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138 views88 pagesElectrical Machines 1
Machines 1 notes.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Quamum,
) AScries
AC evemnerning_)
QUANT Series
in Question-Answer form.
+ Short Questions (2 Marks)
Tone Ro sna ne
ee ee Oe ee a
Scanned with CamScanner ‘Apram Singh
Quentum Page Pvt. Lea,
Pot No 59727, Site 4 Indust
PUBLISHED BY
ahisbod, Ghaziabad 20% 010 8
one :0120-8160479
al: age
a omen: 1850, Est Rtas Noga, Shahar, Delhi gg9
Au Recets Rseeveo
No pot of is pletion may be mpc or tomo,
"yy fom or by an aon, without permis
‘rosa conten this work is rived rtm sources
tere bevel Every fort hasbeen made © ene
ety, however either Be publisher nor the authors
porate accuracy or completeness of any information
abs Herel and nother he publisher no the authors
{albe aponsle fo any res omisions, or damages
sng ot of ws ofthis ormaton.
Blectrical Machines -1 (EN : Sem-)
1 Baition : 2009.10
2 Baten + 2010.11
3 Baition : 2011-12
on 2012.49
1 2018.14
201815
2015.16
6 Patio : 2016.17
9 Bain : 2017-18
10° Raion : 2018-19
11° Editon : 2019-20 (Thoroughly Revised Edition)
Price: Rs, 100/ only
Pieler eg
Pi ‘SOLVED PAPERS 2014-15 TO 2018-19)
tek eta
vuNmn2: D.C. MACHINES (2-1B102-24B)
aoc eacding (Concentrated and Distributed), Winding
Aematore winding (Crean, Commnotlion, interpol nd
Factor, Arma windingy Performance characteristics of PC
feats, Applications
‘unrr3 D.C. MACHINES (1Bt0s34)
Soe at vce of DC maton Stating of DC metas
CT contol of DE motes, Feld
tage contol (ard Leonacd
frachines(Hopkinson's
srelesions troduction to Brushes
Bad Swpomes
Noto Prand DC Servo motor and thelr
Be Motor, stepper mot
pplication.
LUNTT«A: SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
igi rave Tenformer Eificency and voltage real
Sinle Py. Excitation phenomenon and harmonics in
day fen) rg of Transformers: OC. and SC. test Polaty
Sartore Petes, Traoformer Single phase an thes
‘et Sem earstormers, Vott-amp relation, Copper YIN 18
‘ect demerit snd applcaons
(154315)
a
‘iteansonmer Etciency,
UNITS ; THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS (1B 105-268)
Section, Three phase tanaformer, phasor groups and thls
cota dita connection, thee phase to 2 phase and
Stead, Thee winding tansfoners Pall operation
toe Pe pane snd hee phase tansormer and lod sharing
‘SHORT QUESTIONS ($Q-1 8105-158)
(SP1BtoSP25B)
Scanned with CamScanner Principles of
Electromechanical
CONTENTS
Paret + Proequbes
Magne Materia
se DH charcteriien
120 to a0 |
ret) tetredtion, Reve fmenn snes AB to 10D
Diagpete Sten, Beary
fa Magnet Ste,
ore an Trg
ee to,
ray Balance Fain,
eure Ceaverion via
isto Fuld
Perth + ory na indy an
Eridrengs
Deering se
Pocras tps fon
Ene and Cooney
Part + Gonraisn of EMP a.
Mic Frei
naa End
ihe Ooy tie tich
ee
11 BOENSemt)
. aie
|
| ee
‘ode
Energy Conservation
LamUnssem) Principles of EM Bneray Conservation
eee
Questions Answers
Tong Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
eee
Write short notes on the following :
arsagnetic
| Paramagnette
3: Perromaimetic
‘Antiferromagnetio
Ferrimognet
‘Diamanet
ely it bocemes weakly magnetized t
Uhrecton of exernl magoetie eld THs proprty of material sknown
sa damopnetism
. Paramaget
Tn paramageeti matrils the magnete dipoles are already present
‘Theos mntrialsare permanently magnetized but ipeles are randy
ow at magnets.
‘When theve materials are plein external agnetic eld the ples
Uren themselvn in the direction f external magnetic Beld. Tis
‘property is krowe a pararognetism.
Ferromaynetie: When aferrnsagnetic materials placed in external
Iugvete eld it strongly toes the magnets lies of fore and the
omaing oon themaclves in retion of tho il a inerease the
fax produced by the estersa Feld. This property is Known as
ferromagnet.
‘Antierromagnet
Tn antiferromagnet materia the atomie magnetic dele Kine wp
snipaalel tench other and cance out exactly.
hese have no external magnetic fl effects Ths property
sp nliperlial teach other, but donot ence et, because
fi dpale moteat, The renutant aagnctic
‘moment may be quite large. This property called ferrimaguetis,
PE Pia iL
a
Ti cs
bolt
a |
|
Scanned with CamScanner
i LT
PP Hirth eprertirettrties i Hf
a
toll fl it
L-SBUENSem,
) ameEnsem-t) Pesecigleno EM Rnergy Conservation
pt eurve fora ferromagnetic materia
Gare rw te a <
Strate cers filo theca (ant)
| paveuction, Revie of Magna Syte, Energy a Magne
da Roce and Torquetn Magnet Field Sreten, Eos
1 lites Btn Ener Coen a Berea lh
‘Guentions-Anwwers
Tong Answer Type and Medium Anewer Type Questiont
FETE renner hn nn ere
ani eve?
on
Eclain the various phenomenon happening inclectromechanical
Evite version in ratang electrical machines.
|. Phacaartsudingp fom the bighas the alu of magnetizing fect
istered sm sre ==
ent printf Le temagneticdmsinn 3. Ecwmenalenee cman areal Pe
Sintemherndeetontt yee enemy evs a
ta Mourners (eandlinalsiyinomet ayer devin,
aon ane ccortieice, ttn maniacs ui ee ero ef
1 Reeumeemeapategumsuages tigate | tretienr
Scmigeamrdpate tee amt 4 Teter eanenyinarennhnel covering trie
+ Mweuryauettcetesrnenesrabetemmieretsiie _—_isboewshtrcomeacee num ators oth 13
ward drt tam eh orale Manned Hedi Bec =
4 Riteasr em fash ra ter em) a
eteendngyaeaneloeae
ee PE
sence of an external magnetic fil an —
tie defied as the magnetic ux doa opin a
Ganctret Groep Nepean i
Sayers Rte denanting fre whch mene eee! Teale cout arile !
eno teaser ina seroma be settee, Teeael Pod
erase ac mae Se
Hop Tia a hgti
eee
3 Peete
Scanned with CamScanner Net electrical Gross mechanical Net mechanical
input available output available output
Jei'dt [Fvdt,/Todt [ F'vdt,/ Tedt
oe
Gross electrical
input
J Vidt :
Fig. 1.3.2. Energy flow in electromechanical energy
conversion device as a motor.
6. Energy balance equation for motor can be written as:
(Electrical energy input) = (Energy to electrical losses) + (Energy to
field storage in the electrical system) + (Mechanical energy output)
Que 1.4. | What is energy ? Give its importance.
Answer
A. Energy:
1. It is defined as the ability to perform work or cause change. The form of
energy used in electrical machine is electricity.
2 Importance of energy : Energy (electricity) is the main in|
electrical machine which are the energy converting links betw'
electrical and mechanical networks.
Que 15._ | Define energy and co-energy.|AKTU 2014-15) Marks 0
Answer
A. Energy: Refer Q. 1.4, Page 1-5B, Unit-1
B. Co-energy ; , ,
put to the
een
1 Itisanon-physical theoretical
analysis ofeneaif nah: measured in energy units, usedin
inphysical systems.
2 Th
which eanbe dec? can be applied to many conservative paee
storedenergy. d by a linear relationship between the inP™
3. The co-en, ‘ :
4 Srey analysis techniques cannot be applied to non-lineat system
Whe Wen
where
Ws Co-energy
Scanned with CamScanner 1p,
pei tant EX Sem4)
er tbe eation between energy and co-eoery,
~pemeiinatteamiamta
divisiyeud bie
Eq (Lenome sills
aya) = av) AV.) ae
sn Byndatttingequntien 1.53) 2 (1.8.8) into(L6.9) we chain
aye vel Fee otiaay
a Tee cenerg Wb function of independent variables fants
"Discanbereetented by parti derivatives
m2
ayin= Fite ae any
12. aact.6anand(L6niMavetobe equal stall valuesofd and de Ti
ve RE asin
i ~A1si9
5
1. (L610 geen sechanel force rc fom the current ad
Uacemet x The eoenery canbe elated with andr
Miles founne
tat eye pnd nk
Seen cent at
Rar tetas
Wye fea
wast _asw
‘18. From oq (1.6.6) and (1.6.14), : li
ons 60.0.6, tear tates eer
6612: ]] ete energy and cocnergy: What isthe gniteanc
Show thatthe ei energy ln ainear magaetic este
beet
ee
a
1 Ep Sed ener alan, age SB, Ul.
aD
Prininles of EM Bneney Conservation
nein ‘
P28}
32 Bhacuceetmenterh
weist
ctrl machine,
asp
le
Visciveens-jVeinU,ei1) 089
Peet
Scanned with CamScanner Substituting the values of, and Jin eg. (1.8.2) stay
we get
Sy= Weos8=jVsin)( Vind, ; Fy ~Veoss
ano( Bt, Svea)
)
.
'y tiQy,
Fie ere a wei
enter
Py= sins +—| 1) si
x, Fl bao) ea
‘Total real power in watts : ay
i189
8 The elects ee
romagaetic torque oF torque developed for a Spt
‘chroma machine is gen ye Seveloped fr 2 She
3R, 3 (VE
tae “Fi ain 5+ XX sin 26) 8
0 mal a 2x,x, om
"Tho resulting torque has two
kL components, The first term in eq (188
Presents the torque, du to field excitation. Tas,
Se ts as)
ia tw Ben X,
second term in eq (1.8.8 is known as reluctance tore
0B ENSem-4) Principles of EM Bnorgy Conservation
Ts Questions Answers
Tong Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
‘Explain maguetic field energy stored in singly excited
Reena,
maguetic sys
oR
Describe in detail account on energy stored in magnetic system.
=
L-Aconsderable energy ie stored in the magnetic eld, Tis eld acts as
‘the nergy conversion medium andita energy is thereservirbatween
‘hecleceic and mechanical systems.
2 Consider the electromagnetic relay shown in Fig. 1.9.1 Initially the
CiEdtunete inthe open poition, When switch Sia closed, current fis
stablished Inthe Nears eal
3 Theffuxset up depends on uf, Mand the reluctance ofthe magnetic
ath,
40° The ingnetic ld thus produced creates noth snd south ples as
ePig: 19.1 and ota result of i there establishes a magnetic
force tending to shorten the air ga.
5, Ifthe armature is not allowed to move, the mechanical work done,
Wy zero. Therefore
a,
+ dW,
js
Scanned with CamScanner LAUBENSem4)
pve be maebe part ofeny ys pte
ibe energy inputs storedin the magnetic fg.
Wa BW ae
aM Pa
ate adore sored Min
& Teesowsth
aed thee
fof
sant m0
: dept
Bap fut
vin ve Magoti eld intensity in amperetarn pir
= Forse.
Applicaton of singly excited ayptem
ft Derdinelodromagnes
{tg rn iostrments ia measurement of AC and DC.
© Arrltance moter
“THT ied an expression fr the force per unit area between
‘he plates of pralel plate condenser in terms of the electric field
teat Use both the nergy and coenergy methods. Find the vale
‘ibe farce per unit area when B = 3 x 10° Vim, the breakdown
sacha
i
Pen
‘L. Fig. 110.1 shows a parallel plate or vr with a fixed and a movable
eerie inane
LAR BENSem-)
3. The ectrice
dso thet
‘The total field enerayis|
Pringles of BM Bnergy Conservation
4. Inacondeaser and are linearly related as
2c
5 The cpacitance Cis afunctonafs (isthe postion of movable
can be expressed as
where
A= Pte area
ey Permit offre space.
erey input tothe condenser gts stored in the electri
aw, = a 103)
We
(Galo = Copaitance ofthe device
w 1102)
ate) and
Tony he egy tno wenspedes wrong
sodsit,
005)
0.103)
1100)
Scanned with CamScanner le
LAI TAINO)
real Meine
o
4
Civen 8
rowinds FA.
16 pte Ricca tO" «85 10”
Hn Key Btn G xchat?
Manin?
TReTAT] Derive wn expression for dyna
sleotromechunleal aystomns TARTU OTA, Marka 7]
‘Annwor .
1. The leetrnechaaie-cneng-eonverion doves opernto with slctled
‘atemon one nda neehaniea ayers on the othor we,
2 Simple mls of ingly oxcited olctr-mechanical ayatomn are shown
nF, 1.10) a
leal equations of
4. Roentgen
Sane She
steed
west)
x rvidla a, fan
i %
tt! neh
i stn
fae
(«) Mot of singly ect trate
«led tentlatlonlelaero mechanical
‘yale involv reset iene
Moat io s Ne
ogy aod tational
Spa eld taal lctromuchankeal
cam WY oman on
ma THETA The mayo
9 16°F which isa typical naturation level value for ferromagnetic
tmaerial. Find the force density on the iron face.
Tho mehanical force due to fad is
‘ples of BM nergy Conservation
Won iy. 11. Ma) the magnetic fore fs opposed by
ro equation
raetta tare fay dumping Fores and restraining pring force fe
‘Mhrotore th free balanes equation is
Loo tutly then MSE «Dur Kade
as, ye
o EE Dey wa.)
hoe att
whore, ‘Mf Mana in egw
1D = Coelficiont of retin Nimise.
= Linear apring constant in Nin
de
tiene oii metres
‘Torque equation :In Fig. 1 11.10) the magnetic torque 7, is opposed
fy inertia torque 7, damping torque Tp and restraining spring torque
‘Ty Merefore the orquesbalnnee equation in
Taye Ty +N JM. Do, + fo, dt
2, pe
12 1% 4 DM, uta
“J Moment of inertia in kt
= Damping constant ia N-m per radisee,
[K- Rotary spring constant in Nom per radian
‘Dynamic equation /The dynamicequaton fora rotatingeletrie moto,
From (1.11.2)
ras the
‘whore load torque opposing the magnetic torque 7,
1.
‘Mux density on the wurfuce of an iron face
lAderer =
Given 1B =16T 7
“Mo Find Force por unit are, 7/A (Force deity.
WB.)
Scanned with CamScanner a
3 Theforeperontareais
. 5
ist 1, asi
BE, 08 192 10°Nimt
SMart
— - = 5
PART-4 j
Generation of EMP in Machines, Torque in
Machine with Cylindrical Air Gap.
cones ino ic Gani
‘Questions Answers
a
‘Long Answer Type and Medium Anewer Type Questions
8
Que: | Write short notes on generated EMF in machines.
‘Generated EMF in machines:
1. Invotating elecrial machines the generation of emis due to relatin,
‘motion between Geld and armature winding ux.
2 ‘Tenge. withthe filth tararmature col at anti
‘= Nx posing through the col at any timed)
1-15 BENS
Sem 116 (EN-Sem-4)
Principles of EM Energy Conservation
Tithe Geld ux i time-invariant, the transformer emf in eq, (1.18.1)
sesces to rer0 and the generated emf is equal to the speed voltage
alone.
‘Thus for electrical machines with time invariant flux, the generated
Tifis equal to the speed, rotational or motional emi alone and is given
by
fopsinot 1132)
[N= Nufaber of turns in single full pied col
‘be Total ux per pole
oo Z Relative velocity betwoen field flux wave and
armature coil
If the single N-turn cil belongs to AC machines then thé maximum
Value afte speed or generated em, B,, occura when sino f=
Engg = ONO =24.NO
‘Therms value f the generated emfin afl pitched cil is
= Fam Sieg N= 4A4 NO
{= Rotational or speed frequency
where
(1133)
where
Que 114 | Am ctectrieal machine has cylindrica stator and salient
pole rotor. Justify the correctness of the following statement
Reluctance tora
rator.
When stator and rotor both carry exciting
‘lectromaguetic aa well as reluctance torque are produced.
produced when exciting winding
ai
Nycorog
2 tartan eet isu armtre coi eb
c= Bex gsinas-n 2 coves L181 J
a a AON Gp coves ALIS) TAREE:
ney (1.18.0,Njo, sine s the epeed-vokageterm, becauseit contain! 5,
svete it Teste St na nttentrnersti
ere, canvas bein derivative othe
eal
oe.
Th tal tr eee yt diy excited magnetic system is
ivenby
dl, Ladle 5 Me
pte Ge an
nFig. 1.1418, «0, then rom eq 116)
era
Te 3! oo,
“The torque can be developed, because the reluctance sen bythe stator-
‘Produced fax changes with rotor postion. A change ofreuctance varies
The nator selfinductance Z, with,
ah
®,
1
1 j,+0,then T= 2
i, Osthen Ty= 34
Scanned with CamScanner LATHEN
ic imi 1-18 OENSem)
“mene bs fnetion of 08 Pong
+The torqu eanbe dowel”
ence the ndont of excitation,
6 Hencthers
ictanee torque indepen
jo,
rig L141 Doubly nected
SL. Expression for magnetic torque for doubly excited system:
1_sprenion eto when both ear andotor eary exiting wine
ingivenas:
ana
la pd,
2 The fist two terms on the right-hand a
of eq, (1.14.2) repre
rempalniensine conn
Nets imps cad ea
Tether repeat rede the variation of
crewed cme?
Foliowing gurtos are very impartant The
‘maybe aaked tn your SESSIONALS a ell
1. Explain how flow of
mechanical device
ame eter
rincipleaof EM Baersy Conservation
@.2. Define enerny and co-enersy-
‘ane Holor Q. 15.
(4.3: Dene energy and eo-onery. What isthe signifienncee!
Define show that the field energy ina linear magnetic
1
a
Lytle
yom ia given by Wyo RIA =
ame Refer 1.
Qt. Dorive an expression for reluctance toraue im 9 rotating
tleetrieal machine.
ss, Hofer Q. 18,
jored in singly excited
Q.5. Explain magnetic field eneriy
‘magnetle system.
ame Refer. 18.
me, Refer Q. 1.11
.7. The magnetic hux des
Le T which is a typical
ferromagnetic material. Find 1
face.
me, ReferQ. 112.
(8. An clectrical machine has cylindrical stator and salient
an estar, Justify the correctness of the following
Statement:
Featettance torque is produced when exciting windingis on
11 Wey stator and rotor both carry exciting winding,
Miner stagnctie na well asreluctance torque are produced,
same Refer Q. 114
e080
Scanned with CamScanner DC Machines-1
PART-1 |
Principles and Conatruction, Classification and
‘Model, EMP Equation of Generator and Tordue
‘Equation of Motor
Ee
CONTENTS
eee
+ PreRequsits: Principles vow 2-28 to 280
td Contraction,
‘hassifeation and Circuit
Mode, EMP Equation of
Generator and Torque
_Egotion of Matar
i
Paria + Arsatute Winding 2-88 to 217 | |
(Concentrated and .
Ditrbted, Winding
Factor, Armetare
Reaction, Commtation,
Tnterpaes end
Conpessting Windings
Pana : Ph *
prt: Peformance to2208
Saracen > a ‘
(Generator, Applications
6
«
»
1.
*ABENSem4)
GecEAn] Discuss the constructional details and working
‘Answer
‘AL Constructional features :
Stator part :
Yoke :For large DC machine, yoke is made by fabricated steel. Yoke
has two functions
provider path forthe pole ux and earres half oft. 72
‘provides mechanical suppor tothe whole machine
Field poles:Ttconsstsofpolecoreand pole shoe, The ple core is made
Field rec Som) cat steel but the pole shoe islaminated and fixed to
tee eiccore appreprately. Pole shoes provide mechanical strength and
support tothe field winding.
‘Field winding The pole isexeited by winding wound around the pole
rae ede winding or exciting winding It prepared from copper.
{Tnterpote: These are fixed tothe yoke inbetween the main poles of
De machine
‘Compensating winding: Tocliminate the effect ofarmature reaction
(nntnsating winding used fr only large DC machine
Brushes : Brushes are made of carbon for small DC machine and
‘leeto-graphite brushes are weed for all DC machine.
“Thowe are housed i box type brush holder attached tothe stator end
‘Covers of yoke. A stall spring Keeps the brushes pressed on the
Commutator surface.
Rotor part :
‘Armature core It is made fm 0.35 to 0.80 mm thick lamination of
‘icon steel to keep down the ion lo
Tt erves the two purposes:
Scanned with CamScanner letrical Maa
DOB UEN-Hems
Tsing earner cst
J rnc titi ot
Pe he tre winding ae CPE
Amature nding a new ang 8 OF
ce yin!
Commutator +
‘pheratingvliageta produced in acoilrotatingina magnetic field,
‘Toobtandirect currentin the externa circuit commutator in needed
‘The commutator, which rotates with the armature, is made from +
Pumter a wedgeahaped hard-drawn copper bars or egnents insulated
from eachother and from the shat.
Shaft: Hub commutator end spider in big machine or armature core
{in rmall machine and bearings ae mounted on shaft End covers are
fenced tothe yoke on one side ad tothe bearings and shaft. on the
caherside
eld winding
Pole core
FG 21.4. Conitticiona! featured
Workiog principle of DC machine
The maar has alent pen on
Totter oe ied one or ariel The at
Sie ed by ald windign nny abou al
When the armature conductors
Sadr
DAEs Mem) Wshactirwes
se con of maton se rtaion dhroton inthe stint ta of
[ ehoctrtnnaygntic ign Le, aitilichention G0 try Finite et hawt
St
yey
Cannan © mann ie
rule:
5 Whereas, in enve off generator, the turbine ritaten sisinst the
Sinton tise Le. in ceckian Giretion psven ty Peasoat
rigithard role
Faw BE | Dicuss the constructional deta und workin princishe
Of DE machines with Interpole snd compensating winding, Alea
mention the types of DC machines.
A. The constructional detail und working principle +
efor Q. 21, Boye DB, Unit-2,
Bh. Types of DC machine : Depending on methihs of wxcitation the IX
machinen are claaifed ato twn grins:
1, Separately excited DC machine (generatorimeti) +
(Pig, 22.1 Naparata vacation)
2 Helf excited DC machine It ean be further eatrgorized ax:
fm Shunt excitation of DC shunt machine ¢ If field winding and
trav natingncneeted in parte the acne etn
‘shunt machine, : owl ad
Scanned with CamScanner Fig 2ek Does
ce Composnd excitation or DC compound machine: I'bsth series
(Shines Seu wencinge ee resect mg wat thearmatere WR,
(Se necine snows ws DC cpr macnn
bleed
‘Fig. 224. DC compound machine:
WeeBai | Derive an expression for the emf generated in the
armature winding ofa DC machine. [ERTUSOTEIS| Makei0)
oR
Derive the emf equation for a DC generator.
L le
Pa Number ef ples
& ReagreaI@gnnin|
aanteda Sxemk
QRREE ] Decive an expression for the tongue developed in the
on
‘Derive the EMF equation and torque equation for DC machines
A.DanAaefetanthors Bispepertinal
armature of'a DC motor,
AL EMP generation: Refer 28 Page 388 Unit
B. Torque developed
A Torgueis the torming moment ofa fie about an ais,
‘Pas Force = Distanve between ve and ais abt
wakh rturmeates,
T=Fer
‘Consider a pulley of ras Y meters acted pea by a circumferential
force of F Newtoa which causes i 9 rotate at VF.
& Now work dane by this force in ane revalution
1 Force» Distance = Fe joule
4 Powerdeveloped, P= Px2e x Njpulec or watts
= (Pere seh watts
where 22 = Angular velocity in radian'ee
52. Powerdeveloped, P= To
Scanned with CamScanner 2-1 B(EN-Bem-4)
Whetoeab Machina
(i)
1 aya da eit
con ee han mel per eae
vain
Tne,
see
A243)
T= 9368 Nm 242)
YA (2A) seh242) enh represent torque equation for DC motor.
BEEEAT] 6 ste DC shunt generator with wave connected
Inrmature has fe und armature resistance of 00
re rests and 0.15 0. It
suppen per 25 lata raved at 100,
mrunture current snd emt yenersied
thm
ving
Pb 2 amp re ae og at
ferret
2-8 BUENSem4) DOMschines-1
25x06=15A
3
4. Armaturecurrent, I, I, +1y=15+ 11 16.1,
5. Emf, E,=V, +R, =100 +(16.1 019)
100 +2415 = 102.415
=e
f = PART-2
|| Armature Winding (Concenirated and Distributed), Winding
Factor, Armature Reaction, Commataton, Interpoes and
ae Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
‘THEZAT] Discuss about concentrated and distributed winding,
sever]
A. Concentrated winding
In AC machines there are certain sumber of slots per pole available to
place to the place winding foreach phase. But ifthe winding per phase
la placed ina singl slot per pole then ti called concentrated winding.
Depending upon the total number of slots and number of poles, certain
no, of lots per phase available under each poe, Thais denoted aa
‘m= Slots per pole por phase =n/ number of phases
+= n0¥(generally numberof phases ia 3)
In concentrated winding all conductors or collabelonging tou phase are
placed one alot under every pol
Scanned with CamScanner sl Noctis 2-0B(EN-Som-4)
be Dintbuted winding j
aoa mate ialrys mais 0 llth" nls or pol
te shalt drone winding
he spor pha
yeu pear ted mongt the per pasa
arbres al ho winngi called distin winding
4 Indetetad pe ein all ho i tlngogto a phasor well
xa tan dts perpas,undevery tl
QasaT. ] Explain tho following termsin conjunction with electric
machines :
‘A Piteh Factor (&,)
B, Distribution Factor ,)
._ Winding Factor (K,)
nawer |
Pitch factor:
1. The ell span-fuetor or pitch-fctor Kis defined as the ratio of the
ge generate the shor-ptch col tothe voltage generated inthe
full-piteh coil. The cei span-fctor is als called tho chording factor.
i Actual vltago generated in te oil
‘Y™ "Voltage generated in the coil of span 180° electrical:
Phasor sum ofthe voltages oo clsides
Trthmete stm of Ue vllage of Wwe ei sae
AC 2D 9
zaB” aap” 9
Keys cos
wie
2 Forfullpiteh col, a =O",
Kye,
and Kp = 1. For a shortpiteh coil
i Disttion tector:
1. Me dsbtien ftr or brand facta defined an he ratio of th
actual vgs sine tothe pate vel alles plat
‘Group were concentrated in a single slot, coe ene
jx _Ehavor eum of cl ogee phase
“rihmeticsumof el vag por pas
ee tna
senile xan
2 a
im = Slots per pole por phase
210 B (EN-Somel) DC Machinont
"Daler Phases
» Angular displcoment between adjacent loin cletseat
Agrees
Slot
Ali, Winding fuetor:'Tho col pon fetor and astibutedfetar ofa winding
tre sometines combined into a single winding foetorK, whieh i tho
productoFK,and Thats,
QuoRs, | Cateulate the
required in a compensating winding for a 4pole, lap wound DC
‘armature containing L3Gconductors, The pole are to pote pitch ratio
i809. The compensating winding carries full armature current.
1 of conduetor on each pole pleco
(Maver
Given Pola arepolepllch =08, Pad, A=4,2=198
To Find
‘Compensating winding conductor
= Poloare Zo gg, 198
Few Pele pitch “AP °°"
Log = 1.86 08
QaezT | Discuss armature reaction in DC machine.
(Answer
‘Armature retin i tho effect of magnatie Mux set up by armature
‘surrent upon the dstsbution of ux under the rain poles.
2 Fig. 29.1 showsa2épole DC generator, When there isno-ond eoanseted
tolthe generator, th eurront in tho armature conductors zero.
1. Undor these conditions there existe in it only the mu ofthe min
pales which produco the main flux >. "This ux is distributed,
§ynimetecnly with rospeetto the polae axis, that is, the contre ino of
the aoeth and the south ples,
Fig. 29:2shows urmuturoconductors carrying curtont with no current
{infield oil, The currunt flows tho samo diretion in lhe conductors
Tying undor ono poe,
Scanned with CamScanner ace 21BENSom4y
Rotation
sin pole magnetic
‘eutral plane
(aL aa pal BTC itt
5. Theconductrson th left-hand side ofthe armature carry current in
‘the direction into the paper, The flux produced by current in these
armature conductors is shown in Fig, 29.2. Theae conductors combine
their mmfs to produce a fx through the armature in the downward
direction
6. Sinilarly the conductorson the right-hand side of the armature carry
cureatin the dretion out ofthe paper. These conductors also combine
‘heir mms to produce «flux through the armature in the downward
direction.
‘Thus, the conductors on both sides. of the armature combine their
sunfsin such a manner as to senda flux through the armature in the
downward direction. This lux 6s represented by an arrow as shown
inFig. 29.2.
8 Fig. 29.3 shows t
current are actin
on lead
he contin when the fled current and armatte
wsimultancously. This curs when the generator *
212 BENSem-4)
DC Machines-1
re are two fluxes inside the machine, one produced by the
sain field poles of the generator and the ather by the current in the
armature conductors. These two faxes now combine to form a resultant
Max ae shown in Fig. 2.9.3,
10, ILis seen that the field flux entering the armature is not only shifted
bbutalso distorted. The distortion produces crowdingof the fux increase
in the Nix density) in the upper pole tip inthe N-pole andin the lower
pole tip inthe S-pole.
Original ux.
neutral planes
9. Now t
“ae Resultant flux neutral
J*~ plane (New BINA)
Now MA
forte
oe
Similarly, there isa reduetion of flux (decreased flux density) in the
lower tip ofthe N-pale and in the upper pole tp of the S-pole.
11. Thedirection ofthe resultant lux has shifted in the direction of rotation
ofthe generator. Since the MNA is always perpendicular tothe axis of
the resultant flux, the MNA is also shifted.
{Qe 210; | Explain the effects of armaturereaction on the operation
of a DC machine. How the effects of armature reactions ean bi
minimized ?
([aseesiti
AL Biffects of armature reactions:
‘The armature mmf produces two undesirable effects onthe main field
Ase and these are:
[Not reduction in the main Geld ux per poe,
Distortion ofthe main old lux wave along the air gap periphery.
"The net effect of armature flux on the main-field Mx
Distort tho main fold flux thoreby causing noa-uniform distribution of
‘luc under the main poles,
ree
‘Shift the MNA in the direction ofrotation fora generator and against
the direction of rotation fr a motor.
Scanned with CamScanner 219 MEN-Semy,
vo mat at oe from Ke nod value due to magne
Reduce tho maln
oneal ‘of urmature reaction :
1 Methods of Holtlng the offoets of
1 Tigh-reaetanc pote te
2, rong aif Moe :
Inerpon
{Compernatng winding
4
Gua] A 210 uw, 00 ¥, 6 pole DC generator hus 720 lap woung
‘ vn brush ond of 25 angular degrees (mech
and demagnetizing
vm tha geometric utr, Caleulate the ero enetizig
trom erpoleNelet the stun ei evrrent
ARTO BOTT. TO
feonduetors Hein
aver
“Given 1Powor = 280 kW, P= 6, V= 400 V, Z = 720,
oWinds Typo an A7/poo,
slp corer,
24400
ye ma
oo MO wus A
5
t= 2 wr044
7 1A
J
1»
2 And
8, Dormagnotizing ampore turnsipote, AZ.
Pole
9 ap _ 28
og 2!" op «720% 104.17 = 520.85 AT
4. Crom magnetizing ampere turns per pote, AT
ie
va(h te) 1
BP aag)° 20% 04.7 |
i] vs
‘xplain the “Commutatt, Process” iachint
‘What are the significa a ie pr
AMCmchine Hspiinin et ek of commutation
‘Anawer |
Morklogpencite of commutator
Lon
srentnde ny ‘
alternating In natur comauté conductors ofa oo
tor eT commute ee BC eet
"rating current to an externally applied 3%
current,
2.14 B(EN-Sem-4)
induced currents flow in one direc
2 Th
conductors are under north pole. They are in opposite direction when
they are under south pole.
3, As conduetors pass out of the influence of north pole and enter the
‘south pole, the current in thems reversed.
4, The reversal of current takes place along the MNA or brush axis.
‘Whenever abrush spans two commutator segments, the winding element
‘connected to those segments is short circuited.
5, By commutation we mean the change that take place in a winding
‘element during the period of short circuit by a brush.
6, These changes are shown in Fig. 2.12.1. For simplicity, consider a simple
ring winding.
7. In position shown in Fig. 2.12.1(a), the current I lowing towards the
brush from the left-hand side pass round the coil in a clockwise
direction,
8, In position shown in Fig, 2.12.1(8), this coll carries the same current in
the same direction, but the coil isto short cireuited by the brush.
9, In position shown in Fig, 2.12.1(¢), the brush makes contact with bars a
and, thereby short circuiting coi The current isstill from the left-
hhand side and J from the right-hand side.
0.
Fig, 2.12.1(d) shows that bar b has just left the brush and the short
circuit of coil 1 has ended. It is now necessary for the current reaching.
‘the brush from the right-hand side in the anticlockwise direction.
Cat Cg 2 Cait
2
©
Scanned with CamScanner 2-15 B (EN-Sem-t) -
Wistion
1 Hes, dig prin of sore of armature
Pca nls versa so bought opt its ul value i
‘reverse direction. a
1 Siqincance The cues incl inthe armature conductor of DC
fuchine we alematnginnatazeTo make :
Fo ert cre mea
©. Drawbacks
‘1. It produces wear and tear on the commute s
on nthe cmmtatr surface which produces
sparks due to uneven current distribution, ating ee
It produces high amount of losses,
(Que2:13:] Explain the following :
{Dummy cals in DC mach
AL Interpoles in DC machine.
fave]
{Dummy cots in DC machine
1. Thewave winding
8s paste on
boutoometimes the standard eaters ee sae at *
batsmen theta aratare ber of conductor
2
ate more than there
2 Inch cases dummy case empl "quired number of conductors
DC Machines-t
2-16 B (EN-Sem-4)
Tene conare pacedin el 0
Tee eamnetedtothe eto
cere nar oto
rcrpates in DC machine: i
erotes in I my erento pols orer to noutaig
Irglova ton aren and im ark
brates
aera ate woe esis onetime
Interests eco undergeng commute
sa acca larity oponte to that lowing msn
Mer etiam tain EH.
re
44. Since the interpoles are connceted in series with Whe armature, the
Sine direction of current in the armature changes {he polarity of
theinterpole.
5, Thus,aDCmachine that has correct interpalo polarity when used as a
Ta ar wilhave te correct interpoe polarity when use as motor.
FAL] Discuss in detail the phenomenon of commutation in
Do machine and also explain the methods adopted to Improve
ARTO 2014-16, Marks 10
commutation.
or
Explain the commutator action in DC machine, Also describe (he
Wrays for achieving good commutation.
AKT 2015:
jr Marks 05
on
Explain commutator action in DC machines. Also describe two wa: =
er echieving good commutation and compare them,
[AKTU 2016-19) Marks 07)
aower |
‘Commutation in DC machine : Refer Q, 2.12, Page 2-198, Unit-2
Methods of improving commutation +
Resistance commutation +
‘This method of improving commutation eons
sof using carbon brushes.
‘This makes the contact resistance between commutator segments and
brushes high,
‘This high contact resistance has the tendency to force the current in the
Thort-circuited coil to change according to the commutation
‘Tequirements, to reverse and then build up in the reversed direction.
ee ee
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ectietioet TN Se
ae
Le emda nbn age
‘ES Seg evcnsston which wll neutralize the reactance voltage,
een coqatin tberetmcerag.
Se cpt ita reae equate RSE,
ee nthe shot created ol wil take place and
Sone ae
Se rede en Giincsl iin tienen
areata
seer’
(Commctating poles or interples.
‘Compensating winding :
Corspensating windings are the most effective means for eliminating
the problems of armature reaction and fachaver by balancing the
smmanuremmt.
Compensating windings ae paced in lots provided in pole faces parallel
tothe rtar (armature) conductors.
xe
‘These windings are connected in series with the armature windings,
‘The direction of currentsinthe compensating winding must be opposite
to that
‘the armature winding just below the pole faces, Thus,
competing winding produces an mf hats qual snd oppose o
a ct the compensating winding demagnetizs or neutralizes the
srmature flux produced by the armature conductors Iying just under
the pole faces. The flux per pole is then undisturbed by the armature
flux regardless of the load conditions,
©. Comparison +
‘commutation|
This method consists of|
carbon brushes which makes
the contact resistance high
This high contact resistance
Voltage commutation
lnthis method a voltage isinduced
Which neutralizes the reactance
voltage. This voltage is equal and
‘opposite to the reactance voltage.
‘This givessparkess commutation
DAS BUEN-Sem-t)
DU Machine t
Questions-Anewors
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questlona
[Que8As,| Explain the characteriation of w nepnentely excltedt NE
generator with its cireuit diagram,
‘Answer
Tn the separately excited DC yonorator, th old wlan ixennnected tr
‘a separate source of DC power.
2 Thecireuit for a separately excited DC yeonorntr om fond fe whiwn in
Fig 215.1
[Vg 6.4 CiGui model ara weparataly olla DO waara)
3. Let the generator be drivon ut weonstunt speed by a pra movor. ‘The
fied excitation) in adjate to give rated vllag at tod, Thi volan
‘ofvoltage is kept eonatant throughout the operation considered,
4. Tat gg Reslataneo ofthe eld winding
2 Resiataneo uf the Feld rheontat to control fa current
R= Total Geld
it rouatance= y+ Ig
1, = Tota rosistanco ofthe armature eireuil
Rj Lond resistance
= Load current
B= Internal generated voltage
V« Terminal voltage
1,
Armature current
Scanned with CamScanner )
2I9BIEN Sema,
ea
“hs dfn uations forthe separately exited DC generator are x
falls:
there were no armature reaction, the generated voltage Vq would be
Constant ss shown by a straight line in Fig. 2.15.2, Because of the
Gonagnetiing effect of armature reaction there isa voltage drop AV yp
‘The internal characteristics E, ~I,)is shown in Fig. 2.15.2,
‘1. There is a voltage drop I, R, :
top 1 eres Ra TOaeRoarta oer
Titec baa eae omemmmmnmiaser oa!
vont
8 Theoperang ont giveth operat
terminal Gea eaneat hy en eet tarminal voliage Vand
‘REBT Draw the characteristics of compound DC generato
Lo |
ms cai
sees omen
cago
4 generator the
Terminal vltage, mine! Voltage at ful-tond is
2-208 EN-Sem-1)
.
Fig) 16: Vokagceurrent characte of compound DC
DC Machines-I
Tndifferential compounded generators, the terminal voltage drops Very
(qckly with increasing armature current.
Over compounded
Terminal
voltage
i
Teenie
Armature current i, —>
GueBAT ] Discuss the internal and external characteristics of the
[DC shunt generator. Also explain why the load characteristics of
De shunt generator have drooping more than that of separately
excited generator?
(ArT z01-16, Marks 10]
[ARTO 2016-19, Marks 07]
Rewer]
A. Internal characteristics +
L
©
wees
‘The internal characteristic curve represents the relation between the
Fencrated voltage E, and the load current Z, as shown in
Fig 2172.
‘When the generator i loaded then the generated voltage is decreased
ue to armature reaction.
‘So, generated voltage willbe lower than the emf generated at no load,
External characteristics
Teshows the variation of terminal voltage with the load eurrent,
‘Ohmic drop due to armature resistance gives lesser terminal voltage
‘tan the generated voltage. Thats why the curve lies below the internal
characteristic curve
‘Terminal voltage V= E,~ 1.) © By ~ a + 1) Ry The terminal
‘voltage can always be maintained consfant by adjusting the resistance
bf the load terminal.
‘When the load resistance ofa shunt wound DC generators decreased,
Ts load current of the generator is inereased. But the load current
Scanned with CamScanner lectricl Machines
‘Applieations of DC machines :
2298 EN,
2B
Gus | Give the application of DC machines.
‘Applications >)
[DC shunt generator
7 FF
For electroplating
Battery charging
Forexcitation of
alternators
Series generators
FP
Used as boosters
Used for supply to area
[Compound generator
‘To supply power DC 1
earn
el
[Separately excited generator
For the testing purposes ]
PEPER
aor
Tathes
Drills
Boring mills
Shapers
Spinning and weaving
machines
Electric traction
Cranes
Blevators
Air compressor
Vacuum cleaner
air drier
Sewing machine
[DC compound motor
=P
‘Presses shears
Reciprocating machine
2218 ENSem-)
Following questions are very important, Thee question
3. Der
|. Discuss about
DC Machines
‘VERY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
may be asked in your SESSIONALS as well as
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION,
——
Qt. Dis
jeuss the constructional details and working principle
Erbe machines with interpote and compensating winding.
‘Also mention the types of DC machines.
RoferQ.22.
Derive an expression forthe emt
winding of a DC machine.
Refer Q. 23.
rive an expression for the torque developed
frmature of a DC motor.
Refer Q. 24,
generated in the armature
in the
concentrated and distributed windings
Refer Q.26.
Discuss armature reaction
Refer 29,
ve theeffeets of armature reaction om he operation
iow Jarmature reactions ca
in DC machine.
Et machine: How the eect
ofa!
Semaitned®
Refer @- 210
srecasin dei tbe phenomenon of commutation ia DC
. Diacar n nplain ie methods adopted omer
commutation
refer 216 c
ve gethe internal andexteral charset oy
Dia ne ieclan n a ot
shunt renerezpratr have droning mors i ©
of tig exited generator?
err 217
e680
Scanned with CamScanner
—— -
BSS bey steseeeeey peg cere pee Part-l_ : Performance Characteristics
of DC Motors, Starting of DC
Motors, 3 Point and
4 Point Startere
Part + Speed Control of DC Motors:
Field Control, Armature
Control and Voltage
Control (Ward Leonard Method)
spe
Ported ¢ Efficiency and Testing « a W388
of DC Machines
(Hopkinson's and
Swinburne's Test),
Applications
sn ot
Part 5
Introduction to Brushless
DC Motor, Stepper
Motor and DC
Servomotor and
their Applications
S1BUENSem)
$28 sa
PART-1
Characteristics of DO Motors, Starting of DC Motors,
3 Point and 4 Point Starters.
| Performance
(Questions Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
Reese
Describe performance characteristic of shunt motor
(DO) Also deseribe torque versus current plot.
| ee
‘A. Speed-armature current characteristic:
1. Inashuat motor, [= Wy: IfV constant, will also be aconstant
| Hence the faxis constant tno load.
‘The lux decreases slightly de to armature reaction
he effet of
ature restion ie neglected, the Hx @ wil remain
4. hemor epeed given by
|
| wa Yoh au
5 Upinconstant, the epeed canbe writen as
Wav-iR, cr)
6 Eq(212inthe equation ofastraight ine witha nogative slope. Thats,
(heaped Vefthemotor decrease linearly with Use increas amature
‘orrent at shown a Fig. 3.1
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it
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“Answer |
A Spenmntory arth
Rater el ng
we HM ta)
Fowl tore
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2 Ao ost vita bn
‘oma Fag 0 1 vey on
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Wen Vie caatant, aay
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Anna basis le hea na
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8h
a ele
ssn ttt 9
Mig 2 eel allure it thw
ulate
tad)
RRR, rman meneame mm
11 Maeno H
A
We Rimatusevantont hy
TA OE a il
take olen Lear aa ite wo
tre envnt neneton at
Pay
1, bole
ANAND Hom)
rant evn ront C4
le
va i Hvonion nvynetlelly war
eee at yb
yaa ttn
wnsent charter nt} tna
ily Ian nb i
Th metre change uty fn mn we
Curva shown in
the myer 10 att
talons Wh tine fe gmt wl or
[ARETE Mee]
rom Pa. fn al th spot ern hve
{parton Li the tiryyne : :
4 Dc aah
ah
Hy pavale
Tas
wt Til
(wetton purpowe ?
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el
remains constant
2 tad coer the ged tbo tr
horace of the eomponnd Bota BAS 2 hig
2 The spend teres er with a aie no-load speed. :
4 Thecharacceristic shows that the DC series: hase high torque x
‘ow speed ena low tempest. igh speed. :
4. Hane te pedo the DC seven rota changes considerably wig
Be 2s ae simone saber traction purpose.
EBB] olin wy 0 sare i required for starting 2 bg
molar. Deseribe a 2-point starter, having no-volt and over-loag
‘rotations or aC tant moto.
AL Starting of DC motor :
A. Atthe tine of starting, the metor speed ere, therefore, counter ex
£8, b0,)isaloz.
Consequently, forthe armature circuit, the voltage equation is
j,=0+ Ly, fr shont motor and V,=0+ I(r, +) for both series tai
capocnd iota.
2. Wa rated applied voltage the starting armature currents, therefore,
%
“rea mtr md Yt serie nd ompound tar,
4 ‘Since the resistance, and, +) are much emalle, the
dad (7, +1.) are auch smaller, the motor draws
large starting armature current frm the supply malas
5. Doe tohearyiaruth of
a starting current taken by the motor, it may
£ Detrimental parking tthe commatator.
a tbe
nee trmatre winding and detereraton ofthe ingulation dt
High sarting torque and °
ra tn lt ym
1 Laren the sup age
Rater to lini stating creat, starters,
1 Mintle maine, ee
cs
iam Rogen resistance should be inserted
‘red Oath acne tenet EONE Eratuayac ac eae
Seu Points lowing two types of stare?
Three pint tartar
4 Rourpeit nares
S-6B(ENSem-4)
B.
L
ne ree
n,
«
16.
De Machines.It
‘Three-point DC shunt motor starter:
Fig. 3.4.1showsa three-point DC shunt motor starter. Itconsists ofa
sgraded resistance to limit the starting current.
Prior to starting, the handle His kept in the OFF position by aspring.
For starting the motor, the handle His moved manually and when it
sakes contact with the resistance, stud lis the START position.
In this position the field winding receives the fll supply voltage, but
the armature current is limited by the graded resistance
RUR,+R,+R,+Ry.
‘The starter handle is then gradually moved from stud tostua, allowing
the speed ofthe motor to build up until it reaches the RUN postion.
Inthis position,
‘The motor attains full speed,
‘The supply is directly across bath the wi
‘The resistance Ris completely cut out
‘The handle His held in RUN position by an electromagnet energized
by a nowolt trip coil NVC. The no-vol trip calls connected in series
‘with field winding of the motor.
Inthe event of switching of, or when tho supply voltage alle below a
predetermined value oF the complete failure af supply while the moter
isronning, NVCis de-energized.
‘This results in release of the handle, which is thon pulled back to OFF
position by the action af the spring.
‘The NVC also provides pratection aguinat an open-circuit in the Bld
‘winding. The NVC is called nowolt or undervoltage protection ofthe
rotor.
ofthe motor, and
‘Without this protection, the supply vltage might etre with the
‘ind inthe RUN potion. Conquest, line vage may bo
tonlcddreci tote armatarreralting Savery operon
“Tether rtectivedevie nopaatd in testa th overiod
yotction Overload protection poidedy he overoad peal OC
ute
‘he overload col sa anal electromagnet. It caries the armatare
urant an fr nore vlvesefarmatre surest be magntpllat
tc alaatint oats P
‘Wen the armatre erent exeada the nara ated va (a
when the ter overated, Pinata byte clcrmagat ot
Oland der the contact aa Ths NVC sabor-ceited
‘This renls inthe rls he handle H, which ear to the OFF
Fouonsnd hemor opty cao
Scanned with CamScanner STBEN Sem,
Kone eee pee ae EEO De Machinowtt
i tint beh tring current ino armature by having the resistance Ea]
highs hetine of ota nd redoing it daring running condition —
ik teleprezts the motor rom overend and under vltage conditions, 4. With this arrangement, change in li current fr vision of peed
“3 cial tafthe motor dae not affect th current rough thei al be
[GBR] Desriben 3. point starter using a neat diayram. Compare {he two crits are independent ofench other.
nd ditingulsh witha four pont starter. [& Merits: Speed contre above ated spo is possible
it itfre
aE
“OR ee [Basis for comparison] Three-point starter| Four-point startor
Discs shot four pan stat Delain “The surer which ass Tho furl arte
Teves toni | wet or
Pemeesicl for scent
‘espa DC shunt motor arte Retr Q. 34, Page 3-8 mtr
Foor = Trmataro termina, | Armatare tormina
Seo cneton diagram crn feeminat th
_ mea ngram of four point starter is shown io ‘eLtone ormina hat
hn rent rey coos th
Sr tots ont starter as compared et stoning
eternal eng iromered fae Sen fd stow
A er ae ToVaRECATOWG) | Conessn anew] Connect in pera
[enseennethepre cet ted
4 Avarihe reine tte® 4 overload release.
eae
4 Tiegond certain
eet stig rete
EPPS
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lca Machine) S-10BENSem-4) DC Machines-11
etl,
sagt otras _ 21277 | 3600 fy
aaa Ae re mntanes of 0. For Ben Load, mo, oe
280.0 aod ow graing a current of 22 AAO the supply. Ir aan
ce ee
imi cre rs
fee a res
feurve to belinear. [RETUSOUIS; Marka 19
1.75
PART-2 J
‘Speed Control of DC Motors Field Control, Armature - |
(Control and Voltage Control (Ward Leonard Method). |
(Questions Answers
‘Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
[REST] Write short note on field Mux control in speed control of
DC motor.
lasoweri
1 Since the axis produced by the field current, controle speed by this
‘method is obtained by cotrel ofthe field current.
2. Inthe shunt motor, thsis done by connecting a variable resistor Rin
fries with the shunt Geld winding as shown in Fig. 2.7.1. The resistor
2 isshun field regulator.
1h
Fi. = 260-275 x03 2243.7
2% When resistance of 80(isinueredin Gel circuit
ee a0 4 Theshuot field curren i given ue
tan Gage tits someen Tre shunt eld caret ie ivan y= ge
3. Neglect the magnetic saturation, ‘4, Theconnection of R, in the field reduces the field current and bence the
+, fx salsa reduced
an 4 Thefeducion in Dx wil erlt nan increase the speed
beta 135 | & Consequently, the motor ri ta sped higher Uhan normal speed
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8, Ma.314a)on49.7A) shows tho typelspcdarque eurvs for shat
‘ol mea mtr pctv, whose speed aro cotrelled by
‘variation of the field flux. w a =
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[RGSS97]] Write short note on Ward-Leonard method.
1LInthis method, speed contol of DC motors can be obtained by varying
the applied voltage tothe armature
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‘4. Toeeuuntvaof AC driving motor andthe DC generator is called the
porpeeraors seat
5. Braun nertrfeldceat, th generator voltage is change
Are cn eld dive t the armature ofthe main D
eter ogee.
4. TemotrSif caret skp constantsotat the motor fel x,
Tonmiscntart
1. Thaotoraratr cent hapt equa toitarated valve during
eco
4 Thngrnator ed cueat evar such ha the srmature ate
Veto om re fotared ae
9, Thesped wl cage rom eo the bat speed
2, Sn ped cai a with ated curren, an 38
crt lr el ard acontent torque upto ase =D
pediscttaed tt torque (« 4,1.) upto base!
1, Socethepower Pl
‘Sis the per P(storque x pee) is proportional to speed it incre
12. Hence i rm
eu with armature vgs control method constant trait
Sihoeetay is ebaind fom speed below the base peed
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vantages of
TREHIO]] Give the advantages and
‘Leonard drives.
AL Advantages:
1 ‘Smooth speed control of DC motors over wide range in beth directions
ispossble.
2. Ithas inherent regenerative braking capacity.
8. By using an overexcited synchronous motor as the érive for DC
Benerator, the lagging reactive volt-amperes of the plant are
Sompensated, Therefore the overal power factor f the plan improves.
‘4. When thelondis intermittent asia rolling mils, the drive motor used
is an induction moter wth a ywheel mounted on its shaft to mouth
‘out the intermittent ding toa low value.
B, Disadvantages +
A. Larger size and weight.
2
3
Requires more face area and costly foundation.
Frequent maintenance s needed.
[RGSS] What are the advantages of the field flux control over
‘armature circuit resistance control method employed for the speed
conta of D6 motors?
wer]
1 This method is easy and convenient.
2. Since shunt fed currents very smal the power lssin the shunt eld
femal,
8. Asthefield currents small, th ste of eheostat required is small,
SOREL ~ Teal resitance ofthe armature circuit
1 Ostputeurent
‘a Cures trough the shunt fla
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3. Power loss in the shunt
44, Mechanical losses
it = VI,
Friction lors at bearings + Friction lo
‘commutator + Windage los
Core losses = Hysteresis loss + Eddy-current loss
Stray loss = Mechanical loss + Core loss
5. Thesumofthe shunt field copper los and stray oases may be considered
‘as a combined fixed (constant) loss that does not vary with the load
‘current I
‘Constant losses in shunt and compound generators)
tray loss + Shunt feld copper losses
Total losen= PR, +P, +
6, Generator efficioncy,
«Serato
Teer pt Los
w
“ VVER Valor
Lelnly
1 tiownleonpecd wi he ,=1
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ee
ay Rey Mey
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4 The eter nil emia wha th dean
ite
tina, wre = 1+ Be iB
‘e
9. D, ia minimum when
(342)
aq. (9.14.1 shows that the efficiency of a DC generator is maximum
‘when those loses proportional tothe square ofthe load current are
‘equal to the constant lates ofthe DC generator,
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* Describe Swinburne’ test in detail with its advantages and
diandantage Te aT, Mars 7
A Benes:
L FaraDC notor, a brake test is carviod out as illustrated in Fig 3.15.1
2. Abel around the air or water-cooled pulley has its ends attached to
tring alanes, and S,,
H, x
FERN saa
Tekdiguemteee eee
‘he ple and terete the 2 help in ajusting the oad on
enrngbalceare =
» calrstedin ograns,
Cit i thet payin tes
5 Wisthemur ene
Snrtiomoir
laa any
[stein
rent, the power
‘sneraiage metre
y= MeSpr 9.81
© Advantages, lg 00
1 pee tttti be wat ater
der working condi
‘ondition of motor,
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7. Disadvantages :
‘The spring balance readings are not steady.
‘The friction torque, ata particular setting ofthe hand wheels and i,
does not remain constant.
1B. Swinburne's test:
1. This is no-load test, it cannot be performed on a DC series motor
2. Inthis method, the machine, whether itis amotor or a generators run
at no-load as shunt motor at rated speed and rated terminal voltage V,,
‘Swink
Field eurrent
1, No-load armature current
4. The power absorbed by the armature
V,J= No-load rotational losses (W,) + Armature loss
)
5 Generator efficiency:
Generator output = V0,
Armature current,
‘Armature circuit loss = Lr,
‘Shunt field lss= Vp
Totalloss= W, +12, +4%,
‘Losses
Eticiney, y= 1 ae
W,+lin 1M.
we aE Wl
© Motor efficiency : When machine is working as motor,
then hell
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Bletial Machines
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1. Advantages? or wating even large machines since only rg
i Law pore is fied from the mains.
ess area be supplied fom
er syd
&Disndvntadar cant be determined and hence efclency is on,
tite :
Sealy temperature rot he achne cannot be determined.
Tate dnt inal wheter emmnization would be satisfac
heath ihe nando.
. Hopkinson
L Mabtt abo called
genre tet
A esr
fe Rackiobacktest
2 Init troieatia DC machines ae coupled bat mechascy
snd clei and artes stltaneauy.
4 Michie runing aa moter, drives machine (1D a a generar
4 Socetothtie machines are npledlerzally, the power of pene
{Distt the wor str ths reason that Hopkinson! |
‘scalled “Regenerative method”. one
5 Thespeed ofthe set should be equal tothe rated speed.
TERS HiT |
With terminal vtec ator and generator respective ™
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=
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Vdy= Generator output
Since the eneratoris driven by motor,
Motor output » Generator input
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__ [B.. [Generator anmatarecarent
17 V1" Motor armature current
10, Actually Weng
f w,)
(vn eW)
Motoring V+)
Toatmotrite, Wye MeaVig tf
Generator efficiency,
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11. Advantag
iL The total power taken fromthe supply is very low. Therefore this method
invery economia!
ii Temperature rise and the commutation condition can be checked under
Fate ecdiion
Ak Stray oes are considered in oh mache
Fe. iclncy at iferent nedecane eterained
1, Disadvantagen' Two identical DO machines are required
Concent thi os instal for snafatorers of large DC
srachisee
SBI] A 2s0v, 251:W shunt motor hans maximum efficiency of
90% and a speed of 800 rpm, when delivering 80 % of te rated output.
‘The resistance of its shunt field is 200 0. Determine the efficiency
Sad specdiaien tne motor dramas current of 6A fom main
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a PERE EWN, = 800 rp
ae
ortotallosses= =") x Output
7
(44) x Output
a
m.77W
3 Atmaximum efficiency, constant losses
‘Total losses _ 2777.77
2 2
4. Motor input power
Pig Poy + Total losses
= 25000 x 0.80 + 2777.77 = 2277.7 W
>, 2277.71
5. Inputline current, y= Fs = 2277.77 94 99,
m Ln Pp 79490 Amp
Shut edcaret gx V. 240
Jo Bt o12Amp
Bers
=9490-1.2=507 Amp
T,R,= 1388.88 W
,~ 198888 _ 1388.88,
olay oats
= RE aise
‘8779.69 — =
Arosa oH
= 68-12 66.8 Amy
Armature copper loss .
1 Materia poer oy Be" 6887 0.158 70509}W
DC Mochines.tt
~ Armature copper loss
+ 16920 ~ 1388.68 705.03 = 14296,09 w
efficiency, n = OUP op _14226.09
18, Motor effceney,n = OPT x100= MEE 109
