Electrical Engineering

Lecture 8: Transformer

Mr. Melat Khalil

Email: [email protected]
 Introduction
• The transformer is a static device used either for raising or lowering the voltage of an AC supply
with a corresponding decrease or increase in current.
• Transformer could be considered to be a backbone of a power systems.
• This useful property of transformer is main reason for the widespread use of alternating currents
rather than DC. The generation, transmission and distribution of electric power, AC system is
adopted instead of DC system because voltage level can be changed comfortably by using a
transformer. For economic reasons, high voltages are required for transmission whereas, for
safety reasons, low voltages are required for utilization.
 Principle of operation
• The transformer essentially consists of two windings, the primary and secondary, wound on a
common laminated magnetic core.
• The winding connected to the AC source is called primary winding (or primary) and the one
connected to load is called secondary winding (or secondary).
• The alternating voltage 𝑉1 whose magnitude is to be changed is applied to the primary.
Depending upon the
number of turns of the
primary (𝑁1 ) and
secondary (𝑁2 ), an
alternating emf (𝐸2 ) is
induced in the secondary.
 Principle of operation
• When an alternating voltage 𝑉1 is applied to the primary, an alternating flux 𝜙 is set up in the
core. This alternating flux links both the windings and induces emfs 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 in them according
to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
• The 𝐸1 is termed as primary emf and 𝐸2 is termed as secondary emf, then

• 𝐸1 = −𝑁1
𝑑𝜙
𝑑𝑡
and 𝐸2 = −𝑁2
𝑑𝜙
𝑑𝑡

• So,
𝐸2
𝐸1
=
𝑁2
𝑁1

• Thus, the magnitudes of 𝐸2 and 𝐸1 depend upon the number of turns on the secondary and
primary respectively.
• If 𝑁2 > 𝑁1 , then 𝐸2 > 𝐸1 (or 𝑉2 > 𝑉1 ) and we get a step-up transformer.
• If 𝑁2 < 𝑁1 , then 𝐸2 < 𝐸1 (or 𝑉2 < 𝑉1 ) and we get a step-down transformer.
• If load is connected across the secondary winding, the secondary emf 𝐸2 will cause a current 𝐼2
to flow through the load. Thus, a transformer enables us to transfer AC power from one circuit to
another with a change in voltage level.
 Principle of operation
• The following points may be noted carefully:

(i) The transformer action is based on the laws of electromagnetic induction.

(ii) There is no electrical connection between the primary and secondary. The AC power
is transferred from primary to secondary through magnetic flux.

(iii) There is no change in frequency i.e., output power has the same frequency as the
input power.

(iv)The losses that occur in a transformer are:

a)core losses: eddy current and hysteresis losses
b)copper losses: in the resistance of the windings
 Types Of Transformers
• Transformers can be classified on different basis, like construction, cooling and etc.
• On the basis of construction
• transformers can be classified into two types as;
(i)Core type transformer
(ii)Shell type transformer
 Types Of Transformers
• On the basis of Cooling
• When transformer supplies a load, two types of losses occur inside the transformer.
The iron losses occur in the core while copper losses occur in the windings. The
power lost due to these losses appears in the form of heat.
• This heat increases the temperature of the transformer. To keep the temperature
rise of the transformer within limits, a suitable coolant and cooling method is
necessary.
• Transformers can be classified on different basis, like construction, cooling and etc.:
(i) Oil filled self cooled type;
(ii) Oil filled water cooled type;
(iii)Air blast type
 Types Of Transformers
• Transformer can also be classified according to the following basis
• On the basis of their purpose
(i) Step up transformer: Voltage increases (with subsequent decrease in current) at secondary.
(ii)Step down transformer: Voltage decreases (with subsequent increase in current) at
secondary.
• On the basis of type of supply
(i) Single phase transformer
(ii)Three phase transformer
• On the basis of their use
(i) Power transformer: Used in transmission network, high rating
(ii) Distribution transformer: Used in distribution network, comparatively lower rating than that
of power transformers.
(iii)Instrument transformer: Used in relay and protection purpose in different instruments in
industries
 The ideal transformer
• Although ideal transformer cannot be physically realized, it is assumed to be an ideal one,
merely for obtaining an easier explanation of what happens in a practical transformer. In fact,
practical transformers have properties that approach very close to an ideal transformer.

• For a transformer to be an ideal one, it should has the following assumptions :

(i) no winding resistance
(ii)no leakage flux i.e., the same flux links both the windings
(iii) no iron losses (i.e., eddy current and hysteresis losses) in the core
 The ideal transformer on no-load
• Consider an ideal transformer on no load i.e., secondary is open-circuited as shown below.
Under such conditions, the primary is simply a coil of pure inductance.
• When an alternating voltage 𝑉1 is applied to the primary, it draws a small magnetizing current
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔 which lags behind the applied voltage by 90°. This alternating current 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔 produces an
alternating flux 𝜙 which is proportional to and in phase with it. The alternating flux 𝜙 links both
the windings and induces emf 𝐸1 in the primary and emf 𝐸2 in the secondary.
 The ideal transformer on no-load
• The primary emf 𝐸1 is, at every instant, equal to and in opposition to 𝑉1 , (Lenz’s law).
Both emfs 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 lag behind flux 𝜙 by 90°. However, their magnitudes depend upon
the number of primary and secondary turns.
• The phasor diagram of an ideal transformer on no load is shown below.
• Since flux 𝜙 is common to both the windings, it has been taken as the reference phasor.
 EMF equation of a transformer
• Consider that an alternating voltage 𝑉1 of frequency ƒ is applied to the primary
of the ideal transformer.
• The sinusoidal flux 𝜙 produced by the primary can be represented as:
𝜙 = 𝜙𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
• The instantaneous emf 𝑒1induced in the primary is
𝑑𝜙 𝑑(𝜙𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡)
𝑒1 = −𝑁1 = −𝑁1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= −𝜔𝑁1 𝜙𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 = −2𝜋𝑓𝑁1 𝜙𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡
= 2𝜋𝑓𝑁1 𝜙𝑚 sin( 𝜔𝑡 − 90)
• So, the maximum value of induced emf in the primary is
𝐸𝑚1 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑁1 𝜙𝑚
 EMF equation of a transformer
• The RMS value of the primary emf 𝐸1 is:
𝐸𝑚1
𝐸1 = = 0.707 × 𝐸𝑚1
2
𝐸1 = 4.44 × 𝑓𝑁1 𝜙𝑚
• Similarly
𝐸2 = 4.44 × 𝑓𝑁2 𝜙𝑚

• In ideal transformer, 𝐸1 = 𝑉1 and 𝐸2 = 𝑉2.

• Both 𝐸2 and 𝐸2 lags behind the flux 𝜙 by 90°.
 Voltage transformation ratio (K)
• We have:
𝐸2 𝑁2
= =𝐾
𝐸1 𝑁1
• Whre 𝐾 is called Voltage transformation ratio
• In ideal transformer:
(i) as there is no voltage drop in the windings
𝐸2 𝑁2 𝑉2
= = =𝐾
𝐸1 𝑁1 𝑉1
(ii) there are no losses. Therefore, volt-amperes input to the
primary are equal to the output volt-amperes i.e.
𝑉1 𝐼1 = 𝑉2 𝐼2
𝐼2 𝑉1 1
= =
𝐼1 𝑉2 𝐾
 Ideal transformer on load
• In ideal transformer at no-load, it is known that the flux in the core 𝜙𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝜙, which
was set up by the magnetizing current 𝐼𝑚 .
• When a load of impedance 𝑍𝐿 , is connected to the secondary side, the secondary emf
𝐸2 will cause a current 𝐼2 to flow through the load.
• 𝐼2 =
𝐸2
𝑍𝐿
=
𝑉2
𝑍𝐿

• The angle at which 𝐼2 leads or lags (or) depends upon the characteristics of the load. In
the present case, we have considered
inductive load so that current 𝐼2 lags behind 𝑉2 (or 𝐸2 )
by 𝜃2 .
• At the moment of applying load, the current 𝐼2 carried
by the secondary winding causes another flux 𝜙2 to
set up in the core.
 Ideal transformer on load
• The flux 𝜙2 is in opposite direction to the flux already existing flux 𝜙 in the core, causing a
temporarily reduced in the net flux.
• The reduction of the net flux in the core, causes the primary emf 𝐸1 to become less than the
supply voltage 𝑉1 , temporarily.
• Since, in ideal transformer, the main flux shouldn’t change, and hence 𝐸1 = 𝑉1 remain satisfied.
• The primary winding starts drawing additional current from the supply. This additional current in
the primary winding set up additional flux 𝜙1 in the same direction as that of the net flux in the
core then start increasing towards old value 𝜙.
• In other words, the primary must draw enough current to neutralize the demagnetizing effect of
secondary current so that mutual flux 𝜙 remains constant.
• The building-up of additional current in the primary will come to a halt with a value of 𝐼2 ′ when
𝐸1 becomes once again equal to 𝑉1 , i.e. when 𝜙1 becomes equal to 𝜙2 ,
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 ′ = 𝐾𝐼2
 Ideal transformer on load
• The phasor diagram of an ideal transformer on load is shown below, where the value of
𝐾 has been assumed unity (𝐾 = 1) for simplicity.
• Thus, the primary phasors are equal to secondary phasors.
• The secondary current 𝐼2 lags behind 𝑉2 (or 𝐸2 ) by 𝜃2 , and It causes a primary current 𝐼1
= 𝐾𝐼2 = 𝐼2 ′ which is in antiphase with it. V1

• Also 𝜃2 = 𝜃2 , so cos 𝜃1 = cos 𝜃2 . Thus, power factor on the I1

primary side is equal to the power factor on the secondary side.

• Since there are no losses in an ideal transformer, input primary θ1

power is equal to the secondary output power i.e.,

φ

θ2

K=1
I2
E2 = V2
 Example
An ideal 25 kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary winding and 40 turns on the secondary
winding. The primary is connected to 3000 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate
(i) Primary and secondary currents on full-load
(ii) Secondary emf
(iii) The maximum core flux.
Solution
𝑁2 40 4
𝐾= = = 4
𝑁1 500 50 𝐸2 = × 3000 = 240 V
50
Volt−amper 25×103 iii) 𝐸1 = 4.44 × 𝑓𝑁1 𝜙𝑚
i) 𝐼1 = = = 8.33 A
𝑉1 3000
3000 = 4.44 × 50 × 500 × 𝜙𝑚
𝐼1 50
𝐼2 = = 8.33 × = 104.2 A
𝐾 4 ∴ 𝜙𝑚 = 27 × 10−3 Wb
𝐸2
ii) 𝐾 = ⟹ 𝐸2 = 𝐾 × 𝐸1
𝐸1
 Example
An ideal transformer having 90 turns on the primary and 2250 turns on the secondary is connected
to 200 V, 50 Hz supply. The load across the secondary draws a current of 2 A at a pf of 0.8 lagging.
Calculate
1) the value of primary current
2) The peak value of flux finked with the secondary.
3) Draw the phasor diagram.
Solution:
𝑁2 2250
𝐾= = = 25
𝑁1 90
1) 𝐼1 = 𝐾𝐼2 = 25 × 2 = 50 A
2) 𝐸1 = 4.44 × 𝑓𝑁1 𝜙𝑚
200 = 4.44 × 50 × 90 × 𝜙𝑚

• ∴ 𝜙𝑚 = 10 mWb
3) 𝐸2 = 𝐾𝐸1 = 25 × 200 = 5000 V

𝜙2 = phase angle between 𝑉2 and 𝐼2

𝜙2 = cos −1 0.8 = 36.9°

The phasor diagram of the transformer is shown below