GOVT.

COLLEGE (A), TUNI

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS SYLLABUS FOR B.Sc., FIRST YEAR
SEMESTER –I

Paper I –MECHANICS& PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Work load: 60hrs (4h/w)
UNIT-I (8 hrs)1.Vector Analysis
Scalar and vector fields, gradient of a scalar field and its physical significance.
Divergence and curl of a vector field with derivations and physical interpretation.
Vector integration (line, surface and volume), Statement and proof of Gauss and
Stokes theorems.
UNIT-II (10 hrs) 2.Mechanics of particles
Laws of motion, motion of variable mass system, Equation of motion of a rocket.
Conservation of energy and momentum, Collision in two dimension, Concept of
impact parameter, scattering cross-section, Rutherford scattering-derivation.
UNIT-III (16 hrs) 3.Mechanics of Rigid bodies
Definition of rigid body, rotational kinematic relations, equation of motion for a
rotating body, angular momentum, Euler equations and its applications, precession
of a top, Gyroscope, precession of the equinoxes.
4. Mechanics of continuous media Elastic constants of isotropic solids and their
relations, Poisson's ratio and expression for Poisson's ratio in terms of y, n, k.
Classification of beams, types of bending, point load, distributed load, shearing force
and bending moment, sign conventions.
UNIT-IV (12hrs) Central forces

Central forces, definition and examples, characteristics of central forces,

conservative nature of central forces, conservative force as a negative gradient of
potential energy.Derivation of Kepler’s laws.Motion of satellites, idea of Global
Positioning System (GPS).
UNIT-V (12 hrs) Special theory of relativity
Galilean relativity, absolute frames. Michelson-Morley experiment, negative
result.Postulates of special theory of relativity.Lorentz transformation, time dilation,
length contraction, addition of velocities, mass-energy relation.

Note : Numerical problems to be solved at the end of every chapter

 Government Degree College (A)
TUNI, East Godavari District
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
B.SC., FIRST YEAR I SEMESTER
(End of Semester-I) Max marks-50

Practical paper 1: Mechanics & Properties of Matter

Work load: 30 hrs per semester

2 hrs/week
Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded
1. Viscosity of liquid by the flow method (Poiseuille’s method)
2. Young’s modulus of the material of a bar (scale) by uniform bending
3. Young’s modulus of the material a bar (scale) by non- uniform bending
4. Surface tension of a liquid by capillary rise method
5. Determination of radius of capillary tube by Hg thread method
6. Viscosity of liquid by Searle’s viscometer method
7. Bifilar suspension –moment of inertia of a regular rectangular body.
8. Determination of moment of inertia using Fly-wheel
9. Determination of the height of a building using a sextant.
10. Rigidity modulus of material of a wire-dynamic method (torsion pendulum)
 GOVT.DEGREE COLLEGE (A), TUNI
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
SYLLABUS FOR B.Sc., FIRST YEAR
SEMESTER – II, Paper II
WAVES AND OSCILLATIONS
Work Load:60 hrs (4h / w)
UNIT-I (12 hrs) Simple Harmonic oscillations
Simple harmonic oscillator and solution of the differential equation-Physical
characteristics of SHM, torsion pendulum-measurements of rigidity modulus,
compound pendulum- measurement of ‘g’, Principle of superposition, combination
of two mutually perpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of same frequency and
different frequencies. Lissajous figures and its applications.

UNIT-II (12 hrs) Damped and forced oscillations

Damped harmonic oscillator, solution of the differential equation of damped
oscillator. Energy considerations, comparison with un-damped harmonic oscillator,
logarithmic decrement, relaxation time, quality factor, differential equation of forced
oscillator and its solution, amplitude resonance and velocity resonance.

UNIT-III (10 hrs)Complex vibrations

Fourier theorem and evaluation of the Fourier coefficients, analysis of periodic wave
functions-square wave, triangular wave, saw tooth wave, simple problems on
evolution of Fourier coefficients.

UNIT-IV (17hrs)
4.Vibrating strings
Transverse wave propagation along a stretched string, general solution of wave
equation and its significance, modes of vibration of stretched string clamped at
ends, overtones and harmonics. Energy transport and transverse impedance, Laws
of vibrating string
5. Vibrations of bars:
Longitudinal vibrations in bars-wave equation and its general solution. Special
cases (i) bar fixed at both ends (ii) bar fixed at the midpoint (iii) bar fixed at one end.
Tuning fork.

UNIT-V (9 hrs) Ultrasonics

Ultrasonics, properties of ultrasonic waves, production of ultrasonics by
piezoelectric and magnetostriction methods, detection of ultrasonics, determination
of wavelength of ultrasonic waves.Applications of ultrasonic waves.

Note : Numerical problems to be solved at the end of every chapter

 Government Degree College (A)
TUNI, East Godavari District
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
LABORATORY COURSE -II 30hrs (2H / w)
Practical Paper II: Waves & Oscillations
Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded
1. Volume resonator experiment
2. Determination of ‘g’ by compound/bar pendulum
3. Simple pendulum normal distribution of errors-estimation of time period and
the error of the mean by statistical analysis
4. Determination of the force constant of a spring by static and dynamic method.
5. Determination of the elastic constants of the material of a flat spiral spring.
6. Coupled oscillators
7. Verification of laws of vibrations of stretched string –sonometer
8. Determination of frequency of a bar –Melde’s experiment.
9. Study of velocity of transverse waves by using Sonometer.
 GOVT. COLLEGE (A), TUNI
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
SYLLABUS FOR B.Sc., SECOND YEAR SEMESTER –III
From 2019-20 on words

Paper III (WAVE OPTICS) 60 hrs (4 h / w)

UNIT-I (10 hrs) Aberrations:

Introduction – monochromatic aberrations, spherical aberration, methods of minimizing spherical
aberration, coma, oblique astigmatism and curvature of field, distortion. Types of Chromatic
aberration-Methods of reducing chromatic aberration. the achromatic doublet. Achromatism for two
lenses (i)in contact and (ii) separated by a distance.

UNIT-II (14hrs ) Interference

Principle of superposition – coherence-temporal coherence and spatial coherence-conditions for
interference of light. Fresnel’s biprism-determination of wavelength of light – change of phase on
reflection. Oblique incidence of a plane wave on a thin film due to reflected and transmitted light
(cosine law) – colors of thin films- Interference by a film with two non-parallel reflecting surfaces
(Wedge shaped film). Determination of diameter of wire, Newton’s rings in reflected light. Michelson
interferometer, Determination of wavelength of monochromatic light using Newton’s rings and
Michelson Interferometer.

UNIT-III (14hrs) Diffraction

Introduction,distinction between Fresnel and Fraunhoffer diffraction, Fraunhoffer diffraction –
Diffraction due to single slit- Fraunhoffer diffraction due to double slit- Fraunhoffer diffraction pattern
with N slits (diffraction grating).Resolving power of grating,Determination of wavelength of light in
normal incidence and minimum deviation methods using diffraction grating,Fresnel’s half period
zones-area of the half period zones-zone plate-comparison of zone plate with convex lens-difference
between interference and diffraction.

UNIT-IV (10 hrs ) Polarisation:

Polarized light: methods of polarization polarization by reflection, refraction, double refraction,
scattering of light-Brewster’s law-Mauls law-Nicol prism polarizer and analyzer2 Quarter wave plate,
Half wave plate-optical activity, determination of specific rotation by Laurent’s half shade polarimeter-
Babinet’s compensator - idea of elliptical and circular polarization

UNIT-V (12hrs) Lasers and Holography

Lasers: introduction, spontaneous emission, stimulated emission. Population Inversion, Laser principle-
Einstein coefficients-Types of lasers-He-Ne laser, Ruby laser- Applications of lasers.
Fiber Optics
Introduction - different types of fibers, rays and modes in an optical fiber, fiber material, principles of
fiber communication (qualitative treatment only), advantages of fiber optic communication.

NOTE: Problems should be solved at the end of every chapter of all Units.
 Government Degree College (A)
TUNI, East Godavari District

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

Practical Paper III: Wave Optics

Work load:30 hrs 2 hrs/week

Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded

1. Determination of radius of curvature of a given convex lens-Newton’s rings.
2. Resolving power of grating.
3. Study of optical rotation – polarimeter.
4. Dispersive power of a prism.
5. Determination of wavelength of light using diffraction grating-minimum deviation
method.
6. Determination of wavelength of light using diffraction grating-normal incidence
method.
7. Resolving power of a telescope.
8. Refractive index of a liquid-hallow prism
9. Determination of thickness of a thin wire by wedge method
10. Determination of refractive index of liquid-Boy’s method.
11.Determination of refractive index of given convex lens-Boy’s method
 GOVT. COLLEGE (A), TUNI
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
SYLLABUS FOR B.Sc.,SECOND YEAR
SEMESTER –IV
PHYSICS PAPER IV : Thermodynamics &Radiation Physics

Work load: 60 hrs per semester 4 hrs/week

UNIT-I (11 hrs) Kinetic theory of gases

Introduction –Deduction of the relation between average velocity ,root mean square and
most probable velocity .Deduction of Maxwell’s law of distribution of molecular speeds,
experimental verification. Transport phenomena – Mean free path - Viscosity of gases-
thermal conductivity-diffusion of gases.

UNIT-II(12 hrs) Thermodynamics

Introduction- Isothermal and adiabatic process- Reversible and irreversible processes-
Carnnot’s engine and its efficiency-Carnot’s theorem-Second law of thermodynamics.
Kelvin’s and Claussius statements-Entropy, physical significance –Change in entropy in
reversible and irreversible processes-Entropy and disorder-Entropy of Universe–
Temperature-Entropy (T-S) diagram and its uses - Change of entropy of a perfect gas-
change of entropy when ice changes into steam.

UNIT-III(12 hrs) Thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell’s equations

Thermodynamic potentials-Derivation of Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations-Clausius-
Clayperon’s equation-Derivation for ratio of specific heats-Derivation for difference of
two specific heats for perfect gas.Joule Kelvin effect-expression for Joule Kelvin
coefficient for perfect and vander Waal’s gas.

UNIT-IV(11 hrs) Low temperature Physics

Introduction-Joule Kelvin effect-Porous plug experiment - Joule expansion-Distinction
between adiabatic and Joule Thomson expansion-Expression for Joule Thomson
cooling-Liquefaction of helium, Kapitza’s method-Adiabatic demagnetization,
Production of low temperatures -effects of chloro and fluoro carbons on ozone layer.

UNIT-V(14 hrs) Quantum theory of radiation

Blackbody-Ferry’s black body-distribution of energy in the spectrum of black body-
Wein’s displacement law,Wein’s law, Rayleigh-Jean’s law-Quantum theory of radiation-
Planck’s law-Measurement of radiation-Types of pyrometers-Disappearing filament
optical pyrometer-experimental determination – Angstrompyrheliometer-determination
of solar constant, Temperature of Sun.
 Government Degree College (A)
TUNI, East Godavari District

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

Practical Paper IV(At the end of semester IV): Thermodynamics &Radiation

Physics

Work load: 30 hrs 2 hrs/week

Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded

1. Specific heat of a liquid –Joule’s calorimeter –Barton’s radiation correction

2. Thermal conductivity of bad conductor-Lee’s method
3. Thermal conductivity of rubber.
4. Measurement of Stefan’s constant.
5. Specific heat of a liquid by applying Newton’s law of cooling correction.
6. Heating efficiency of electrical kettle with varying voltages.
7. Thermoemf- thermo couple - potentiometer
8. Thermal behavior of an electric bulb (filament/torch light bulb)
9. Measurement of Stefan’s constant- emissive method
10. Study of variation of resistance with temperature - thermistor.
 GOVT. COLLEGE (A), TUNI
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
SYLLABUS FOR III B.Sc.: Physics Semester V-
Paper V Electricity, Magnetism and Electronics
Credits: 03 3Hour/Week
Total Hours : 45

UNIT-I (9 hrs)
1.Electric field intensity and potential
Gauss’s law statement and its proof- Electric field intensity due to (1)
Uniformly charged sphere and (2) an infinite conducting sheet of charge.
Electrical potential – equipotential surfaces- potential due to i) a point charge,
ii) charged spherical shell .
2.Dielectrics: Electric dipole moment and molecular polarizability- Electric
displacement D, electric polarization P –relation between D, E and P-
Dielectric constant and susceptibility. Boundary conditions at the dielectric
surface.

UNIT-II (9 hrs)
3.Electric and magnetic fields Biot-Savart’s law, explanation and calculation
of B due to long straight wire, a circular current loop and solenoid – Hall effect
– determination of Hall coefficient and applications.
4.Electromagnetic induction Faraday’s law-Lenz’s law- Self and mutual
inductance, coefficient of coupling, calculation of self inductance of a long
solenoid, energy stored in magnetic field. Transformer - energy losses -
efficiency.

UNIT-III (9 hrs)
5.Alternating currents and electromagnetic waves Alternating current -
Relation between current and voltage in LR and CR circuits, vector diagrams,
LCR series and parallel resonant circuit, Q –factor, power in ac circuits.
6.Maxwell’s equations Idea of displacement current - Maxwell’s equations
(integral and differential forms) (no derivation), Maxwell’s wave equation (with
derivation). Pointing theorem (statement), production of electromagnetic waves
(Hertz experiment).

UNIT-IV (9 hrs) 7.Basic electronics:

PN junction diode, Zener diode, I-V characteristics, PNP and NPN transistors,
CB, CE and CC configurations – Relation between α,β and γ - transistor (CE)
characteristics , Transistor as an amplifier.

UNIT-V: (9 hrs) 8. Digital electronics

Number systems - Conversion of binary to decimal system and vice
versa. Binary subtraction ( 2’s complement methods).Laws of Boolean
algebra - De Morgan’s laws-statement and proof, Basic logic gates, NAND
and NOR as universal gates, exclusive-OR gate, Half adder and Full adder.
 Government Degree College (A)
TUNI, East Godavari District
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

Practical Paper V:Electricity, Magnetism & Electronics

Work load: 30 hrs 2 hrs/week

Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded

1. Figure of merit of a moving coil galvonometer.

2. LCR circuit series/parallel resonance, Q factor.

3. Determination of ac-frequency –sonometer.

4. Verification of Kirchoff’s laws and maximum power transfer theorem.

5. Field along the axis of a circular coil carrying current.

6. PN Junction Diode Characteristics

7. Zener Diode Characteristics

8. Transistor CE Characteristics- Determination of hybrid parameters

9. Carey Foster’s Bridge – measurement of specific resistance.

10. Frequency response of LR Circuit.

11.High pass filter and Low pass filter (Using CR Circuit)

 GOVT. COLLEGE (A), TUNI
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
SYLLABUS FORIII B.Sc.: Physics Semester V-
Paper VIModern Physics
Credits: 03 3Hour/Week
Total Hours : 45Total Hours : 45
UNIT-I (9 hrs)Atomic and molecular physics

Introduction –Drawbacks of Bohr’s atomic model. Vector atom model and

SternGerlach experiment - quantum numbers associated with it. L-S and j- j
coupling schemes. Zeeman effect(Definition only) -Raman effect, hypothesis, Stokes
and Anti Stokes lines. Quantum theory of Raman effect. Experimental arrangement
– Applications of Raman effect.

UNIT-II (9 hrs) Matter waves & Uncertainty Principle

Matter waves, de Broglie’s hypothesis - wavelength of matter waves, Properties of

matter waves - Davisson and Germer experiment – Heisenberg’s uncertainty
principle for position and momentum (x and p) & Energy and time (E and t).

UNIT-III (9 hrs) Quantum (wave) mechanics

Basic postulates of quantum mechanics-Schrodinger time independent and time

dependent wave equations-derivations. Physical interpretation of wave function.
Eigen functions, Eigen values. Application of Schrodinger wave equation to particle
in one dimensional infinite box.

UNIT-IV(9 hrs) Nuclear Physics

4.General Properties of Nuclei Basic ideas of nucleus -size, mass,Charge density

(matter energy), binding energy, magnetic moment, electric moments. Liquid drop
model and Shell model (qualitative aspects only) - Magic numbers.

5.Radioactivity decay Alpha decay: basics of α-decay processes. Theory of α-decay,

Gamow’s theory, Geiger Nuttal law.β-decay, Energy kinematics for β-decay, positron
emission, electron capture, neutrino hypothesis.

UNIT-V (9 hrs) Solid State Physics

6.Crystal Structure Amorphous and crystalline materials, unit cell, Miller indices,
reciprocal lattice, types of lattices, diffraction of X-rays by crystals, Bragg’s law,
experimental techniques, Laue’s method.

7.Superconductivity Introduction - experimental facts, critical temperature -

critical field - Meissner effect – Isotope effect - Type I and type II Superconductors -
applications of superconductors.
 Government Degree College (A)
TUNI, East Godavari District
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

Practical Paper VI:Modern Physics Work load: 30 hrs 2 hrs/week

Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded

1. e/m of an electron by Thomson method.

2. Determination of Planck’s Constant (photocell).

3. Verification of inverse square law of light using photovoltaic cell.

4. Study of absorption of α-rays.

5. Study of absorption of β-rays.

6. Determination of M & H.

7. Energy gap of a semiconductor using junction diode.

8. Energy gap of a semiconductor using thermister.

9. Logic Gates- OR,AND,NOT and NAND gates. Verification of Truth Tables.

10. Verification of De Morgan’s Theorems.

11. Verification of Truth Tables of Universal gates

12. Verification of truth tables of Half and Full adders.

 GOVT. COLLEGE (A), TUNI
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

III B.Sc. Physics Semester-VI

Elective Paper –VII-(A):Analog and Digital Electronics

3 Hour/Week

Total Hours: 45 w.e.f : 2019-2020

Unit-I (10 Hours)

1.FET-Construction, Working, characteristics and uses; MOSFET-enhancement
MOSFET, construction and working , drain characteristics of MOSFET, applications
of MOSFET
2. Photo electric devices: Structure and operation, characteristics, application of
LDR, LED

Unit-II (9Hours)
3. Operational Amplifiers: Characteristics of ideal and practical Op-Amp (IC 741),
Basic differential amplifiers, Op-Amp supply voltage, IC identification, Internal
blocks of Op-Amp, CMRR, slew rate, concept of virtual ground.

Unit-III (8 Hours)
4. Applications of Op-Amp: Op-Amp as, Inverting amplifier, Non-inverting amplifier,
voltage follower, summing amplifier, difference amplifier, comparator, integrator,
differentiator.

Unit-IV(9 Hours)
5. Data processing circuits: Multiplexers, De-multiplexers, encoders, decoders,
Characteristics for Digital ICs -RTL, DTL, TTL, (NAND & NOR Gates).
6. IC 555 Timer -Its pin diagram, internal architecture, Application as astablemulti
vibrator and mono stable multi vibrator.

Unit-V (9 Hours)
7. Sequential digital circuits: Flip-flops, RS, Clocked SR, JK, D, T, Master-Slave,
Flip- flop,.
8. Code Converters: Design of code converter, BCD to 7 segment, binary/BCD to
gray, gray to binary/BCD.
 Government Degree College (A)
TUNI, East Godavari District
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
III B.Sc. Physics Semester-VI
Elective Paper-VII(A) Practical: Analog and Digital Electronics
Credits: 02 Work
Hours:2hrs/Week

Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded

1) Characteristics of FET
2) Characteristics of MOSFET
3) Characteristics of LDR
4) Characteristics of Op-amp.(IC741)
5) Op-Amp as amplifier/inverting amplifier
6) Op-Amp as integrator/differentiator
7) Op-Amp as summing amplifier/difference amplifier
8) IC 555 as astable multivibrator
9) IC 555 as monostable amplifier
10) Master slave flip-flop
11) JK flip-flop
 Government Degree College (A)
TUNI, East Godavari District
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
III B. Sc. Physics : Semester-VI
Cluster Paper-VIII C1 Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Aspects
No. of Credits: 03
3 Hour/Week Total Hours: 45
UNIT-I (9hrs)
1. Basics of Solar Radiation: Structure of Sun, Solar constant,
Concept of Zenith angle and air mass, Definition of declination, hour angle,
solar and surface azimuth angles; Direct, diffuse and total solar radiation,
Solar intensity measurement–pyrheliometer.

2. Radiative Properties and Characteristics of Materials:

Kirchoff’s law – Relation between absorptance, emittance and reflectance;
Selective Surfaces - preparation and characterization, Types and
applications; Anti-reflectivecoating.

UNIT-II (9 hrs)
Flat Plate Collectors (FPC) : Description of flat plate collector, Liquid heating
type FPC, Energy balance equation,Efficiency, Temperature distribution in FPC,
Definitions of fin efficiency and collector efficiency, Evacuated tubularcollectors.

Unit-III (9 hrs)
Solar photovoltaic (PV) cell: Physics of solar cell –Type of interfaces, homo,
hetero andschottky interfaces, Photovoltaic Effect, Equivalent circuit of solar cell,
Solar cell output parameters, Series and shunt resistances and its effect on cell
efficiency; Variation of efficiency with band-gap andtemperature.

UNIT-IV (9 hrs)
Solar PV systems: Solar cell module assembly – Steps involved in the
fabrication of solar module, Module performance, I-V characteristics,
Modules in series and parallel, Module protection –Solar PV system and its
components, PV array, inverter, battery and load.

UNIT-V (9 hrs)
Solar thermal applications: Solar hot water system (SHWS), Types of
SHWS, Standard method of testing the efficiency of SHWS; Passive space
heating and cooling concepts, Solar desalinator and drier, Solar thermal
power generation.
Government Degree College (A)
TUNI, East Godavari District
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
III B. Sc. Physics : Semester-VI Cluster
 Paper-VIII (C1)Practical
Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Aspects

Credits: 02 2hrs/Week

Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded.

1. Measurement of direct solar radiation using pyrheliometer.

2. Measurement of global and diffuse solar radiation using pyranometer.
3. Measurement of emissivity, reflectivity and transivity.
4. Measurement of efficiency of solar flat plate collector.
5. Performance testing of solar air dryer unit.
6. Effect of tilt angle on the efficiency of solar photo voltaic panel.
7. Study on solar photovoltaic panel in series and parallel combination.
8. Study of current voltage characteristics of solar cell
9. Study of current voltage characteristics of solar photo voltaic cell
 Government Degree College (A)
TUNI, East Godavari District
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
III B. Sc. Physics : Semester-VI
Cluster Paper-VIII C2 - Wind, Hydro and Ocean Energies

No. of Credits: 03 3Hour/Week

Total Hours:45

UNIT-I(9hrs)
1. Introduction: Wind generation, meteorology of wind, world distribution of
wind, wind speed variation with height, wind speed statistics, Wind energy
conversion principles; General introduction; Types and classification of
WECS; Power, torque and speedcharacteristics.

UNIT-II(9hrs)
2. Wind Energy Conversion System: Aerodynamic design principles;
Aerodynamic theories; Axial momentum, blade element; Rotor
characteristics; Maximum power coefficient.

UNIT-III(9hrs)

3. Wind Energy Application: Wind pumps: Performance analysis, design

concept and testing; Principle of wind energy generation; Wind energy
in India; Environmental Impacts of Wind farms.

UNIT-IV(9hrs)

4. Small Hydropower Systems: Overview of micro, mini and small

hydro systems; Hydrology; Elements of pumps and turbine; Selection and
design criteria of pumps and turbines; Site selection; Speed and
voltageregulation.

UNIT-V(9hrs)

5. Ocean Thermal, Tidal and Wave Energy Systems:Ocean Thermal -

Introduction, Technology process, Working principle, Electricity generation
methods from OCET, Advantages and disadvantages, Applications ofOTEC.

6. Tidal Energy - Introduction, Origin and nature of tidal energy,

Wave Energy – Introduction, Basics of wave motion, Power in waves,
Wave energy conversion devices, Advantages and disadvantages,
Applications of wave energy.
 Government Degree College (A)
TUNI, East Godavari District
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
III B. Sc. Physics : Semester-VI
Cluster Practical Paper-VIII C2 - Wind, Hydro and Ocean
Energies

Credits : 02 2hrs/Week

Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded

1. Estimation of wind speed using anemometer.

2. Determination of characteristics of a wind generator
3. Study the effect of number and size of blades of a wind turbine on
electric power output.
4. Performance evaluation of vertical and horizontal axes wind turbine rotors.
5. Study the effect of density of water on the output power of hydroelectric
generator.
6. Study the effect of wave amplitude and frequency on the wave energy
generated.
7. Study of charging and discharging behavior of a capacitor.
 Government Degree College (A)
TUNI, East Godavari District
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
III B. Sc. Physics : Semester-VI
Cluster Paper-VIII C3 - Energy storage
No. of Credits :03 3Hour/Week
Total Hours: 45

UNIT-I (9 hr)
1. Energy Storage: Need of energy storage; Different modes of
energy storage, Flywheel storage, Electrical and magnetic energy storage:
Capacitors,electromagnets; Chemical Energy storage: Thermo-chemical,
photo-chemical, electro-chemical, Hydrogen for energystorage.

UNIT-II (9 hrs)
2. Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems: Batteries: Primary,
Secondary, Lithium, Solid-state and molten solvent batteries; Leadacid
batteries; Nickel Cadmium Batteries; Advanced Batteries. Role of carbon
nano-tubesinelectrodes.

UNIT-III (9 hrs)
3. Magnetic and Electric Energy Storage Systems:
Superconducting Magnet Energy Storage(SMES) systems; Capacitor and
battery: Comparison and application; Super capacitor.

UNIT-IV (9 hrs)
4. Fuel Cell: Fuel cell definition, difference between batteries and
fuel cells, fuel cell components, principle and working of fuel cell,
performance characteristics, efficiency, Advantages and disadvantages of
fuelcell.

UNIT-V (9 hrs)
5. Types of Fuel Cells: Classification, Alkaline fuel cell, phosphoric
acid fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell; solid oxide fuel cell, proton
exchange membrane fuel cell, applications of fuel cells.
 Government Degree College (A)
TUNI, East Godavari District
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

III B. Sc. Physics : Semester-VI

Cluster Practical Paper-VIII C3

Energy storage devices

Credits : 02 2hrs/Week

Minimum of 6 experiments to be done and recorded

1. Study of charge and discharge characteristics of storage battery.

2. Study of charging and discharging behavior of a capacitor.
3. Determination of efficiency of DC-AC inverter and DC-DC converters
4. Study of charging characteristics of a Ni-Cd battery using solar
photovoltaic panel.
5. Performance estimation of a fuel cell.
6. Study of effect of temperature on the performance of fuel cell.

OR
PROJECT