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NG Mathematics Project 12

This document appears to be a student's mathematics project on probability that was submitted to Bharat Jyoti Vidyalaya. It includes a title page, declarations signed by the student and teacher, a table of contents, and several sections discussing important probability terms, theorems, and applications. The project was completed by Nihal Gupta under the guidance of their teacher Sushil Kant Mishra to fulfill requirements for the CBSE Board Examination.

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Nihal Gupta
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129 views28 pages

NG Mathematics Project 12

This document appears to be a student's mathematics project on probability that was submitted to Bharat Jyoti Vidyalaya. It includes a title page, declarations signed by the student and teacher, a table of contents, and several sections discussing important probability terms, theorems, and applications. The project was completed by Nihal Gupta under the guidance of their teacher Sushil Kant Mishra to fulfill requirements for the CBSE Board Examination.

Uploaded by

Nihal Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF

MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS
PROJECT
PROBABILITY
BHARAT JYOTI VIDYALAYA
CBSE Affiliation No:1031224

MATHS PROJECT
A Minor project
Submitted to Bharat Jyoti Vidyalaya.
Under the guidance of Sushil Kant Mishra.
In the partial fulfillment of the required
C.B.S.E. BOARD EXAM

Submitted by: Under the Guidance of


NIHAL GUPTA SUSHIL KANT MISHRA
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
BHARAT JYOTI VIDYALAYA

SUBJECT TEACHER H.O.D PRINCIPAL


SUSHIL KANT SUDHA Sr.SILIMON
MISHRA KUMARI AUGUSTINE
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work
described in this project report titled
Probability is individually carried out
by me and submitted to the
Department of Mathematics, Bharat
Jyoti Vidyalaya,Anuppur(MP) on
22/08/2022 in the Academic year
2022-23.This work is conceived and
completed at the Department of
Mathematics.Under the guidance of
Sushil Kant Mishra.All the
information written in this project
are best of my knowledge.

NIHAL GUPTA
CLASS-XII(A)

Subject Teacher-Sushil Kant Mishra


CERTIFICATE
I herby certify that the work
which is being presented in this
project entitled PROBABILITY in
fulfilment of requirement for
CBSE Board Examination of
class XIIth submitted in the
Department of Mathematics
BHARAT JYOTI VIDYALAYA. It is
a record of my own work
carried out under the
supervision of Sushil Kant
Mishra and refers other
research work which are duly
listed. The matter has not been
submitted for the award or any
other degree.

TEACHER STUDENT
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my


special thanks of gratitude
to my maths teacher who
gave me the golden
opportunity to do this
wonderful project on
PROBABILITY. Secondly I
would also like to thank
my friends and parents for
cooperating with me.

THANK YOU !
CONTENT
S.N TOPIC
O
1. IMPORTANT TERMS
ADDITION THEOREM
2.
CONDITIONAL
3. PROBABILITY
MULTIPLICATION
4. THEOREM
TOTAL PROBABILITY
5. THEOREM
BAYES THEPREM
6.
BINOMIAL PROBABILITY
7.
MEAN,VARIANCE AND
8. STANDARD DEVIATION
MEAN,VARIANCE AND
9. STANDARD DEVIATION OF
BPD
USEFUL APPLICATION
10.
IMPORTANT TERMS

Experiment which satisfies the


following conditions:-
1. It should have more than one outcome.
2. Outcomes are non predictable.
It is the set of all possible outcomes of an
random experiment.

It is the subset of sample space.


P(A) = Number of favorable outcomes
Total Number of Outcomes

0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1

TYPES OF EVENTS

Examples:
1. Getting 7 on a throw of single dice
(Impossible).
2. Getting a number less than 7 on a throw
of single dice (Sure).
n(E) = 1 n(E) > 1
RE: Tossing 2 coins RE: Tossing 2 coins
A : getting both heads B : getting at least
one head

Odds in favour of an Number of favorable cases


event = Number of unfavorable cases

Odds against in an Number of unfavorable cases


event =
Number of favorable cases
● Events are equally likely if they have same
probability of occurrence.
Example:
1. ‘Getting odd outcome’ and ‘getting even
outcome’ in single throw of a fair dice.
2. ‘Getting head’ and ‘getting tail’ on the
toss of fair coin.

● Two events A and B are said to be mutually


exclusive or disjoint if their simultaneous occurrence
are impossible.
● If A and B are mutually exclusive then A ∩ B = ɸ.
Example:
RE: throwing a dice A: getting odd number.
B: getting even number.
● Events whose union are equal to sample space.
● If A, B and C are exhaustive then A U B U C = S.
Example: RE: Throwing a dice.
A: getting even number.
B: getting prime number.
C: getting number less than 4.

3x4= 12

4x4=16

3x4=16
1. If P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P(B) then events A and B are
Independent.
2. If P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = P(A). P(B). P(C) then A, B and C are
independent Events.

If A and B be independent events, then (A and B’),


(A’ and B) and (A’ and B’) also are independent events.
ADDITION THEOREM ON
PROBABILITY

If A and B are two events associated with an


experiment then
1. P(A U B) is probability of occurrence of at least
one event.
2. P(A ∩ B) is probability of occurrence of both A and
B.
3. P(A) is probability of occurrence of A.
4. P(B) is probability of occurrence of B.
1. P(at least one event will occur)
= P(AUB)
= P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
2. P(exactly one event will occur) = P(A) +
P(B) - 2 P(A∩B) 2

3. P(only A occurs) = P(A) - P(A ∩B)

I. If A and B are mutually exclusive events


then P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) {∵P(A ⋂ B) = 0}.
II. If A and B are exhaustive events then P(A ∪
B) = 1
4. P(A ∪ B ∪ C)= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A ∩ B) -
P(B ∩ C) - P(A ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B
∩ C)

I. If A, B and C are mutually exclusive events


then P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C).
II. If A and B are exhaustive events then P(A ∪
B ∪ C) = 1
5. P(exactly two events A, B, C occur) = P(A ∩ B)
+ P(B ∩ C) + P(C ∩ A) - 3 P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
6. P(exactly one of the events A, B, C occur)
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - 2P(A ∩ B) - 2P(B ∩ C) -
2P(A ∩ C) + 3P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
CONDITIONAL
PROBABILITY

And is defined as P(A/B)=P(A ∩ B)


P(B)
Where P(B)=0

If A and B be two independent


events, then P(A/B) = P(A).

If A and B be two independent


events, then P(A ∩ B) = P(A).P(B)
Let an experiment has n-independent trials,
and each of the trial has two possible
outcomes.
I. Success
II. Failure
p → Probability of getting success
q → Probability of getting failure
such that p + q = 1
Then, P(Exactly r successes) = P(X = r) = nCr
pr qn-r
Binomial
Probability
Distribution

Mean = np
Variance = npq
p → Probability of success
q → Probability of failure
n → number of trials
Geometrical
Probability
Mean is a measure of location or central tendency in
the sense that it roughly locates a middle or average
value of the random variable.
Let X be a random variable whose possible values x1 ,
x2 , x3 , ..., xn occur with probabilities p1 , p2 , p3 ,...,
pn, respectively. The mean of X, denoted by µ, is the
number 1 n i i i x p = i.e. the mean of X is the
weighted average of the possible values of X, each
value being weighted by its probability with which it
occurs. The mean of a random variable X is also called
the expectation of X, denoted by E(X). Thus, E (X) = µ
= x pi i i n = ∑ 1 = x1 p1 + x2 p2 + ... + xn pn . In other
words, the mean or expectation of a random variable
X is the sum of the products of all possible values of X
by their respective probabilities.

The variance is a measure of variability It is calculated


by taking the average of squared deviations from the
mean.
Variance tells you the degree of spread in your data
set. The more spread the data, the larger the variance
is in relation to the mean.
•Variance is expressed in much larger units (e.g.,
meters squares)
Formula Explanation

= variance
= sum
x = each value
= mean
N = Total values

Standard deviation of a probability distribution measures the scattering


of the probability distribution with respect to its mean. It is a measure
obtained by taking the square root of the variance.
The standard deviation of a probability distribution is the square root of
its variance.

Formula to calculate standard deviation:


MEAN

VARIANCE

STANDARD
DEVIATION
USEFUL
APPLICATIONS:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. N.C.E.R.T MATHS BOOK
2.www.google.com
3.www.wikipedia.com
4.R.D.SHARMA
5.www.byjus.com
6.Subject Teacher
TEACHER’S
REMARKS

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