NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Subject Name: Computer Programming

Subject Code: CS10I010CS
Unit: I Introduction to C++and Object Oriented Problem

Presented by:
Dr. Dipen Bepari

1
 Unit-I
•Introductionto Objects and Classes
•Encapsulation
•Access Modifiers
•Polymorphism
•Overloading
•Inheritance
•Overriding Methods
•C++Environment
 Introduction

• C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs as an

enhancement to the C programming language and originally named C with Classes.
• It was renamed as C++ in 1983.
• C++ is a statically typed, compiled, general-purpose, case-sensitive, free-form
programming language that supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic
programming.
• C++ is a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and
low-level language features.
• C++ is a superset of C, and that virtually any legal C program is a legal C++ program.

A programming language is said to use static typing when type checking is

performed during compile-time as opposed to run-time.

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Why to Learn C++

C++ is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great Software
Engineer. Some of the key advantages of learning C++
➢ C++ is very close to hardware, so you get a chance to work at a low level
which gives you lot of control in terms of memory management, better
performance and finally a robust software development.
➢ C++ programming gives you a clear understanding about Object Oriented
Programming. You will understand low level implementation of
polymorphism when you will implement virtual tables and virtual table
pointers, or dynamic type identification.
➢ C++ is one of the every green programming languages and loved by
millions of software developers. If you are a great C++ programmer then
you will never sit without work.
➢ C++ is the most widely used programming languages in application
and system programming. So you can choose your area of interest of
software development.
➢ C++ really teaches you the difference between compiler, linker and loader,
different data types, storage classes, variable types their scopes etc.
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Applications of C++ Programming
As mentioned before, C++ is one of the most widely used programming languages. It
has it's presence in almost every area of software development. I'm going to list few of
them here:
•Application Software Development - C++ programming has been used in
developing almost all the major Operating Systems like Windows, Mac OSX and Linux.
Apart from the operating systems, the core part of many browsers like Mozilla Firefox
and Chrome have been written using C++. C++ also has been used in developing the
most popular database system called MySQL.
•Programming Languages Development - C++ has been used extensively in
developing new programming languages like C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, UNIX’s C Shell,
PHP and Python, and Verilog etc.
•Computation Programming - C++ is the best friends of scientists because of fast
speed and computational efficiencies.
•Games Development - C++ is extremely fast which allows programmers to do
procedural programming for CPU intensive functions and provides greater control
over hardware, because of which it has been widely used in development of gaming
engines.
•Embedded System - C++ is being heavily used in developing Medical and
Engineering Applications like softwares for MRI machines, high-end CAD/CAM
systems etc. 5
 C++ Basic Syntax

C++ program, it can be defined as a collection of objects that communicate via

invoking each other's methods

➢ Object − Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states - color,
name, breed as well as behaviors - wagging, barking, eating. An object is an
instance of a class.
➢ Class − A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the
behaviors/states that object of its type support.
➢ Methods − A method is basically a behavior. A class can contain many methods.
It is in methods where the logics are written, data is manipulated and all the
actions are executed.
➢ Instance Variables − Each object has its unique set of instance variables. An
object's state is created by the values assigned to these instance variables.

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C++ Program Structure
Let us look at a simple code that would print the words Hello World.
#include <iostream> using namespace std;
// main() is where program execution begins.
int main() {
cout << "Hello World"; // prints Hello World
return 0;
}

❖ The C++ language defines several headers, which contain information that is either
necessary or useful to your program. For this program, the header <iostream> is
needed.
❖ The line using namespace std; tells the compiler to use the std namespace.
Namespaces are a relatively recent addition to C++.
❖ The next line '// main() is where program execution begins.' is a single-line
comment available in C++. Single-line comments begin with // and stop at the end of
the line.
❖ The line int main() is the main function where program execution begins.
❖ The next line cout << "Hello World"; causes the message "Hello World" to be
displayed on the screen.
❖ The next line return 0; terminates main( )function and causes it to return the value 0
to the calling process. 7
The semicolon is a statement terminator. C++ Keywords
That is, each individual statement must be asm else new this
ended with a semicolon. It indicates the end auto enum operator throw
of one logical entity. bool explicit private true

A block is a set of logically connected break export protected try

statements that are surrounded by opening case extern public typedef
and closing braces. ({….}) catch false register typeid

char float reinterpre typename

C++ does not recognize the end of the line t_cast
as a terminator. For this reason, it does not
class for return union
matter where you put a statement in a line.
For example − const friend short unsigned
X=2+y ; const_cast goto signed using
Z=(X—3) ;
continue if sizeof virtual
Can be written as- x=2+y; Z= (X—3);
default inline static void
The reserved keywords in C++. may not
delete int static_cast volatile
be used as constant or variable or any
other identifier names. do long struct wchar_t
double mutable switch while
dynamic_cast namespace template
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 C++ Data Types
✓ While writing program in any language, it is required to use various
variables to store various information.
✓ Variables reserves memory locations to store values.
✓ Based on the data type of a variable, the operating system allocates memory
and decides what can be stored in the reserved memory.

Primitive Built-in Types

Following table lists down seven basic C++ data types −
Type Keyword
Several of the basic types can be
Boolean bool modified using one or more of
Character char these type modifiers −
•signed
Integer int •unsigned
Floating point float •short
•long
Double floating point double
Valueless void
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 Type Typical Bit Width Typical Range
char 1byte -127 to 127 or 0 to 255

unsigned char 1byte 0 to 255

The table shows the signed char 1byte -127 to 127
variable type, how int 4bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647
much memory it unsigned int 4bytes 0 to 4294967295
takes to store the signed int 4bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647
value in memory,
short int 2bytes -32768 to 32767
and what is
unsigned short int 2bytes 0 to 65,535
maximum and
minimum value signed short int 2bytes -32768 to 32767
which can be stored long int 8bytes -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647
in such type of
variables. signed long int 8bytes same as long int
unsigned long int 8bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295
long long int 8bytes -(2^63) to (2^63)-1

unsigned long long int 8bytes 0 to

18,446,744,073,709,551,615
float 4bytes
double 8bytes
long double 12bytes
wchar_t 2 or 4 bytes 1 wide character
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 Reading and Writing Data
• “cin” nad “cout” are two predefined objects used to Read and write data.
• “cin” and “cout” are defined in the ‘iostream.h’ header file.

The cin Object

✓ E.g. ‘cin>>a’ reads the content of variable ‘a’, >> is called extraction operator.
✓ cin object is used to read string also.
✓ Input is stored in one or more variables
✓ cin converts data to the type that matches the variable:
int height;
cout << "How tall is the room? ";
cin >> height;

The cout Object

✓ E.g. ‘cout<<a’ displays the content of variable ‘a’, << is called insertion operator.
✓ If variable is string then cout can be used to display the contents of string.
✓ The cout object Can be used to send more than one item to cout:
cout << "Hello " << "there!"; Or cout << "Hello "; cout << "there!";
✓ char myName[21]; MyName is name of array, 21 is the number of characters that can be
stored and cin >> myName; assigns a value
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 Program Analysis
“std” is a namespace whose members are used in the program. C++ Software
the members of the “std” namespace are cout, cin, endl, etc. ▪ TurboC++
This namespace is present in the iostream.h header file. ▪ DevC++
▪ Code Block
# ==> Pre-processor directory
.h ==> Header file
getch () – to hold the output,
clrscr- clear the screen

High Level Machine Level

Compiler
Language Language

Program.cpp Program run

# Pre-processor
Complier Linker Loader
Machine level
Link Header Add more than Load .exe file in
language (.obj
files one object file main memory
file)
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 Class and Object
➢ A class is a user-defined data type that combines data representation
and methods for manipulating that data into one neat package.
➢ The data and functions within a class are called members of the class.
➢ A class in C++ is the building block, that leads to Object-Oriented
programming. It is a user-defined data type, which holds its own data
members and member functions that can be accessed and used by
creating an instance of that class.
➢ A class definition starts with the keyword class followed by the class name;
and the class body, enclosed by a pair of curly braces. The syntax of class
shown below --

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 ➢ The keyword public determines the access attributes of the members of the
class that follows it.
➢ A public member can be accessed from outside the class anywhere within
the scope of the class object.
➢ You can also specify the members of a class as private or protected.
Access Specifiers
Public: Accessible from both inside and outside the class also i.e by the functions
declared in the main() program also.
Private: Only members of that class have accessibility
Can be accessed only through member functions of that class i.e by the functions
declared inside the class only.
Private members and methods are for internal use only.

Protected: Stage between private and

public access.
They can be accessed by the member
function or friend functions of the class.
They are similar to private members in the
sense that they cannot be accessed by the
non- member functions of the class.
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 Various Terms of Class

❖ Class Data Member- The variable mentioned inside the class is

called class data member.
❖ Class Member Functions-- A member function of a class is a function
which is defined inside the class.
❖ Class Access Modifiers-- A class member can be defined as public,
private or protected. By default members would be assumed as private.
❖ Constructor & Destructor-- A class constructor is a special function in a
class that is called when a new object of the class is created. A
destructor is also a special function which is called when created object
is deleted.

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❖ Instance of class-- – Data member and member function can be used only
when we create “Instance of class”. Instance of class indicates object of
class.
❖ Copy Constructor—It is a constructor which creates an object by
initializing it with an object of the same class, which has been created
previously.
❖ Friend Functions-- A friend function is permitted full access to private
and protected members of a class.
❖ This Pointer-- Every object has a special pointer ’this’ which points to the
object itself.
❖ Static Members of a Class--- Both data members and function members
of a class can be declared as static.

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Define C++ Objects
A C++ class is like a blueprint for an object, so basically an object is created from a
class.
An Object is an instance of a Class. When a class is defined, no memory is allocated
but when an object is created memory is allocated.
To use the data and access functions defined in the class, you need to create objects.
Accessing data members and member functions: The data members and member
functions of class can be accessed using the dot(‘.’) operator with the object.
For example if the name of object is obj and you want to access the member function
with the name printName() then you will have to write obj.printName() .

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 // C++ program to demonstrate
// accessing of data members

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
class Geeks
{
public: // Access specifier
string geekname; // Data Members
void printname() // Member Functions()
{
cout << "Geekname is: " << geekname;
}
};
int main() {
Geeks obj1; // Declare an object of class geeks
obj1.geekname = "Abhi"; // accessing data member
obj1.printname(); // accessing member function
return 0;
}
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 Object Oriented Programming
➢ The fundamental idea behind object oriented languages is to combine into a
single unit, both data and functions. Such a unit is called as object.
➢ OOP languages provide the programmer, the ability to create class hierarchies.
Programmer can create modular and reusable code, modify the existing
modules.
➢ Object-oriented programming aims to implement real-world entities like
inheritance, hiding, polymorphism, etc in programming.
➢ The main aim of OOP is to bind together the
data and the functions that operate on
them so that no other part of the code can
access this data except that function.
➢ The fundamental concepts of object-
oriented programming are
✓ Object
✓ Class
✓ Inheritance
✓ Polymorphism
✓ Abstraction
✓ Encapsulation 19
 Class of OOP
➢ The building block of C++ that leads to Object-Oriented programming is a Class.
➢ It is a user-defined data type, which holds its own data members and
member functions, which can be accessed and used by creating an instance of
that class.
➢ A class is like a blueprint for an object.
➢ For Example: Consider a Class of Cars. There may be many cars with different
names and brand but all of them will share some common properties like all of
them will have 4 wheels, Speed Limit, Mileage range etc. So here, Car is the
class and wheels, speed limits, mileage are their properties.
➢ Data members are the data variables and member functions are the
functions used to manipulate these variables, and together these data members
and member functions define the properties and behaviour of the objects in a
Class.
➢ In the above example of class Car, the data member will be speed limit, mileage
etc and member functions can apply brakes, increase speed etc.

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 Object
▪ An Object is an identifiable entity with some characteristics and behaviour.
▪ An Object is an instance of a Class.
▪ When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but when it is instantiated (i.e. an
object is created) memory is allocated.

✓ Object take up space in memory and have

class person
an associated address like a record in
{
pascal or structure or union in C.
char name[20];
✓ When a program is executed the objects
int id;
interact by sending messages to one
public:
another.
void getdetails(){}
✓ Each object contains data and code to
};
manipulate the data.
✓ Objects can interact without knowing
int main()
details of each other’s data or code, it is
{
sufficient to know the type of message
person p1; // p1 is a object
accepted and type of response returned by
}
the objects.

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 Encapsulation
➢ In normal terms, Encapsulation is defined as wrapping up of data and information
under a single unit.
➢ In Object-Oriented Programming, Encapsulation is defined as binding together
the data and the functions that manipulate them.
➢ Data encapsulation led to the important OOP concept of data hiding.
➢ Data encapsulation is a mechanism of bundling the data, and the functions that
use them and data abstraction is a mechanism of exposing only the interfaces
and hiding the implementation details from the user.

C++ supports the properties of encapsulation and data hiding through the creation of
user-defined types, called classes. A class can contain private,
protected and public members.

Why Encapsulation?
• In C++, encapsulation helps us keep related data and functions together, which
makes our code cleaner and easy to read.
• It helps to control the modification of our data members.
• Encapsulation also provides a way for data hiding. Data hiding is a way of
restricting the access of our data members by hiding the implementation
details. 22
 Polymorphism
❖ Poly means many, and morph means forms. So Polymorphism means many forms.
polymorphism defined as the ability of an operator of function to be displayed in
more than one form.
❖ A person at the same time can have different characteristic. Like a man at the same
time is a father, a husband, an employee. So the same person posses different
behaviour in different situations. This is called polymorphism.
❖ The ability to use an operator or function in different ways or giving different
meaning to the operators or functions is called polymorphism.
❖ An operation may exhibit different behaviours in different instances. The behaviour
depends upon the types of data used in the operation.
❖ Operator overloading and function overloading are the two kinds of
polymorphism are supported by C++ .
❖ Operator Overloading: The process of making an operator to exhibit different
behaviours in different instances is known as operator overloading.
❖ Function Overloading: Function overloading is using a single function name to
perform different types of tasks.
❖ Polymorphism is extensively used in implementing inheritance.

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Example: Suppose we have to write a function to add some integers, some times there
are 2 integers, some times there are 3 integers. We can write the Addition Method with
the same name having different parameters, the concerned method will be called
according to parameters.

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 Overloading
➢ C++ allows to specify more than one definition for a function name or an operator in
the same scope, which is called function overloading and operator overloading
respectively.
➢ When there are multiple functions with same name but different parameters then
these functions are said to be overloaded.

➢ When you call an overloaded function or operator, the compiler determines the
most appropriate definition to use, by comparing the argument types you have
used to call the function or operator with the parameter types specified in the
definitions.
➢ The process of selecting the most appropriate overloaded function or operator is
called overload resolution.
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 Function Overloading
➢ Function overloading is using a single function name to perform different types of
tasks.
➢ Consider an object/class has several methods with the same name that take different
parameters: Calculate(int a, float b), Calculate(int a, int b), Calculate(float a, float b)
➢ Here one of the three Calculate functions is executed depending upon the
arguments passed to it. It’s known as function overloading.

➢ You can have multiple definitions for

the same function name in the same
scope.
➢ The definition of the function must
differ from each other by the types
and/or the number of arguments in the
argument list.
➢ In the example, same function print()
is being used to print different data
types

Live Example
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 Operator Overloading

➢ The process of making an operator to exhibit different behaviours in different

instances is known as operator overloading.
➢ Operator overloading is a type of polymorphism in which a single operator is
overloaded to give user defined meaning to it.
➢ Operator overloading provides a flexibility option for creating new definitions of C++
operators.
➢ There are some C++ operators which we can't overload.
✓ Class member access operator (. (dot), .* (dot-asterisk))
✓ Scope resolution operator (::)
✓ Conditional Operator (?:)
✓ Size Operator (sizeof)
➢ An overloaded operator is used to perform an operation on the user-defined data
type.

For example, we can make the operator (‘+’) for string class to concatenate two strings.
We know that this is the addition operator whose task is to add two operands.
So a single operator ‘+’ when placed between integer operands , adds them and when
placed between string operands, concatenates them.

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 Inheritance

❖ Inheritance is the process by which an object of one class acquires the

properties of objects of another class.
❖ The class which inherits the properties from another class and the
relation is called parent – child relation.
❖ The parent class which gives its properties to another class is known
as Base class.
❖ The child class which inherits properties from parent class is known as
derived class.
❖ It allows the extension and reuse of existing code without having to
rewrite the code from scratch.
❖ The new derived class inherits the members of the base class and also
adds its own.

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Inheritance Contd…

Consider a class B inherits the class A, the class B is called the derived class or
sub class, child class.
✓ The class A is called the base or super class, parent class
✓ The class B has two parts.
▪ Derived part: which is inherited from the base class A
▪ Incremental part: which is the new code included in the class B.

For example, Maruti, sports cars and Benz are all types of cars
➢ In the object oriented language, sports cars, Maruthi and Benz are
subclasses of the class CAR.
➢ The class CAR is a "super class" (parent class or base class) of Maruthi,
Benz, and sports cars.
➢ Every subclass will inherit data (state) and functions (properties) from
the super class.
➢ The various types of cars such as Maruthi and Benz will share certain
properties such as break, escalator, steering etc.
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Inheritance Contd…

• The attributes once declared in the super-class which are inherited by its
subclasses, need not repeated. They can be accessed form any subclass
unless they are private.
• Only the methods of a class can access its private attributes.
• The attributes which are declared as protected are accessible to subclasses.
Access Control and Inheritance
A derived class can access all the non-private members of its base class.
Thus base-class members that should not be accessible to the member functions of
derived classes should be declared private in the base class.

Access Public Protected Private

Same class yes yes yes
Derived classes yes yes no
Outside classes yes no no

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Type of Inheritance

➢ When deriving a class from a base class, the base class may be inherited
through public, protected or private inheritance.
➢ We hardly use protected or private inheritance, but public inheritance is
commonly used.
➢ While using different type of inheritance, following rules are applied −
Public Inheritance −
✓ When deriving a class from a public base class, public members of the base
class become public members of the derived class and protected members
of the base class become protected members of the derived class.
✓ A base class's private members are never accessible directly from a
derived class, but can be accessed through calls to the public and protected
members of the base class.
Protected Inheritance −
✓ When deriving from a protected base class, public and protected members
of the base class become protected members of the derived class.
Private Inheritance −
✓ When deriving from a private base class, public and protected members
of the base class become private members of the derived class. 31
Single Inheritance:
It refers to deriving a class from a single base class .
Multiple Inheritance:
In this, the class is derived from more than one base class is known as
multiple inheritance.

Example of Inheritance
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32
 Function Overriding
✓ Function Overriding is a feature that allows us to use a function in the
child class that is already present in its parent class.
✓ Function overriding means creating a newer version of the parent class
function in the child class.
✓ Inheritance allows a derived class to inherit the properties of its parent
class. Function overriding provides you with a way to override an existing
functionality of a class inside a particular derived class.
✓ Function overriding in C++ is a concept by which you can define a function
of the same name and the same function signature (parameters and
their data types) in both the base class and derived class with a different
function definition.
✓ It redefines a function of the base class inside the derived class, which
overrides the base class function.
✓ Function overriding is an implementation of the run-time polymorphism.
So, it overrides the function at the run-time of the program.

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Advantages-
1. Function overriding helps to improve the readability of the code.
2. If both the child class and base class have the same function, it will not
affect the independence of the child class function
3. Overriding a function saves the memory, increases the consistency of
code, and enhances code reusability.
4. A function with the same name can be used to perform different
operations and hence makes the code clean.

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 Abstraction
➢ Abstraction means displaying only essential information and hiding the details.
➢ Data abstraction refers to providing only essential information about the data to the
outside world, hiding the background details or implementation.
➢ Consider a real-life example of a man driving a car. The man only knows that pressing
the accelerators will increase the speed of the car or applying brakes will stop the car
but he does not know about how on pressing accelerator the speed is actually
increasing, he does not know about the inner mechanism of the car or the
implementation of accelerator, brakes etc in the car. This is what abstraction is.
➢ Abstraction using Classes: We can implement Abstraction in C++ using classes. The
class helps us to group data members and member functions using available access
specifiers. A Class can decide which data member will be visible to the outside world
and which is not.
➢ Abstraction in Header files: One more type of abstraction in C++ can be header files.
For example, consider the pow() method present in math.h header file. Whenever we
need to calculate the power of a number, we simply call the function pow() present in
the math.h header file and pass the numbers as arguments without knowing the
underlying algorithm according to which the function is actually calculating the power
of numbers.

35
End of Unit-I

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