DEFINITION

Integration is the inverse process of differentiation. The process of finding f(x), when its derivative
f ( x ) is given is known as integration.

1. INTEGRALS ANTI–DERIVATIVE
If f(x) is a differentiable function such that f ( x ) = g(x), then integration of g(x) w.r.t. x is f(x) + c.
Symbolically it is written as  g ( x )dx  f ( x )  c , here c is known as constant of integration and it

d
can take any real value. For example (tan x )  sec 2 x , so  sec 2 x dx  tan x  c .
dx

2. LIST OF STANDARD FORMULAE :

Based upon the above method and the previous knowledge of differentiation of standard functions,
here is the list of integration of standard functions.
Function f(x) ( Integrand ) Integration  f ( x )dx
Constant k Kx + c
x n 1
xn  c (n  1)
n 1
1
( x  0) n | x |  c
x

ax
x
a (a > 0, a  1) c
n a
ex ex + c
sin x – cos x + c
cos x sin x + c
sec2 x tan x + c
cosec2 x – cot x + c
sec x tan x sec x + c
cosec x cot x – cosec x + c
1
sin–1 x + c
1 x2
1
tan–1 x + c
1 x2
1
sec–1 x + c
| x | x2 1
Theorem 1 :
Two integrals of the same function can differ only by a constant.
Proof :
Let f1(x) and f2(x) be two integrals of g(x). Then by definition f1( x )  g (x ) and f 2 ( x )  g( x ) for
all possible value of x.
 f1( x )  f 2 (x )  x
Let h(x) = f1(x) – f2(x)
 h( x )  0  x
Now consider the interval [a, b] (a < b) then by Lagrange’s Mean value’s theorem, there exists
h ( b )  h (a )
some c  (a , b) such that h(c) 
ba
Since h(x)  0  x so h(c)  0
 h(b) = h(a)  h(x) is a constant function
Let h(x) = c
 f1(x) – f2(x) = c
Hence two integral of the same function can differ only by a constant.

Theorem 2 :
(i)  (af (x )  bg( x )dx = a  (f ( x )dx  b  g ( x )dx , where a and b are constants.
1
(ii)  f ( x )dx  g( x )  c , then  f (ax  b)dx  a
g (ax  b)  c , where a and b are constants

and a  0 .

Illustration 1:
Evaluate:  
3 sin x  cos x dx .
Solution:

 3 sin x  cos x dx

= 3  sin x dx   cos dx

=  3 cos x  sin x  c

  
=  2 cos x. cos  sin x. sin   c
 6 6

 
=  2 cos x    c
 6
  
If in illustration 1, we write 3 sin x  cos x as  2 cos x   , then what will be the integral?
 3
Illustration 2:
2
Evaluate:  sec (3x  5)dx

Solution:

We know that  sec 2 x dx  tan x  c

2 1
so  sec (3x  5)dx  tan(3x  5)  c
3
3. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
It is not always possible to find the integral of a complicated function only by observation, so we
need some methods of integration and integration by substitution is one of them. This methods has
3 parts :
(i) Direct substitution (ii) Standard substitution
(iii) Indirect substitution

3.1 DIRECT SUBSTITUTION

If  f ( x )dx  g ( x )  c , then in I =  f ( h ( x )) h ( x ) dx ,

We put h(x) = t  h( x )dx  dt

So I =  f ( t ) dt  g ( t )  c  g ( h ( x ))  c

Illustration 3 :

Evaluate:  cot x dx .
Solution:
cos x dx
I=  cot x dx =  sin x
Put sin x = t  cos x dx = dt
dt
So I=  t
= n | t | c = n | sin x |  c

Illustration 4 :
dx
Evaluate: 2 x (x  1)
.
Solution:
Put x = t2  dx = 2t dt
dx 2t dt
So I= 2 x (x  1)
=  2t ( t
2
 1)

dt
=  1 t 2 = tan–1 t + c = tan 1  x  c
3.2 STANDARD SUBSTITUTION
In some standard integrand or a part of it, we have standard substitution. List of standard substitution
is as follows :
Integrand Substitution
x2 + a2 or x2  a2 x = a tan 

x2 – a2 or x2  a2 x  a sec 

a2 – x2 or a2  x2 x  a sin  or x  a cos 

ax and ax x  a cos 2

x  x2  a2 n
expression inside the bracket = t

2x 2x a2  x2
, , x  a tan 
a2  x2 a2  x2 a2  x2
2x2 – 1 x  cos 
1
1 1
(n  N, n  1) xa
1 1 t
(x  a) n
( x  b) n xb

Illustration 5 :
dx
Evaluate:  ( x  3) 15 /16
( x  4)17 /16
.

Solution:
dx dx
I=  ( x  3) 15 / 16
( x  4)17 /16
=   x 3 15 / 16

  ( x  4) 2
 x4

x 3  ( x  4)  ( x  3) 
Put t   dx  dt
x 4  ( x  4) 2 
 dx dt
 =
( x  4) 2 7
1 dt  1 15 /16
t t dt
7 
So I= 15 / 16 =
7
1 / 16
 16 1 /16  16  x  3 
= t c =   c
7 7  x4

Illustration 6 :
dx
Evaluate:  .
x  x2  4 5/3

Solution:
dx
I= 
x  x2  4 5/3

Put x  x2  4  t

 x 
 1  dx  dt  x  x 2  4  t 
x 2
 4 x2  4  t  x
 

t2  4 2 t2  4
 x  x 4
2t 2t

 t2  4  1 1 5 / 3
so I =   2 t 2  t 5 / 3 dt =  t dt  2  t 11 / 3dt
  2

1 t 2 / 3 t 8 / 3 3
=  2  c = t 8 / 3 [1  t 2 ]  c
2 2/3 8/ 3 4

Where t  x  x 2  4 
3.3 INDIRECT SUBSTITUTION
If integrand f(x) can be rewritten as product of two functions. f(x) = f1(x) f2(x), where f2(x) is a
function of integral of f1(x), then put integral of f1(x) = t.

Illustration 7 :

x
Evaluate:  dx .
4  x3
Solution:

x x dx
I=  4  x3
dx =  4  x3
2 3/ 2
Here integral of x x and 4 – x3 = 4 – (x3/2)2
3
2
Put x3/2 = t  x dx  dt
3

2 dt 2 1  x 3 / 2 
I sin    c
So 3  4  t2 = 3  2 

Illustration 8 :
Evaluate:  (cos x  sin x ) (3  4 sin 2 x )dx .
Solution:
I =  (cos x  sin x ) (3  4 sin 2 x ) dx
Here integration of cos x – sin x = sin x + cos x
and 3 + 4 sin 2x = 3 + 4((sin x + cos x)2-1)
Put sin x + cos x = 1 = (cos x – sin x )dx = dt
t 2
So I =  (3  4( t 2  1)dt = [ 4t  3]  c
3

 sin x  cos x  2  sin x  cos x 

=   [4(sin x  cos x )  3] =   (1  4 sin 2 x )  c
 3   3 
Drill Exercise – 1

Integrate the following functions with respect to x :

1 sin x  cos x
1. x 2.
x sin x  cos x
1 1
3. x 4. x n x
e 1

cos(tan1 x )
2
5. sec (4x – 7) 6.
(1  x 2 ) sin(tan 1 x )

1
1
x2
7. 1 8. tan x n (cos x )
x2  2  3
x
 dx
9.
4 cos x  6 sin x
10.
  1 
3 cos x  2 sin x x 3 / 2 1  
 x

4. INTEGRATION BY PARTS
If integrand can be expressed as product of two functions, then we use the following formula.

 f (x)
1 f 2 (x)dx  f1 (x)  f 2 (x)   f1(x)(  f 2 (x)dx)dx , where f1(x) and f2(x) are known as first
and second function respectively.
Remarks :

(i) We do not put constant of integration in 1st integral, we put this only once in the end.

(ii) Order of f1(x) and f2(x) is normally decided by the rule ILATE, where I  Inverse,
L  Logarithms, A  Algebraic, T  Trigonometric and E  Exponential.

Illustration 9 :
2
Evaluate: x sin x dx .
Solution:
2
x sin x dx

= x 2  sin x dx   ( 2 x  sin x dx )dx

=  x 2 cos x  2[ x  cos x dx   (1 cos x dx )dx = – x2 cos x + 2x sin x – 2 cos x + c

Illustration 10 :

1
 2x  2 
Evaluate:  sin  dx .
 2 
 4 x  8 x  13 
Solution:

1
 2x  2 
I =  sin  2
dx

 4 x  8 x  13 

 2x  2   2x  2 
Here sin 1   = sin 1 
 
2
 4x  8x  13   (2x  2) 2  9 
 
Put 2x  2  3 tan 
 3 2 2x  2 3 tan 
dx = sec  d . Also = = sin 
2 ( 2 x  2) 2  9 3 sec 

So I=
3
2 
3
2

 sec 2  d =  sec 2    (1 sec 2  d)d  =
3
2
[ tan   n (cos )]  c

3  2x  3 1  2 x  2   3 
= 2  3 tan  3   n 2
  c

    4 x  8 x  13  

4.1 SPECIAL USE OF INTEGRATION BY PARTS

(i)  f ( x )dx   (f ( x )).1 dx
Now integrate taking f(x) as 1st function and 1 as 2nd function.

f (x) f (x) g(x)

(ii)  g(x) n
dx   . dx
g(x) g(x) n

f (x) g (x )
Now integrate taking as 1st function and n
as 2nd function.

g (x) g (x )

(iii) If integrand is of the form ex f(x), then rewrite f(x) as sum of two functions in which one is
derivative of other.
x x
 e f ( x )dx =  e (g ( x )  g ( x )) dx = ex g(x) + c

Illustration 11 :
Evaluate:  n x dx .
Solution:
1
I =  n x dx =  (n x .1) dx = n x . x –  x . x dx = x n x  x  c  x (n x  1)  c

Illustration 12 :

x2
Evaluate:  (x sin x  cos x)2 . [MNR 1989, RPET 2000]

Solution:

x2  x cos x   x sec x
I= 
( x sin x  cos x ) 2
=  x. sec x ( x sin x  cos x ) 2
dx =
 x sin x  cos x
 tan x  c
Illustration 13 :
2
 x 1  x
Evaluate:   2  e dx .
 x 1
Solution:
2
 x 1  x 2  2x  1 1   2x 
I=  2  = =   2 
 x 1
2
(x  1) 2
( x  1)  ( x  1) 
2

2 x
1  2x x  x 1  e
Here derivative of 2 is 2 . So e
  x 1
 2  dx = 2
c
x  1 ( x  1) 2 ( x  1)

Drill Exercise – 2

Integrate the following functions with respect to x :

1. tan–1 x. 2. x n x .

3. x ex. 4. ex (cos x – sin x).

5. x sin 3x 6. x sin–1 x

5. INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS

f (x )
When integrand is a rational function i.e. of the form , where f(x) and g(x) are the polynomials
g(x)
functions of x, we use the method of partial fraction.
1 1 1
For example we can rewrite as  .
(3x  1) (3x  2) 3(3x  1) 3(3x  2)

If degree of f(x) is less then degree of g(x) and g(x) = ( x  a 1 )1 ..........( x 2  b1x  c1 )1 ......... ,

f (x ) A1 A2 A 1
then we can put =   ........  ........
g(x) (x  a1 ) (x  a1 ) 2
( x  a 1 ) 1

B1x  C1 B x  C2 B  C1
  2 2  ........  2 1 .........
2
(x  b1x  c1 ) ( x  b1x  c1 ) 2
( x  b1x  c1 )1

Here A1, A2,........., A 1 ............, B1, B2............ B1 ...........C1, C2......... C1 ...........are the real
constants and these can be calculated by reducing both sides of the above equation as identity in
polynomial form and then by comparing the coefficients of like powers. The constants can also be
obtained by putting some suitable numerical values of x in both sides of the identity.
 If degree of f(x) is more than or equal to degree of g(x), then divide f(x) by g(x) so that the
remainder has degree less than of g(x).

Illustration 14 :
dx
Evaluate:  ( x  1) ( x  2) (x  3) .
Solution:
1 A B C
Put =  
( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3) ( x  1) (x  2) ( x  3)
 1 = A (x – 2) (x – 3) + B (x – 1) (x – 3) + C (x – 1) (x – 2)
1
Put x = 1, we get, A =
2
x = 2, we get, B = – 1
1
x = 3, we get, C =
2

1 dx dx 1 dx  x 2  4x  3 
    c
2  x 1  x  2 2  x  3
So integral = = n
 |x2| 
 
Illustration 15 :
dx
Evaluate:  ( x  2) ( x 2
 1)
.

Solution:
1 A Bx  C
Let 2 =  2  1 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 2)
( x  2) (x  1) x  2 ( x  1)

1
Put x = – 2, we get A =
5
Now compare the coefficients of x2 and constant term we get 0 = A + B and 1 = A + 2C
1 2 1 dx 1 x 2 dx
 B  , C  . So I =    2 dx   2
5 5 5 x  2 5 x 1 5 x 1
1 1 2
= n | x  2 |  n ( x 2  1)  tan 1 x  C
5 10 5

Illustration 16 :

x 4 dx
Evaluate:  ( x  1) ( x  1) 2 .
Solution:
Here degree of numerator is more than the degree of denominator so first we have to divide it to

x4 2x 2  1
reduce it to proper fraction. = ( x  1) 
( x  1) (x  1) 2 (x  1) ( x  1) 2

2x 2  1 A B C
Put 2 =
 
( x  1) (x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) 2
 2x2 – 1 = A(x + 1)2 + B(x – 1) (x + 1) + C(x – 1)
1
Put x = 1, we get A =
2
1
Put x = – 1, we get C = 
2
3
Comparing the coefficient of x2, we get 2 = A + B  B =
2
1 dx 3 dx 1 dx
So I =  ( x  1)dx      
2 ( x  1) 2 ( x  1) 2 (x  2) 2

x2 1 3 1
=  x  n | x  1 |  n | x  1 |  C
2 2 2 2(x  2)

Drill exercise – 3
Integrate the following functions with respect to x :
2 tan x sec 2 x x3
1. . 2. .
tan 2 x  3 tan x  2 ( x  1) ( x  2)

x log ex e log e 2 x e
3. . 4. .
( x  2) ( x  5) x
2 2x 2
5. (1  x ) (1  x 2 ) . 6. .
( x 2  1) 2
x
7.
( x  1) 2 ( x  2)

6. ALGEBRAIC INTEGRALS
Using the technique of standard substitution and integration by parts, we can derive the following
formula :

(i) z dx
2
a x 2
1
a
x
 tan 1  c
a
(ii) z dx
2
x a 2

1
n
xa
2a x  a
c
 (iii) z a x
dx
2 2
 sin 1
x
a
c (iv) z 2
dx
x a 2
 n x  x 2  a 2 + c

(v) z x a
dx
2 2
 n x  x 2  a 2 + c

(vi) z 2
a  x dx 
x 2
2

2
2 a2
2
x
a  x  sin 1  c
a

(vii) z x 2  a 2 dx 
x 2
2
a2
e
x  a 2  n x  x 2  a 2 + c
2
j

(viii) z 2
x  a dx 
x 2
2

2
a2
x  a  n x  x 2  a 2 + c
2

2
e j
6.1 INTEGRAL OF THE FORM
dx dx
 ax 2
 bx  c
,  2
ax  bx  c
,  ax 2  bx  c dx

2
b 4ac  b 2 b
Here in each case write ax2 + bx + c = a  x    put x   t and use the
 2a  4a 2a
standard formulae.

Illustration 17 :
dx
Evaluate:  2
 x  4x  6
.

Solution:
– x2 + 4x + 6 = – (x2 – 4x + 4) + 10 = 10 – (x – 2)2
dx
I=  10  ( x  2) 2
Put x – 2 = t  dx = dt

dt 1 t  x2
I=  2 = sin  c = sin 1  c
10  t 10  10 
Illustration 18 :
Evaluate:  3x 2  6x  10 dx .
Solution:
3 x2 – 6x + 10 = 3(x – 1)2 + 7
Put x–1=t
  dx = dt

t 2 7 7 7
2 7 3 t   n t  t 2    c
I = 3 t  dt =
3  2 3 6 3 

where t = x – 1

6.2 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM

(ax  b)dx (ax  b)dx
 2
cx  ex  f
,  cx2
 ex  f
,  (ax  b) cx 2  ex  f dx

Here write ax + b = A(2cx + e) + B

Find A and B by comparing, the coefficients of x and constant term.

Illustration 19 :
(3x  5)dx
Evaluate:  x 2  4x  3
.
Solution:
Write 3x + 5 = A(2x + 4) + B
3
 A= , B=–1
2
3 2x  4 dx
So I= 2 
2 2
x  4x  3 x  4x  3
In 1st integral put x2 + 4x + 3 = t
 (2x + 4)dx = dt
3 dt dx
I = 2  t   ( x  2) 2  1 = 3 x  4 x  3   n ( x  2)  x  4 x  3  c
2 2

6.3 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM

(ax 2  bx  c)dx (ax 2  bx  c)dx

 (ex 2  fx  g)  (ex 2  fx  g )
, ,  (ax 2  bx  c) (ex 2  fx  g) dx

Here put ax2 + bx + c = A( ex2 – fx + g ) + B(2ex + f) + c find the values of A, B and C by

comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant term.

Illustration 20 :
( x 2  4 x  7)
Evaluate:  x2  x 1
.
Solution:
Let x2 + 4x + 7 = A(x2 + x + 1) + B(2x + 1) + C
 Comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant term, we get
3 9
A = 1, A + 2B = 4, A + B + C = 7  A = 1, B = ,C=
2 2
3 (2 x  1)dx 9 dx
So I=  x 2  x  1 dx    
2 x  x 1 2
2 2
x  x 1
2 2
 1   3
Now x 2  x  1 =  x  2    2 
   

 1
x 
I=  2   x 2  x  1  3 n  x  1  x 2  x  1   3 x 2  x  1  9 n  x  1  x 2  x  1   c
 2  8  2  2  2 
 
 

6.4 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM

dx
 (ax  b) 1
. Here ax  b  .
ex 2  fx  g t

Illustration 21 :
dx
Evaluate:  ( x  2) x 2  4x  8
.

Solution:
1  dt
Put x  2   dx 
t t2
Now x2 + 4x + 8 = (x + 2)2 + 4

 dt dt 1 dt 1 1
 =  n t  t 2   c
So I=  1 =
1  4t 2 =  
2 1 2 4
t 2 4 t2 
t 4

1 1 1 1
=  n  2
 c
2 x2 ( x  2) 4

6.5 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM

( ax  b)dx
 (cx  e) ex 2  fx  g
. Here put (ax + b) = A(cx + e) + B, find the values of A and B by

comparing the coefficients of x and constant term.

Illustration 22 :
( 4 x  7)
Evaluate:  ( x  2) x 2  4x  8
.

Solution:
Let 4x + 7 = A(x + 2) + B
 A = 4, B = – 1
dx dx
So I = 4 
x 2  4x  8 ( x  2) x 2  4 x  8

 2 1 1
 1 1
= 4 n x  2  x  4 x  8  2 n x  2  ( x  2) 2  4  c

6.6 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM

(ax 2  bx  c)dx
 (ex  f ) 2
gx  hx  i
. Here put ax2 + bx + c = A(ex + f) (2gx + h) + B(ex + f) + C, find the

values of A, B and C by comparing the coefficients of x2, x and constant term.

Illustration 23 :

2 x 2  7 x  11
Evaluate:  ( x  2) x 2  4x  8
.

Solution:
Put 2x2 + 7x + 11 = A(x + 2) (2x + 4) + B(x + 2) + C
Compare the coefficient of x2, x and constant term, we get
A = 1, 7 = 8 A + B, C + 2B + 8A = 11  B = – 1, C = 5
2x  4 dx dx
So I=    5
2 2
x  4x  8 x  4x  8 ( x  2) x 2  4 x  8

5 1 1 1
= 2 x 2  4 x  8  n ( x  2)  x 2  4 x  8  n  2
 c
2 ( x  2) ( x  2) 4

6.7 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM

x dx
 (ax 2
 b) ( cx 2  e)
, here put cx2 + e = t2.
Illustration 24 :
x dx
Evaluate:  (2 x 2
 3) x 2  1
.

Solution:
Put x2 – 1 = t2

 x dx = t dt

t dt dt 1 dt 1  2 2 
tan 1 
So I=  (2 t 2
 5) t
=  2 t 2  5 2  2 5 10  5 x  1   c
= =
t 
2

6.8 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM

dx 1
 (ax 2
 b) ( cx  e) 2 . Here 1st put x =
t
and then the expression inside the square root as y2.

Illustration 25 :
dx
Evaluate:  (x 2
 5) 2x 2  3
.

Solution:
1
Put x=
t
dt
 dx = 
t2
 dt  t dt
So I=  =  (1  5t 2
) 2  3t 2
1  2
t 2  2  5 2  3
t  t
y dy
Put 2 – 3t2 = y2  – t dt =
3

1 y dy 1 y  13 / 5
So I=  = n C
3   13  5y 2  5 y  13 / 5
  y
 3 

6.9 INTEGRALS OF THE TYPE

m
x (a  bx n ) p dx ( p  0 ) . Here we have the following cases.
Case I : If p is a natural number, then expand (a + bxn)p by binomial theorem and integrate.
 Case II : If p is a negative integer and m and n are rational number, put x = tk, when k is
the LCM of denominators of m and n.
m 1
Case III : If is an integer and p is rational number, put (a + bxn) = tk, when k is
n
the denominator of p.
m 1 a  bx n
Case IV : If is an integer, put n
 t k , where k is the denominator of p.
n x

Illustration 26 :
1
2 2
  
Evaluate:  x 1  x 3  .
3
 
 
Solution:
Here p = – 1, is a negative integer and m and n are rational numbers.
Put x = t3
 dx 3t2 dt
2 3 dt
So I= t (1  t 2 ) 1 3t 2dt   = 3 tan 1 ( x1/ 3 )  c
1 t2

Illustration 27 :
1/ 4
1
1
 
Evaluate:  x 1  x  dx .
 3
3

 
Solution:
1 1 1
Here m=  ,n= ,p=
3 3 4
m 1
 2 , which is an integer
n
dx
So 1  x   t
1/ 3 4

3x 2/3
 4 t 3 dt

4
I = 12  ( t 4  1) t 4 dt = 
15

1  x 1/ 3 
5/4
[ 4  9 x 1/ 3 ]  c
Illustration 28 :
11
Evaluate: x (1  x 4 ) 1 / 2 dx .
Solution:
1
Here m = – 11, m = 4, p = 
2
 m 1 10 1
 p     3 , which is an integer..
n 4 2

1 x4 1 4
So put 4
 t 2  1  4  t 2  5 dx  2 t dt
x x x

dx 1 1
So I=   1 
1/ 2 = 
4  ( t 2  1) 2 . .2t dt
t
x13 1  4 
 x 

1 4 2 t5 t3 t
=   ( t  2 t  1)dt =   c
2  10 3 2

1
Where t = 1 .
x4
Drill exercise – 4

Integrate the following functions with respect to x :

1 2x  3
1. 2 . 2. .
x  4x  5 x2  x 1
1
3. 2 . 4. x1/ 3 (1  x1/ 3 ) 2 .
x x  x 1

1 1
5. . 6.
x (1  x 4 )
5
(2  x ) 2  1

7. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS :

7.1 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM :

 f (sin x , cos x ) 
  g(sin x, cos x) dx   R (sin x, cos x )dx , where f and g both are polynomials in sin x and cos
x
2 tan
x 2
x. Here we can convert them in algebraic by putting tan  t after writing sin x =
2 x
1  tan 2
2
x
1  tan 2
2
and cos x =
x.
1  tan 2
2
 Some time instead of putting the above substitution we go for below procedure.
(i) If R(– sin x, cos x) = – R(sin x, cos x), put cos x = t
(ii) If R(sin x, – cos x) = R(sin x, cos x) put tan x = t
(iii) If R(–sin x, cos x) = R(sin x, cos x) put tan x = t

Illustration 29 :
dx
Evaluate:  sin x(2 cos 2
x  1)
.
Solution:
1
Here R(sin x, cos x) =
sin x (2 cos2 x  1)
1
R(sin x, cos x) = = R – (sin x, cos x)
 sin x (2 cos2 x  1)
So we put cos = t  – sin x dx = dt
sin dx dt
I=  (1  cos2 x ) (2 cos2 x  1) =  (t 2
 1) (2t 2  1)

dt dt 1 cos x  1 1 2 cos x  1
n n
=  t 2  1  2t 2  1 2 cos x  1 2 2 cos x  1  C
 2 = 

Illustration 30 :
cos x dx
Evaluate:  sin 2
x (sin x  cos x )
.
Solution:
cos x dx
Here R(sin x, cos x) = 2
sin x (sin x  cos x )
R(– sin x, – cos x) = R(sin x , cos x)
So put tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt
cos x sec 2 x dx dt
I=  = t 2
sec 2 x sin 2 x (sin x  cos x ) (1  t )
1 A B C
Let   2
2 or 1 = At(1 + t) + B(1 + t) + ct2
t (1  t ) t t (1  t )
Put t = 0, we get B = 1, put t = –1, we get C = 1
compare the coefficients of t2, we get 0 = A + C  A = – 1
dt dt dt 1  tan x
So I =   2  = n  cot x  c
t t 1 t tan x
7.2 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM :
 p sin x  q cos x  r 
  a sin x  b cos x  c dx ,
 here put p sin x + q cos x + r = A(a sin x + b cos x + c) + B(a cos x – b sin x) + C values of A, B
and C can be obtained by comparing the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term by this
technique. The given integral becomes sum of 3 integrals in which 1st two are very easy in 3rd we
x
can put tan  t .
2
Illustration 31 :
(5 sin x  6) dx
Evaluate:  sin x  2 cos x  3 .
Solution:
Let 5 sin x + 6 = A(sin x + 2 cos x + 3) + B(cos x – 2 sin x) + C
Equating the coefficients of sin x, cos x and constant term, we get
A  2B  5

2A  B  0  A = 1, B = –2, C = 3
3A  C  6 

(cos x  2 sin x )dx dx

I =  dx  2   3 x  2n | sin x  2 cos x  3 | 31
sin x  2 cos x  3 sin x  cos x  3
x x
Put tan  t  sec 2 dx  2dt
2 2

 x
2dt 2dt 1  t  1 
 1  tan 
So 1   2
t  2t  5
=  ( t  1) 2  4 = tan  2   C = tan 1  2 2   C
 
 
7.3 INTEGRALS OF THE FORM :
p pq2
 sin x cos q x dc , Where p and q are rational number such that is a negative integer,,
2
then put tan x = t or cot x = t.
Illustration 32 :
Evaluate:  sin 7 / 5 x cos 3 / 5 dx .
Solution:
7 3
Here p=  ,q= 
5 5
pq2
 2
2
cos 3 / 5 x
I =  sin 7 / 5 cos 3 / 5 x dx = 3 / 5 2
 sin 3 / 5 x sin 2 x dx =  (cot x ) cos ec x dx
5 2/5
Put cot x = t  cosec2 x = – dt. So I =   t 3 / 5 dt =  (cot x )  c
2
Illustration 33:
If In =  tann x dx, then prove that (n – 1) (In + In–2) = tann–1 x.
Solution:
Here In =  tan
n
x dx   tan n  2 x tan 2 x dx

=  tann–2 x (sec2 x – 1) dx =  tann–2 x sec2 xdx –  tann–2 x dx

= tann–2 x sec2 x dx – In–2

tan n 1 x
In  I n  2 
n 1
Hence (n – 1) (In + In–2) = tann–1x .

Drill exercise – 5

Integrate the following functions with respect to x :

1 1
1. . 2. 2 .
1  2 cos x sin x  sin 2x
sin x sin 8 x  cos8 x
3. . 4.
sin x  cos x 1  2 sin 2 x cos2 x
1
5. .
cos(x  a ) cos(x  b)
 ANSWERS
Drill exercise –1
2 3/ 2 1
1. x  n | x |  C 2. n C 3. x  n(e x  1)  C
3 sin x  cos x

1
4. n | n x |  C 5. tan(4x  7)  C 6. 2 sin(tan 1 x)  C
4

1  1 (n(cos x)) 2
7. tan  x    C 8.  C 9. 2n | 2 sin x  3cos x |  C
 x 2
1
10. 2n 1  C
x
Drill exercise –2
1 x2
1. x tan 1 x  n(1  x 2 )  C 2. (2n x  1)  C
2 4
3. e x (x  1)  C 4. ex cos x  C

x 1 1 x 1  x2
5. – cos3x + sin 3x + C 6. sin–1 (x) (2x – 1) + +C
3 9 4 4
Drill exercise –3
4
 tan x  2  x2
1. n  2 
C 2.  3x  n(x  2)8  n | x  1|  C
 (tan x  1)  2

2 5 n x  1
3. n | x  2 |  n | x  5 |  C 4. n n x  2  C
7 7

1 x
5. n(1  x 2 )  n |1  x |  tan 1 x  C 6. 2
 tan 1 x  C
2 x 1
2 x 1 1
7. log – +C
9 x2 3( x  1)

Drill exercise –4
 1
2
1. n (x  2)  x  4x  5  C 2. 2 x 2  x  1  4 n  x    x 2  x  1  C
 2
 1 1 1 1
3. n    1  C
x 2 x2 x

 y2 1 1 1  1 
4. 3   3y  3n | y |    C , where y = 1 + x1/3 5.  n 1  4   1  4    C
4 x  x 
2 y

1
6. n +C
2  x  x 2  4x  5

Drill exercise –5

x
3  tan 1 tan x
1 2 C
1. n 2. n C
3 x 2 tan x  2
3  tan
2

1 1
3. (1  n | sin x  cos x |)  C 4. – sin 2x + C
2 2
1 cos(x  b)
5. n +C
sin( a  b) cos(x  a )