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Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

1. FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OFAN ANGLE It is clear from the definitions that if one of the trigonometric ratios of an angle is known, the numerical magnitude of each of the others is also known. • sin2  + cos2  = 1 or sin2  =1 –cos2  or cos2  = 1 – sin2  • 1 + tan2  = sec2  or sec2  – tan2  = 1 • 1 + cot2  = cosec2  or cosec2  – cot2  = 1 • tan = sin  and cot   cos  sin  • sin . cosec  = tan . cot  = cos  . sec  = 1 Illustration

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367 views14 pages

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities

1. FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OFAN ANGLE It is clear from the definitions that if one of the trigonometric ratios of an angle is known, the numerical magnitude of each of the others is also known. • sin2  + cos2  = 1 or sin2  =1 –cos2  or cos2  = 1 – sin2  • 1 + tan2  = sec2  or sec2  – tan2  = 1 • 1 + cot2  = cosec2  or cosec2  – cot2  = 1 • tan = sin  and cot   cos  sin  • sin . cosec  = tan . cot  = cos  . sec  = 1 Illustration

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Raju Singh
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1.

FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS


OF AN ANGLE
It is clear from the definitions that if one of the trigonometric ratios of an angle is known, the
numerical magnitude of each of the others is also known.
 sin2  + cos2  = 1 or sin2  =1 –cos2  or cos2  = 1 – sin2 
 1 + tan2  = sec2  or sec2  – tan2  = 1
 1 + cot2  = cosec2  or cosec2  – cot2  = 1
sin  cos 
 tan  = and cot  
cos  sin 
 sin  . cosec  = tan  . cot  = cos  . sec  = 1

Illustration 1:
tan A cot A
Prove that   sec A cos ecA  1.
1  cot A 1  tan A
Solution :
tan A cot A tan 2 A cot A
L.H.S =   
1  cot A 1  tan A tan A  1 1  tan A

=

cot A  tan 2 A cot A 1  tan 3 A


1  tan A 1  tan A
= cot A (1 + tanA + tan2A)
= cotA + 1 + tanA
cos 2 A  sin 2 A
= 1
sin A. cos A
= secA. cosecA + 1.

2. SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS


B
Tracing of the changes in the sign and magnitude of the P1
P2
trigonometrical ratios of an angle, as the angle increases
from 0° to 360°.

M2 M1
Let the revolving line OP be of constant length a. When it A A
M3 M4
coincides with OA, the length OM1 is equal to a; and, O
when it coincides with OB, the point M1 coincides with
O and OM1 vanishes. Also, as the revolving line turns
from OA to OB, the distance OM1 decreases from a to P3 P4
zero. B

Whilst the revolving line is in the second quadrant and is revolving from OB to OA , the distance
OM2 is negative and increases numerically from 0 to a [i.e., it decreases algebraically from 0 to –a].
In the third quadrant, the distance OM3 increases algebraically from –a to 0; and, in the fourth
quadrant, the distance OM4 increases from 0 to a.
In the first quadrant, the length M1P1 increases from 0 to a; in the second quadrant, M2P2 decreases
from a to 0; in the third quadrant, M3P3 decreases algebraically from 0 to –a; whilst in the fourth
quadrant M4 P4 increases algebraically from –a to 0.
Therefore it is clear that
B
i i

A O A
i i

B
3. PERIODS OF THE TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS
As an angle increases from 0 to 2 radians. i.e., whilst the revolving line makes a complete
revolution, its sine first increases from 0 to 1, then decreases from 1 to – 1, and finally increases
from –1 to 0, and thus the sine goes through all its changes, returning to its original value.
Similarly, as the angle increases from 2 radians to 4 radians, the sine goes through the same
series of changes.
Also, the sines of any two angles which differ by four right angles, i.e., 2 radians, are same.
This is expressed by saying that the period of the sine function is 2 .
Similarly, the cosine, secant, and cosecant go through all their changes as the angle increases
by 2 .
The tangent, however, goes through all its changes as the angle increases from 0 to  radians, i.e.,
whilst the revolving line turns through two right angles. Similarly for the cotangent.
The period of the sine, cosine, secant and cosecant is therefore 2  radians; the period of the
tangent and cotangent is  radians.
Since the values of the trigonometrical functions repeat over and over again as the angle increases,
they are called periodic functions.
4. GRAPHS OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
The variations in the values of the trigonometric ratios may be graphically represented to the eye by
means of curves constructed in the following manner.
Sine-Graph:

Y
1
 / 2
O /2 2 X
–1

Cosine-Graph :

Y
1

O
 / 2 / 2 3 / 2 2 X
–1

Tangent-Graph:

O / 2
/2 3 / 2X

Cosecant-Graph:

 3
1
2 2
X O  2 X
–1
2
The secant-graph and the cotangent-graph are left as an exercise to the students.

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SOME ANGLES

Angle 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180°


1 1 3 3 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 1 1 1 3
  
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
3 ND 3 
3 3
1 1
ND 3  3 ND
3 3
2 2
ND 2 2 ND
3 3
2 2
2 ND 2 
3 3

Note : Later on we shall learn that infact tan(90°–) =  and tan(90°+) = –  etc.
ND means (Not defined).

Illustration 2:
Find the minimum value of cos(cosx).
Solution :
cosx varies from –1 to 1 for all real x.
Thus cos(cosx) varies from cos1 to cos0.
 minimum value of cos(cosx) is cos1

5. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS FOR AN ANGLE OF ANY MAGNITUDE

Complementary Angles :
Two angles are said to be complementary when their sum is equal to a right angle. Thus any angle
 and the angle 90° –  are complementary..

Supplementary angles :
Two angles are said to be supplementary when their sum is equal to two right angles, i.e., the
supplement of any angle  is 180° –  .
Allied or Related Angles :
1 1
The angles n   and n   , where n is any integer, are known as allied or related angles.
2 2
The trigonometric functions of these angles can be expressed as trigonometric functions of  , with
either a plus or a minus sign. The following working rules can be used in determining these functions.

 equals sin cos tan cot sec cosec


– –sin cos –tan –cot sec –cosec
90°– cos sin cot tan cosec sec
90° +  cos –sin –cot –tan –cosec sec
180° –  sin –cos –tan –cot –sec cosec
180° +  –sin –cos tan cot –sec –cosec
360° –  –sin cos –tan –cot sec –cosec
360° +  sin cos tan cot sec cosec

6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPOUND ANGLES


An angle made up of the algebraic sum of two or more angles is called compound angle.
Some formulae and results regarding compound angles:
 sin (A + B) = sin A cosB + cosA sinB
 sin(A – B) = sinA cosB – cos A sinB
 cos (A + B) = cosA cos B – sinA sin B
 cos(A – B) = cosA cosB + sin A sin B.
tan A  tan B 1  tan A
 tan(A + B) = 1  tan A tan B , tan (45° + A) = 1  tan A

tan A  tan B 1  tan A


 tan(A–B) = 1  tan A tan B , tan (45° – A) = 1  tan A

cot A cot B  1 cot A cot B  1


 cot (A + B) = cot A  cot B , cot (A – B) = cot B  cot A

 sin(A + B) sin(A – B) = sin2A – sin2B = cos2B – cos2A


 cos(A + B) cos(A – B) = cos2A – sin2B = cos2B –sin2A.
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C
 tan (A + B + C) = 1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A

Illustration 3:
If cos (A + B) sin (C + D) = cos(A - B) sin (C - D)
prove that cotA cotB cotC = cotD.
Solution :
We have cos (A + B) sin (C + D) = cos(A – B) sin (C – D)
cos A  B sin C  D 
i.e. 
cos A  B  sin C  D 
cosA  B  cosA  B sin C  D   sin C  D 
 
cos A  B   cosA  B  sin C  D   sin C  D 
2 cos A cos B 2 sin C cos D
or, 
2 sin A sin B 2 cos C sin D
 cotA cotB = tanC cotD
or, cotA cotB cotC = cotD.

7. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLES OF AN ANGLE


2 tan A
 sin2A = 2sinA cosA =
1  tan 2 A

1  tan 2 A
 cos2A = cos2 A –sin2A = 1 – 2 sin2A = 2 cos2A–1 = ,
1  tan 2 A
1 + cos2A = 2cos2A, 1 – cos2A = 2sin2A
2 tan A
 tan2A 
1  tan 2 A
 sin3A = 3sinA – 4sin3A = 4sin(60° – A) sinA sin(60° + A)
 cos3A = 4 cos3A – 3cosA = 4cos(60°–A) cosA(cos60°+A)

3 tan A  tan 3 A
 tan 3A  = tan(60°–A) tanA tan(60°+A)
1  3 tan 2 A
Illustration 4:
Find the values of (i) tan 150 (ii) sin 180
Solution:
(i) tan150 = tan (45° – 30°)

1  tan 30 1  1 3 3 1 ( 3  1) 2
=   
1  tan 30 1  1 / 3 3  1 ( 3  1) ( 3  1)
42 3
 2 3 .
2
(ii) Let  = 180 then 2  = 360 = 900 – 540 = 90 – 3 
 2  = 900 – 3   sin2  = sin(900 –3  )
 2 sin  cos  = cos3 
 2 sin  cos  = 4cos3  –3cos 
 2sin  cos  = cos  (4cos2  – 3) = cos  (1 – 4sin2  )
Hence, 2 sin  = 1– 4sin2  (as cos   0)
 4sin2  + 2sin  – 1 = 0
 2  4  16  1  5
 sin  = 
2.4 4

5 1 5 1
But as sin  > 0 we have sin  = i.e., sin180 = .
4 4

8. PRODUCT OF SINES/COSINES IN TERM OF SUMS


 2 sinA cosB = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

9. SUM OF SINES/COSINES IN TERM OF PRODUCTS


CD CD
 sinC + sinD = 2sin cos
2 2
CD CD
 sinC – sinD = 2 cos sin
2 2
CD CD
 cosC + cosD = 2cos cos
2 2
CD CD
 cosC – cosD = –2sin sin
2 2
sin ( A B) sin ( A  B)
 tanA + tanB = , tanA – tanB =
cos A cos B cos A cos B

Drill Exercise 1
1. Find the value of sin 60 sin 420 sin 660 sin 780.
1 1 1 1
2. Prove that    .
sec A  tan A cos A cos A sec A  tan A

3. If cos  + sin  = 2 cos  , prove that cos  – sin  = 2 sin  .

b
4. If tan  = , then find the value of acos2  + bsin2  .
a

5. Find the value of tan 200 tan 400 tan 800.

6. If sin2 A = x, then find the value of sin A sin 2A sin 3A sin 4A.
10. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF acos  + bsin 
Let a = rsin  , b = rcos  so that r = a2  b2
also, acos  + bsin  = r(cos  sin  + sin  cos  ) = rsin (    )
Now the maximum and minimum values of sin(    ) are 1 & – 1 respectively..
Hence – r  rsin(    )  r

 – a 2  b 2  a cos   b sin   a 2  b 2

Hence the maximum value = a 2  b 2 and minimum value is  a 2  b 2 .


Illustration 5:
 
Find a and b such that for all x, a  3 cos x + 5 sin  x    b .
6 
Solution:
   
3cosx + 5 sin  x    3 cosx + 5 sinx cos – 5cosx sin
 6 6 6

 5 3 1 5 3
=  3   cosx + 5 sinx = cosx + sinx
 2 2 2 2

1 75
 a=–    19 and b = 19
4 4
Illustration 6:
If in a  ABC,  C = 90°, then find the maximum value of sinA sinB.
Solution:
1
sinA sinB = × 2 sinA sinB
2
1
= [cos(A–B) –cos(A + B)]
2
1
= [cos(A–B)–cos90°)
2
1 1
= cos(A–B) 
2 2
1
 Maximum value of sinA sinB =
2

Drill Exercise 2

1. Prove that the minimum value of 3 cos x + 4 sin x + 8 is 3.

2. If y = 10 cos2 x - 6 sin x cos x + 2 sin2 x, then find the greatest and least value of y.
Find the range of following :
3. sin4x + cos4x

4. sin6x + cos6x

5. Find the minimum value of sin   cos ec2  cos   sec 2 .

11. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO OF SUBMULTIPLE OF AN ANGLE


A A
 | sin  cos |  1  sin A
2 2

  A 3
A A  ve, if 2 n    2n 
or sin  cos   1  sin A  4 2 4
2 2   ve, otherwise

A A
 | sin  cos |  1  sin A
2 2

  A 5
A A  ve, if 2n    2n 
or sin  cos   1  sin A  4 2 4
2 2   ve, otherwise

A  tan 2 A  1  1
 tan 
2 tan A
A
The ambiguities of signs are removed by locating the quadrant in which lies or one can use the
2
following figure.

A A
sin  cos is  ve
2 2
A A
sin  cos is  ve
2 2
A A  sin
A A
 cos is  ve
sin  cos is  ve
2 2 4 2 2
A A A A
sin  cos is  ve sin  cos is  ve
2 2 2 2
A A
sin  cos is  ve
2 2
A A
sin  cos is  ve
2 2
 |a cosA + bsinA|  a2  b2

   
Also cosA  sinA = 2 sin  4  A  = 2 cos  A  
 4

Illustration 7:
1 1
Find the values of sin67 and cos67
2 2
Solution:
1 1
sin 67  cos 67
2 2

1
= 1  sin 135  1 
2

1
= 42 2 ... (1)
2
1 1 1
sin 67  cos 67 = 1  sin 135 (because 45°  67 135°)
2 2 2 
1
= 42 2 ... (2)
2
1 1 
From (1) and (2) sin67 =  4  2 2  4  2 2  and
2 4 
1 1 
cos 67  4 2 2  42 2 
2 4  
12. IDENTITIES
A trigonometric equation is an identity if it is true for all values of the angle or angles involved. A
given identity may be established by (i) reducing either side to the other one, or (ii) reducing each
side to the same expression, or (iii) any convenient modification of the methods given in (i) & (ii).

13. CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES


When the angles A, B and C satisfy a given relation, many interesting identities can be established
connecting the trigonometric functions of these angles. In providing these identities, we require the
properties of complementary and supplementary angles. For example, if A + B + C =  , then
 sin (B + C) = sinA, cosB = –cos (C + A)
 cos (A + B) = –cosC, sinC = sin(A + B)
 tan (C + A) = –tanB, cotA = –cot(B + C)
AB C C AB
 cos  sin , cos  sin
2 2 2 2
CA B A BC
 sin  cos , sin  cos
2 2 2 2
BC A B CA
 tan  cot , tan  cot
2 2 2 2

Some important identities:


If A, B, C are angles of a triangle (or A + B + C =  ):
 tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
 cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = 1
A B B C C A
 tan tan + tan tan + tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
 cot  cot  cot  cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
 sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC
 cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = –1 – 4cosA cosB cosC
A B C
 sinA + sinB + sinC = 4cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
 cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2

Illustration 8:
If A + B + C = 1800, prove tanA + tanB + tanC  3 3 , where A, B, C are acute angles.
Solution:
tan (A + B) = tan(1800 – C)
tan A  tan B
or,   tan C
1  tan A. tan B
or, tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA. tanB. tanC ... (1)
tan A  tan B  tan C 3
 tan A tan B tan C [since A.M  G.M.]
3
or, (tanA + tanB + tanC)3  27 (tanA tanB tanC)
or, (tanA + tanB + tanC)2  27, using (1)
or tanA + tanB + tanC  3 3

14. TWO SIMPLE TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES

 2  (n  1)  n
sin   sin
 2  2
 sin  + sin(    )+sin (   2 ) + ... + sin{   ( n  1) }=

sin
2
 2  (n  1)  n
cos  sin
 2  2
 cos  +cos(    )+cos(   2 )+ ... +cos{   ( n  1) }=

sin
2
Illustration 9:
Prove that
2 4 6 1
cos  cos  cos  .
7 7 7 2
Solution :

 2  4  6
2 sin cos  2 sin cos  2 sin cos
2 4 6 7 7 7 7 7 7
cos  cos  cos 
7 7 7 
2 sin
7

 3    5 3   5 
 sin  sin    sin  sin    sin   sin 
=  7 7  7 7   7 

2 sin
7


sin
7  1
=   2
2 sin
7

Illustration 10:
Simplify cosA cos2A cos22A ... cos2n–1 A.

Solution :
cosA cos2A cos2A ... cos2n–1A
1
= . (sin2A. cos2A). cos2A ...cos2n–1A
2 sin A
1
= (sin2A. cos2A) ... cos2n–1A
2 sin A
1
= 2 (sin4A. cos4A) ... cos2n–1A
2 sin A
sin 2 n A
continuing like this finally we get .
2 n sin A
Drill Exercise 3

1. If  +  +  +  = 2 , then prove that


   
cos  + cos  + cos  + cos  + 4 cos cos cos = 0.
2 2 2

2. If A + B + C = 2S, prove that


cos2 S + cos2 (S – A) + cos2 (S – B) + cos2 (S – C) = 2 + 2 cosA cosB cosC


3. If A  B  C  , show that tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1.
2

2 2 3
4. If     600 , prove that cos   cos   cos  cos   .
4

5. If      , prove that cos2   cos2   cos2   1  2 cos .cos .cos  .

F
G  IF
1  tan J G  IF
1  tan JG
I
1  tan J sin   sin   sin   1

If       , show that
H 2 KH 2 KH 2 K=
6.
2 F
G  IF
1  tan J G  IF
1  tan JG
I
1  tan J
cos   cos   cos 
.
H 2K H 2K H 2K
ANSWERS
Drill Exercise - 1
1
1. 4. a 5. 3 6. 24x2 – 104x3 + 144x4 – 64x5
16
Drill Exercise - 2

1  1 
2. Ymax = 11 ; Ymin = 1 3.  , 1 4.  , 1
2  4 
5. 9

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For the function acosθ + bsinθ, the maximum and minimum values are determined using the expression √(a² + b²). By understanding that this function can be rewritten in terms of its amplitude and phase shift (r*sin(θ+α)), where r = √(a²+b²) and tanα = b/a, we find that this expression represents an ellipse in parametric form . The maximum value this function can achieve is r, and the minimum is -r, reflecting the extreme values the wave can take as it oscillates . These concepts are crucial in signal processing and other applications where waveform analysis is required.

The identity cos²θ + sin²θ = 1 is significant in trigonometry as it stems directly from the Pythagorean theorem applied to the unit circle . It serves as a fundamental relationship that connects cosine and sine functions, allowing for the substitution of one in terms of the other. As a result, this identity is vital for simplifying trigonometric expressions, solving equations, and establishing further trigonometric identities used in advanced mathematics and applied sciences .

Two angles are supplementary if their sum equals 180° (or π radians). For trigonometric ratios, the sine of a supplementary angle is equal to the sine of its principal angle (sin(180°−θ) = sinθ), while the cosine and tangent of a supplementary angle are the negatives of those of the principal angle (cos(180°−θ) = -cosθ, tan(180°−θ) = -tanθ). These relationships simplify the calculations of trigonometric ratios for angles that are supplements by translating their properties to comparable acute angles.

The amplitude of a trigonometric function, particularly sine or cosine, is the maximum absolute value of the function from its average (equilibrium) position, typically 1 for the base functions such as sinθ and cosθ . It determines the height of the peaks and the depth of the troughs, affecting the range of output values. Amplitude is significant because it reflects the intensity or strength of the wave in physical applications like sound and light waves, analog signals, and tides, providing critical information about phenomena being analyzed .

The period of sine and cosine functions is 2π, meaning their values repeat every 2π radians . In contrast, the period of tangent and cotangent functions is π, meaning they repeat every π radians . These differences arise from the inherent properties of the functions: sine and cosine are related to the unit circle's full rotation, while tangent and cotangent relate to the slope of the radius against the circle's x-axis, repeating with half the input cycle. This affects how often the values repeat, impacting applications where periodic behaviors are modeled .

Understanding the sign changes of trigonometric ratios in different quadrants is important because it influences how these functions are interpreted in various contexts. For instance, in the first quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive, while in the second quadrant, only sine and cosecant are positive . Knowledge of these signs helps in solving equations and predicting behavior of trigonometric functions across a range of angles, facilitating accurate calculations in fields such as navigation, physics, and engineering where directional changes impact outcomes .

The proof of sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB can be derived from the unit circle and the addition of angles formula. Consider two points on the unit circle representing angles A and B. The coordinates of these points can be represented as (cosA, sinA) and (cosB, sinB). When these angles are added (A + B), the coordinates are derived from projecting and rotating these points, leading to the identity sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB. This proof relies on understanding geometric transformations on the unit circle, which confirms the trigonometric identity .

Trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, and tangent are periodic, meaning they repeat their values in regular intervals (2π for sine, cosine, secant, and cosecant, and π for tangent and cotangent). This property enables their use in modeling recurring events such as sound waves, alternating current electricity, and seasonal patterns, by allowing complex phenomena to be broken down into simpler, repeating cycles that are easier to analyze and predict .

Complementary angles are two angles whose sum is 90° (or π/2 radians), while supplementary angles sum to 180° (or π radians). In trigonometric terms, the sine of an angle equals the cosine of its complement (sinθ = cos(90°−θ)), and similar identities exist for other trigonometric ratios . These angles are crucial in solving trigonometric equations by simplifying calculations, particularly in problems involving right triangles and periodic functions, as they convert problems into more manageable forms .

The identity tan(θ+π/4) = (1+tanθ)/(1-tanθ) assists in simplifying trigonometric expressions by providing a way to express a tangent addition as a fraction involving tanθ. This expression is useful in breaking down complex trigonometric functions into simpler component forms, particularly in calculus and algebra where transformations of angles can simplify solving integrals or verifying identities . It allows for efficient manipulation of terms involving tangents, facilitating easier computation and clearer analytical insights.

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