Circular Motion Circular motion is a two dimensional motion or motion in a plane. This plane may be horizontal, inclined or vertical. But in most of the cases, this plane is horizontal. In circular motion, direction of velocity continuously keeps on changing. Therefore, even though speed is constant and velocity keeps on changing. So body is accelerated. Later we will see that this is a variable acceleration. So, we cannot apply the equations v =u +ar etc. directly. CIRCULAR MOTION AND ITS TYPES In circular motion, an object moves along the perimeter or circumference of a circle. (((@»)) Online sessionCircular motion can be categorised into two types as follows Uniform circular motion If a particle moves along a circular path with a constant speed (i.e. it covers equal distances along the circumference of the circle in equal intervals of time), then its motion is said to be uniform circular motion. e.g. (i) Motion of a point on the rim of a wheel rotating uniformly. (ii) Motion of the tip of the second hand of a clock. Non-uniform circular motion If the speed of the particle in circular motion changes with respect to time, then its motion is said to be non-uniform circular motion. e.g. Motion of a stone tied to a string moving in vertical circle. (((@»)) Online sessionKINEMATICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION Radius vector (r) When a particle moves on a circular path, its distance from the centre is fixed and it is equal to radius of the circle. If the centre of the circle is taken as origin, then the vector joining centre to the particle is called radius vector. It is directed from centre to the particle and its magnitude is same as radius. (((@»)) Online sessionAngular position Suppose a particle P is moving on a circular path of radius rand centre O, as shown in figure. The position of the particle Pat a given instant may be described by the angle 6 between OP and OX. This angle @ is called the angular position of the particle. As the particle moves on the circle, its angular position @ changes. Here, P and P’ are given as P (r, ®) and P’ (r, 8 + AQ), respectively. ((@»)) Online sessionAngular displacement (A@) [Rotation Angle] When objects rotate about some axis—for example, when the CD (compact disc) in Figure rotates about its center—each point in the object follows a circular arc. Consider a line from the center of the CD to its edge. We define the rotation angle A@ to be the ratio of the arc length to the radius As Ag = AS. B As A p We know that for one complete revolution, ‘Ae. As the arc length is the circumference of a circle of radius r. 7 A6 = 280 = 25. (((@»)) Online sessionDirection of angular displacement Direction of A@ is given by right handed (i.e. the direction, where screw advances) screw rule as shown in figure. Ag a It is directed along a line passing through centre (O) and perpendicular to the plane of circular motion, containing rand As. Note Ifa particle makes N revolutions, its angular displacement is 6=2nN rad (((@»)) Online sessionProblem A particle completes 1.5 revolutions in a circular path of radius 2 cm. The angular displacement of the particle will be - (in radian) 1 revolution mean the angular displacement of 27 rad -. 1.5 revolution means 1.5 x 27 = 3 arad. (((@»)) Online sessionAngular velocity (@) Rate of change of angular displacement of a particle performing circular motion is called angular velocity. Angular velocity, @ = ——__ Direction of angular velocity Direction of angular At velocity is given in the same way as that of angular displacement. ct cb Screw Screw advancement advancement (((@»)) Online session(i) If the particle performing circular motion completes one rotation around the circular path in T seconds, then 2 Angular velocity, o = = rads“! (ii) If the particle performing circular motion makes notations per second around the circular path, then Angular velocity, @ = 2mn rad s~ (iii) If two particles are moving on the same circle in the same direction with different constant angular speeds w; and w,, then the angular speed of particle 2 with respect to 1 for an observer at centre will be @ =, — 0; (((@»)) Online sessionCalculate the average angular velocity of the hour hand of a clock. Sol. The hour hand completes one round in 12 h. One round makes an angular displacement 27. AQ 2nrad .. Average angular velocity, @,, = = ge ang! Ys Oy At 12h (((@»)) Online sessionExample An object revolves uniformly in a circle of diameter 0.80 m and completes 100 rev min™!. Find its time period and angular velocity. Sol. Here, diameter = 0.80 m Diamete! 2 ©. Radius, r= Qn 2x3.14 ©. Angular velocity, @ = = = rad/s T = 10.467 rad/s (((@»)) Online sessionExample A threaded rod with 12 turns per cm and diameter 1.18 cm is mounted horizontally. A bar with a threaded hole to match the rod is screwed onto the rod. The bar spins at the rate of 216 rpm. Determine the velocity of the bar with which it will move the length of 1.50 cm along the rod. Also, find the time taken by it. 16 Sol Given, frequency n = 216 rpm = 28 rps squency p= Ep 1 Length of one turn = em " i2 Naber of rotations required to move a distance of 1.5 em Distance 5 y= ——_Pistanee __ 15. Length of one turn 1/12 Therefore, angular displacement Angular velocity ofthe bs = 12d Angular displ ® “Angular velocity (0) 2 Required time ()= (((@»)) Online sessionRelation between linear velocity and angular velocity Angular velocity @ is analogous to linear velocity v . relationship between angular and linear velocity, v= As. From A@ = As we see that At y = TA = py. At We write this relationship in two different ways = Fra) OF @ = zx r where, r is radius of circular path. In vector form, ¥=QXT __ Linear velocity is always along the tangent to the circular path. (((@»)) Online sessionExample A particle moves in a circle of radius 4 m with a linear velocity of 20 ms. Find the angular velocity. Sol. Given, linear velocity, v = 20 ms“! Radius, r= 4m As, linear velocity, v = rw = Angular velocity, w = 20 sad st 4 (((@»)) Online sessionExample If the length of the second’s hand in a stop clock is 3 cm, find the angular velocity and linear velocity of the tip. Sol. Given, radius, r=3 cm=3x107 m Time period of stop clock, T = 60s Qn _2n Angular velocity, @ = 0 = 0.1047 rad s“! and linear velocity, v = @r = 0.1047 x 3x10? = 0.00314 ms (((@»)) Online sessionAngular acceleration (a) The rate of change of angular velocity of a particle performing circular motion is called angular acceleration. Aw Angular acceleration, « = ovr t Note Angular acceleration is an axial vector, when axis of rotation is fixed, angular acceleration and angular velocity vectors both lie along that axis. Relation between linear acceleration and angular acceleration a = axr 023 (((@»)) Online sessionCentripetal acceleration When a particle is in uniform circular motion, its speed remains constant but velocity changes continuously because of change in direction of motion. Therefore, motion of the particle is accelerated. This acceleration is called centripetal acceleration and it is directed along radial direction towards centre of the circle. It is given by (((@»)) Online session_v ac = ao= (rw)? /r = rw" [ao SPIE} Online sessionIfa cycle wheel of radius 4 m completes one revolution in two seconds. Then acceleration of the cycle will be (a) z’m/s? (b) 22?m/s? () 4n?m!s?— (d)8amis” r=4mand T =2 seconds. ao= ra (((@»)) Online sessionExample Determine the magnitude of centripetal acceleration of a particle on the tip of a fan blade, 0.30 m in diameter, rotating at 1200 rev min™!. Sol. Given, diameter = 0.30m 0.30 < o15m Radius, r= and frequency, n =1200 rev min7' = ue = 20 rps +. Angular velocity, @ =2mn = 2m x20 = 40 x rads“! Therefore, centripetal acceleration, a, = ro” => a,=0.15x(40n) => a, = 2368.7 m (((@»)) Online sessionExample Find the acceleration of a particle placed on the surface of the earth at the equator, due to the earth’s rotation. The radius of earth is 6400 km and time period of revolution of the earth about its axis is 24 h. Sol. Given, radius of earth, R, = 6400 km = 6400 x 10° m Time period, T = 24 h = 24 x 60 x 60s Angular speed of the earth, @ = 2% =——2™ rad 57! T 24x 60x 60 Acceleration of the particle, 2 a.=ok, =(——2" _) x (6400 10°)= 0.034 ms@ 24 x 60 x 60 ((c@»)) Online sessionAstone is tied to one end of a spring 50 cm long is whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If the stone makes 10 revolutions in 20 s, what is the magnitude of acceleration of the stone (a) 493 em/sece (b) 720 cm/sec? (©) 860 cm/sec? (d) 990 cm/sec? Time period = —_Totaltime __ 20 = 2 sec No. of revolution 10 ag= ra a, 4 * 0 /2)= 4.93 m/s? Py =493 cm/s” (((@»)) Online sessionTf the speed of revolution of a particle on the circumference of a circle and the speed gained in falling through a distance equal to half the radius are equal, then the centripetal acceleration will be @ = w | oF @g Speed gain by body falling through a distance h is equal to ‘COU! ) Online sessionAn automobile moves at constant speed down one hill and up another hill along the smoothly curved surface shown above. Which of the following diagrams best represents the directions of the velocity and the acceleration of the automobile at the instant that it is at the lowest position. as shown? sy —y | ' —+y —v a" a a “~ ® © —Aa ©) <—a ® —r4 Velocity is tangential, acceleration points toward the center of the circular path ES 2023 (((@»)) Online sessionAny force or combination of forces can cause a centripetal or radial acceleration. Any net force causing uniform circular motion is called a centripetal force. The direction of a centripetal force is toward the center of curvature, the same as the direction of centripetal acceleration. According to Newton's second law of motion, net force is mass times acceleration: net F = ma. For uniform circular motion, the acceleration is the centripetal acceleration— a Thus, the magnitude of centripetal force F, is mace. ;de=To”, re 2 y. 2 mo; F. = mre. (((@1)) Online sessionA motor cycle driver doubles its velocity when he is having a turn. The force exerted outwardly will be (a) Double (b) Half (©) 4times (a) + times [ao SPIE} ) Online sessionFind the centripetal force acting upon a 40-kg child who makes 10 revolutions around the Cliffhanger in 29.3 second. The radius of the barrel is 2.9m A- 533.4N I Vewhden 2 243 . : 2 . B- 457949.6N Fe smut ¢. 5.33N p. 53.3N inte exonIf an object changes it angular velocity from 10 rad/s to 25 rad/s in 3 seconds. Calculate angular acceleration? A- = 5 rad/s? 35 B- 2 rad/s? c- 45 rad/s? 250 D- —rad/s? 6 * i ee ws 3 = 6 ehh? [eo pled (((@»)) Online sessionWhen a particle moves in a circle with a uniform speed (a) its velocity and acceleration are both constant (6) its velocity is constant but the acceleration changes (c) its acceleration is constant but the velocity changes (d) its velocity and acceleration both change. @jts velocity and acceleration both change. (((@»)) Online sessionA wheel of 0.5 radius rolls without slipping on a horizontal surface. The axle of the wheel advances at a constant velocity, moving a distance of 20m in 5 seconds. The angular speed of the wheel about its point of contact on the surface is A- 2rad/s B- 4rad/s ses 4 Sst , t+ S 27? So C- Brad/s WH tL a= == oa D- 16rad/s do We SS =B e//see >—>s>s>ae _— Online sessionA car travels with constant speed on a circular road on level ground. In the diagram below, Fai is the force of air resistance on the car. Which of the other forces shown best represents the horizontal force of the road on the car’s tires? fo & BS / A Fa Be Fs \ Cc. Fe Aha D- fo Ete >. Fo (((@1)) Online sessionCalculate the centripetal force exerted on a 900 kg car that negotiates a 500 m radius curve at 25 m/s. (a) (b) (<) (d) 1125N 45N 115N _A+ 4580N We 259 4 Wess 3215N B- 458N N75) keh C- 26.4N Nes D- 19.9N q z | Fe wat : vse (95478) xT ~4ST6.16 ~ Ysgo COU! )) Online session[ao SPIE} ((c@»)) Online session[ao SPIE} ((c@»)) Online session[ao SPIE} ((c@»)) Online session