary
operating systems as well. Ex.
Mini-computers are well suited
for use in commercial,
business, engineering and
scientific applications
MAINFRAME
A mainframe may be shared
by large number of users,
often numbering in the
hundreds. Processing,
storage and printing are
shared services provided in
the mainframe
Ex. Banks, insurance
companies and large
national or international
companies use mainframe
computers.
SUPERCOMPUTER

They are very large computers

with very large computing
power and huge RAM. One
supercomputer contains 5800
processors and more than a
trillion bytes of RAM.
Ex. Supercomputers are mainly
used in the science and
engineering projects.
 What is ???
• Hardware
• Software
1. Application s/w
2. System s/w

• Firmware
 COMPUTER

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

• Processor • System software

• Motherboard e.g:-Operating system
• RAM
• Hard Disk
Device drivers etc.
• SMPS • Application software
• Monitor E.g:-Ms-office
• Keyboard CorelDraw etc.
• Mouse
• Printers etc.
• HARDWARE : Hardware describes all the physical
components of computer i.e. Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor,
Hard disk etc.

• SOFTWARE : Software is the set of instructions or the

collection of programs. There are 2 types of softwares.
1. System Software – Windows, Linux etc.
2. Application Software – Ms-Office, Winamp etc.

• FIRMWARE : Firmware are the programs that are

permanently written and stored in computer memory.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE
COMPUTER

Keyboard, Mouse Monitor, Printer

 MEMORY MEASUREMENTS

• 8 bits = 1Byte = 1 character

• 1024 Bytes = 1KB (kilo byte)
• 1024 KB = 1MB (mega byte)
• 1024 MB = 1 GB (giga byte)
• 1024 GB = 1 TB (tera byte)
 MEMORY

Primary memory secondary memory

MAGNETIC TAPE OPTICAL DISK HARD DISK

FLOPPY DISK
RAM ROM

It can be defined as the place where the data is stored

 RAM (Random Access Memory)

• RAM is call Random Access because one can access

any memory cell which is the basic unit of data storage.
• It’s a volatile memory
• Ram is used for temporary storage of data.
 Types of RAM
• SRAM
• DRAM (dynamic)
• EDO RAM (extended data output)
• VRAM (video)
• RDRAM (rambus dynamic)
• SDRAM (synchronous dynamic)

• DDRRAM (double data rate)

EDO RAM (Extended Data Out)
Pins- 32-72, 2MB-8MB

SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM)

Pins- 168, 16MB-256MB

DDR (Double Data Rate)

Pins-184, 128MB-2GB
 Types of ROM

• PROM (Programmable ROM)

• EPROM (Erasable PROM)
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable)
 STORAGE DEVICES
• Hard Disk

• Floppy Disk

• CD-ROM
HARD DISK
 HARD DISK

• It is a secondary storage device.

• It Stores the data permanently which the CPU has been
processed
• It has the large storage capacity
• It is non-volatile
• It is used to store songs, movies, and large Data files
1. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) Connectors

Power Connector
for Hard disk
IDE
connectors

40 Pin IDE

40 Pin Ultra IDE

2. SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

SATA Ports
(7pin 7 wires)

Power Connector For SATA

from Molex

SATA Cables
3. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface

SCSI Hard Disk

(68 pins)

68 pin (P) connector on

M/B.

P Cable
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
 FLOPPY DISK

• It is the secondary storage device

• It has a limited storage capacity
• It is used to store Documents and Spreadsheets files
 Floppy Drive Connector

Mini Molex
Power Connector
for Floppy Drive

Floppy Drive Cable

CD-ROM DRIVE
 CD-ROM DRIVE

• The optical disc drive is now an Universal device on

computers.
• One CD or DVD is equivalent to hundreds of floppy disks.
• It is used to store Data, Songs, Videos etc
 CPU

• The CPU (central processing unit, may be called the

Microprocessor) is essentially, the brain of the computer. It
contains circuits that

(1) perform arithmetic and logic Calculations

(ALU, Arithmetic Logic Unit)

(2) control the devices attached to the processor

(Control Unit)

(3) has very high-speed memory (cache memory).

 PROCESSORS
Socket Pinless
Processor

Slot
Processor
Processor

ProcessorS
lot
Generations of Processor
Generation Processors Bits Speed

8080 8 2 MHz

1st Gen
8085 8 3-5 MHz

8086 16 4.5 – 10 MHz

2nd Gen 80286 32 10 – 20 MHz

3rd Gen 80386 32 20 – 40 MHz

4th Gen 80486 32 40 – 133

MHz
5th Generations of Processor
Processor Bits Speed

Pentium 32 60 – 233 MHz

Pentium Pro 32 150 – 200 MHz

Pentium II, 32 233 – 450 MHz

Celeron , Xeon

Pentium III, 32 450 MHz – GHz

Celeron , Xeon

Pentium IV, a , 32 1.3 GHz – 3.8

Xeon GHz

Itanium 64 800 MHz – 3.0

GHz
 Manufacturers of Processors
• Intel
• AMD
• Cyrix
• Motorola
• MAC
 Sockets
ONLY FOR INTEL PROCESSOR
• PGA 370 PIII
• PGA 478 PIV
• LGA 775 for Pin less PIV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo and
Quad core Processors
ONLY FOR AMD
• PGA 756
• PGA 939
• PGA 940 (AM2) for X2 Processor (Dual Core)
 MOTHERBOARD
• It is circuit board also known as the system Board.

• All components are attached on the Board.

• The board contains : - Central Processing Unit (CPU),

underlying circuitry, expansion slots, random access memory
(RAM) slots, and a variety of other chips.
 Name of Motherboard Manufacturer
• Intel
• Asus
• Gigabyte
• HIS
• Mercury
 Model Number of Motherboard
• 810 and 815 for P III
• 845 and 865 for PIV
• 915, 945 and 975 for PIV, Dual Core and
Core2Duo.
 Chipset
• Chipset is a set of chips
• Chipset made of two types of Chip which
perform their different functions.
1) North Bridge
2) South Bridge
 RAM

CPU Socket

Memory Bus
IDE
FSB (Front Side Bus)

North
Bridge
IDE Bus
AGP Bus
AGP Slot
South
Bridge
PCI
Slots
FDC Bus
PCI Bus FDC
 Name of Chipset
• Intel Chipset
• NVIDIA Chipset
• ATI Chipset
• VIA Chipset
 TYPES OF PORTS
DIN5: ( Deutsche Industry Norm )

5 Pin Normal Keyboard Connector

PS/2: (Personal System)

6 pin Ps2 connectors

• Green – Mouse
• Purple -- Keyboard

VGA: (Video Graphic Array)

15 Pin VGA Connector

• Monitor
Game and Sound ports

15 Pin connector
• Joystick

Line IN Line Out MIC

External
Micro
Audio Speakers
phones
Sources
Parallel Port (LPT Port)

25 Pin connector
• Printers , Scanners

Serial Port (COM Port)

9 Pin connector
• Serial Mouse , External Modem
USB : (Universal Serial Bus)

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Pen Drive
• Printers
Many Mores ……

.
TYPES OF SLOTS

ISA : ( Industry Standard Architecture )

Width (bits) Speed (MHz)

8 / 16 8

PCI : ( Peripheral Component Interconnect )

Width (bits) Speed (MHz)

32 33 / 66
PCI - Express :

Width (bits) Speed (MHz)

32 2500

AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

Width (bits) Speed (MHz)

32 533
THANK YOU
DAY-2
SMPS : (Switch Mode Power Supply)

Electronic devices require electricity to operate. Most internal

components are DC (direct-current) but the line voltage is AC
(alternating current.) One of the roles of the power supply is,
therefore, to convert AC to DC voltage.
TYPES OF SMPS

AT Two 6-pin connectors 12 pin connector in M\B

ATX 20 pin connector

BTX 24 pin connector +

4 pin connector
AT (Advanced Technology)
ATX ( Advanced Technology Extended )

BTX ( Balanced Technology

Extended)
 BOOT PROCESS
POWER ON BOOTABLE DEVICE

SMPS OS LOADING
INTO RAM

MOTHERBOARD

SYSTEM
INITIALIZATION
BIOS

CMOS
 POWER GOOD SIGNAL
• Power supply ensure that the system does not
run unless the power supplied is not sufficient
to operate the system properly.

• The Power Supply is nothing but +5V active

high signal that is supplied to the
motherboard when output voltage gets stable.
 BIOS
• BIOS (Basic Input/output system) is a set of
instruction or programm that acts as a interface
between the hardware and the operating system.

• ROM BIOS is a chip that contains the startup

programms and drivers used to start the system.
 POST
• POST (Power On Self Test) is the programm
stored in the ROM BIOS that runs about
system initialization and performs harware
detection task.

• When POST detects an error from keyboard,

mouse, memory or other devices it produces
an error message.
 CMOS
• CMOS - Complimentary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor.
• The BIOS needs various parameter (hardware
configuration) information to perform its task,
these are permanently saved in CMOS RAM.
• The CMOS power is supplied by a little battery,
so its contents will not be lost after the PC is
turned off.
 MBR
• MBR (Master Boot Record) is located at cylinder 0, head
0, sector 1 of a hard disk.

Boot Sector Partition Table Magic Number

446 bytes 64 bytes 2 bytes

MBR = 512 bytes

 PC ASSEMBLING
• Gather all required devices.
• Open the case and remove power supply and
drive chassis.
• Setup your motherboard
Install the CPU
Install main MEMORY (RAM)
• Install the power supply.
• Connect keyboard, mouse and monitor.
• Conduct system check (self test)
• Install hard disk, floppy drive and cd-rom
drive.
• Install all data cables.
• Connect front panel and speaker.
• Connect all power connectors.
• Configure the BIOS.
• Install the Operating system.
 DISPLAY TEST
Required devices :
• Motherboard
• Processor
• RAM
• SMPS
• Keyboard
• Monitor
 ASSEMBLING A PC
CABINET FDD/CDROM

MOTHERBOARD SMPS

PROCESSOR DATA CABLES

RAM POWER CABLES

HARD DISK POWER ON

THANK YOU
DAY-3
• PARTITIONING

• FORMATTING

• OS INSTALLATION

• TROUBLESHOOTING
 PARTITIONING

• Partitioning the hard disk is the act of dividing

it into logical volumes.

• Partitioning can be done in order to use the

space in a disk, to install multiple operating
systems or file systems on a single disk.
 TYPES OF PARTITIONS
Primary partition: Operating system can be installed in this
type of partition. Each primary partition will be assigned one
drive letter.

Extended partition: It is a space where logical partitions

can be created. No drive letters are assigned to this type
of partition.
Logical partition: Data can be stored in this type of
partition. Each logical partition will be assigned one drive
letter.
Scenario For Partition Creation

Primary Partition

Logical Partition

Extended
Partition

Logical Partition
 FORMATTING
• Low - Level Format : It turns the platter form a
blank state to a divided slate. It defines the data
areas, creates tracks, separates into sectors, and
the ID numbers to each sector.
• High – Level Format : It copies hidden system
files to the volume. It writes the boot sector,
creates the FAT, writes the root directory.
 FILE SYSTEM

FAT16 FAT32 NTFS

Cluster size
for a
64 sectors 8 Sectors 4 Sectors
partition
size of 2 GB

Partition
16MB – 4GB 512MB – 2TB 512MB – 16EB
size limit
Windows NT,
Windows 98, Windows
Windows XP,
Operating Windows 95, XP, Windows 2000,
Windows 2000,
systems Windows 98 Windows 2003, etc
Windows 2003,
etc
Steps for installation of XP OS

Start the PC, insert the CD and enter into the BIOS setup by pressing F2 or
DEL (depending on the BIOS)
Make the Order as CD ROM as First Device
Save the changes and Exit .
 TROUBLESHOOTING
• Define the problem
• Break the cycle into 3 phase
1. System stsrtup phase
2. The Operating system phase
3. System shutdown
• Press f8 just after the post complete
• Use safe mode to load OS with minimal
drivers
 SYSTEM WON`T START
• Make sure that power cable is connected properly.
• Check that monitor is on and getting power.
• If there is no display go for display test
• In case of getting display check for booting
priority.
• Check drives connectivity for data cable and
power supply.
 BEEP CODES
• Contineous beeps – system board failure
• Long contineous beeps – Memory fault
• COMPACT BEEPS
 1s - no error
 1-1s - cmos error
 1 – 2s- Vedio adaptor error
1-1-2 - CPU register test fail
Network

Interconnection of computers and devices is

known as network.

Network is used for sharing resources among the

computers. The resources can be both hardware as well as
software.

Networking

Configuration of a network is known as networking. ex:

assigning name/address to a computer for its identification in
a network.
Types Of Networks

LAN (Local area network)

Any network located in a small area (in a building or a campus)

is known as Local area network.

MAN (Metropolitan area network)

Two or more networks connected within a city, is

known as Metropolitan area network.

WAN (Wide area network)

Two or more networks connected between cities, states or

countries, is known as Wide area network.
Requirements of a Network

1. NIC

2. Media

3. Protocols

4. Topology

5. IP Address
Also known as LAN card, network adapter, etc.

It will have physical address known as MAC (Media

access control) address.
The address is of 48-bit binary or 12-digit Hexa-decimal.

No two LAN cards in the world will have the same MAC address.

No. of systems
Speed (mbps)
per network
ARCnet 2.5 255
UTP-72
Token net 4/16/100
STP-260
Ethernet 10 1024

Fast Ethernet 100 1024

Gigabit Ethernet 1000 1024

Unguided Media :-

No specific path exists between the devices for

data transmission.

Ex: Wireless comm.., satellite comm.

Guided Media :-

Specific path exists between the devices for data

transmission.

Ex: Cables
Unshielded Twisted Pair

UTP

Wire jacket

 Max. cable length w/o having signal loss  50m

Shielded Twisted Pair

STP

Wire jacket

Metal shield

 Max cable length w/o having signal loss  100m

Categories of twisted pair cables

Speed (mbps) No. of pairs

CAT1 2 1 or 2

CAT2 4 4

CAT3 10 4

CAT4 20 4

CAT5 100 4

CAT5e 500 4

CAT6 1000 4
  Core - Thin glass center of the fiber where the light travels.
 Cladding - Outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light
back into the core
 Buffer coating - Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and
moisture
Advantages
1.SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up 2.5 Gbps
2.BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity
3. DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further (10 to 12 Km) without
needing to be regenerated or strengthened
4. RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios,
motors or other nearby cables
5. MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain
 1. Simplex: Communication takes place only in one
direction… either sending or receiving but not both.
2. Half-duplex: Communication takes place in both the
directions but not at the same time.
3. Full-duplex: Communication takes place in both the
directions at the same time.

Transmission Types

1. Unicast: One to one communication

2. Multicast: One to group communication
3. Broadcast: One to all communication
BUS

Terminator
Co-axial cable

T-Connector

 A single co-axial cable is used as a backbone for the

network.
 Systems are connected to the cable using T-
connectors.
 Messages are sent in both directions of the cable.
 Terminators are used to absorb/nullify unwanted
signals in the network.
 HUB / SWITCH

 A networking device (Hub or Switch) is used for

connecting the systems.
 Hub broadcasts the message it receives to all of the
systems.
 Switch unicasts the message to the destination
system.
Mesh

 Devices are connected directly to each other.

 Protocols

The set of rules and regulations for communication in

a Network. Computers on a Network cannot
communicate with other computers unless they are
using the same protocol.

TCP/IP : Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

Net BEUI : Net BIOS Extended User Interface

IPX / SPX : Internetwork Packet Exchange / Sequenced

Apple Talk : Default Protocol in APPLE Machines.

• OSI was developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)
and introduced in 1984.

• It is a layered architecture (consists of

seven layers).

• Each layer defines a set of functions

which takes part in data communication.
Layer - 7 Application
User support
Layer - 6 Presentation Layers
or
Layer - 5 Session Software Layers

Layer - 4 Transport Core layer of

the OSI
Layer - 3 Network
Network support
Layer - 2 Data Link Layers
or
Layer - 1 Physical
Hardware Layers
 Application Layer is responsible for
Application
Application
providing an interface for the users
to interact with application services
Presentation or Networking Services .
Ex: Web browser, Telnet etc.
Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
Service Port No.

HTTP 80

FTP 20/21

SMTP 25

TELNET 23

TFTP 69
 Application Data

80 21 25 53 67 69

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
 Presentation Layer It is responsible for
Application
Application defining a standard format to the data.
It deals with data presentation.
Presentation
Presentation
The major functions described at this
layer are..
Session
Session
Encoding – Decoding
Transport
Transport Ex: ASCII, EBCDIC (Text)
JPEG,GIF,TIFF (Graphics)
Network
Network MIDI,WAV (Voice)
MPEG,DAT,AVI (Video)
Data Link
Encryption – Decryption
Compression – Decompression
Physical
Physical
Application Data

Presentation Data

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
 Session Layer
Application
Application
It is responsible for establishing,
maintaining and terminating the
Presentation
Presentation
sessions.
Session
Session
Session ID is used to identify a session
Transport
Transport or interaction.

Network
Network Examples :
RPC  Remote Procedural Call
Data Link SQL  Structured Query Language
ASP  AppleTalk Session protocol
Physical
Physical
Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
 Transport Layer
Application
It provides data delivery mechanism
Presentation between the applications in the
network.
Session The major functions described at the
Transport Layer are..
Transport
Transport
• Identifying Service
Network • Segmentation

Data Link • Sequencing & Reassembling

• Error Correction
Physical
• Flow Control
• Identification of Services is done using
Port Numbers.
• Port is a logical communication Channel

Total No. Ports 0 – 65535

Server Ports 1 - 1023
Client Ports 1024 – 65535
• The protocols which takes care of Data
Transportation at Transport layer
are…TCP,UDP

TCP UDP

• Transmission Control Protocol • User Datagram

• Connection Oriented Protocol

• Supports Ack’s • Connection Less

• Reliable communication • No support for Ack’s

• Slower data Transportation • Unreliable communication

• Protocol No is 6 • Faster data Transportation

Eg: HTTP, FTP, SMTP • Protocol No is 17

Eg: DNS, DHCP, TFTP

 Hello! Hello! How are you ?
How are
you ? Hello!
How Are You ?

A B
 you
Hello! Hello! How How
You Hello! are ?
you
Are?
Hello!
How are
you ? How ?
Hello! How Are
You Hello! How You ? are
? Are

A B
 Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello!
How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B
 • Window Size = 1
Send 1 Receive 1
Ack 2
Send 2 Receive 2
Ack 3
• Window Size = 3
Send 3 Receive 3
Send 4 Receive 4
Send 5 Receive 5
Ack 6
Send 7

A B
 Segment Missing
Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello!
How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B
Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

Transport THSegment
Data

Network

Data Link

Physical
Application Network Layer
It provides Logical addressing & Path
Presentation determination (Routing) in this layer.

Session The protocols that work in this layer are:

Routed Protocols:
Transport IP, IPX, AppleTalk.. Etc
Routed protocols used to carry user data between
Network
Network hosts.

Routing Protocols:
Data Link
RIP, OSPF.. Etc
Routing protocols performs Path determination
Physical (Routing).
 Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data
Devices that work at Networ k
Layer
are Router, Multilayer switc h Transport Segment
etc..

Network NH Packet
Segment

Data Link

Physical
 Datalink Layer
Application It has 2 sub layers
• MAC (Media Access Control) It provides reliable transit
Presentation of data across a physical link.

It also provides ERROR DETECTION using CRC (Cyclic

Session Redundancy Check) and ordered delivery of Frames.
Ex: Ethernet, Token ring…etc
Transport
• LLC (Logical Link Control)
Network It provides communication with Network layer.

Data
Data Link
Link Negotiates with Network Layer using SAP & SNAP
protocols
Physical
 Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

Transport Segment
Devices that work at Data
link layer are Switch, Bridge
etc.. Network Packet

Data Link DH Frame DT

Packet

Physical
 Physical Layer
Application It defines the electrical, Mechanical &
functional specifications for communication between the
Network devices.
Presentation
The functions described at this layer are..
Session Encoding/decoding:
It is the process of converting the binary data
into signals based on the type of the media.
Transport
• Copper media : Electrical signals of different voltages

Network • Fiber media : Light pulses of different wavelengths

• Wireless media: Radio frequency waves
Data Link
Mode of transmision of signals:
Signal Communication happens in three different modes
Physical
Physical Simplex, Half-duplex, Full-duplex
Protocols works at physical layer: 10BaseT, 100BaseT,
V.35, RS-232..etc
 Frame
Frame

Hello!
How are
you ?
1010101010101010
Frame

A 1010101101010101010101010
0101011010101010101010101
0101011010101010101010101 B
 Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

Transport Segment

Network Packet
Devices that work at
physical layer are .. Data Link Frame
Hub, Repeater.. Etc

Physical Bits
 A B

Application Data Data Application

Presentation Data Data Presentation

Session Data Data Session

Transport TH Data TransportTH

Segment TH
Seg ment
Data

Network NHPacket
Segment NHPaSegment
cket NetworkNH

Data Link DH Frame DT

Packet
Packet DT Fra
Pame DH
cket
Pac ket Data Link
DH
DT

Physical Bits Bits Physical

DAY - 5
IP (Internet Protocol) Addressing

 Two versions of IP are available. IPv4 and IPv6.

 IPv4 uses 32-bit binary for addressing.
 The bits are divided into 4 segments, each of 8
bits.
 Each of these 8-bits is converted into decimal
digits. The first digit is known as MSD (Most
Significant Digit).
Based on MSD , the IP addresses are classified into various
classes

MSD = 8 bits , the range is from 00000000 - 11111111

Priority Bit Range

00000000 -
Class A 0 0 – 127
01111111
10000000 –
Class B 10 128 – 191
10111111
11000000 –
Class C 110 192 – 223
11011111
11100000 -
Class D 1110 224 – 239
11101111
11110000 -
Class E 1111 240 - 255
11111111
Each address will have network id and host id in it.

Network id is to identify the network in which the system is located.

Host id is to identify the system in the network.

Subnet Mask is used to Differentiating the Classes

Network &
Subnet Mask
Host IDs
Class A N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 Large networks
Medium
Class B N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0
networks
Class C N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 Small networks
Multicast
Class D - -
communication
Class E - - R&D
Crimping

Straight Cable Cross Cable

One-end Other-end One-end Other-end

Orange Orange Orange Green

white white white white
Orange Orange Orange Green
Green Green Green Orange
white white white white
Blue Blue Blue Blue

Blue white Blue white Blue white Blue white

Green Green Green Orange

Brown Brown Brown Brown
white white white white
Brown Brown Brown Brown
Used for connecting Used for connecting
dissimilar devices similar devices
 Cross Cable (Cat 5 UTP)

IP Address : 192.168.10.5 IP Address : 192.168.10.6

Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0 Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0
BIOS ( Basic input/output system ) : - Set of device drivers for
hardware components like hard disk , k/b , Monitor , CD , etc,.

POST( Power on Self Test ) : - It checks the H/W components at

startup.

Bios Setup : - It contains configuration of motherboard and devices

used in computers .
[ including system date / time, User passwords ]
CMOS (ROM)
ROM (Read Only Memory) :
 Non-volatile memory.

 Contains PC’s startup instructions.

 It is a chip present on the Motherboard.

The following are the set of programs contained in ROM.

POST (Power On Self Test): - The POST tests computer’s

processor, memory, chipset,
video adapter, disk drives and
other hardware.

BIOS (Basic input/output system): - This refers to the collection of

device drivers used to act
as a basic interface between the
operating system and the
hardware when the system is
booted and running.