Bme 514
Bme 514
LNO5
LEARNING OUTCOME
The Central Nervous System consists of the Brain and the Spinal
Cord.
system
Brain
nerves
LR i
A\ISARA
Wirpry
/ 12
J :
Peripheral
— Mervous
System
Nervous Tissue
* Nervous tissue 1s organized in both the CNS and the PNS so that axons
form bundles, and neuron cell bodies and their relatively short dendrites are
grouped together.
* Therefore, both the CNS and the PNS contain areas of gray matter and
areas of white matter.
* Gray matter consists of groups of neuron cell bodies and their dendrites,
where there is very little myelin. In the CNS, gray matter on the surface of
the brain is called the cortex, and clusters of gray matter located deeper
within the brain are called nuclei. In the PNS, a cluster of neuron cell
bodies is called a ganglion.
* The major cells that make up the nerve tissue are the nerve cells and
neuroglia.
Nerve Cells
+» Cerebellum
++ Diencephalon
+s» Cerebrum.
11.
BRAINSTEM
The midbrain
—
Anterior
Corpus callosum : o. — Cerebrum
[Th
Disncephalon J | AS Posterior
| Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Brainstem -{ pons
Cerebellum
Medulla
oblongata
Midbrain
* Superficially, the spinal cord blends into the medulla oblongata, but
internally several differences exist.
The RIGHT side of the brain controls the LEFT side of the body
while the [LEFT side of the brain controls the RIGHT side of the
body
Pons
Reticular formation
pathway
Basal nuclei
Limbic system
The vermis and the medial portion of the lateral hemispheres are
involved in controlling posture, locomotion, and fine motor
coordination, thereby producing smooth, flowing movements.
i.
ii.
iil.
iv.
The diencephalon is the part of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum.
The thalamus: is by far the largest part of the diencephalon, constituting about
four-fifths
of its weight. It receives sensory information and sends it to the cerebral cortex.
It also
influences mood and actions associated with strong emotions, such as fear and rage.
The epithalamus: it consists of the habenula and the pineal gland. It is a small
area
superior and posterior to the thalamus. The habenula is influenced by the sense of
smell
and is involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors. The pineal gland, or
pineal
body 1s involved in modulation of the sleep-wake cycle and other biorhythms.
It controls the autonomic nervous system, body temperature, carbohydrate and fat
metabolism,
The cerebrum accounts for the largest portion of total brain weight, which is about
1200 g in
females and 1400 g in males. The cerebrum is divided into left and right
hemispheres by a
longitudinal fissure.
Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into lobes, which are named for the skull bones
overlying
each of them. They are:
The parietal lobe: is the major center for receiving and evaluating most sensory
information, except for smell, hearing, taste, and vision. It collects, recognizes,
and
organizes sensations: feelings of pain, temperature, touch, position and movement
The temporal lobe: receives and evaluates input for smell and hearing and plays an
important role in memory. processes auditory (hearing) information stores auditory
(hearing) and visual (seeing) memories. Itincludes Broca’s speech area. Its
anterior and
inferior portions, called the “psychic cortex,” are associated with such brain
functions as
abstract thought and judgment.
CEREBRUM
Meninges
Dura mater:
Arachnoid: T
Pia mater: T|
arachnoid.
chnoid
Spaces between the meninges
Dura mat
Subdural space
~~ Subarachnoid spac
Arachnoid
the head.
111. an interneuron
v. an effector organ .
Effector organ
© 4 sensory receptor detects a stimulus.
©)n the spinal cord, the sensory neuron synapses with an infemeuron.
{An intemeuon is not involved in a monosynaptic reflex arc.)
© A motor neuron axon conducts action potentials through the ventral root
and spinal nerve to an efector organ.
Reflex
+ reading
+ typing
+ swimming
+ dancing
+ skating
+ playing football
INBORN
* The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all the nervous tissue
outside the CNS. It includes sensory receptors, nerves, ganglia, and
plexuses.
c Exs 28 a.
* A given cranial nerve may have one or more of three
functions:
1. sensory,
111. parasympathetic
* The cervical nerves are designated C1-C8, the thoracic nerves T1—
T12, the lumbar nerves L1-L5, and the sacral nerves S1-S5
* The single coccygeal nerve is often not designated, but when it is the symbol
Co is usually used
a
|
Yenosnoralranenonn 0 o
-
© NOG EE WN
Thoradc in breathing,
nerves rtebral column
I movement, and
tone in postural
back musdes
Hip movement
Lower limb
movement
Coccygeal